| Basis of Presentation | 12 Months Ended |
| Dec. 31, 2013 |
| Nature of Operations and Summary of Significanrt Accounting Policies | ' |
| Nature Of Operations | ' |
| NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES |
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| The accounting policies of OFG Bancorp (the “Company”) conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and to banking industry practices. The following is a description of the Company's most significant accounting policies: |
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| Nature of Operations |
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| The Company is a publicly-owned financial holding company incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The Company operates through various subsidiaries including, a commercial bank, Oriental Bank (or the “Bank”), a securities broker-dealer, Oriental Financial Services Corp. (“Oriental Financial Services”), an insurance agency, Oriental Insurance, Inc. (“Oriental Insurance”) and a retirement plan administrator, Caribbean Pension Consultants, Inc. (“CPC”). The Company also has a special purpose entity, Oriental Financial (PR) Statutory Trust II (the “Statutory Trust II”). Through these subsidiaries and their respective divisions, the Company provides a wide range of banking and financial services such as commercial, consumer and mortgage lending, leasing, auto loans, financial planning, insurance sales, money management and investment banking and brokerage services, as well as corporate and individual trust services. |
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| The main offices of the Company and its subsidiaries are located in San Juan, Puerto Rico, except for CPC, which is located in Boca Raton, Florida. The Company is subject to supervision and regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”) under the U.S. Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and the Dodd-Frank Act. |
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| The Company is subject to the provisions of the U.S. Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, (the “BHC Act”) and accordingly, subject to the supervision and regulation of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”). |
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| The Bank is subject to the supervision, examination and regulation of the Office of the Commissioner of Financial Institutions of Puerto Rico (the “OCFI”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”). The Bank offers banking services such as commercial, and consumer lending, leasing, auto loans, savings and time deposit products, financial planning, and corporate and individual trust services, and capitalizes on its commercial banking network to provide mortgage lending products to its clients. Oriental International Bank Inc. (“OIB”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank, and Oriental Overseas, a unit of the Bank, are international banking entities licensed pursuant to International Banking Center Regulatory Act of Puerto Rico, as amended. OIB and Oriental Overseas offer the Bank certain Puerto Rico tax advantages. Their activities are limited under Puerto Rico law to persons and assets/liabilities located outside of Puerto Rico. |
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| Oriental Financial Services is a securities broker-dealer and is subject to the supervision, examination and regulation of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (the “FINRA”), the SEC, and the OCFI. Oriental Financial Services is also a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. Oriental Insurance is an insurance agency and is subject to the supervision, examination and regulation of the Office of the Commissioner of Insurance of Puerto Rico. |
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| The Company's mortgage banking activities are conducted through a division of the Bank. The mortgage banking activities include the origination of mortgage loans for the Bank's own portfolio, and the sale of loans directly in the secondary market or the securitization of conforming loans into mortgage-backed securities. The Bank originates Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) insured and Veterans Administration (“VA”) guaranteed mortgages that are primarily securitized for issuance of Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) mortgage-backed securities which can be resold to individual or institutional investors in the secondary market. Conventional loans that meet the underwriting requirements for sale or exchange under certain Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) or Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”) programs are referred to as conforming mortgage loans and are also securitized for issuance of FNMA or FHLMC mortgage-backed securities. The Bank is an approved seller of FNMA, as well as FHLMC, mortgage loans for issuance of FNMA and FHLMC mortgage-backed securities. The Bank is also an approved issuer of GNMA mortgage-backed securities. The Bank is the master servicer of the GNMA, FNMA and FHLMC pools that it issues and of its mortgage loan portfolio, and has a subservicing arrangement with a third party. |
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| On December 18, 2012, the Company purchased from Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S. A. (“BBVA”), all of the outstanding common stock of each of (i) BBVAPR Holding Corporation (“BBVAPR Holding”), the sole shareholder of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria Puerto Rico (“BBVAPR Bank”), a Puerto Rico chartered commercial bank, and BBVA Seguros, Inc. (“BBVA Seguros”), a subsidiary offering insurance services, and (ii) BBVA Securities of Puerto Rico, Inc. (“BBVA Securities”), a registered broker-dealer. This transaction is referred to as the “BBVAPR Acquisition” and BBVAPR Holding, BBVAPR Bank, BBVA Seguros and BBVA Securities are collectively referred to as the “BBVAPR Companies” or “BBVAPR.” |
| Significant Accounting Policies Text Block | ' |
| Business Combinations |
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| The Company accounted for the BBVAPR Acquisition and the FDIC-assisted acquisition of Eurobank under the accounting guidance of ASC Topic No. 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the purchase method of accounting. All identifiable assets and liabilities acquired were initially recorded at fair value. No allowance for loan losses related to the acquired loans was recorded on the acquisition date. Loans acquired were recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in ASC Topic 820, exclusive of the shared-loss agreements with the FDIC applicable to the FDIC-assisted acquisition. These fair value estimates associated with the loans included estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of expected principal, interest and other cash flows. Because the FDIC has agreed to reimburse the Company for losses related to the acquired loans in the FDIC-assisted acquisition, subject to certain provisions specified in the shared-loss agreements, an indemnification asset was recorded at fair value at the acquisition date. The indemnification asset was recognized at the same time as the loans covered under FDIC shared-loss agreements, and is measured on the same basis, subject to collectability or contractual limitations. The loss share indemnification asset on the acquisition date reflected the reimbursements expected to be received from the FDIC, using an appropriate discount rate, which reflected counterparty credit risk and other uncertainties. The initial valuation of these loans and related indemnification asset required management to make subjective judgments concerning estimates about how the acquired loans would perform in the future using valuation methods, including discounted cash flow analyses and independent third-party appraisals. Factors that may significantly affect the initial valuation include, among others, market-based and industry data related to expected changes in interest rates, assumptions related to probability and severity of credit losses, estimated timing of credit losses including the timing of foreclosure and liquidation of collateral, expected prepayment rates, the specific terms and provisions of any shared-loss agreements, and specific industry and market conditions that may impact independent third-party appraisals. The Company applied the guidance of ASC 310-30 to most of the loans acquired in the FDIC-assisted acquisition (including applying ASC 310-30 by analogy to loans that do not meet the scope of ASC 310-30 but meet certain other criteria as outlined below), except for credit cards. Also, the Company applied the guidance of ASC 310-30 to most of the loans from the BBVAPR Acquisition, except for credit cards, retail and commercial lines of credits, floor plans and performing auto loans with Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) scores over 660 which were acquired at a premium. |
| ASC 310-30 provides two specific criteria that have to be met in order for a loan to be within its scope: (i) credit deterioration on the loan from its inception until the acquisition date and (ii) that it is probable that not all of the contractual cash flows will be collected on the loan. Once in the scope of ASC 310-30, the credit portion of the fair value discount on an acquired loan cannot be accreted into income until the acquirer has assessed that it expects to receive more cash flows on the loan than initially anticipated. Acquired loans that meet the definition of nonaccrual status fall within the Company's definition of impaired loans under ASC 310-30. Performing loans would generally not meet either criteria and therefore not fall within the scope of ASC 310-30. Many of the acquired loans that did not meet the Company's definition of non-accrual status also resulted in the recognition of a discount attributable to credit quality. The Company elected to analogize to ASC 310-30 and only accrete the portion of the fair value discount unrelated to credit pursuant to the provisions of the AICPA letter dated December 18, 2009, where the AICPA summarized the SEC staff's view regarding the accounting in subsequent periods for the pooling of discount accretion associated with loan receivables acquired in a business combination or asset purchase. The Company adopted an accounting policy consistent with accounting of the Eurobank acquisition to consistently apply by analogy the expected cash flow approach under ASC 310-30 to acquired loan portfolios. |
| Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements |
| The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate mainly to the determination of the allowance for loan and lease losses, fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, the valuation of securities and derivative instruments, revisions to expected cash flows in acquired loans, accounting for the indemnification asset, and the determination of income taxes and other-than-temporary impairment of securities. |
| Principles of Consolidation |
| The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Statutory Trust II is exempt from the consolidation requirements of GAAP. |
| Cash Equivalents |
| The Company considers as cash equivalents all money market instruments that are not pledged and that have maturities of three months or less at the date of acquisition. |
| Earnings per Common Share |
| Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing income available to common shareholders (net income reduced by dividends on preferred stock) by the weighted average of outstanding common shares. Diluted earnings per share is similar to the computation of basic earnings per share except that the weighted average of common shares is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive common shares underlying stock options and restricted units had been issued, assuming that proceeds from exercise are used to repurchase shares in the market (treasury stock method). Any stock splits and dividends are retroactively recognized in all periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. |
| Securities Purchased/Sold Under Agreements to Resell/Repurchase |
| The Company purchases securities under agreements to resell the same or similar securities. Amounts advanced under these agreements represent short-term loans and are reflected as assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition. It is the Company's policy to take possession of securities purchased under resale agreements while the counterparty retains effective control over the securities. The Company monitors the fair value of the underlying securities as compared to the related receivable, including accrued interest, and requests additional collateral when deemed appropriate. |
