Maximus (MMS) 10-K 22 Nov 22 2022 FY Annual report Financial data

Cover Page

Cover Page - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Nov. 14, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2022
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--09-30
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-12997
Entity Registrant Name	Maximus, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	VA
Entity Tax Identification Number	54-1000588
Entity Address, Address Line One	1600 Tysons Boulevard
Entity Address, City or Town	McLean
Entity Address, State or Province	VA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	22102
City Area Code	703
Local Phone Number	251-8500
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, no par value
Trading Symbol	MMS
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Reporting Company	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	true
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 4,577,509,491
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		60,773,258
Documents Incorporated by Reference	Portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for its 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on March 14, 2023, which definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of the registrant's fiscal year, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.
Entity Central Index Key	0001032220
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2022
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Amendment Flag	false

Audit Information

Audit Information	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Auditor [Line Items]
Auditor Name	Ernst & Young LLP
Auditor Location	Tysons, Virginia
Auditor Firm ID	42

Consolidated Statements of Oper

Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenue	$ 4,631,018	$ 4,254,485	$ 3,461,537
Cost of revenue	3,691,208	3,307,510	2,750,535
Gross profit	939,810	946,975	711,002
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	534,493	494,088	387,090
Amortization of intangible assets	90,465	44,357	35,634
Gain on sale of land and building	11,046	0	0
Operating income	325,898	408,530	288,278
Interest expense	45,965	14,744	2,059
Other expense/(income), net	2,835	10,105	(843)
Income before provision for income taxes	277,098	383,681	287,062
Provision for income taxes	73,270	92,481	72,553
Net income	$ 203,828	$ 291,200	$ 214,509
Earnings per share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 3.30	$ 4.69	$ 3.40
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 3.29	$ 4.67	$ 3.39
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic (in shares)	61,774	62,072	63,062
Diluted (in shares)	61,969	62,365	63,322
Dividends declared per share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.12	$ 1.12	$ 1.12

Consolidated Statements of Comp

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income	$ 203,828	$ 291,200	$ 214,509
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(17,504)	3,033	2,742
Net gains/(losses) on cash flow hedge, net of tax effect of $8,368, $(107), and $0, respectively	23,451	(303)	0
Other comprehensive income	5,947	2,730	2,742
Comprehensive income	$ 209,775	$ 293,930	$ 217,251

Consolidated Statements of Co_2

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net gains/(losses) on cash flow hedge, tax	$ 8,368	$ (107)	$ 0

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 40,658	$ 135,061
Accounts receivable, net	807,110	834,819
Income taxes receivable	2,158	5,413
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	182,387	104,201
Total current assets	1,032,313	1,079,494
Property and equipment, net	52,258	62,627
Capitalized software, net	58,740	42,868
Operating lease right-of-use assets	132,885	179,349
Goodwill	1,779,415	1,774,406
Intangible assets, net	804,904	879,168
Deferred contract costs, net	47,732	36,486
Deferred compensation plan assets	37,050	46,738
Deferred income taxes	4,970	990
Other assets	42,447	16,839
Total assets	3,992,714	4,118,965
Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	264,553	305,565
Accrued compensation and benefits	178,199	186,809
Deferred revenue, current portion	87,146	98,588
Income taxes payable	718	6,782
Long-term debt, current portion	63,458	80,555
Operating lease liabilities, current portion	63,999	76,077
Other current liabilities	116,374	35,057
Total current liabilities	774,447	789,433
Deferred revenue, non-current portion	21,414	35,932
Deferred income taxes	206,099	194,638
Long-term debt, non-current portion	1,292,483	1,429,137
Deferred compensation plan liabilities, non-current portion	40,210	47,405
Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion	86,175	121,771
Other liabilities	22,515	20,320
Total liabilities	2,443,343	2,638,636
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Shareholders' equity:
Common stock, no par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 60,774 and 61,954 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively (shares in thousands)	557,978	532,411
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(33,961)	(39,908)
Retained earnings	1,025,354	987,826
Total shareholders' equity	1,549,371	1,480,329
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$ 3,992,714	$ 4,118,965

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Pa

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - shares	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	60,774,000	61,954,000
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	60,774,000	61,954,000

Consolidated Statements of Cash

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 203,828	$ 291,200	$ 214,509
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash flows from operations:
Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and capitalized software	42,330	46,361	64,527
Amortization of intangible assets	90,465	44,357	35,634
Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discount	3,012	865	0
Costs related to debt financing	0	8,509	0
Gain on sale of land and building	(11,046)	0	0
Deferred income taxes	10,204	(6,577)	(19,145)
Stock compensation expense	30,476	28,554	23,708
Gain on sale of a business	0	0	(1,718)
Change in assets and liabilities, net of effects of business combinations:
Accounts receivable	14,132	38,578	(180,747)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(6,745)	(16,726)	(9,839)
Deferred contract costs	(12,056)	(15,426)	(1,911)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(32,722)	26,904	79,930
Accrued compensation and benefits	3,288	18,112	29,484
Deferred revenue	(19,342)	53,652	2,391
Income taxes	(13,510)	(2,733)	3,490
Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities	(1,112)	5,314	(556)
Other assets and liabilities	(11,363)	(3,622)	4,835
Net cash provided by operating activities	289,839	517,322	244,592
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software	(56,145)	(36,565)	(40,707)
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired	(14,295)	(1,798,915)	(7,066)
Proceeds from the sale of land and building	16,431	0	0
Proceeds from the sale of a business	0	0	3,250
Other	0	0	385
Net cash used in investing activities	(54,009)	(1,835,480)	(44,138)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash dividends paid to Maximus shareholders	(68,716)	(68,838)	(70,155)
Purchases of Maximus common stock	(96,119)	(3,363)	(166,959)
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	(9,673)	(9,818)	(10,614)
Payments for contingent consideration	(1,369)	0	0
Payments for debt financing costs	0	(23,213)	0
Proceeds from borrowings	615,000	2,318,129	638,048
Principal payments for debt	(770,658)	(824,483)	(619,445)
Other	83,264	(2,721)	(965)
Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities	(248,271)	1,385,693	(230,090)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(7,334)	474	1,705
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(19,775)	68,009	(27,931)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	156,570	88,561	116,492
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$ 136,795	$ 156,570	$ 88,561

Consolidated Statements of Chan

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Retained Earnings	Noncontrolling Interest
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2019		63,979,000
Beginning balance at Sep. 30, 2019	$ 1,248,201	$ 498,433	$ (45,380)	$ 794,739	$ 409
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Net income	214,509			214,509
Foreign currency translation	2,742		2,742
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	0
Cash dividends	(70,564)			(70,155)	(409)
Dividends on RSUs	$ 0	$ 1,636		(1,636)
Purchases of Maximus common stock (in shares)	(2,800,000)	(2,767,000)
Purchases of Maximus common stock	$ (166,959)			(166,959)
Stock compensation expense	23,708	$ 23,708
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	(9,818)	$ (9,818)
RSUs vested (in shares)		292,000
RSUs vested	0
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2020		61,504,000
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2020	1,241,819	$ 513,959	(42,638)	770,498	0
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Net income	291,200			291,200
Foreign currency translation	3,033		3,033
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	(303)		(303)
Cash dividends	(68,838)			(68,838)
Dividends on RSUs	$ 0	$ 1,671		(1,671)
Purchases of Maximus common stock (in shares)	(100,000)	(52,000)
Purchases of Maximus common stock	$ (3,363)			(3,363)
Stock compensation expense	28,554	$ 28,554
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	(11,773)	$ (11,773)
RSUs vested (in shares)		502,000
RSUs vested	$ 0
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2021	61,954,000	61,954,000
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2021	$ 1,480,329	$ 532,411	(39,908)	987,826	0
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Net income	203,828			203,828
Foreign currency translation	(17,504)		(17,504)
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	23,451		23,451
Cash dividends	(68,716)			(68,716)
Dividends on RSUs	$ 0	$ 1,465		(1,465)
Purchases of Maximus common stock (in shares)	(1,400,000)	(1,407,000)
Purchases of Maximus common stock	$ (96,119)			(96,119)
Stock compensation expense	30,476	$ 30,476
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	(6,374)	$ (6,374)
RSUs vested (in shares)		227,000
RSUs vested	$ 0
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022	60,774,000	60,774,000
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2022	$ 1,549,371	$ 557,978	$ (33,961)	$ 1,025,354	$ 0

Organization

Organization	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Organization	ORGANIZATIONMaximus, a Virginia corporation established in 1975, is a leading provider of government services worldwide. Under our mission of moving people forward, we offer industry-leading expertise, including citizen engagement, eligibility and program integrity and case management to enable citizens around the globe to successfully engage with their governments at all levels. We assist governments to support families, strengthen workforces, and streamline their services. We are a proud partner to government agencies in the United States, Australia, Canada, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.

Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Significant Accounting Policies	SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements, including the notes, include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission("SEC"). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company's fiscal year ends on September 30 and unless otherwise noted, references to fiscal year or fiscal are for fiscal years ended September 30. The accompanying consolidated financial statements present the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2022 and 2021 and the Company's results of operations for fiscal years 2022, 2021, and 2020. Use of Estimates The preparation of these financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. At each reporting period end, we make estimates, including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of goodwill, and amounts related to income taxes, certain accrued liabilities, and contingencies and litigation. We base our estimates upon past experience and expectations. Our results in recent fiscal years were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic related government actions, which provide less opportunity to use these periods to predict outcomes in a post-pandemic environment. Our balance sheet includes a number of long-lived assets, including property and equipment, capitalized software, operating lease right-of-use assets, deferred contract costs, and intangible assets. These assets are depreciated or amortized over their estimated useful economic lives but are subject to impairment if events indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. As disclosed in "Note 4. Revenue Recognition," revenue for some of our employment services contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment are based upon achievement of future outcomes as defined in each contract. Specifically, we are paid as individuals attain employment goals, which may take many months to achieve. Revenue is recognized on these contracts over the period of performance. Employment markets worldwide suffered a significant shock due to COVID-19, which resulted in significant reductions in work performed and outcomes reached. Although we experienced some recovery in fiscal year 2022, this revenue remains volatile. As disclosed in "Note 4. Revenue Recognition," we operate a small number of construction type contracts where we recognize revenue based upon our estimated progress towards completion. Changes in this estimate may result in fluctuations to revenue. We are also required to anticipate losses on these contracts; where these contracts cover several years, this may result in estimated expenses being recorded in a manner inconsistent with revenue. As disclosed in "Note 6. Business Combinations," we acquired three businesses during fiscal year 2022. For assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we are required to identify and recognize these balances at their fair value as of the date of acquisition. Cash and Cash Equivalents The company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Restricted cash represents funds that are held in our bank accounts but which are precluded from use for general business needs through contractual requirements. These requirements typically include serving as collateral bonds and letters of credit or where we hold funds on behalf of clients. At September 30, 2022, we received a payment from a customer for a receivable balance that we had previously sold to a third-party. This balance was passed to the third party in October 2022 but was held as restricted cash at year end. We report our restricted cash balances within "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" on our balance sheet. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue as, or when, we satisfy performance obligations under a contract. We account for a contract when the parties approved the contract and are committed to perform on it, the rights of each party and the payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and it is probable that we will collect substantially all of the consideration. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service, or a series of distinct goods or services, to a customer. The transaction price of a contract must be allocated to each performance obligation and recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied. Although our services may have many components, these components are not necessarily distinct performance obligations as they may be interdependent on or interrelated to each other. Where our contracts contain more than one performance obligation, we allocate the contract's transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each component. This method will vary from contract to contract. Where available, we utilize standalone selling prices of similar components. If this information is unavailable, we utilize a suitable metric to allocate selling price, such as costs incurred. In most cases, we view our performance obligations as promises to transfer a series of distinct services to our customer that are substantially the same and which have the same pattern of service. We recognize revenue over the performance period as a customer receives the benefits of our services. This continuous transfer of control is supported by the unilateral right of many of our customers to terminate contracts for convenience, without having to provide justification for this decision. Where we are reimbursed on a cost-plus basis, we recognize revenue based upon our costs incurred to date; where we are reimbursed on a fixed price basis, we recognize revenue based upon an appropriate output measure that may be time elapsed or another measure within the contract. When we have variable fees, such as revenue related to the volume of work or award fees, we allocate that revenue to the distinct periods of service to which they relate. In estimating our variable fees, we are required to constrain our estimates to the extent that it is probable that there will not be a significant reversal of cumulative revenue when the uncertainty is resolved. Other performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time, rather than over time. We recognize revenue only when the customer received control over the goods provided. Revenue recognition on these performance obligations does not require a significant level of judgment or estimation. Where we have contract modifications, these are reviewed to determine whether they should be accounted for as part of the original performance obligation or as a separate contract. Where the modification changes the scope or price and the additional performance obligations are at their standalone selling price, these services are considered a separate contract. Where there is a modification, and the additional performance obligations are not at their standalone selling price, we consider whether those performance obligations are distinct from those already delivered. If services are distinct from those already provided, the contract is accounted for prospectively, as though the original contract had been terminated and a new arrangement entered into. Where the modification includes goods or services which are not distinct from those already provided, we record a cumulative adjustment to revenue based upon a remeasurement of progress towards the complete satisfaction of performance obligations not yet fully delivered. Accounts Receivable-Billed, Billable, and Unbilled and Deferred Revenue Billed receivables are balances where an invoice has been prepared and issued and is collectible under standard contract terms. Many of our clients require invoices to be prepared on a monthly basis. Where we anticipate that an invoice will be issued within a short period of time and where the funds are considered collectible within standard contract terms, we include this balance as billable accounts receivable. Both billed and billable balances are recorded at their face amount less an allowance for credit losses over the contractual payment terms of the receivable. We periodically reassess these amounts by analyzing reasonably available information as of the balance sheet date, including the length of time that the receivable has been outstanding, historical bad debts and aging trends, and other general and contract-specific factors. We present billed, billable, and unbilled receivables as one component on our consolidated balance sheets. Our deferred revenue is presented as a separate item on our consolidated balance sheet, broken out by current and long-term portion. Unbilled receivables and deferred revenue represent timing differences between when amounts are billed or billable and when revenue has been recognized or has occurred as of period end. The timing of these billings is generally driven by the contractual terms, which may have billing milestones that are different from revenue recognition milestones. Our unbilled receivables balance also includes retainage balances, where customers may hold back payment for work performed for a period of time to allow opportunities to evaluate the quality of our performance. The balance also includes estimated fees where performance outcomes are anticipated but have not yet been achieved. Our unbilled receivable balance is recorded at fair value - the value which we expect to invoice for the services performed once the objective criteria laid out by the contract have been met. We defer revenue where we receive up-front funds to establish the infrastructure needed for a long-term contract. Credit Risk Credit risk has not historically been significant to our business due to the nature of our customers. 47% of our revenue is from the U.S. federal government and much of our Outside the U.S. segment is from national governments. Many of our U.S. state government agency programs receive significant federal funding. We believe that the credit risk associated with our receivables is limited due to the creditworthiness of our customers. Business Combinations and Goodwill The purchase price of an acquired business is allocated to tangible assets, separately identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their respective fair values. Any excess balance is recorded as goodwill. Costs incurred directly related to an acquisition, including legal, accounting, and valuation services, are expensed as incurred. Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to impairment testing on an annual basis, or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Impairment testing is performed at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is the operating segment, or a business one level below that operating segment (the component level) if discrete financial information is prepared and reviewed regularly by segment management. However, components are aggregated if they have similar economic characteristics. We have the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If we conclude that such an impairment is not more-likely-than-not in all cases, no additional quantitative analysis is required. If such an impairment is more-likely-than-not, or if we choose to bypass this qualitative assessment, a quantitative evaluation is performed by comparing the fair value of the relevant reporting unit to the carrying value, including goodwill, of the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value, no impairment loss is recognized. However, if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, the goodwill of the reporting unit is determined to be impaired. Our reporting units are consistent with our operating segments, U.S. Federal Services, U.S. Services, and Outside the U.S. We perform our annual impairment test as of July 1 of each year. We performed the annual impairment test using the quantitative assessment as of July 1, 2022, and concluded that the fair value of each of the reporting units were greater than the carrying amounts. Intangible Assets All of our intangible assets are acquired through business combinations. They are separately identified and recorded at fair value upon acquisition. We use judgment in identifying, valuing, and assigning a useful economic life to assets as they are acquired. The judgments required vary with the type of asset but may include projections of future results, estimated costs to recreate or replace assets, the cost of utilizing other, similar assets provided by a third party, and an appropriate cost of capital. Where appropriate, we utilize the services of a third-party specialist to assist us in these valuations. We amortize our intangible assets over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. We believe this reflects the manner in which the value from our customer relationships, technology, and other assets is realized by the business. Property and Equipment Property and equipment is recorded at cost. Depreciation is recorded over the assets' respective useful economic lives using the straight-line method, which are not to exceed 39 years for our buildings and 7 years for office furniture and equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their useful life or the remaining term of the lease. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Capitalized Software All of our capitalized software represents development costs for software that is intended for our internal use. Direct costs of time and materials incurred for the development of application software for internal use are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software, ranging from three Deferred Contract Costs Deferred contract costs consist of contractually recoverable costs to fulfill related to long-term service contracts. These costs include direct and incremental costs incurred prior to the commencement of providing service to our customer. These costs are expensed over the period the services are provided using the straight-line method. Income Taxes Deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured by applying enacted tax rates and laws for the taxable years in which those differences are expected to reverse. In addition, a valuation allowance is recorded if it is believed more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be fully realized. We recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would "more likely than not" sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the "more likely than not" threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. Foreign Currency For all foreign operations, the functional currency is the local currency. The assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into U.S. Dollars at period-end exchange rates, and revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates for the year. The resulting cumulative translation adjustment is included in accumulated other comprehensive loss on our consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are included in "other expense/(income), net" on our consolidated statements of operations. Contingencies From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings, including contract and employment claims. We assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes to these contingencies, as well as potential ranges of probable losses and establish reserves accordingly. The amount of reserves required may change in future periods due to new developments in each matter or changes in approach to a matter, such as a change in settlement strategy. We are also subject to audits by our government clients on many of our contracts based upon measures such as costs incurred or transactions processed. These audits may take place several years after a contract has been completed. We maintain reserves where we believe the loss is probable, and we are able to estimate any potential liability. Fair Value Measurements U.S. GAAP provides a framework for measuring fair value, establishes a fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques used to measure the fair value, and requires certain disclosures relating to fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between marketplace participants. The three-tier fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value is as follows: • Level 1 - Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access; • Level 2 - Inputs, other than the quoted market prices included in Level 1, which are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and • Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability which is typically based on an entity's own assumptions when there is little, if any, related market data available. We evaluate assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring and non-recurring basis to determine the appropriate level to classify them for each reporting period. This determination requires significant judgments to be made. The fair values of receivables, prepaid assets, other assets, accounts payable, accrued costs, and other current liabilities approximate the carrying values as a result of the short-term nature of these instruments. We hold investments in a Rabbi Trust on behalf of our deferred compensation plan. These assets are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value under the heading of "Deferred compensation plan assets." These assets have quoted prices in active markets (Level 1). See "Note 16. Employee Benefit Plans and Deferred Compensation" for further details. We use derivative instruments to manage interest rate exposure. All derivative instruments are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. The valuation is calculated based on observable inputs (Level 2). See "Note 8. Debt and Derivatives" for further details. We recorded contingent consideration payments related to acquisitions that may be paid in the future. The related liabilities are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at estimated fair value under the heading "Other liabilities" and updated on a quarterly basis as an acquisition-related expense or benefit. The valuation of this liability is derived from internal estimates of future performance and not from inputs that are observable (Level 3). See "Note 6. Business Combinations" for further details. Leases We enter into contractual arrangements primarily for the use of real estate facilities, information technology equipment, and certain other equipment. These arrangements contain a lease when we control the underlying asset and have the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits or outputs from the asset. Where contracts include both lease and non-lease components, we do not separate the non-lease components in our accounting. The majority of our leases are operating leases. At the inception of a lease, we recognize a liability for future minimum lease payments based upon the present value of those payments. • In identifying our future minimum lease payments, we do not include variable lease costs, such as those for maintenance or utilities. These are recorded as lease expenses in the period in which they are incurred. • In identifying future lease payments, we do not include short-term leases, identified as those with an initial term of twelve months or less. • Lease options are included within our lease liability only where it is reasonably certain that we will utilize those periods of the lease and incur the related costs. • In calculating the fair value of our lease liability, we utilize an estimate of our collateralized incremental borrowing rate. This estimate is based upon publicly-available information adjusted for company, country, and lease-specific factors. The weighted average incremental borrowing rate utilized as of September 30, 2022 was 3.5%. Over the course of a lease, the lease liability is reduced as scheduled lease payments are made and increased as the implied interest charges are added. Our right-of-use asset is based upon the lease liability at the contract inception but is adjusted over the life of the lease by lease prepayments, additional costs, or lease incentives. The right-of-use asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, offset by the interest accretion recorded on the lease liability. Lease expense is recorded within our consolidated statements of operations based upon the nature of the assets. Where assets are used to directly serve our customers, such as facilities dedicated to customer contracts, lease costs are recorded in "cost of revenue." Facilities and assets which serve management and support functions are expensed through "selling, general, and administrative expenses." Stock Compensation Plan We grant both restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance stock units ("PSUs") to eligible participants under our 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, which was approved by the Board of Directors and stockholders. The fair value of each RSU is equal to the market price of our common stock at the date of the grant, which is expensed ratably over the vesting period. The RSUs granted vest ratably over one We issue PSUs with targets based upon profit metrics. These PSUs vest in full at the end of a three-year period. The fair value of each award is based upon the market price of the common stock on the day of the grant and expense is recorded based upon our estimate of how much of the award will vest over the three years of the award. We issue PSUs with a target based upon total shareholder return. These PSUs vest in full after three years. The fair value of each award is based upon an assessment performed at the grant date and is expensed over the life of the award regardless of whether the targets are reached. Certain executive awards include a retirement provision whereby such awards fully vest upon an employee's retirement. We recognize total compensation expense of the awards for eligible participants ratably over the shorter of the vesting period or the employees' retirement eligibility date. Derivative Instruments The Company is using an interest rate swap contract to lock a portion of the variability of the interest payments on long-term debt. The Company elected to designate these derivative instruments as cash flow hedges. The effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income and is reclassified to earnings, through "Interest expense", when the underlying forecasted transaction affects earnings. Cash flows from derivative instruments are included in net cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company reassesses the effectiveness of the hedge on a quarterly basis.

