SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES This summary of significant accounting policies is presented to assist in understanding the consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements and notes are representations of the Company's management, which is responsible for their integrity and objectivity. Basis of Presentation The Company's consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") using the accrual method of accounting, except for cash flow amounts. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, after elimination of intercompany accounts and transactions. The wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company are listed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. Use of Estimates The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates based on assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant under the circumstances. Revisions to estimates and assumptions are accounted for prospectively. Significant areas involving the use of estimates include determining the allowance for uncollectible taxes, evaluating recoverability of property concessions, evaluating impairment of long-lived assets, evaluating impairment of goodwill, establishing a valuation allowance on future use of deferred tax assets, calculating a valuation for stock option liability, calculating a valuation for warrant derivative liability and calculating stock-based compensation. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue when the title and risks and rewards of ownership pass to the buyer, the selling price is fixed and determinable, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists and collection of the sale proceeds is considered probable. As of October 31, 2017, the Company has not recognized any revenues. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include all highly-liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase. Property Concessions Property concessions acquisition costs are capitalized when incurred and will be amortized using the units of production method following the commencement of production. If a property concession is subsequently abandoned or impaired, any capitalized costs will be expensed in the period of abandonment or impairment. To date, no property concessions have reached the production stage. Acquisition costs include cash consideration and the fair market value of shares issued on the acquisition of property concessions. Exploration Costs Exploration costs incurred are expensed to the date of establishing that costs incurred are economically recoverable. Exploration expenditures incurred subsequent to the establishment of economic recoverability are capitalized and included in the carrying amount of the related property. To date, the Company has not established the economic recoverability of its exploration prospects; therefore, all exploration costs are being expensed. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Assets under construction are depreciated when they are substantially complete and available for their intended use, over their estimated useful lives. Repairs and maintenance of property and equipment are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred to enhance the service potential of property and equipment are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining useful life of the improved asset. Property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets as follows: · Mining equipment – five to 10 years · Vehicles – four years · Building and structures – 40 years · Computer equipment and software – three years · Well equipment – 10 to 40 years · Office equipment – three to 10 years Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Management reviews and evaluates its long-lived assets for impairment when events and changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts of its assets may not be recoverable. Impairment is considered to exist if the future cash flows on an undiscounted basis are less than the carrying amount of the long-lived asset. An impairment loss is measured and recorded based on the difference between book value and fair value of the asset group. In estimating future cash flows, assets are grouped at the lowest level for which there is identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of cash flows from other asset groups. In estimating future cash flows, the Company estimates the price that would be received to sell an asset group in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Significant factors that impact this price include the price of silver and zinc, and general market conditions for exploration companies, among other factors. Assets Held for Sale Office and mining equipment is classified as held for sale when the following conditions are met: (i) assets (or group of assets) are actively marketed for a price which reasonably approximates the fair value at the time of sale; (ii) management has committed to a plan to sell the assets (or group of assets); (iii) the assets (or group of assets) are available for sale in their current condition; and (iv) sale is probable within the next 12 months. Goodwill Goodwill is the purchase premium after adjusting for the fair value of net assets acquired. The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired. Goodwill impairment tests require judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. The Company performs its annual goodwill impairment tests at April 30 th Income Taxes The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the tax basis and accounting basis of the assets and liabilities measured using tax rates enacted at the balance sheet date. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from uncertain tax positions only if it is at least "more likely than not" that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement with the taxing authorities. This accounting standard also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods and disclosure. A valuation allowance is recorded against deferred tax assets if management does not believe the Company has met the "more likely than not" standard imposed by this guidance to allow recognition of such an asset. Management recorded a full valuation allowance at October 31, 2017 and 2016 against the deferred tax assets as it deems future realization would not meet the "more likely than not" criteria. Warrant Derivative liability The Company classifies warrants on its consolidated balance sheets as a derivative liability which is fair valued at each reporting period subsequent to the initial issuance as the functional currency of Silver Bull is the U.S. Dollar and the exercise price of the warrants is the Canadian Dollar ("$CDN"). The Company has used the Black-Scholes pricing model to fair value the warrants that do not have an acceleration feature and has used the Monte Carlo valuation model to fair value the warrants that do have an acceleration feature. Determining the appropriate fair-value model and calculating the fair value of warrants requires considerable judgment. Any change in the estimates used may cause the value to be higher or lower than that reported. The estimated volatility of the Company's common stock at the date of issuance, and at each subsequent reporting period, is based on the historical volatility adjusted to reflect the implicit discount to historical volatilities observed in the prices of traded warrants. The risk-free interest rate is based on rates published by the government for bonds with a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the warrants at the valuation date. The expected life of the warrants is assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend yield is expected to be none as the Company has not paid dividend nor does the Company anticipate paying any dividend in the foreseeable future. The derivative is not traded in an active market and the fair value is determined using valuation techniques. The estimates may be significantly different from those recorded in the consolidated financial statements because of the use of judgment and the inherent uncertainty in estimating the fair value of these instruments that are not quoted in an active market. All changes in the fair value are recorded in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss each reporting period. Stock-Based Compensation The Company uses the Black-Scholes pricing model as a method for determining the estimated fair value for all stock options awarded to employees, officers, directors and consultants. The expected term of the options is based upon evaluation of historical and expected future exercise behavior. The risk-free interest rate is based upon U.S. Treasury rates at the date of grant with maturity dates approximately equal to the expected life of the options. Volatility is determined based upon historical volatility of the Company's stock and adjusted if future volatility is expected to vary from historical experience. The dividend yield is assumed to be none as the