| The Company also sells securities under agreements to repurchase the same or similar securities. The Company retains effective control over the securities sold under these agreements. Accordingly, such agreements are treated as financing arrangements, and the obligations to repurchase the securities sold are reflected as liabilities. The securities underlying the financing agreements remain included in the asset accounts. The counterparty to repurchase agreements generally has the right to repledge the securities received as collateral. |
| Investment Securities |
| Securities are classified as held-to-maturity, available-for-sale or trading. Securities for which the Company has the intent and ability to hold until maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and are carried at amortized cost. Securities that might be sold prior to maturity because of interest rate changes to meet liquidity needs or to better match the repricing characteristics of funding sources are classified as available-for-sale. These securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported net of tax in other comprehensive income. |
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| The BBVAPR Acquisition necessitated the reclassification of all the securities classified as held-to-maturity to available-for-sale in order to maintain the desired interest rate and credit risk profiles over the investment portfolio. As a result, in December 2012, the securities in the held-to-maturity portfolio were transferred to the available-for-sale portfolio at a fair value of $797.5 million with net unrealized gains of $35.1 million. |
| The Company classifies as trading those securities that are acquired and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near future. These securities are carried at fair value with realized and unrealized changes in fair value included in earnings in the period in which the changes occur. |
| The Company's investment in the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of New York stock, a restricted security, has no readily determinable fair value and can only be sold back to the FHLB-NY at cost. Therefore, these stocks are deemed to be nonmarketable equity securities and are carried at cost. |
| Premiums and discounts are amortized to interest income over the life of the related securities using the interest method. Net realized gains or losses on sales of investment securities and unrealized gains and losses valuation adjustments considered other than temporary, if any, on securities classified as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity are reported separately in the statements of operations. The cost of securities sold is determined by the specific identification method. During the third quarter of 2012, the Company made a change in one of the estimates applied in the calculation of the amortization of premiums/discounts in the mortgage-backed securities portfolio. The estimate involves the period used in measuring the repayment experience of each security and the change consists of using a 12-month look-back period instead of a 3-month period for these purposes. The Company believes that this extended period better reflects the portfolio behavior, especially considering the seasonal cycle of the U.S. housing market, and also reduces the volatility that affects interest income recognition when using a more limited prepayment history experience in periods of greater market volatility. |
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| Financial Instruments |
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| Certain financial instruments, including derivatives, trading securities and investment securities available-for-sale, are recorded at fair value and unrealized gains and losses are recorded in other comprehensive income or as part of non-interest income, as appropriate. Fair values are based on listed market prices, if available. If listed market prices are not available, fair value is determined based on other relevant factors, including price quotations for similar instruments. The fair values of certain derivative contracts are derived from pricing models that consider current market and contractual prices for the underlying financial instruments as the well as time value and yield curve or volatility factors underlying the positions. |
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| The Company determines the fair value of its financial instruments based on the fair value measurement framework, which establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs of valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below: |
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| Level 1 — Level 1 assets and liabilities include equity securities that are traded in an active exchange market, as the well as certain U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agency securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active markets. Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities. |
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| Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 2 assets and liabilities include (i) mortgage-backed securities for which the fair value is estimated based on valuations obtained from third-party pricing services for identical or comparable assets, (ii) debt securities with quoted prices that are traded less frequently than exchange-traded instruments and (iii) derivative contracts and financial liabilities whose value is determined using a pricing model with inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. |
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| Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation. |
| Impairment of Investment Securities |
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| The Company conducts periodic reviews to identify and evaluate each investment in an unrealized loss position for other-than-temporary impairments. The Company separates the amount of total impairment into credit and noncredit-related amounts. The term “other-than-temporary impairment” is not intended to indicate that the decline is permanent, but indicates that the prospects for a near-term recovery of value is not favorable, or that there is a lack of evidence to support a realizable value equal to or greater than the carrying value of the investment. Any portion of a decline in value associated with a credit loss is recognized in income, while the remaining noncredit-related component is recognized in other comprehensive income. A credit loss is determined by assessing whether the amortized cost basis of the security will be recovered by comparing it to the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security discounted at the rate equal to the yield used to accrete current and prospective beneficial interest for the security. The shortfall of the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected in relation to the amortized cost basis is considered to be the “credit loss.” |
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| The Company's review for impairment generally entails, but is not limited to: |
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| • the identification and evaluation of investments that have indications of possible other-than-temporary impairment; |
| • the analysis of individual investments that have fair values less than amortized cost, including consideration of the length of time the investment has been in an unrealized loss position, and the expected recovery period; |
| • the financial condition of the issuer or issuers; |
| • the creditworthiness of the obligor of the security; |
| • actual collateral attributes; |
| • any rating changes by a rating agency; |
| • current analysts' evaluations; |
| • the payment structure of the debt security and the likelihood of the issuer being able to make payments; |
| • current market conditions; |
| • adverse conditions specifically related to the security, industry, or a geographic area; |
| • the Company's intent to sell the debt security; |
| • whether it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery; and |
| • other qualitative factors that could support or not an other-than-temporary impairment. |
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| Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities |
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| The Company's overall interest rate risk-management strategy incorporates the use of derivative instruments to minimize significant unplanned fluctuations in earnings that are caused by interest rate volatility. The Company's goal is to manage interest rate sensitivity by modifying the repricing or maturity characteristics of certain balance sheet assets and liabilities so that the net interest margin is not, on a material basis, adversely affected by movements in interest rates. As a result of interest rate fluctuations, hedged fixed-rate assets and liabilities will appreciate or depreciate in market value. Also, for some fixed-rate assets or liabilities, the effect of this variability in earnings is expected to be substantially offset by the Company's gains and losses on the derivative instruments that are linked to the forecasted cash flows of these hedged assets and liabilities. The Company considers its strategic use of derivatives to be a prudent method of managing interest-rate sensitivity as it reduces the exposure of earnings and the market value of its equity to undue risk posed by changes in interest rates. The effect of this unrealized appreciation or depreciation is expected to be substantially offset by the Company's gains or losses on the derivative instruments that are linked to these hedged assets and liabilities. Another result of interest rate fluctuations is that the contractual interest income and interest expense of hedged variable-rate assets and liabilities, respectively, will increase or decrease. |
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| Derivative instruments that are used as part of the Company's interest rate risk-management strategy include interest rate swaps, caps, forward-settlement swaps, futures contracts, and option contracts that have indices related to the pricing of specific balance sheet assets and liabilities. Interest rate swaps generally involve the exchange of fixed and variable-rate interest payments between two parties based on a common notional principal amount and maturity date. Interest rate futures generally involve exchange-traded contracts to buy or sell U.S. Treasury bonds and notes in the future at specified prices. Interest rate options represent contracts that allow the holder of the option to (i) receive cash or (ii) purchase, sell, or enter into a financial instrument at a specified price within a specified period. Some purchased option contracts give the Company the right to enter into interest rate swaps and cap and floor agreements with the writer of the option. In addition, the Company enters into certain transactions that contain embedded derivatives. When the embedded derivative possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, it is bifurcated and carried at fair value. |
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| The Company has offered its customers certificates of deposit with an option tied to the performance of the Standard & Poor's 500 stock market index (“S&P 500 Index”). The Company has purchased options from major financial entities to manage its exposure to changes in this index. Under the terms of the option agreements, the Company receives a certain percentage of the increase, if any, in the initial month-end value of the S&P 500 Index over the average of the monthly index observations in a five-year period in exchange for a fixed premium. The changes in fair value of the option agreements used to manage the exposure in the stock market in the certificates of deposit are recorded in earnings. The embedded option in the certificates of deposit is bifurcated, and the changes in the value of that option are also recorded in earnings. |