Business Segments

Business Segments	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Business Segments	BUSINESS SEGMENTS We conduct our operations through three business segments: U.S. Federal Services, U.S. Services, and Outside the U.S. U.S. Federal Services Our U.S. Federal Services Segment delivers end-to-end solutions that help various U.S. Federal Government Agencies better deliver on their mission, including program operations and management, clinical services, and technology solutions. This also includes appeals and assessments services, system and application development, IT modernization, and maintenance services. The segment also contains certain state-based assessments and appeals work that is part of the segment's heritage within the Medicare Appeals portfolio which continues to be managed within this segment. Benefiting from the Maximus Federal Consulting (formerly Attain Federal) platform, the segment executes on its digital strategy to deliver technology solutions that advance agency missions, including the challenge to modernize, provide better customer experience, and drive process efficiencies. The segment continues to expand its clinical solutions with the acquisition of VES Group, Inc., which manages the clinical evaluation process for U.S. veterans and service members on behalf of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. The segment further supports clinical offerings in public health with work supporting the U.S. federal government's COVID-19 response efforts. This included expanded work with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ("CDC") for their helpline and increased support for the IRS Wage and Investment Division's response efforts to general inquiries regarding the Coronavirus Aid Relief & Economic Security ("CARES") Act and Economic Impact Payment Service Plan. U.S. Services Our U.S. Services Segment provides a variety of business process services ("BPS"), such as program administration, appeals and assessments, and related consulting work for U.S. state and local government programs. These services support a variety of programs, including the Affordable Care Act ("ACA"), Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program ("CHIP"), Temporary Assistance to Needy Families ("TANF"), and child support programs. As part of the governments' COVID-19 response efforts, the segment supported contact tracing, disease investigation, and vaccine distribution support services during the peak of the pandemic . The segment also successfully expanded into the unemployment insurance market where longer term opportunities have materialized. As part of the broader strategy to evolve clinically and address societal macro trends such as aging populations and rising costs, the segment continues to expand its offerings in public health with new work in in-person assessments. Outside the U.S. Our Outside the U.S. Segment provides BPS for international governments and commercial clients, transforming the lives of people around the world. Helping people find employment, access vital support, and remain healthy, these services include health and disability assessments, program administration for employment services, wellbeing solutions, and other job seeker-related services. We support programs and deliver services in the U.K., including the Health Assessment Advisory Service ("HAAS") and Restart; Australia, including Workforce Australia and the Disability Employment Service; Canada, including Health Insurance British Columbia and the Employment Program of British Columbia; in addition to Italy, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Sweden, and UAE where we predominantly provide employment support and job seeker services. Table 3.1: Results of Operation by Business Segment (1) For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 Amount % (2) Amount % (2) Amount % (2) (dollars in thousands) Revenue: U.S. Federal Services $ 2,259,744 $ 1,893,284 $ 1,633,337 U.S. Services 1,607,612 1,662,110 1,329,274 Outside the U.S. 763,662 699,091 498,926 Revenue $ 4,631,018 $ 4,254,485 $ 3,461,537 Gross profit: U.S. Federal Services $ 519,440 23.0 % $ 432,551 22.8 % $ 318,925 19.5 % U.S. Services 343,004 21.3 % 408,050 24.6 % 360,272 27.1 % Outside the U.S. 77,366 10.1 % 106,374 15.2 % 31,805 6.4 % Gross profit $ 939,810 20.3 % $ 946,975 22.3 % $ 711,002 20.5 % Selling, general, and administrative expenses: U.S. Federal Services $ 284,509 12.6 % $ 243,485 12.9 % $ 186,023 11.4 % U.S. Services 160,902 10.0 % 153,609 9.2 % 132,489 10.0 % Outside the U.S. 92,536 12.1 % 86,248 12.3 % 65,938 13.2 % Gain on sale of business (3) — NM — NM (1,718) NM Other (5) (3,454) NM 10,746 NM 4,358 NM Selling, general, and administrative expenses $ 534,493 11.5 % $ 494,088 11.6 % $ 387,090 11.2 % Operating income: U.S. Federal Services $ 234,931 10.4 % $ 189,066 10.0 % $ 132,902 8.1 % U.S. Services 182,102 11.3 % 254,441 15.3 % 227,783 17.1 % Outside the U.S. (15,170) (2.0) % 20,126 2.9 % (34,133) (6.8) % Amortization of intangible assets (90,465) NM (44,357) NM (35,634) NM Gain on sale of business (3) — NM — NM 1,718 NM Gain on sale of land and building (4) 11,046 NM — NM — NM Other (5) 3,454 NM (10,746) NM (4,358) NM Operating income $ 325,898 7.0 % $ 408,530 9.6 % $ 288,278 8.3 % Depreciation and amortization: U.S. Federal Services $ 12,332 0.5 % $ 12,986 0.7 % $ 25,153 1.5 % U.S. Services 16,528 1.0 % 20,350 1.2 % 20,951 1.6 % Outside the U.S. 13,470 1.8 % 13,025 1.9 % 18,423 3.7 % Depreciation and amortization $ 42,330 0.9 % $ 46,361 1.1 % $ 64,527 1.9 % (1) Expenses that are not specifically included in the segments are included in other categories, including amortization of intangible assets and the direct costs of acquisitions. These costs are excluded from measuring each segment's operating performance. (2) Percentage of respective segment revenue. Percentages not considered meaningful are marked "NM." (3) During fiscal year 2020, we sold Q2 Administrators LLC, a subsidiary within our U.S. Federal Services Segment, resulting in a gain. (4) During fiscal year 2022, we sold the land and building which held our corporate headquarters, resulting in a gain on sale of $11.0 million. (5) Other expenses includes credits and costs that are not allocated to a particular segment. This includes expenses incurred as part of our acquisitions, as well as potential acquisitions which have not been or may not be completed. Table 3.2: Assets by Segment As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) U.S. Federal Services $ 2,858,662 $ 2,863,581 U.S. Services 736,970 701,565 Outside the U.S. 277,016 324,899 Corporate 120,066 228,920 Assets $ 3,992,714 $ 4,118,965 Our long-lived assets consist of property and equipment, capitalized software costs, operating lease right-of-use assets, and deferred compensation plan assets. Table 3.3: Long-Lived Assets by Geography As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) United States $ 238,523 $ 276,754 Australia 12,694 17,105 Canada 13,014 20,637 United Kingdom 11,506 11,914 Rest of World 5,196 5,172 Total $ 280,933 $ 331,582