Company has not paid dividends nor does the Company anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company uses the graded vesting attribution method to recognize compensation costs over the requisite service period. Stock options granted to consultants when the exercise price is the $CDN are classified as stock option liability on the Company's consolidated balance sheets upon vesting. Loss per Share Basic loss per share includes no dilution and is computed by dividing net loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution of securities that could share in the earnings of an entity similar to fully diluted loss per share. Although there were stock options and warrants in the aggregate of 39,958,986 shares and 16,058,258 shares outstanding at October 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, they were not included in the calculation of loss per share because they would have been considered anti-dilutive. Foreign Currency Translation During the years ended October 31, 2017 and 2016, the functional currency of Silver Bull Resources, Inc. and its subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar except for the Gabonese subsidiaries whose functional currency is the Central African franc ("$CFA"). During the years ended October 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company's Mexican operations' monetary assets and liabilities were translated into U.S. dollars at the period-end exchange rate and non-monetary assets and liabilities were translated using the historical exchange rate. The Company's Mexican operations' revenue and expenses were translated at the average exchange rate during the period except for depreciation of office and mining equipment, cost of office and mining equipment sold and impairment of property concessions which are translated using the historical exchange rate. Foreign currency translation gains and losses of the Company's Mexican operations are included in the consolidated statement of operations. During the years ended October 31, 2017 and 2016, assets and liabilities of the Company's Gabonese operations were translated into U.S. dollars at the period-end exchange rate, and revenue and expenses were translated at the average exchange rate during the period. Exchange differences arising on translation were disclosed as a separate component of stockholders' equity. Realized gains and losses from foreign currency transactions were reflected in the results of operations. Upon the liquidation of African Resources, we reclassified certain amount from other comprehensive income to gain on liquidation of subsidiary in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Accounting for Loss Contingencies and Legal Costs From time to time, the Company is named as a defendant in legal actions arising from its normal business activities. The Company records an accrual for the estimated loss from a loss contingency when information available prior to issuance of its financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Disclosure of a loss contingency is made by the Company if there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss has been incurred, and either an accrual has not been made or an exposure to loss exists in excess of the amount accrued. In cases where only disclosure of the loss contingency is required, either the estimated loss or a range of estimated loss is disclosed or it is stated that an estimate cannot be made. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are considered period costs and accordingly are expensed in the period services are provided. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Year Effective February 1, 2017, the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board's ("FASB") Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2017-04, "Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (Topic 350): Intangibles—Goodwill and Other," which simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. The adoption of this update did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures. Effective November 1, 2016, the Company adopted the FASB's ASU 2015-16, "Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments," which eliminates the requirement for an acquirer to retrospectively adjust the financial statements for measurement-period adjustments that occur in periods after a business combination is consummated. The adoption of this update did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures. Effective November 1, 2016, the Company adopted the FASB's ASU 2015-03, "Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs," which requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented as a reduction to the carrying amount of that debt liability, not as an asset. The adoption of this update did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures. Effective November 1, 2016, the Company adopted the FASB's ASU 2015-02, "Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis," which amends the consolidation requirements in Accounting Standards Codification 810. The adoption of this update did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures. Effective November 1, 2016, the Company adopted The adoption of this update did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, "Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business," which clarifies the definition of a business to assist entities in the evaluation of acquisitions and disposals of assets or businesses. These changes become effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning November 1, 2018. At this time, the Company has not determined the effects of this update on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash," which will require entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. These changes become effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning November 1, 2018. At this time, the Company has not determined the effects of this update on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments," which provides guidance on the presentation and classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows. These changes become effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning November 1, 2018. At this time, the Company has not determined the effects of this update on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, "Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting," which amends several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including income tax consequences, the classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and the classification on the statement of cash flows. These changes become effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning November 1, 2017. At this time, the Company has not determined the effects of this update on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases," which will require lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by most leases on the balance sheet. These changes become effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning November 1, 2019. Modified retrospective adoption for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, is required with an option to use certain transition relief. At this time, the Company has not determined the effects of this update on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, "Financial Instruments – Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities," which (i) requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, (ii) requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, (iii) requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset, and (iv) eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost. These changes become effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning November 1, 2018. Early application is permitted. At this time, the Company has not determined the effects of this update on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, "Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes," which requires entities with a classified balance sheet to present all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent. These changes become effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning November 1, 2017. Early application is permitted. At this time, the Company has not determined the effects of this update on the Company's financial position, and disclosures. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, "Deferral of the Effective Date," which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" to become effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning November 1, 2018. he Company has not determined the effects of this update on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures at this time. Other recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB (including its Emerging Issues Task Force) and the SEC did not or are not believed to have a material impact on the Company's present or future consolidated financial statements. |