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| When using derivative instruments, the Company exposes itself to credit and market risk. If a counterparty fails to fulfill its performance obligations under a derivative contract due to insolvency or any other event of default, the Company's credit risk will equal the fair value gain in a derivative plus any cash or securities that may have been delivered to the counterparty as part of the transaction terms. Generally, when the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, this indicates that the counterparty owes the Company, thus creating a repayment risk for the Company. This risk is generally mitigated by requesting cash or securities from the counterparty to cover the positive fair value. When the fair value of a derivative contract is negative, the Company owes the counterparty and, therefore, assumes no credit risk other than to the extent that the cash or value of the collateral delivered as part of the transactions exceeds the fair value of the derivative. The Company minimizes the credit (or repayment) risk in derivative instruments by entering into transactions with high-quality counterparties. |
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| The Company uses forward-settlement swaps to hedge the variability of future interest cash flows of forecasted wholesale borrowings attributable to changes in LIBOR. Once the forecasted wholesale borrowing transactions occur, the interest rate swap will effectively lock-in the Company's interest rate payments on an amount of forecasted interest expense attributable to the one-month LIBOR corresponding to the swap notional amount. By employing this strategy, the Company minimizes its exposure to volatility in LIBOR. |
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| As part of this hedging strategy, the Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as the well as its risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedging transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges to (i) specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or (ii) specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. The Company also formally assesses (both at the hedge's inception and on an ongoing basis) whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions have been highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of hedged items and whether those derivatives may be expected to remain highly effective in future periods. The changes in fair value of the forward-settlement swaps are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income to the extent there is no significant ineffectiveness. |
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| The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when (i) it determines that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of a hedged item (including hedged items such as firm commitments or forecasted transactions); (ii) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised; (iii) it is no longer probable that the forecasted transaction will occur; (iv) a hedged firm commitment no longer meets the definition of a firm commitment; or (v) management determines that designating the derivative as a hedging instrument is no longer appropriate or desired. |
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| The Company's derivative activities are monitored by its Asset/Liability Management Committee which is also responsible for approving hedging strategies that are developed through its analysis of data derived from financial simulation models and other internal and industry sources. The resulting hedging strategies are then incorporated into the Company's overall interest rate risk-management. |
| Off-Balance Sheet Instruments |
| In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into off-balance sheet instruments consisting of commitments to extend credit, further discussed in Note 21 hereto. Such financial instruments are recorded in the financial statements when these are funded or related fees are incurred or received. The Company periodically evaluates the credit risks inherent in these commitments and establishes accruals for such risks if and when these are deemed necessary. |
| Mortgage Banking Activities and Loans Held-For-Sale |
| The residential mortgage loans reported as held-for-sale are stated at the lower of cost or fair value, cost being determined on the outstanding loan balance less unearned income, and fair value determined in the aggregate. Net unrealized losses are recognized through a valuation allowance by charges to income. Realized gains or losses on these loans are determined using the specific identification method. Loans held-for-sale include all conforming mortgage loans originated and purchased, which from time to time the Company sells to other financial institutions or securitizes conforming mortgage loans into GNMA, FNMA and FHLMC pass-through certificates. |
| Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishment of Liabilities |
| The Company recognizes the financial and servicing assets it controls and the liabilities it has incurred, derecognizes financial assets when control has been surrendered, and derecognizes liabilities when extinguished. |
| The Company is not engaged in sales of mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities subject to recourse provisions except for those provisions that allow for the repurchase of loans as a result of a breach of certain representations and warranties other than those related to the credit quality of the loans included in the sale transactions. |
| The transfer of an entire financial asset, a group of entire financial assets, or a participating interest in an entire financial asset in which the Company surrenders control over the assets is accounted for as a sale if all of the following conditions set forth in ASC Topic 860 are met: (i) the assets must be isolated from creditors of the transferor, (ii) the transferee must obtain the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (iii) the transferor cannot maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. When the Company transfers financial assets and the transfer fails any one of these criteria, the Company is prevented from derecognizing the transferred financial assets and the transaction is accounted for as a secured borrowing. For federal and Puerto Rico income tax purposes, the Company treats the transfers of loans which do not qualify as “true sales” under the applicable accounting guidance, as sales, recognizing a deferred tax asset or liability on the transaction. For transfers of financial assets that satisfy the conditions to be accounted for as sales, the Company derecognizes all assets sold; recognizes all assets obtained and liabilities incurred in consideration as proceeds of the sale, including servicing assets and servicing liabilities, if applicable; initially measures at fair value assets obtained and liabilities incurred in a sale; and recognizes in earnings any gain or loss on the sale. The guidance on transfer of financial assets requires a true sale analysis of the treatment of the transfer under state law as if the Company was a debtor under the bankruptcy code. A true sale legal analysis includes several legally relevant factors, such as the intent of the parties, the nature and level of recourse to the transferor, and the nature of retained interests in the loans sold. The analytical conclusion as to a true sale is never absolute and unconditional, but contains qualifications based on the inherent equitable powers of a bankruptcy court, as well as the unsettled state of the common law. Once the legal isolation test has been met, other factors concerning the nature and extent of the transferor's control over the transferred assets are taken into account in order to determine whether derecognition of assets is warranted. |
| When the Company sells or securitizes mortgage loans, it generally makes customary representations and warranties regarding the characteristics of the loans sold. Conforming conventional mortgage loans are combined into pools which are exchanged for FNMA and GNMA mortgage-backed securities, which are generally sold to private investors, or may sell the loans directly to FNMA or other private investors for cash. To the extent the loans do not meet the specified characteristics, investors are generally entitled to require the Company to repurchase such loans or indemnify the investor against losses if the assets do not meet certain guidelines. GNMA programs allow financial institutions to buy back individual delinquent mortgage loans that meet certain criteria from the securitized loan pool for which the Company provides servicing. At the Company's option and without GNMA prior authorization, the Company may repurchase such delinquent loans for an amount equal to 100% of the loan's remaining principal balance. This buy-back option is considered a conditional option until the delinquency criteria is met, at which time the option becomes unconditional. When the loans backing a GNMA security are initially securitized, the Company treats the transaction as a sale for accounting purposes because the conditional nature of the buy-back option means that the Company does not maintain effective control over the loans, and therefore these are derecognized from the balance sheet. When individual loans later meet GNMA's specified delinquency criteria and are eligible for repurchase, the Company is deemed to have regained effective control over these loans, and these must be brought back onto the Company's books as assets at fair value, regardless of whether the Company intends to exercise the buy-back option. Quality review procedures are performed by the Company as required under the government agency programs to ensure that asset guideline qualifications are met. The Company has not recorded any specific contingent liability in the consolidated financial statements for these customary representation and warranties related to loans sold by the Company, and management believes that, based on historical data, the probability of payments and expected losses under these representation and warranty arrangements is not significant. |
| As part of the BBVAPR Acquisition, on December 18, 2012, the Company assumed a liability for residential mortgage loans sold by BBVAPR subject to credit recourse, principally loans associated with FNMA residential mortgage loan sales and securitization programs. In the event of any customer default, pursuant to the credit recourse provided, the Company is required to repurchase the loan or reimburse the third party investor for the incurred loss. The maximum potential amount of future payments that the Company would be required to make under the recourse arrangements in the event of nonperformance by the borrowers is equivalent to the total outstanding balance of the residential mortgage loans serviced with recourse and interest, if applicable. In the event of nonperformance by the borrower, the Company has rights to the underlying collateral securing the mortgage loan. The Company suffers ultimate losses on these loans when the proceeds from a foreclosure sale of the property underlying a defaulted mortgage loan are less than the outstanding principal balance of the loan plus any uncollected interest advanced and the costs of holding and disposing the related property. The Company has established a liability to cover the estimated credit loss exposure related to loans sold with credit recourse. |
| The estimated losses to be absorbed under the credit recourse arrangements are recorded as a liability when the loans are sold or credit recourse is assumed as part of acquired servicing rights, and are updated by accruing or reversing expense (categorized in the line item “adjustments (expense) to indemnity reserves on loans sold” in the consolidated statements of operations) throughout the life of the loan, as necessary, when additional relevant information becomes available. The methodology used to estimate the recourse liability is a function of the recourse arrangements given and considers a variety of factors, which include actual defaults and historical loss experience, foreclosure rate, estimated future defaults and the probability that a loan would be delinquent. Statistical methods are used to estimate the recourse liability. The expected loss, which represents the amount expected to be lost on a given loan, considers the probability of default and loss severity. The probability of default represents the probability that a loan in good standing would become 90 days delinquent within the following twelve-month period. |
| Servicing Assets |
| The Company periodically sells or securitizes mortgage loans while retaining the obligation to perform the servicing of such loans. In addition, the Company may purchase or assume the right to service mortgage loans originated by others. Whenever the Company undertakes an obligation to service a loan, management assesses whether a servicing asset and/or liability should be recognized. A servicing asset is recognized whenever the compensation for servicing is expected to more than adequately compensate the Company for servicing the loans. Likewise, a servicing liability would be recognized in the event that servicing fees to be received are not expected to adequately compensate the Company for its expected cost. |