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Revenue Recognition	REVENUE RECOGNITION We recognize revenue as, or when, we satisfy performance obligations under a contract. The majority of our contracts have performance obligations that are satisfied over time. In most cases, we view our performance obligations as promises to transfer a series of distinct services to our customers that are substantially the same and which have the same pattern of service. We recognize revenue over the performance period as a customer receives the benefits of our services. Disaggregation of Revenue In addition to our segment reporting, we disaggregate our revenues by service, contract type, customer type, and geography. Our operating segments represent the manner in which our Chief Executive Officer reviews our financial results, which is further discussed in "Note 3. Business Segments." Table 4.1: Revenue by Service Type For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 % 2021 % 2020 % (dollars in thousands) Program Operations $ 2,596,801 56.1 % $ 2,755,820 64.8 % $ 2,395,618 69.2 % Clinical Services 1,176,081 25.4 % 699,424 16.4 % 539,018 15.6 % Employment & Other 551,755 11.9 % 463,695 10.9 % 318,431 9.2 % Technology Solutions 306,381 6.6 % 335,546 7.9 % 208,470 6.0 % Total revenue $ 4,631,018 $ 4,254,485 $ 3,461,537 During fiscal year 2022, management changed the manner in which the products and services across our segments are viewed. Accordingly, the business lines have been updated, and historical balances adjusted to reflect our updated view of the business. Table 4.2: Revenue by Contract Type For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 % 2021 % 2020 % (dollars in thousands) Performance-based $ 2,091,608 45.2 % $ 1,416,562 33.3 % $ 1,109,153 32.1 % Cost-plus 1,248,759 27.0 % 1,237,995 29.1 % 1,578,912 45.6 % Fixed price 627,402 13.5 % 553,645 13.0 % 471,505 13.6 % Time and materials 663,249 14.3 % 1,046,283 24.6 % 301,967 8.7 % Total revenue $ 4,631,018 $ 4,254,485 $ 3,461,537 Table 4.3: Revenue by Customer Type For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 % 2021 % 2020 % (dollars in thousands) U. S. federal government agencies $ 2,189,303 47.3 % $ 1,805,131 42.4 % $ 1,559,165 45.1 % U.S. state government agencies 1,605,457 34.7 % 1,654,555 38.9 % 1,344,227 38.8 % International government agencies 722,192 15.6 % 663,180 15.6 % 467,185 13.5 % Other, including local municipalities and commercial customers 114,066 2.4 % 131,619 3.1 % 90,960 2.6 % Total revenue $ 4,631,018 $ 4,254,485 $ 3,461,537 Table 4.4: Revenue by Geography For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 % 2021 % 2020 % (dollars in thousands) United States $ 3,867,354 83.5 % $ 3,555,394 83.6 % $ 2,962,611 85.6 % United Kingdom 410,587 8.9 % 286,432 6.7 % 246,334 7.1 % Australia 173,078 3.7 % 244,995 5.8 % 147,156 4.3 % Rest of world 179,999 3.9 % 167,664 3.9 % 105,436 3.0 % Total revenue $ 4,631,018 $ 4,254,485 $ 3,461,537 Contract balances Differences in timing between revenue recognition and cash collection result in contract assets and contract liabilities. We classify these assets as accounts receivable — billed and billable and unbilled receivables; the liabilities are classified as deferred revenue. In many contracts, we bill our customers on a monthly basis shortly after the month end for work performed in that month and such balances are considered collectible and are included within accounts receivable, net. Exceptions to this pattern will arise for various reasons, including those listed below. • Under cost-plus contracts, we are typically required to estimate a contract's share of our general and administrative expenses. This share is based upon estimates of total costs, which may vary over time. We typically invoice our customers at an agreed provisional billing rate which may differ from actual rates incurred. If our actual rates are higher than the provisional billing rates, an asset is recorded for this variance; if the provisional billing rates are higher than our actual rates, we record a liability. • Certain contracts include retainage balances, whereby revenue is earned, but some portion of cash payments are held back by the customer for a period of time, typically to allow the customer to confirm the objective criteria laid out by the contract have been met. This balance is classified as accounts receivable - unbilled until restrictions on billing are lifted. As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, $13.1 million and $10.4 million, respectively, of our unbilled receivables related to amounts pursuant to contractual retainage provisions. • In certain contracts, we may receive funds from our customers prior to performing operations. These funds are typically referred to as "set-up costs" and reflect the need for us to make investments in infrastructure prior to providing a service. This investment in infrastructure is not a performance obligation that is distinct from the service that is subsequently provided and, as a result, revenue is not recognized based upon the establishment of this infrastructure, but rather over the course of the contractual relationship. The funds are initially recorded as deferred revenue and recognized over the term of the contract. Other contracts may not include set-up fees but will provide higher fees in earlier periods of the contract. The premium on these fees is deferred. • Some of our contracts, notably our employment services contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment, include payments for desired outcomes, such as job placement and job retention, and these outcome payments occur over several months. We are required to estimate these outcome fees ahead of their realization and recognize this estimated fee over the period of delivery. During the year ended September 30, 2022, we recognized revenue of $103.2 million included in our deferred revenue balances at September 30, 2021. During the year ended September 30, 2021, we recognized revenue of $45.9 million included in our deferred revenue balances at September 30, 2020. Contract estimates We are required to use estimates in recognizing revenue from some of our contracts. As discussed in "Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies," the calculation of these estimates has been complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has reduced our ability to use past results to estimate future performance. Some of our performance-based contract revenue is recognized based upon future outcomes defined in each contract. This is the case in many of our employment services contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment, where we are paid as individuals attain employment goals, which may take many months to achieve. We recognize revenue on these contracts over the period of performance. Our estimates vary from contract to contract but may include estimates of the number of participants reaching employment milestones and the service delivery periods for participants reaching employment milestones. We are required to estimate these outcome fees ahead of their collection and recognize this estimated fee over the period of delivery. In almost all of the jurisdictions in which we operate, the employment markets have experienced significant changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As the pandemic commenced, many employment opportunities were terminated. Our volume of new program participants is beginning to increase as governments shift their focus to addressing the residual impacts of the pandemic, such as the economy and unemployment, particularly in those countries where the pandemic has stabilized, and economies are beginning to reopen. During the fiscal years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we recognized revenue from these performance-based fees of $142.4 million and $104.7 million, respectively. At September 30, 2022 and 2021, we recorded $55.4 million and $48.7 million, respectively, of these estimated outcome fees which will be collected only when we reach anticipated targets. This balance is included on our consolidated balance sheets within the related contract accounts. Changes to our estimates are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis. For the year ended September 30, 2022, we reported a reduction to revenue and diluted earnings per share of $2.5 million and $0.03, respectively, from changes in estimates. The corresponding change in fiscal year 2021 was a benefit in revenue and diluted earnings per share of $20.9 million and $0.24, respectively. Remaining performance obligations As of September 30, 2022, we had approximately $425 million of remaining performance obligations. We anticipate that we will recognize revenue on approximately 60% of this balance within the next 12 months. This balance excludes contracts with an original duration of twelve months or less, including contracts with a penalty-free termination for convenience clause, and any variable consideration which is allocated entirely to future performance obligations, including variable transaction fees or fees tied directly to costs incurred.

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Share	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Earnings Per Share	EARNINGS PER SHARE Table 5: Weighted Average Number of Shares - Earnings Per Share For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Basic weighted average shares outstanding 61,774 62,072 63,062 Dilutive effect of unvested RSUs and PSUs 195 293 260 Denominator for diluted earnings per share 61,969 62,365 63,322

Business Combinations

Business Combinations	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]
Business Combinations	BUSINESS COMBINATIONS VES Group, Inc. (VES) On May 28, 2021, we acquired 100% of VES for a purchase price of $1.37 billion (the "VES Acquisition"). VES was integrated into our U.S. Federal Services Segment. The VES Acquisition supports our ongoing strategic priority of expansion into the U.S. Federal market and accelerates our clinical evolution to meet long-term demand for BPS with a clinical dimension. We have completed our valuation of all acquired assets and liabilities assumed. Table 6.1: VES Valuation Allocation of Assets and Liabilities as of September 30, 2021 Adjustments Allocation of Assets and Liabilities (in thousands) Consideration paid: Cash consideration, net of cash acquired $ 1,364,866 $ 5,765 $ 1,370,631 Assets acquired: Accounts receivable - billed, billable and unbilled $ 44,078 $ — $ 44,078 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 7,955 — 7,955 Property and equipment, net 9,113 (1,092) 8,021 Operating lease right-of-use assets 18,898 — 18,898 Intangible assets 664,000 — 664,000 Other assets 7,166 — 7,166 Total identifiable assets acquired 751,210 (1,092) 750,118 Liabilities assumed: Accounts payable and accrued compensation 42,182 1,804 43,986 Operating lease liabilities 18,898 — 18,898 Income taxes payable, current 5,673 — 5,673 Deferred income taxes 171,497 (474) 171,023 Other long-term liabilities 12,270 — 12,270 Total identifiable liabilities assumed 250,520 1,330 251,850 Net identifiable assets acquired 500,690 (2,422) 498,268 Goodwill 864,176 8,187 872,363 Net assets acquired $ 1,364,866 $ 5,765 $ 1,370,631 Goodwill represents the value of the assembled workforce and the enhanced knowledge, capabilities, and qualifications held by the business. This goodwill balance is not deductible for tax purposes. Our evaluation of the intangible assets acquired with VES identified three assets. The assets were valued using methods that required a number of estimates and, accordingly, they are considered Level 3 measurements within the Accounting Standard Codification No. 820 (ASC 820) fair value methodology. • Customer relationships represent the value of the existing contractual relationships with the United States Federal Government. These were valued using the excess earnings method, which required us to utilize estimated future revenues and earnings from contracts and an appropriate rate of return. • VES maintains a provider network of third-party providers that assist in the performance of their clinical services. This network was valued using the cost method and income approach, which included both the cost of recreating such a network and the profits foregone during the time which would be required to recreate the network and an appropriate rate of return. • VES maintained proprietary technology which interacted with U.S. federal government systems, facilitated the transmission of examination data, and supported the performance of the contracts. We valued the technology using a relief-from-royalty method, which required us to estimate future revenues and an arm's length royalty rate that a third-party provider might use to supply this service and an appropriate rate of return. Table 6.2: VES Intangible Asset Values and Useful Lives Estimated Straight-Line Useful Life Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Customer contracts and relationships 12 years $ 580,000 Provider network 12 years 57,000 Technology-based intangible assets 12 years 27,000 Total intangible assets $ 664,000 In connection with certain liabilities acquired in the VES acquisition, we established a liability of $12.0 million for a billing dispute between VES and its customer relating to prior year billings. Our exposure was partially offset by an indemnification asset of $6.0 million. During the fiscal year 2022, we paid the liability and recovered the indemnification asset. At acquisition, we established a tax liability of $12.3 million for uncertain tax positions within VES, partially offset by another indemnification asset of $7.2 million. Since acquisition, we have resolved a number of uncertain tax positions and therefore at September 30, 2022, we retain an estimated indemnification asset of $2.9 million, backed up by an escrow account. The Federal division of Attain, LLC ("Attain") On March 1, 2021, we acquired 100% of Attain for a cash purchase price of $419.1 million. This business was integrated into our U.S. Federal Services Segment and is expected to strengthen our position to further design, develop, and deliver more innovative, impactful solutions and drive automation of processes to improve citizen engagement and the delivery of critical federal programs, as well as expand our presence in the U.S. Federal market. We utilized borrowings on the credit facility we had in place at the time, as well as cash on our balance sheet to fund the acquisition. Table 6.3: Attain Valuation Allocation of Assets and Liabilities (in thousands) Consideration paid: Cash consideration paid, net of cash acquired $ 419,097 Assets acquired: Accounts receivable - billed, billable and unbilled 39,375 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 926 Operating lease right-of-use assets 24,960 Intangible assets 105,000 Other assets 74 Total identifiable assets acquired 170,335 Liabilities assumed: Accounts payable and other liabilities 28,863 Operating lease liabilities, less current portion 26,401 Total identifiable liabilities assumed 55,264 Net identifiable assets acquired 115,071 Goodwill 304,026 Net assets acquired $ 419,097 Goodwill represents the value of the assembled workforce and the enhanced knowledge, capabilities, and qualifications held by the business. This goodwill balance is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The intangible assets acquired represent customer relationships. We estimated this balance using the excess earnings method (which is a Level 3 measurement within the ASC 820 fair value hierarchy) and used a number of estimates, including expected future revenue and earnings from the acquired business and an appropriate expected rate of return. We have assumed a useful economic life of 10 years, representing our expectation of the period over which we will receive the benefit. Aidvantage On October 6, 2021, we completed the acquisition of the student loan servicing business from Navient, rebranded as Aidvantage. This business is a part of our U.S. Federal Services Segment and supplements our existing portfolio of services to the U.S. Department of Education. The purchase price consideration is contingent upon future volumes, with a maximum payment of $65.0 million. The final payment is uncertain as there are a number of potential outcomes. We estimated the fair value of this liability, based upon a probability weighted assessment of the potential outcomes, of $18.5 million. We update this liability each quarter as changes are made to our estimate of fair value. These changes are recorded through our statement of operations. If our obligation is less than anticipated, this will result in a benefit to our earnings. The obligation may be higher, either because the number of student loans we are servicing increases or if the contractual relationship we have acquired is extended beyond its current anticipated end date of December 31, 2023. In that instance, we would record an expense to earnings which we would anticipate being offset by additional benefits from the contract. However, the timing of the adjustment to the obligation and the anticipated financial benefits would be unlikely to be consistent. We recorded a single intangible asset related to the customer contract and relationship of $16.7 million, which we are amortizing over 27 months. The goodwill balance, representing the difference between the identifiable assets acquired and the estimated obligation, represents the assembled workforce, as well as the knowledge base acquired. During the year ended September 30, 2022, we reported $184.3 million and $28.3 million of revenue and gross profit, respectively, from Aidvantage. Since acquisition, we have adjusted the fair value of the contingent consideration liability each quarter to reflect payments of $1.4 million, interest of $0.3 million, and changes to fair value of $3.6 million, principally related to the decline in our anticipated obligation to the seller. Changes to the fair value of the obligation are recorded in our selling, general and administrative expenses and other expense. At September 30, 2022, our contingent consideration liability is $13.8 million. Other acquisitions Stirling Institute of Australia Pty Ltd ("Stirling") On June 1, 2022, we acquired 100% of the share capital of Stirling for an estimated purchase price of $4.1 million (A$5.7 million Australian Dollars). Stirling provides vocational training to Australians seeking to improve their knowledge and qualifications. We acquired this business to complement our existing employment services. The business was integrated into our Outside the U.S. Segment. We are in the process of finalizing the allocation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We recorded estimated goodwill and intangible assets of $2.3 million and $1.8 million, respectively, related to the acquisition. During the year ended September 30, 2022, we reported revenue of $1.3 million and gross profit of $0.7 million, respectively, from Stirling. BZ Bodies Limited ("BZB") On January 31, 2022, we acquired 100% of the share capital of BZB for a purchase price of $2.5 million (£1.9 million British Pounds), which includes an estimate of contingent consideration payable upon future performance. BZB provides weight management services for adults, children, and vulnerable groups in the United Kingdom. We acquired this business to complement our services within the United Kingdom. The business was integrated into our Outside the U.S. Segment. We recorded estimated goodwill and intangible assets of $1.4 million and $1.3 million, respectively, related to the acquisition. During the year ended September 30, 2022, we reported revenue of $3.9 million and $1.8 million gross profit, respectively, from BZB. Connect Assist Holdings Limited ("Connect Assist") On September 14, 2021, we acquired 100% of the share capital of Connect Assist Holdings Limited ("Connect Assist") for a purchase price of $20.8 million (£15.5 million British Pounds). We acquired this business to improve our contact center services and qualifications within the United Kingdom. The business was integrated into our Outside the U.S. Segment. We recorded goodwill and intangible assets of $11.1 million and $7.7 million, respectively, related to the acquisition. Index Root Korea Co. Ltd ("Index Root") On August 21, 2020, we acquired 100% of the share capital of Index Root Korea Co. Ltd ("Index Root") for a purchase price of $5.4 million (₩6.30 billion South Korean Won), which included acquisition-related contingent consideration estimated at $0.9 million (₩1.10 billion South Korean Won) based upon future earnings. We acquired Index Root to expand our geographic presence to South Korea. The business was integrated into our Outside the U.S. Segment. We recorded goodwill and intangible assets of $5.1 million and $1.4 million, respectively, related to the acquisition. During fiscal year 2021, we concluded that payment of the contingent consideration was unlikely and, accordingly, a benefit of $1.0 million was recorded within our acquisition expenses. InjuryNet Australia Pty Limited ("InjuryNet" ) On February 28, 2020, we acquired 100% of the share capital of InjuryNet Australia Pty Limited ("InjuryNet") for a purchase price of $4.4 million (A$6.7 million Australian Dollars), which included acquisition-related contingent consideration of $2.1 million (A$3.1 million Australian Dollars) based upon future earnings. The contingent consideration was paid in full during fiscal year 2021. InjuryNet provides workplace medical services in Australia. The business was integrated into our Outside the U.S. Segment. We recorded goodwill and intangible assets of $2.6 million and $0.9 million, respectively, related to the acquisition.

Goodwill And Intangiable Assets

Goodwill And Intangiable Assets	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Goodwill And Intangiable Assets	GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS Table 7.1: Changes in Goodwill by Segment U.S. Federal Services U.S. Services Outside the U.S. Total (in thousands) Balance as of September 30, 2020 $ 381,719 $ 164,472 $ 46,938 $ 593,129 Acquisitions 1,168,202 — 11,741 1,179,943 Foreign currency translation — — 1,334 1,334 Balance as of September 30, 2021 1,549,921 164,472 60,013 1,774,406 Acquisitions 9,942 — 3,739 13,681 Foreign currency translation — — (8,672) (8,672) Balance as of September 30, 2022 $ 1,559,863 $ 164,472 $ 55,080 $ 1,779,415 There were no impairment charges to our goodwill for the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020. Table 7.2: Details of Intangible Assets, Net As of September 30, 2022 2021 Cost Accumulated Intangible Cost Accumulated Intangible (in thousands) Customer contracts and relationships $ 905,285 $ 175,349 $ 729,936 $ 928,069 $ 131,081 $ 796,988 VES Provider network 57,000 6,333 50,667 57,000 1,583 55,417 Technology-based intangible assets 31,984 7,683 24,301 32,307 5,544 26,763 Trademarks and trade names 4,466 4,466 — 4,503 4,503 — Total $ 998,735 $ 193,831 $ 804,904 $ 1,021,879 $ 142,711 $ 879,168 Table 7.3: Details of Weighted Average Remaining Lives As of September 30, 2022 Customer contracts and relationships 9.8 years VES Provider network 10.7 years Technology-based intangible assets 10.6 years Weighted Average Remaining Life 9.8 years Table 7.4: Details of Future Amortization Expense of Intangible Assets, Net As of September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Year ended September 30, 2023 $ 90,476 Year ended September 30, 2024 84,778 Year ended September 30, 2025 82,729 Year ended September 30, 2026 82,617 Year ended September 30, 2027 82,078 Thereafter 382,226 Total $ 804,904