| All separately recognized servicing assets are recognized at fair value using the fair value measurement method. Under the fair value measurement method, the Company measures servicing rights at fair value at each reporting date and reports changes in fair value of servicing asset in earnings in the period in which the changes occur, and includes these changes, if any, with mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statement of operations. The fair value of servicing rights is subject to fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated and actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses. |
| The fair value of servicing rights is estimated by using a cash flow valuation model which calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, taking into consideration actual and expected loan prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing costs, and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market conditions. |
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| Non-covered Loans and Leases |
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| Originated and Other Loans and Leases Held in Portfolio |
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| Loans the Company originates and intends to hold in portfolio are stated at the principal amount outstanding, adjusted for unamortized deferred fees and costs which are amortized to interest income over the expected life of the loan using the interest method. The Company discontinues accrual of interest on originated loans after payments become more than 90 days past due or earlier if the Company does not expect the full collection of principal or interest. The delinquency status is based upon the contractual terms of the loans. |
| Loans for which the recognition of interest income has been discontinued are designated as non-accruing. Collections are accounted for on the cash method thereafter, until qualifying to return to accrual status. Such loans are not reinstated to accrual status until interest is received on a current basis and other factors indicative of doubtful collection cease to exist. The determination as to the ultimate collectability of the loan's balance may involve management's judgment in the evaluation of the borrower's financial condition and prospects for repayment. |
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| The Company follows a systematic methodology to establish and evaluate the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses to provide for inherent losses in the non-covered loan portfolio. This methodology includes the consideration of factors such as economic conditions, portfolio risk characteristics, prior loss experience, and results of periodic credit reviews of individual loans. The provision for loan and lease losses charged to current operations is based on such methodology. Loan and lease losses are charged and recoveries are credited to the allowance for loan and lease losses on non-covered loans. |
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| Larger commercial loans that exhibit potential or observed credit weaknesses are subject to individual review and grading. Where appropriate, allowances are allocated to individual loans based on management's estimate of the borrower's ability to repay the loan given the availability of collateral, other sources of cash flow, and legal options available to the Company. |
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| Included in the review of individual loans are those that are impaired. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate, or as a practical expedient, at the observable market price of the loan or the fair value of the collateral, if the loan is collateral dependent. Loans are individually evaluated for impairment, except large groups of small balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and loans that are recorded at fair value or at the lower of cost or fair value. The Company measures for impairment all commercial loans over $250 thousand (i) that are either over 90 days past due or adversely classified, or (ii) when deemed necessary by management. The portfolios of mortgage loans, auto and leasing, and consumer loans are considered homogeneous and are evaluated collectively for impairment. |
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| The Company uses a rating system to apply an overall allowance percentage to each non-covered loan portfolio segment based on historical credit losses adjusted for current conditions and trends. The historical loss experience is determined by portfolio segment and is based on the actual loss history experienced by the Company over the most recent twelve months. The actual loss experience is supplemented with other qualitative factors based on the risks present for each portfolio segment. These qualitative factors include consideration of the following: the credit grading assigned to commercial loans; levels of and trends in delinquencies and impaired loans; levels of and trends in charge-offs and recoveries; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of any changes in risk selection and underwriting standards; other changes in lending policies, procedures, and practices; experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff, including the bank's loan review system as graded by regulatory agencies in their last examination; local economic trends and conditions; industry conditions; effects of external factors such as competition and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the current portfolio; and effects of changes in credit concentrations and collateral value. Additional impact from the historical loss experience is applied based on levels of delinquency and loan classification. |
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| During the third quarter of 2013, management changed the methodology of the general reserve calculation in order to adapt the calculation to the new Company structure after the BBVAPR Acquisition, and better capture the risk characteristics of the different portfolio segments. During the first and second quarters of 2013, management maintained a parallel computation of the general reserve and the impact of the new methodology was an increase of $242 thousand. Principal changes are concentrated in the commercial, consumer, and auto and leasing portfolios. The commercial loans portfolio was further segmented by business line (corporate, institutional, middle market, corporate retail, floor plan, and real estate), by collateral type (secured by real estate and other commercial and industrial), and by risk rating/classification (pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful, and individually measured for impairment). The loss factor used for the general reserve of these loans is established considering the Bank's past 12-month historical loss experience of each segment and the consideration of environmental factors. The sum of the loss experience factors and the environmental factors will be the general valuation reserve (“GVA”) factor to be used for the determination of the allowance for loan and lease losses on each category. The consumer loans portfolio consists of smaller retail loans such as retail credit cards, overdrafts, unsecured personal lines of credit, and personal unsecured loans. The allowance factor, consisting of the historical loss factors and the environmental risk factors is calculated for each sub-class of loans by delinquency bucket. The allowance factor on auto portfolio is impacted by the historical losses, the environmental risk factors and by delinquency buckets. For the determination of the allowance factor, the auto portfolio is segmented by FICO score at origination. Also, during 2012, the Company revised this severity impact applied to historical loss factors based on delinquency buckets and loan classifications to further segregate these impacts between loans secured by real estate and unsecured loans. The following portfolio segments have been identified: mortgage loans, commercial loans, consumer loans, and auto and leasing. |
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| At origination, a determination is made whether a loan will be held in our portfolio or is intended for sale in the secondary market. Loans that will be held in the Company's portfolio are carried at amortized cost. Residential mortgage loans held for sale are recorded at the lower of the aggregate cost or market value (“LOCOM”). |
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| Acquired Loans and Leases |
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| Loans that the Company acquire in acquisitions are recorded at fair value with no carryover of the related allowance for loan losses. Determining the fair value of the loans involves estimating the amount and timing of principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. |
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| The Company has acquired loans in two separate acquisitions, the BBVAPR Acquisition in December 2012 and the FDIC-assisted Eurobank acquisition in April 2010. For each acquisition, the Company considered the following factors as indicators that an acquired loan had evidence of deterioration in credit quality and was therefore in the scope of ASC 310-30: |
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| Loans that were 90 days or more past due, |
| Loans that had an internal risk rating of substandard or worse. Substandard is consistent with regulatory definitions and is defined as having a well defined weakness that jeopardizes liquidation of the loan, |
| Loans that were classified as nonaccrual by the acquired bank at the time of acquisition, and |
| Loans that had been previously modified in a troubled debt restructuring. |
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| Any acquired loans that were not individually in the scope of ASC 310-30 because they did not meet the criteria above were either (i) pooled into groups of similar loans based on the borrower type, loan purpose, and collateral type and accounted for under ASC 310-30 by analogy or (ii) accounted for under ASC 310-20 (Non-refundable fees and other costs). |
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| Acquired Loans Accounted for under ASC 310-20 (loans with revolving feature and/or acquired at a premium) |
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| Revolving credit facilities such as credit cards, retail and commercial lines of credit and floor plans which are specifically scoped out of ASC 310-30 are accounted for under the provisions of ASC 310-20. Also, performing auto loans with FICO scores over 660 acquired at a premium in the BBVAPR Acquisition are accounted for under this guidance. Auto loans with FICO scores below 660 were acquired at a discount and are accounted for under the provisions of ASC 310-30. The provisions of ASC 310-20 require that any differences between the contractually required loan payments in excess of the Company's initial investment in the loans be accreted into interest income on a level-yield basis over the life of the loan. Loans acquired in the BBVAPR Acquisition that were accounted for under the provisions of ASC 310-20 which had fully amortized their premium or discount, recorded at the date of acquisition, are removed from the acquired loan category. Loans accounted for under ASC 310-20 are placed on non-accrual status when past due in accordance with the Company's non-accruing policy and any accretion of discount is discontinued. These assets were recorded at estimated fair value on their acquisition date, incorporating an estimate of future expected cash flows. Such fair value includes a credit discount which accounts for expected loan losses over the estimated life of these loans. Management will take into consideration this credit discount when determining the necessary allowance for acquired loans that are accounted for under the provisions of ASC 310-20. |
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| The allowance for loan and lease losses model for acquired loans accounted for under ASC 310-20 is the same as for the originated and other loan portfolio. |
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| Acquired Loans Accounted under ASC 310-30 (including those accounted for under ASC 310-30 by analogy) |