Debt And Derivatives

Debt And Derivatives	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Debt And Derivatives	DEBT AND DERIVATIVES Table 8.1: Details of Debt As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Term Loan A, due 2026 $ 971,250 $ 1,086,250 Term Loan B, due 2028 395,000 399,000 Subsidiary loan agreements 64 38,281 Total debt principal 1,366,314 1,523,531 Less: Unamortized debt-issuance costs and discounts (10,373) (13,839) Total debt 1,355,941 1,509,692 Less: Current portion of long-term debt (63,458) (80,555) Long-term debt $ 1,292,483 $ 1,429,137 On May 28, 2021, we entered into a credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent ("Credit Agreement"). The Credit Agreement provided for the following three components. • $1.10 billion term loan facility ("Term Loan A"), which matures on May 28, 2026; • $400.0 million term loan facility ("Term Loan B"), which matures May 28, 2028; • $600.0 million revolving credit facility ("Revolver"), which matures May 28, 2026. The interest rates applicable to loans under the Credit Agreement are floating rates based upon the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") plus a margin. Term Loan A and the Revolver margins range between 1% and 2%, based upon our leverage ratio. Term Loan B is set to LIBOR plus 2.00% subject to a LIBOR floor of 0.50%. LIBOR is being phased out, and the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") has been identified as an alternative benchmark rate in this agreement. We anticipate transferring to SOFR during the first quarter of fiscal year 2023. As of September 30, 2022, the annual effective interest rate, including the original issue discount and amortization of debt issuance costs, was 4.69%. The Credit Agreement is available for general corporate purposes, including the funding of working capital, capital expenditures, and possible future acquisitions. In addition to borrowings, it allows us to continue to issue letters of credit when necessary. Under the terms of the Credit Agreement, the Company is required to comply with certain covenants, the terms of which are customary and include a net total leverage ratio and a net interest coverage ratio. The net total leverage ratio is calculated as total outstanding debt and contingent consideration liabilities less the lower of (a) unrestricted cash or (b) $75.0 million. With certain exceptions, the covenant requires the net total leverage ratio, as defined by the Credit Agreement to be less than 4.0, calculated over the previous twelve months. The net interest coverage ratio is calculated as EBITDA divided by interest expense, over the previous twelve months, all defined by the Credit Agreement. The covenant requires a net interest coverage ratio of 3.0 or greater. As of September 30, 2022, as defined by the Credit Agreement, the company calculated a net total leverage ratio of 2.6 and net interest coverage ratio of 11.0. The Company was in compliance with all applicable covenants under the Credit Agreement as of September 30, 2022. We do not believe that the covenants represent a significant restriction to our ability to successfully operate the business or to pay our dividends. Costs incurred in establishing the Credit Agreement have been reported as a reduction to the gross debt balance and will be amortized over the respective lives of the arrangements. In addition to the corporate Credit Agreement, we hold smaller credit facilities in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. These allow our businesses to borrow to meet any short-term working capital needs. Table 8.2: Details of Future Minimum Principal Payments Due Amount Due (in thousands) Year ended September 30, 2023 $ 65,939 Year ended September 30, 2024 86,500 Year ended September 30, 2025 93,375 Year ended September 30, 2026 741,500 Year ended September 30, 2027 4,000 Thereafter 375,000 Total Payments $ 1,366,314 Interest Rate Derivative Instrument In June 2021, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement for a notional amount of $300.0 million, effective June 28, 2021, with an expiration date of May 28, 2026, which hedges the floating LIBOR on a portion of the Term Loan A under the Credit Agreement to a fixed rate of 0.986%. The Company elected to designate this interest rate swap as a cash flow hedge for accounting purposes. As of September 30, 2022, we had a net asset of $31.4 million, which was recorded in "other assets" on our consolidated balance sheet. As of September 30, 2021, we had a liability of $0.4 million, which was recorded in "other liabilities" on our consolidated balance sheet. As this cash flow hedge is considered effective, all gains and losses are reflected within Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Table 8.3: Gains/(Losses) on Derivatives For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Gain/(loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives, net of tax $ 23,004 $ (811) $ — Amounts reclassified to earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income 447 508 — Net current period other comprehensive income $ 23,451 $ (303) $ — In October 2022, we entered into another interest rate swap agreement for a notional amount of $200.0 million, also hedging the floating LIBOR rate on a portion of the Term Loan A. This has been designated as a cash flow hedge for accounting purposes. Both interest rate swap agreements include provisions to allow for an orderly transition to SOFR in coordination with the change in the Term Loan A. Counterparty Risk The Company is exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty to our derivative instrument. Our counterparty has investment-grade credit ratings; accordingly, we anticipate that the counterparty will be able to fully satisfy its obligations under the contracts. Our agreements outline the conditions upon which it or the counterparty are required to post collateral. As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, there was no collateral posted with its counterparty related to the derivatives.
Debt And Derivatives	DEBT AND DERIVATIVES Table 8.1: Details of Debt As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Term Loan A, due 2026 $ 971,250 $ 1,086,250 Term Loan B, due 2028 395,000 399,000 Subsidiary loan agreements 64 38,281 Total debt principal 1,366,314 1,523,531 Less: Unamortized debt-issuance costs and discounts (10,373) (13,839) Total debt 1,355,941 1,509,692 Less: Current portion of long-term debt (63,458) (80,555) Long-term debt $ 1,292,483 $ 1,429,137 On May 28, 2021, we entered into a credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent ("Credit Agreement"). The Credit Agreement provided for the following three components. • $1.10 billion term loan facility ("Term Loan A"), which matures on May 28, 2026; • $400.0 million term loan facility ("Term Loan B"), which matures May 28, 2028; • $600.0 million revolving credit facility ("Revolver"), which matures May 28, 2026. The interest rates applicable to loans under the Credit Agreement are floating rates based upon the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") plus a margin. Term Loan A and the Revolver margins range between 1% and 2%, based upon our leverage ratio. Term Loan B is set to LIBOR plus 2.00% subject to a LIBOR floor of 0.50%. LIBOR is being phased out, and the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") has been identified as an alternative benchmark rate in this agreement. We anticipate transferring to SOFR during the first quarter of fiscal year 2023. As of September 30, 2022, the annual effective interest rate, including the original issue discount and amortization of debt issuance costs, was 4.69%. The Credit Agreement is available for general corporate purposes, including the funding of working capital, capital expenditures, and possible future acquisitions. In addition to borrowings, it allows us to continue to issue letters of credit when necessary. Under the terms of the Credit Agreement, the Company is required to comply with certain covenants, the terms of which are customary and include a net total leverage ratio and a net interest coverage ratio. The net total leverage ratio is calculated as total outstanding debt and contingent consideration liabilities less the lower of (a) unrestricted cash or (b) $75.0 million. With certain exceptions, the covenant requires the net total leverage ratio, as defined by the Credit Agreement to be less than 4.0, calculated over the previous twelve months. The net interest coverage ratio is calculated as EBITDA divided by interest expense, over the previous twelve months, all defined by the Credit Agreement. The covenant requires a net interest coverage ratio of 3.0 or greater. As of September 30, 2022, as defined by the Credit Agreement, the company calculated a net total leverage ratio of 2.6 and net interest coverage ratio of 11.0. The Company was in compliance with all applicable covenants under the Credit Agreement as of September 30, 2022. We do not believe that the covenants represent a significant restriction to our ability to successfully operate the business or to pay our dividends. Costs incurred in establishing the Credit Agreement have been reported as a reduction to the gross debt balance and will be amortized over the respective lives of the arrangements. In addition to the corporate Credit Agreement, we hold smaller credit facilities in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. These allow our businesses to borrow to meet any short-term working capital needs. Table 8.2: Details of Future Minimum Principal Payments Due Amount Due (in thousands) Year ended September 30, 2023 $ 65,939 Year ended September 30, 2024 86,500 Year ended September 30, 2025 93,375 Year ended September 30, 2026 741,500 Year ended September 30, 2027 4,000 Thereafter 375,000 Total Payments $ 1,366,314 Interest Rate Derivative Instrument In June 2021, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement for a notional amount of $300.0 million, effective June 28, 2021, with an expiration date of May 28, 2026, which hedges the floating LIBOR on a portion of the Term Loan A under the Credit Agreement to a fixed rate of 0.986%. The Company elected to designate this interest rate swap as a cash flow hedge for accounting purposes. As of September 30, 2022, we had a net asset of $31.4 million, which was recorded in "other assets" on our consolidated balance sheet. As of September 30, 2021, we had a liability of $0.4 million, which was recorded in "other liabilities" on our consolidated balance sheet. As this cash flow hedge is considered effective, all gains and losses are reflected within Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Table 8.3: Gains/(Losses) on Derivatives For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Gain/(loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives, net of tax $ 23,004 $ (811) $ — Amounts reclassified to earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income 447 508 — Net current period other comprehensive income $ 23,451 $ (303) $ — In October 2022, we entered into another interest rate swap agreement for a notional amount of $200.0 million, also hedging the floating LIBOR rate on a portion of the Term Loan A. This has been designated as a cash flow hedge for accounting purposes. Both interest rate swap agreements include provisions to allow for an orderly transition to SOFR in coordination with the change in the Term Loan A. Counterparty Risk The Company is exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty to our derivative instrument. Our counterparty has investment-grade credit ratings; accordingly, we anticipate that the counterparty will be able to fully satisfy its obligations under the contracts. Our agreements outline the conditions upon which it or the counterparty are required to post collateral. As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, there was no collateral posted with its counterparty related to the derivatives.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Fair Value Measurements	FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS We had two assets recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2022; the deferred compensation asset related to investments in mutual funds, and the interest rate swap. For the deferred compensation asset, the mutual funds prices are quoted in active markets and therefore are classified as Level 1. For the interest rate swap, we obtain its Level 2 pricing inputs from its counterparty for the interest rate swap. Substantially all of these assumptions are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the instrument, can be derived from observable data, or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. As of September 30, 2022, we had liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis for contingent consideration related to acquisitions. The contingent consideration liability is considered Level 3, as the inputs are not observable and based on internal assumptions about forecasted revenues, margins, volumes, and probability of contract extensions on businesses acquired. The fair values of receivables, prepaid assets, other assets, accounts payable, accrued costs, and other current liabilities approximate the carrying values as a result of the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value of our debt is consistent with the fair value as the stated interest rates in the agreements are consistent with the current market rates used in notes with similar terms in the markets (Level 2 inputs). Other long-lived assets are reviewed when events indicate they may no longer be able to recover their value. Assets that we cease using or which do not appear able to generate sufficient future cash flows to support their values are reviewed and, where necessary, their value is written down. In this instance, the expense is reported in the same place where future expenses were anticipated to be recorded. For example, a fixed asset impairment would be recorded in depreciation expense. All the non-recurring fair values are considered Level 3, as the inputs are not observable and based on internal assumptions. During the years ending, September 30, 2021, and 2020, we recorded impairment charges of, $ 12.5 million 1.2 million not Table 9.1: Fair Value Measurements As of September 30, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Balance (in thousands) Assets: Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust $ 22,769 $ — $ — $ 22,769 Interest rate swap — 31,409 — 31,409 Total assets $ 22,769 $ 31,409 $ — $ 54,178 Liabilities: Contingent consideration $ — $ — $ 16,236 $ 16,236 Total liabilities $ — $ — $ 16,236 $ 16,236 The following table presents a reconciliation of the contingent consideration which is measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs: Table 9.2: Fair Value Measurement Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Contingent Consideration (in thousands) Balance as of September 30, 2021 $ 270 Contingent consideration from current year acquisitions 20,967 Adjustments to fair value recorded in the current year (3,153) Payments (1,395) Foreign currency translations (453) Balance as of September 30, 2022 $ 16,236