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| The Company performed a fair valuation of each of the loan pools, and each pool was recorded at a discount. The Company determined that at least part of the discount on the acquired individual or pools of loans was attributable to credit quality by reference to the valuation model used to estimate the fair value of these pools of loans. The valuation model incorporated lifetime expected credit losses into the loans' fair valuation in consideration of factors such as evidence of credit deterioration since origination and the amounts of contractually required principal and interest that the Company did not expect to collect as of the acquisition date. Based on the guidance included in the December 18, 2009 letter from the AICPA Depository Institutions Panel to the Office of the Chief Accountant of the SEC, the Company has made an accounting policy election to apply ASC 310-30 by analogy to all of these acquired pools of loans as they all (i) were acquired in a business combination or asset purchase, (ii) resulted in recognition of a discount attributable, at least in part, to credit quality; and (iii) were not subsequently accounted for at fair value. |
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| The excess of expected cash flows from acquired loans over the estimated fair value of acquired loans at acquisition is referred to as the accretable discount and is recognized into interest income over the remaining life of the acquired loans using the interest method. The difference between contractually required payments at acquisition and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is referred to as the nonaccretable discount. The nonaccretable discount represents estimated future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the acquired loans. Subsequent decreases to the expected cash flows require the Company to evaluate the need for an addition to the allowance for loan losses. Subsequent improvements in expected cash flows result in the reversal of the associated allowance for loan losses, if any and the reversal of a corresponding amount of the nonaccretable discount which the Company then reclassifies as accretable discount that is recognized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the interest method. The Company's evaluation of the amount of future cash flows that it expects to collect takes into account actual credit performance of the acquired loans to date and the Company's best estimates for the expected lifetime credit performance of the loans using currently available information. Charge-offs of the principal amount on acquired loans would be first applied to the nonaccretable discount portion of the fair value adjustment. To the extent that the Company experiences deterioration in credit quality in its expected cash flows subsequent to the acquisition of the loans; an allowance for loan losses would be established based on the estimate of future credit losses over the remaining life of the loans. |
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| In accordance with ASC 310-30, recognition of income is dependent on having a reasonable expectation about the timing and amount of cash flows expected to be collected. The Company performs such an evaluation on a quarterly basis on both its acquired loans individually accounted for under ASC 310-30 and those in pools accounted for under ASC 310-30 by analogy. |
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| Cash flows for acquired loans individually accounted for under ASC 310-30 are estimated on a quarterly basis. Based on this evaluation, a determination is made as to whether or not the Company has a reasonable expectation about the timing and amount of cash flows. Such an expectation includes cash flows from normal customer repayment, collateral value, foreclosure or other collection efforts. Cash flows for acquired loans accounted for on a pooled basis under ASC 310-30 by analogy are also estimated on a quarterly basis. For residential real estate, home equity and other consumer loans, cash flow loss estimates are calculated by a vintage and FICO based model which incorporates a projected forward loss curve. For commercial loans, lifetime loss rates are assigned to each pool with consideration given for pool make-up, including risk rating profile. Lifetime loss rates are developed from internally generated loss data and are applied to each pool. |
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| To the extent that the Company cannot reasonably estimate cash flows, interest income recognition is discontinued. The unit of account for loans in pools accounted for under ASC 310-30 by analogy is the pool of loans. Accordingly, as long as the Company can reasonably estimate cash flows for the pool as a whole, accretable yield on the pool is recognized and all individual loans within the pool - even those more than 90 days past due - would be considered to be accruing interest in the Company's financial statement disclosures, regardless of whether or not the Company expects any principal or interest cash flows on an individual loan 90 days or more past due. |
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| Covered loans |
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| Because of the loss protection provided by the FDIC, the risks of the loans acquired in the FDIC-assisted Eurobank acquisition that are covered under the FDIC shared-loss agreements are significantly different from those loans not covered under the FDIC shared-loss agreements. Accordingly, the Company presents loans subject to the shared-loss agreements as “covered loans.” |
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| Loans acquired in the FDIC-assisted acquisition were accounted for under ASC 310-30, except for credit card balances which were subsequently cancelled. To the extent credit deterioration occurs in covered loans after the date of acquisition, the Company will record an allowance for loan and lease losses and an increase in the FDIC shared-loss indemnification asset for the expected reimbursement from the FDIC under the shared-loss agreements. |
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| Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses for Non-covered Loans and Leases |
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| During the third quarter of 2013, management changed the methodology of the general reserve calculation in order to adapt the calculation to the new Company structure after the BBVAPR Acquisition, and better capture the risk characteristics of the different portfolio segments. During the first and second quarters of 2013, management maintained a parallel computation of the general reserve and the impact of the new methodology was an increase of $242 thousand. Principal changes are concentrated in the commercial, consumer, and auto and leasing portfolios. The commercial loans portfolio was further segmented by business line (corporate, institutional, middle market, corporate retail, floor plan, and real estate), by collateral type (secured by real estate and other commercial and industrial), and by risk rating/classification (pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful, and individually measured for impairment). The loss factor used for the general reserve of these loans is established considering the Bank's past 12-month historical loss experience of each segment and the consideration of environmental factors. The sum of the loss experience factors and the environmental factors will be the general valuation reserve (“GVA”) factor to be used for the determination of the allowance for loan and lease losses on each category. The consumer loans portfolio consists of smaller retail loans such as retail credit cards, overdrafts, unsecured personal lines of credit, and personal unsecured loans. The allowance factor, consisting of the historical loss factors and the environmental risk factors is calculated for each sub-class of loans by delinquency bucket. The allowance factor on auto portfolio is impacted by the historical losses, the environmental risk factors and by delinquency buckets. For the determination of the allowance factor, the auto portfolio is segmented by FICO score at origination. Also, during 2012, the Company revised this severity impact applied to historical loss factors based on delinquency buckets and loan classifications to further segregate these impacts between loans secured by real estate and unsecured loans. The following portfolio segments have been identified: mortgage loans, commercial loans, consumer loans, and auto and leasing. |
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| Originated and Other Loans and Leases Held for Investment and Acquired Loans Accounted for under ASC 310-20 (Loans with revolving feature and/or acquired at a premium) |
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| The Company determined the allowance for loan and lease losses by portfolio segment, which consist of mortgage loans, commercial loans, consumer loans, and auto and leasing, as follows: |
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| Mortgage loans: These loans are further divided into four classes: traditional mortgages, non-traditional mortgages, loans in loan modification programs and home equity secured personal loans. Traditional mortgage loans include loans secured by a dwelling, fixed coupons and regular amortization schedules. Non-traditional mortgages include loans with interest-first amortization schedules and loans with balloon considerations as part of their terms. Mortgages in loan modification programs are loans that are being serviced under such programs. Home equity loans are mainly equity lines of credit. The allowance factor on these loans is impacted by the historical loss factors on the sub-segments, vintages, the environmental risk factors described above and by delinquency buckets. The traditional mortgage loan portfolio is further segregated by vintages. |
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| Commercial loans: During the third quarter of 2013, the commercial portfolio was further segmented by business line (corporate, institutional, middle market, corporate retail, floor plan, and real estate), by collateral type (secured by real estate and other commercial and industrial), and by risk rating/classification (pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful, and individually measured for impairment). The loss factor used for the general valuation reserve (“GVA”) of these loans is established considering the Bank's past twelve-month historical loss experience of each segment and the consideration of environmental factors. The sum of the loss experience factors and the environmental factors is the GVA factor used for the determination of the allowance for loan and lease losses on each category. |
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| Consumer loans: The consumer portfolio consists of smaller retail loans such as retail credit cards, overdrafts, unsecured personal lines of credit, and personal unsecured loans. The allowance factor, consisting of the historical loss factors and the environmental risk factors are calculated for each sub-class of loans by delinquency bucket. |
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| Auto and Leasing: The financing for the purchase of new or used motor vehicles for private or public use. These loans are granted mainly through dealers authorized and approved by the auto department credit commitee of the Bank. The auto credit department has the specialized structure and resources to provide the service required for this product according to market demands. In addition, this segment includes personal loans guaranteed by vehicles in the form of lease financing. The allowance factor on auto and leasing portfolio is impacted by the historical losses, the environmental risk factors and by delinquency buckets. For the determination of the allowance factor, the portfolio segmented by FICO score at origination. |
| The Company establishes its allowance for loan losses through a provision for credit losses based on our evaluation of the credit quality of the loan portfolio. This evaluation, which includes a review of loans on which full collectability may not be reasonably assured, considers, among other matters, the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, economic conditions, historical net loan loss experience, and other factors that warrant recognition in determining our allowance for loan losses. The Company continues to monitor and modify the level of the allowance for loan losses to ensure it is adequate to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio. |
| Our allowance for loan losses consists of the following elements: (i) specific valuation allowances based on probable losses on specifically identified impaired loans; and (ii) valuation allowances based on net historical loan loss experience for similar loans with similar inherent risk characteristics and performance trends, adjusted, as appropriate, for qualitative risk factors specific to respective loan types. |
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| When current information and events indicate that it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts of principal and interest due under the original terms of a business or commercial real estate loan greater than $250 thousand, such loan will be classified as impaired. Additionally, all loans modified in a TDR(as defined below) are considered impaired. The need for specific valuation allowances are determined for impaired loans and recorded as necessary. For impaired loans, we consider the fair value of the underlying collateral, less estimated costs to sell, if the loan is collateral dependent, or we use the present value of estimated future cash flows in determining the estimates of impairment and any related allowance for loan losses for these loans. Confirmed losses are charged off immediately. Prior to a loan becoming impaired, we typically would obtain an appraisal through our internal loan grading process to use as the basis for the fair value of the underlying collateral. |
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| Loan loss ratios and credit risk categories are updated at least quarterly and are applied in the context of GAAP as prescribed by ASC and the importance of depository institutions having prudent, conservative, but not excessive loan allowances that fall within an acceptable range of estimated losses. While management uses current available information in estimating possible loan and lease losses, factors beyond the Company's control, such as those affecting general economic conditions, may require future changes to the allowance. |
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| Acquired Loans Accounted for under ASC 310-30 (including those accounted for under ASC 310-30 by analogy) |
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| For our acquired loans accounted for under ASC 310-30, our allowance for loan losses is estimated based upon our expected cash flows for these loans. To the extent that we experience a deterioration in borrower credit quality resulting in a decrease in our expected cash flows (which are used as a proxy to identify probable incurred losses) subsequent to the acquisition of the loans, an allowance for loan losses is established based on our estimate of future credit losses over the remaining life of the loans. |
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| Acquired loans accounted for under ASC Subtopic 310-30 are not considered non-performing and continue to have an accretable yield as long as there is a reasonable expectation about the timing and amount of cash flows expected to be collected. Also, loans charged-off against the non-accretable difference established in purchase accounting are not reported as charge-offs. Charge-offs on loans accounted under ASC Subtopic 310-30 are recorded only to the extent that losses exceed the non-accretable difference established with purchase accounting. |
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| Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses for Covered Loans and Leases |
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| Covered loans are accounted for under ASC Subtopic 310-30. For covered loans, the portion of the loss on covered loans reimbursable from the FDIC is recorded as an offset to the provision for credit losses and increases the FDIC shared-loss indemnification asset. |
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| Lease Financing |
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| The Company leases vehicles for personal and commercial use to individual and corporate customers. The direct finance lease method of accounting is used to recognize revenue on leasing contracts that meet the criteria specified in the guidance for leases in ASC Topic 840. Aggregate rentals due over the term of the leases, less unearned income, are included in lease financing contracts receivable. Unearned income is amortized using a method over the average life of the leases as an adjustment to the interest yield. |
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| Troubled Debt Restructuring |
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| A troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) is the restructuring of a receivable in which the Company, as creditor, grants a concession for legal or economic reasons due to the debtor's financial difficulties. A concession is granted when, as a result of the restructuring, the Company does not expect to collect all amounts due, including interest accrued at the original contract rate. These concessions may include a reduction of the interest rate, principal or accrued interest, extension of the maturity date or other actions intended to minimize potential losses. |
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| To assess whether the debtor is having financial difficulties, the Company evaluates whether it is probable that the debtor will default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future. |
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| Receivables that are restructured in a TDR are presumed to be impaired and are subject to a specific impairment-measurement method. If the payment of principal at original maturity is primarily dependent on the value of collateral, the Company considers the current value of that collateral in determining whether the principal will be paid. For non-collateral dependent loans, the specific reserve is calculated based on the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate. Loans modified in TDRs are placed on non-accrual status until the Company determines that future collection of principal and interest is reasonably assured, which generally requires that the borrower demonstrate performance according to the restructured terms for a period of at least six months. |
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| Reserve for Unfunded Commitments |
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| The reserve for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb estimated probable losses related to unfunded credit facilities and is included in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The determination of the adequacy of the reserve is based upon an evaluation of the unfunded credit facilities. Net adjustments to the reserve for unfunded commitments are included in other operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. |
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| FDIC Shared-Loss Indemnification Asset and True-up Payment Obligation |
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| The FDIC shared-loss indemnification asset is accounted for and measured separately from the covered loans acquired in the FDIC-assisted acquisition as it is not contractually embedded in any of the covered loans. The shared-loss indemnification asset related to estimated future loan and lease losses is not transferable should the Company sell a loan prior to foreclosure or maturity. The shared-loss indemnification asset was recorded at fair value at the acquisition date and represents the present value of the estimated cash payments expected to be received from the FDIC for future losses on covered assets based on the credit adjustment estimated for each covered asset and the shared-loss percentages. This balance also includes incurred expenses under the shared-loss agreements. These cash flows are then discounted at a market-based rate to reflect the uncertainty of the timing and receipt of the shared-loss reimbursements from the FDIC. The amount ultimately collected for this asset is dependent upon the performance of the underlying covered assets, the passage of time, the proper submission of claims to the FDIC and compliance with the obligations set forth in the FDIC shared-loss agreements. The time value of money incorporated into the present value computation is accreted into earnings over the shorter of the life of the shared-loss agreements or the holding period of the covered assets. |
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| The FDIC shared-loss indemnification asset is reduced as losses are recognized on covered loans and shared-loss payments are received from the FDIC. Realized credit losses in excess of acquisition-date estimates result in an increase in the FDIC shared-loss indemnification asset. Conversely, if realized credit losses are less than acquisition-date estimates, the FDIC shared-loss indemnification asset is amortized through the term of the shared-loss agreements. |
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| The true-up payment obligation or clawback liability due to the FDIC under the Purchase and Assumption Agreement is included in other liabilities. |
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| Goodwill and Intangible Assets |
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| The Company records the excess of the cost of acquired entities over the fair value of identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired less the fair value of liabilities assumed as goodwill. The Company amortizes the acquired identifiable intangible assets with definite useful economic lives over their useful economic life utilizing an accelerated amortization method. On a periodic basis, the Company assesses whether events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of the Company's core deposit and other intangible assets may be impaired. The Company does not amortize goodwill or any acquired identifiable intangible assets with an indefinite useful economic life, but reviews them for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may be impaired. The Company defines a reporting unit as a distinct, separately identifiable component of one of its operating segments for which complete, discrete financial information is available and reviewed regularly by that segment's management. |
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| The Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether there are events or circumstances that exist that make it more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, or if the Company chooses to bypass the qualitative assessment, the Company compares each reporting unit's fair value to its carrying value to identify potential impairment. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not considered impaired. However, if the carrying amount of the reporting unit were to exceed its estimated fair value, a second step would be performed that would compare the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in the same manner as goodwill that is recognized in a business combination. Significant judgment and estimates are involved in estimating the fair value of the assets and liabilities of the reporting units. The Company performed its annual impairment review of goodwill utilizing valuation methods it believes appropriate, given the availability and applicability of market-based inputs for those methods during the fourth quarter of 2013 using October 31, 2013 as the annual evaluation date. |
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| Foreclosed Real Estate and Other Repossessed Property |
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| Non-Covered Foreclosed Real Estate |
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| Foreclosed real estate is initially recorded at the lower of the related loan balance or the fair value of the real estate less the cost of selling it at the date of foreclosure. At the time properties are acquired in full or partial satisfaction of loans, any excess of the loan balance over the estimated fair value of the property is charged against the allowance for loan and lease losses on non-covered loans. After foreclosure, these properties are carried at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated cost to sell, based on recent appraised values or options to purchase the foreclosed property. Any excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell, is charged to non-interest expense. The costs and expenses associated to holding these properties in portfolio are expensed as incurred. |