Leases

Leases	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
Leases	LEASES Table 10.1: Details of Lease Costs For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Operating lease cost $ 90,423 $ 111,246 Short-term lease cost 11,642 7,044 Variable lease cost 12,032 11,124 Total operating lease costs $ 114,097 $ 129,414 Table 10.2: Future Minimum Lease Payments Under Non-cancelable Operating Leases Office Space Equipment Total (in thousands) Year ended September 30, 2023 $ 66,959 $ 1,159 $ 68,118 Year ended September 30, 2024 36,919 130 37,049 Year ended September 30, 2025 27,228 12 27,240 Year ended September 30, 2026 12,241 3 12,244 Year ended September 30, 2027 9,382 2 9,384 Thereafter 5,207 — 5,207 Total minimum lease payments 157,936 1,306 159,242 Less: Imputed interest (8,994) (74) (9,068) Total lease liabilities $ 148,942 $ 1,232 $ 150,174 Our weighted average remaining lease term as of September 30, 2022 is 3.2 years. For the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company made cash payments of $86.5 million and $96.9 million for amounts included in our lease liabilities, respectively. New or amended leases resulted in additional right-of-use assets of $43.5 million and $60.2 million for the same periods, respectively.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income Taxes	INCOME TAXES Table 11.1: Components of Provision for Income Taxes For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Current provision/(benefit): Federal $ 45,042 $ 62,062 $ 65,735 State and local 15,371 20,077 28,117 Foreign 2,653 16,919 (2,154) Total current provision for income taxes 63,066 99,058 91,698 Deferred tax expense/(benefit): Federal 7,107 (2,527) (12,984) State and local 2,130 (590) (4,246) Foreign 967 (3,460) (1,915) Total deferred tax expense/(benefit) 10,204 (6,577) (19,145) Provision for income taxes $ 73,270 $ 92,481 $ 72,553 Table 11.2: Components of Income before Provision for Income Taxes by Country For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Domestic $ 274,641 $ 339,647 $ 304,240 Foreign 2,457 44,034 (17,178) Income before provision for income taxes $ 277,098 $ 383,681 $ 287,062 Table 11.3: Reconciliation of Tax Expense at Statutory Rate to Actual Tax Expense For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (dollars in thousands) Tax expense at statutory rate $ 58,190 $ 80,573 $ 60,284 Increase/(decrease) due to: State income taxes, net of federal benefit 14,244 18,350 17,480 Foreign taxation rate differentials (709) 4,212 (463) Non-deductible expenses 882 2,254 2,200 Valuation allowance - foreign jurisdictions 4,875 2,285 916 Tax credits (5,239) (5,072) (4,149) Excess tax expense/(benefits) from stock-based compensation 1,143 (6,008) (2,038) Other (116) (4,113) (1,677) Income tax expense $ 73,270 $ 92,481 $ 72,553 U.S Federal Statutory tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % Effective tax rate 26.4 % 24.1 % 25.3 % Table 11.4: Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Deferred tax assets/(liabilities): Costs deductible in future periods $ 36,604 $ 28,921 Deferred revenue 7,273 7,878 Stock compensation 4,918 3,679 Capital loss carryforward 2,391 — Net operating loss carryforwards 6,666 3,618 Amortization of goodwill and intangibles (198,903) (203,094) Capitalized software (15,445) (11,343) Accounts receivable - unbilled (12,087) (15,317) Property and equipment (2,577) (910) Prepaid expenses (11,522) (7,913) Financial instruments (8,261) 107 Valuation allowance (8,075) (3,200) Other (2,111) 3,926 Net deferred tax liability $ (201,129) $ (193,648) Our deferred tax assets and liabilities are held in various national and international jurisdictions that do not allow right of offset. Accordingly, our presentation of deferred taxes on our consolidated balance sheets is split between jurisdictions that show a net deferred tax asset and a net deferred tax liability. Table 11.5: Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities By Jurisdiction Positions As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Total of tax jurisdictions with net deferred tax assets $ 4,970 $ 990 Total of tax jurisdictions with net deferred tax liabilities (206,099) (194,638) Net deferred tax liabilities $ (201,129) $ (193,648) We consider our foreign earnings in excess of the earnings subject to the one-time transition tax to be indefinitely reinvested outside of the U.S. in accordance with the relevant accounting guidance for income taxes. Accordingly, no U.S. deferred taxes were recorded with respect to such earnings. As of September 30, 2022, our foreign subsidiaries held approximately $37.2 million of cash and cash equivalents in either U.S. Dollars or local currencies. The provision for income taxes includes all provision to return adjustments included in the year recognized in the financial statements. We account for uncertain tax positions by recognizing the financial statement effects of a tax position only when, based upon the technical merits, it is "more-likely-than-not" that the position will be sustained upon examination. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect our annual effective income tax rate was $7.3 million and $12.6 million at September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We report interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense. We recognized interest expense relating to unrecognized tax benefits of $0.1 million for each of the years ended September 30, 2021, and 2020, respectively, with no comparative amounts in fiscal year 2022. The net liability balance at September 30, 2021, includes approximately $2.1 million and less than $0.1 million of interest and penalties, respectively, with no comparative amounts at September 30, 2022. We recognize and present uncertain tax positions on a gross basis (i.e., without regard to likely offsets for deferred tax assets, deductions and/or credits that would result from payment of uncertain tax amounts). Table 11.6: Reconciliation of the Beginning and Ending Amounts of Potential Tax Benefits For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Balance at beginning of year $ 12,642 $ 1,798 $ 3,001 Additions for acquired unrecognized tax benefits — 11,244 — Decreases for lapse of statue of limitations (1,412) — — Decreases for settlements with taxing authorities (4,785) — — Increases for tax positions taken in current year 2,231 300 770 Decreases for tax positions taken in current year — (700) (1,973) Balance at end of year $ 8,676 $ 12,642 $ 1,798 We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in various state and foreign jurisdictions. We are no longer subject to federal income tax examinations for years before 2019 and to state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2017. In international jurisdictions, similar rules apply to filed income tax returns, although the tax examination limitations and requirements may vary. We are no longer subject to audit by tax authorities for foreign jurisdictions for years prior to 2018.

Equity

Equity	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Equity	EQUITY Stock Compensation We grant restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance stock units ("PSUs") to eligible participants under our 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, which was approved by the Board of Directors and stockholders. The RSUs granted to employees vest ratably over three Table 12.1: Restricted Stock Units and Performance Based Stock Units Restricted Stock Units Performance Stock Units Total Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Non-vested outstanding units as of September 30, 2021 630,443 85,004 715,447 $ 74.06 Granted 361,606 103,640 465,246 79.75 Cancelled/Forfeited (49,793) (329) (50,122) 81.10 Vested (389,613) — (389,613) 74.20 Non-vested outstanding units as of September 30, 2022 552,643 188,315 740,958 77.08 In addition to the non-vested shares, as part of individual elections made in the deferred compensation plan, certain directors and employees held approximately 276,000 vested but not issued awards as of September 30, 2022. These vested unissued units are included in outstanding shares for basic and diluted earnings per share, but are not reported as issued and outstanding in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity. As of September 30, 2022, the intrinsic value of RSUs and PSUs expected to vest was $38.4 million. For the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recognized share-based compensation expenses of $30.5 million, $28.6 million, and $23.7 million, respectively. The income tax benefit recorded on these charges for the same years was $6.9 million, $13.5 million, and $8.0 million, respectively. The expenses related to share-based compensation awards are recorded in selling and administrative expenses. As of September 30, 2022, there was $47.2 million of total estimated unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs and PSUs. This cost is expected to be recognized over four years. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of RSUs granted in years ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, was $76.80 and $74.26, respectively. The total fair value of RSUs vested during the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020, was $23.5 million, $28.9 million, and $23.6 million, respectively. Stock Repurchase Programs Under a resolution adopted in March 2020, the Board of Directors authorized the purchase, at management's discretion, of up to $200.0 million of our common stock. During the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company purchased 1.4 million, 0.1 million, and 2.8 million common shares at a cost of $96.1 million, $3.4 million, and $167.0 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2022, $50.6 million remained available for future stock repurchases. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income All amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss are related to the our foreign currency translations and interest rate swap, net of tax. The following table shows changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Table 12.2: Details of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Category Foreign currency translation adjustment Net unrealized loss on derivatives, net of tax Total (in thousands) Balance as of September 30, 2019 $ (45,380) $ — $ (45,380) Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 2,742 — 2,742 Net current period other comprehensive losses 2,742 — 2,742 Balance as of September 30, 2020 (42,638) — (42,638) Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 3,033 (811) 2,222 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss — 508 508 Net current period other comprehensive income 3,033 (303) 2,730 Balance as of September 30, 2021 (39,605) (303) (39,908) Other comprehensive income before reclassifications (17,504) 23,004 5,500 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss — 447 447 Net current period other comprehensive income (17,504) 23,451 5,947 Balance as of September 30, 2022 $ (57,109) $ 23,148 $ (33,961)

Cash And Cash Equivalents And R

Cash And Cash Equivalents And Restricted Cash	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Restricted Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Cash And Cash Equivalents And Restricted Cash	CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH Table 13.1: Details of Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents $ 40,658 $ 135,061 Restricted cash (1) 96,137 21,509 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 136,795 $ 156,570 (1) Restricted cash is recorded within "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. At September 30, 2022, this balance includes $60.7 million of funds received from a customer which had previously been sold under our Receivables Purchase Agreement; this is offset by a corresponding liability in within "Other current liabilities". The majority of the remaining balance are funds held in trust on behalf of certain clients; this asset is similarly offset with a corresponding liability in "Other current liabilities". Table 13.2: Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Interest payments $ 43,094 $ 14,539 $ 1,600 Income tax payments $ 76,038 $ 99,899 $ 89,100