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| Covered Foreclosed Real Estate and Other Repossessed Property |
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| Covered foreclosed real estate and other repossessed property are initially recorded at their estimated fair value on the acquisition date, based on appraisal value less estimated selling costs. Any subsequent write-downs due to declines in fair value and costs and expenses associated with holding these properties in portfolio are charged as incurred to non-interest expense with a partially offsetting non-interest income for the loss reimbursement under the FDIC shared-loss agreement. Any recoveries of previous write-downs are credited to non-interest expense with a corresponding charge to non-interest income for the portion of the recovery that is due to the FDIC. |
| Premises and Equipment |
| Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each type of asset. Amortization of leasehold improvements is computed using the straight-line method over the terms of the leases or estimated useful lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter. |
| Impairment of Long-Lived Assets |
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| The Company periodically reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In performing the review for recoverability, an estimate of the future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition is made. If the sum of the future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) is less than the carrying amount of the assets, an impairment loss is recognized. The amount of the impairment is the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the asset. As of December 31, 2013, there was no indication of impairment as a result of such review. |
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| Income Taxes |
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| In preparing the consolidated financial statements, the Company is required to estimate income taxes. This involves an estimate of current income tax expense together with an assessment of temporary differences resulting from differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The determination of current income tax expense involves estimates and assumptions that require the Company to assume certain positions based on its interpretation of current tax laws and regulations. Changes in assumptions affecting estimates may be required in the future, and estimated tax assets or liabilities may need to be increased or decreased accordingly. The accrual for tax contingencies is adjusted in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of tax audits, case law and emerging legislation. When particular matters arise, a number of years may elapse before such matters are audited and finally resolved. Favorable resolution of such matters could be recognized as a reduction to the Company's effective tax rate in the year of resolution. Unfavorable settlement of any particular issue could increase the effective tax rate and may require the use of cash in such year. |
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| The determination of deferred tax expense or benefit is based on changes in the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that generate temporary differences. The carrying value of the Company's net deferred tax assets assumes that the Company will be able to generate sufficient future taxable income based on estimates and assumptions. If these estimates and related assumptions change in the future, the Company may be required to record valuation allowances against its deferred tax assets resulting in additional income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations. |
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| Management evaluates on a regular basis whether the deferred tax assets can be realized and assesses the need for a valuation allowance. A valuation allowance is established when management believes that it is more likely than not that some portion of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. Changes in valuation allowance from period to period are included in the Company's tax provision in the period of change. |
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| In addition to valuation allowances, the Company establishes accruals for uncertain tax positions when, despite the belief that the Company's tax return positions are fully supported, the Company believes that certain positions are likely to be challenged. The accruals for uncertain tax positions are adjusted in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of tax audits, case law, and emerging legislation. The accruals for the Company's uncertain tax positions are reflected as income tax payable as a component of accrued expenses and other liabilities. These accruals are reduced upon expiration of the applicable statute of limitations. |
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| The Company follows a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. |
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| The Company's policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized income tax benefits within the provision for income taxes on the consolidated statements of operations. |
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| On June 30, 2013 the Governor signed Act No. 40-2013, known as “Ley de Redistribución y Ajuste de la Carga Contributiva” (Act of Redistribution and Adjustment of Tax Burden), as amended. The main purpose of the Act is to increase government collections in order to alleviate the structural deficit. The most relevant provisions of the Act, as applicable to the Company, and effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012 are as follows: (1) the maximum Corporate Income Tax rate was increased from 30% to 39%; (2) the deduction allowed for determining the income subject to surtax was reduced from $750,000 to $25,000 (which must be allocated among the members of a controlled group of corporations); (3) the allowable Net Operating Loss (“NOL”) deduction was reduced to (i) 90% of the corporation's net income subject to regular tax, for purposes of computing the regular income tax and (ii) 80% of the alternative minimum taxable income for purposes of computing the alternative minimum tax (“AMT”); (4) the NOL carryover period was extended from 10 to 12 years for NOLs incurred in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2004 and before January 1, 2013, and from 7 to 10 years for losses incurred in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012; (5) a new special tax based on gross income (the “Special Tax”) was added to the Puerto Rico Internal Revenue Code of 2011, as further described below; and (6) a special tax of 1% was imposed on insurance premiums earned after June 30, 2013. |
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| In the case of non-financial institutions, the Special Tax is paid as part of the AMT and thus is accounted for under the provisions of ASC 740. The applicable Special Tax rate for non-financial institutions increases gradually from 0.2% for gross income equal to or in excess of $1.0 million up to 0.85% for gross income in excess of $1.5 billion. In the case of a controlled group of corporations, the tax rate for all members of the group is determined by the aggregate gross income of all members in the group. In the case of financial institutions, the Special Tax is not part of the AMT calculation thus is accounted for as other tax not subject to the provisions of ASC 740, since the same is based on gross income. The applicable Special Tax rate for financial institutions is 1% of its gross income of a taxable year, of which fifty percent (50%) may be claimed as a credit against the financial institution's applicable income tax of that year. |
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| Equity-Based Compensation Plan |
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| The Company's 2007 Omnibus Performance Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the “Omnibus Plan”), provides for equity-based compensation incentives through the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted units and dividend equivalents, as well as equity-based performance awards. The Omnibus Plan was adopted in 2007, amended and restated in 2008, and further amended in 2010. |
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| The purpose of the Omnibus Plan is to provide flexibility to the Company to attract, retain and motivate directors, officers, and key employees through the grant of awards based on performance and to adjust its compensation practices to the best compensation practice and corporate governance trends as they develop from time to time. The Omnibus Plan is further intended to motivate high levels of individual performance coupled with increased shareholder returns. Therefore, awards under the Omnibus Plan (each, an “Award”) are intended to be based upon the recipient's individual performance, level of responsibility and potential to make significant contributions to the Company. Generally, the Omnibus Plan will terminate as of (a) the date when no more of the Company's shares of common stock are available for issuance under the Omnibus Plan or, (b) if earlier, the date the Omnibus Plan is terminated by the Company's Board of Directors. |
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| The Board's Compensation Committee (the “Committee”), or such other committee as the Board may designate, has full authority to interpret and administer the Omnibus Plan in order to carry out its provisions and purposes. The Committee has the authority to determine those persons eligible to receive an Award and to establish the terms and conditions of any Award. The Committee may delegate, subject to such terms or conditions or guidelines as it shall determine, to any employee or group of employees any portion of its authority and powers under the Omnibus Plan with respect to participants who are not directors or executive officers subject to the reporting requirements under Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Only the Committee may exercise authority in respect to Awards granted to such participants. |
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| The Omnibus Plan replaced and superseded the Company's 1996, 1998 and 2000 Incentive Stock Option Plans (the “Stock Option Plans”). All outstanding stock options under the Stock Option Plans continue in full force and effect, subject to their original terms and conditions. |
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| The expected term of stock options granted represents the period of time that such options are expected to be outstanding. Expected volatilities are based on historical volatility of the Company's shares of common stock over the most recent period equal to the expected term of the stock options. For stock options issued during 2013, the expected volatilities are based on both historical and implied volatility of the Company's shares of common stock. |
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| The Company follows the fair value method of recording stock-based compensation. The Company used the modified prospective transition method, which requires measurement of the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant date fair value of the award with the cost to be recognized over the service period. It applies to all awards unvested and granted after this effective date and awards modified, repurchased, or cancelled after that date. |
| Comprehensive Income |
| Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances, except for those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. GAAP requires that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities and on derivative activities that qualify and are designated for cash flows hedge accounting, net of taxes, are reported as a separate component of the stockholders' equity section of the consolidated statements of financial condition, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income. |
| Commitments and Contingencies |
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| Liabilities for loss contingencies, arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred. |
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| Subsequent Events |
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| The Company has evaluated other events subsequent to the balance sheet date and prior to the filing of this annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, and has adjusted and disclosed those events that have occurred that would require adjustment or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements. |
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| Reclassifications |
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| When necessary, certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation. |
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| Recent Accounting Developments |
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| Inclusion of the Fed Funds Swap Rate (or Overnight Index Swap Rate) as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes - In July 2013, the Financial Accounting Standard Board ( “FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update ( ASU) 2013-10 FASB Accounting Standards Update 2013-10, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Fed Funds Swap Rate (or Overnight Index Swap Rate) as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes (“ASU 2013-10”), which permits the use of the Overnight Index Swap Rate (OIS), also referred to as the Fed Funds Effective Swap Rate as a U.S. GAAP benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes under Topic 815. Currently, only the interest rates on direct Treasury obligations of the U.S. government (UST) and the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) swap rate are considered benchmark interest rates in the United States. This update also removes the restriction on using different benchmark rates for similar hedges. Including the Fed Funds Effective Swap Rate as an acceptable U.S. benchmark interest rate in addition to UST and LIBOR will provide risk managers with a more comprehensive spectrum of interest rate resets to utilize as the designated interest risk component under the hedge accounting guidance in Topic 815. The amendments of this ASU are effective prospectively for qualifying new or redesignated hedging relationships entered into on or after July 17, 2013. The adoption of this guidance has not had a material effect on the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition or results of operations. |
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| Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income - In February 2013, FASB issued an amendment to enhance current disclosure requirements of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income and their corresponding effect on net income to be presented, in one place, information about significant amounts reclassified and, in some cases, cross-reference to related footnote disclosures. Previously, this information was presented in different places throughout the financial statements. The amendments require disclosure of information about the amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by component. In addition, it requires the presentation, either on the face of the statement where net income is presented or in the notes, of significant amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by the respective line items of net income but only if the amount reclassified is required under GAAP to be reclassified to net income in its entirety in the same reporting period. For other amounts that are not required under GAAP to be reclassified in their entirety to net income, the Company is required to cross-reference to other disclosures required under GAAP that provide additional detail about those amounts. The amended guidance was effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2012, prospectively. Our adoption of the guidance is presented in “Note 19 – Stockholders' Equity and Earnings per Common Share.” |
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| Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment - In July 2012, FASB issued ASU No. 2012-02, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment. This ASU is intended to simplify the guidance for testing the decline in the realizable value (impairment) of indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill. Some examples of intangible assets subject to the guidance include indefinite-lived trademarks, licenses and distribution rights. This ASU allows companies to perform a qualitative assessment about the likelihood of impairment of an indefinite-lived intangible asset to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary, similar in approach to the goodwill impairment test. The ASU became effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2012. Our adoption of the guidance had no effect on our consolidated financial statements. |
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| Offsetting Financial Assets and Liabilities - In December 2011, FASB issued ASU No. 2011-11, Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities. This ASU is intended to enhance current disclosure requirements on offsetting financial assets and liabilities. The new disclosures enable financial statement users to compare balance sheets prepared under GAAP and IFRS, which are subject to different offsetting models. The guidance requires disclosure of both gross and net information about instruments and transactions eligible for offset in the balance sheet as well as instruments and transactions subject to an agreement similar to a master netting arrangement. The disclosures are required irrespective of whether such instruments are presented gross or net on the balance sheet. In January 2013, FASB issued ASU No. 2013-01, Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities, which clarify that the scope of this guidance applies to derivatives accounted for in accordance with Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, including bifurcated embedded derivatives, repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements, and securities borrowing and securities lending transactions that are either offset in accordance with Section 210-20-45 or Section 815-10-45 or subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement. The amended guidance was effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013, with comparative retrospective disclosures required for all periods presented. We adopted the guidance in the first quarter of 2013. Our adoption of the guidance had no effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity since it only impacts disclosures only. The new disclosures required by the amended guidance are included in “Note 15 – Offsetting of Financial Assets and Liabilities” hereto. |
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| Subsequent Accounting for an Indemnification Asset Recognized at the Acquisition Date as a Result of a Government-Assisted Acquisition of a Financial Institution— FASB ASU 2012-06, “Business Combinations” (Topic 805) was issued in October 2012. This update addresses the diversity in practice about how to interpret the terms “on the same basis” and “contractual limitations” when subsequently measuring an indemnification asset recognized in a government-assisted (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) acquisition of a financial institution that includes a loss-sharing agreement (indemnification agreement). When a reporting entity recognizes an indemnification asset as a result of a government-assisted acquisition of a financial institution and subsequently the cash flows expected to be collected on the indemnification asset change as a result of a change in cash flows expected to be collected on the assets subject to indemnification, the reporting entity should subsequently account for the change in the measurement of the indemnification asset on the same basis as the change in the assets subject to indemnification. Any amortization of changes in value should be limited to the contractual term of the indemnification agreement, that is, the lesser of the term of the indemnification agreement and the remaining life of the indemnified assets. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years, beginning on or after December 15, 2012. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements, since the Company already followed the same basis approach. |
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| Future Application of Accounting Standards |
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| FASB Accounting Standards Update 2013-11, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists (“ASU 2013-11”) FASB issued ASU 2013-11 in July 2013 which requires that an unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward. When a net operating loss, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward is not available at the reporting date under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction to settle any additional taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position, or the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction does not require the entity to use, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset for such purposes, the unrecognized tax benefit should be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with deferred tax assets. The assessment of whether a deferred tax asset is available is based on the unrecognized tax benefit and deferred tax asset that exist at the reporting date and should be made presuming disallowance of the tax position at the reporting date. Currently, there is no explicit guidance under U.S. GAAP on the financial statement presentation of an unrecognized tax benefit when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward exists. The amendment of this guidance does not require new recurring disclosures. ASU 2013-11 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments of this ASU should be applied prospectively to all unrecognized tax benefits that exist at the effective date. Retrospective application is permitted. The Company does not anticipate that the adoption of this guidance will have a material effect on its consolidated statements of financial condition or results of operations. |
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| FASB Accounting Standards Update 2014-04, Receivables-Trouble Debt Restructurings by Creditors (Subtopic 310-40): Reclassification of Residential Real Estate Collateralized Consumer Mortgage Loans upon Foreclosure (“ASU 2014-04”) FASB issued ASU 2014-04 in January 2014 which clarifies that an in substance repossession or foreclosure occurs, and a creditor is considered to have received physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan, upon either (1) the creditor obtaining legal title to the residential real estate property upon completion of a foreclosure or (2) the borrower conveying all interest in the residential real estate property to the creditor to satisfy that loan through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure or through a similar legal agreement. Additionally, the amendments require interim and annual disclosure of both (1) the amount of foreclosed residential real estate property held by the creditor and (2) the recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that are in the process of foreclosure according to local requirements of the applicable jurisdiction. ASU 2014-04 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2014. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments of this ASU should be applied prospectively to all instances of an entity receiving physical possession of residential real estate property collateralized by consumer mortgage loans that occur after the adoption date. Retrospective application is permitted. The Company does not anticipate that the adoption of this guidance will have a material effect on its consolidated statements of financial condition or results of operations. |
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| Other Potential Amendments to Current Accounting Standards - FASB and the International Accounting Standards Board, either jointly or separately, are currently working on several major projects, including amendments to existing accounting standards governing financial instruments, leases, and consolidation and investment companies. As part of the joint financial instruments project, FASB has issued a proposed ASU that would result in significant changes to the guidance for recognition and measurement of financial instruments, in addition to the proposed ASU that would change the accounting for credit losses on financial instruments discussed above. FASB is also working on a joint project that would require substantially all leases to be capitalized on the balance sheet. Upon completion of the standards, the Company will need to reevaluate its accounting and disclosures. However, due to ongoing deliberations of the standard setters, the Company is currently unable to determine the effect of future amendments or proposals. |