Other Balance Sheet Components

Other Balance Sheet Components	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Receivables [Abstract]
Other Balance Sheet Components	OTHER BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS Accounts Receivable, Net Table 14.1: Details of Accounts Receivable, Net As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Billed and billable receivables $ 723,979 $ 718,728 Unbilled receivables 91,404 124,135 Allowance for credit losses (8,273) (8,044) Accounts receivable, net $ 807,110 $ 834,819 Table 14.2: Changes in Allowance for Credit Losses For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ 8,044 $ 6,051 $ 5,382 Provision for estimated credit losses 6,799 11,038 12,976 Write-offs, net of recoveries (6,570) (9,045) (12,307) Balance at end of period $ 8,273 $ 8,044 $ 6,051 On September 21, 2022, we entered into a Receivables Purchase Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank N.A., under which we may sell certain US-originated accounts receivable balances up to a maximum amount of $110.0 million. In return for these sales, we receive a cash payment equal to the face value of the receivables less a financing charge. The effective interest rate under this program was 4.08%. We account for these transfers as sales. We have no retained interest in the transferred receivables other than administrative responsibilities, and Wells Fargo has no recourse for any credit risk. We estimate that the implicit servicing fees for an arrangement of this size and type would be immaterial. For the year ended September 30, 2022, the fair value of accounts receivables transferred to Wells Fargo and derecognized from our balance sheet was $74.2 million. In exchange for these sales, we received $73.9 million of cash. The balance, representing a loss on sale from these transfers, is included within our selling, general and administrative expenses. We have recorded these transactions within our operating cash flows. Property and Equipment, Net Table 14.3: Details of Property and Equipment, Net As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Land $ — $ 1,738 Building and improvements — 11,981 Office furniture and equipment 209,258 254,102 Leasehold improvements 78,727 79,938 Property and equipment, at cost 287,985 347,759 Accumulated depreciation (235,727) (285,132) Property and equipment, net $ 52,258 $ 62,627 Depreciation expense for the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020, was $28.3 million, $34.1 million, and $54.9 million, respectively. This expense was recorded within "cost of revenue" and "selling, general, and administrative expenses" on our consolidated statements of operations. In August 2022, we sold the land and buildings which held our corporate headquarters resulting in a gain on sale of $11.0 million. Capitalized Software Costs, Net Capitalized software is recorded at cost and includes purchased, internally-developed and externally-developed software used in our operations. Amortization expense is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the software. A summary of activities related to capitalized software costs is shown below: Table 14.4: Details of Capitalized Software, Net As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Capitalized software $ 161,353 $ 139,145 Accumulated amortization (102,613) (96,277) Capitalized software, net $ 58,740 $ 42,868 Amortization expense related to capitalized software for the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $14.1 million, $12.3 million, and $9.6 million, respectively. The majority of this amortization was recorded within our "cost of revenue" and "selling, general, and administrative expenses" on our consolidated statements of operations. The amortization totals above include $2.4 million, and $0.6 million of costs which were capitalized and subsequently written off during the years ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, with no comparable amounts for the year ended September 30, 2022. These costs were related to contracts that were deemed unrecoverable. This expense was recorded within "cost of revenue" on our consolidated statements of operations. Deferred Contract Costs, Net Deferred contract costs consist of contractually recoverable costs to fulfill related to long-term service contracts. These costs include direct and incremental costs incurred prior to the commencement of providing service to our customer. These costs are expensed over the period the services are provided using the straight-line method. A summary of activities related to deferred contract costs is shown below: Table 14.5: Details of Deferred Contracts Costs, Net As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Deferred contract costs $ 76,498 $ 67,209 Accumulated amortization (28,766) (30,723) Total deferred contract costs, net $ 47,732 $ 36,486 Amortization expense related to deferred contract costs for the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $8.9 million, $13.6 million, and $6.8 million, respectively. These amounts were recorded within our "cost of revenue" on our consolidated statements of operations. The amortization totals above includes $4.4 million, and $0.6 million of costs which were written off during the years ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, with no comparable amounts for the year ended September 30, 2022. These costs were related to contracts in our U.S. Services and Outside the U.S. segments and are deemed unrecoverable. This expense was recorded within "cost of revenue" on our consolidated statements of operations.

Commitments and contingencies

Commitments and contingencies	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments And Contingencies	COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Performance Bonds Certain contracts require us to provide a surety bond as a guarantee of performance. As of September 30, 2022, we had performance bond commitments totaling $19.0 million. These bonds are typically renewed annually and remain in place until the contractual obligations are satisfied. Although the triggering events vary from contract to contract, in general, we would only be liable for the amount of these guarantees in the event of default in our performance of our obligations under each contract, the probability of which we believe is remote. Litigation We are subject to audits, investigations, and reviews relating to compliance with the laws and regulations that govern our role as a contractor to agencies and departments of federal, state, local, and foreign governments, and otherwise in connection with performing services in countries outside of the U.S. Adverse findings could lead to criminal, civil, or administrative proceedings, and we could be faced with penalties, fines, suspension, or debarment. Adverse findings could also have a material adverse effect on us because of our reliance on government contracts. We are subject to periodic audits by federal, state, local, and foreign governments for taxes. We are also involved in various claims, arbitrations, and lawsuits arising in the normal conduct of our business. These include but are not limited to bid protests, employment matters, contractual disputes, and charges before administrative agencies. Although we can give no assurance, based upon our evaluation and taking into account the advice of legal counsel, we do not believe that the outcome of any existing matter would likely have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. We evaluate, on a regular basis, developments in our litigation matters and establish or make adjustments to our accruals as appropriate. A liability is accrued if a loss is probable and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. If the risk of loss is probable, but the amount cannot be reasonably estimated, or the risk of loss is only reasonably possible, a liability is not accrued. Due to the inherent uncertainty in the outcome of litigation, our estimates and assessments may prove to be incomplete or inaccurate and could be impacted by unanticipated events and circumstances, adverse outcomes or other future determinations. Arizona Medicaid claims From 2004 through 2009, we had a contract with the Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System (AHCCCS) in support of the state’s school-based Medicaid claims. We entered into separate agreements with the local school districts under which we assisted the districts with preparing and submitting claims to AHCCCS which, in turn, submitted claims for reimbursement to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). CMS subsequently asserted two disallowances against AHCCCS. AHCCCS contested the first disallowance and ultimately settled that claim with CMS. The second disallowance of approximately $19.9 million is still being contested by AHCCCS in court. AHCCCS previously had asserted that its agreement with us requires us to reimburse AHCCCS for the amounts owed to CMS and, on October 18, 2022, AHCCCS sued Maximus pertaining to the first disallowance - Snyder v. Maximus , Case No. CV2022-053302, Superior Court for the County of Maricopa. AHCCCS is seeking damages from us of $5.4 million. Also, AHCCCS previously indicated its intention to seek reimbursement from us for the second disallowance if its court challenge is unsuccessful. Our agreements with the school districts require them to reimburse us for such amounts, and therefore we believe the school districts are responsible for any amounts that ultimately must be refunded to CMS beyond the fees we were paid. Although we believe we have valid defenses to the claims asserted, we have accrued a contingent liability based upon our best estimate of the potential outcome. We exited the federal healthcare-claiming business in 2009 and no longer provide the services at issue in this matter.

Employee Benefit Plans And Defe

Employee Benefit Plans And Deferred Compensation	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Employee Benefit Plans And Deferred Compensation	EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS AND DEFERRED COMPENSATION Defined Contribution Plan We have 401(k) plans for the benefit of employees who meet certain eligibility requirements. The plans provide for company match, specified company contributions and discretionary company contributions. For the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we contributed $28.0 million, $17.3 million, and $13.2 million to the 401(k) plans, respectively. Outside the U.S., we have a number of defined contribution pension plans and other employee benefit plans. For the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we contributed $23.7 million, $22.8 million, and $18.6 million to these plans, respectively. Deferred Compensation Plan We also have a deferred compensation plan, which is a non-qualified plan available to a restricted number of highly compensated employees. The plan enables participants to defer compensation for tax purposes. These deferred employee contributions are held within a Rabbi Trust with investments directed by the respective employees. The assets of the Rabbi Trust are available to satisfy the claims of general creditors in the event of bankruptcy. The assets of the plan are sufficient to meet 86% of the liabilities as of September 30, 2022. The assets within the Rabbi Trust include $22.8 million invested in mutual funds that have quoted prices in active markets. These assets, as well as the related employee liabilities, are recorded at fair value, with changes in fair value being recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.

Subsequent Event

Subsequent Event	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Event	SUBSEQUENT EVENTOn October 7, 2022, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.28 for each share of our common stock outstanding. The dividend is payable on November 30, 2022, to shareholders of record on November 15, 2022. Based upon the number of shares outstanding, we anticipate a cash payment of approximately $17.0 million.

Significant Accounting Polici_2

Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements, including the notes, include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission("SEC"). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company's fiscal year ends on September 30 and unless otherwise noted, references to fiscal year or fiscal are for fiscal years ended September 30. The accompanying consolidated financial statements present the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2022 and 2021 and the Company's results of operations for fiscal years 2022, 2021, and 2020.
Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of these financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. At each reporting period end, we make estimates, including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of goodwill, and amounts related to income taxes, certain accrued liabilities, and contingencies and litigation. We base our estimates upon past experience and expectations. Our results in recent fiscal years were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic related government actions, which provide less opportunity to use these periods to predict outcomes in a post-pandemic environment. Our balance sheet includes a number of long-lived assets, including property and equipment, capitalized software, operating lease right-of-use assets, deferred contract costs, and intangible assets. These assets are depreciated or amortized over their estimated useful economic lives but are subject to impairment if events indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. As disclosed in "Note 4. Revenue Recognition," revenue for some of our employment services contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment are based upon achievement of future outcomes as defined in each contract. Specifically, we are paid as individuals attain employment goals, which may take many months to achieve. Revenue is recognized on these contracts over the period of performance. Employment markets worldwide suffered a significant shock due to COVID-19, which resulted in significant reductions in work performed and outcomes reached. Although we experienced some recovery in fiscal year 2022, this revenue remains volatile. As disclosed in "Note 4. Revenue Recognition," we operate a small number of construction type contracts where we recognize revenue based upon our estimated progress towards completion. Changes in this estimate may result in fluctuations to revenue. We are also required to anticipate losses on these contracts; where these contracts cover several years, this may result in estimated expenses being recorded in a manner inconsistent with revenue. As disclosed in "Note 6. Business Combinations," we acquired three businesses during fiscal year 2022. For assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we are required to identify and recognize these balances at their fair value as of the date of acquisition.
Cash and Cash Equivalents	Cash and Cash Equivalents The company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Restricted cash represents funds that are held in our bank accounts but which are precluded from use for general business needs through contractual requirements. These requirements typically include serving as collateral bonds and letters of credit or where we hold funds on behalf of clients. At September 30, 2022, we received a payment from a customer for a receivable balance that we had previously sold to a third-party. This balance was passed to the third party in October 2022 but was held as restricted cash at year end. We report our restricted cash balances within "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" on our balance sheet.
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue as, or when, we satisfy performance obligations under a contract. We account for a contract when the parties approved the contract and are committed to perform on it, the rights of each party and the payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and it is probable that we will collect substantially all of the consideration. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service, or a series of distinct goods or services, to a customer. The transaction price of a contract must be allocated to each performance obligation and recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied. Although our services may have many components, these components are not necessarily distinct performance obligations as they may be interdependent on or interrelated to each other. Where our contracts contain more than one performance obligation, we allocate the contract's transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each component. This method will vary from contract to contract. Where available, we utilize standalone selling prices of similar components. If this information is unavailable, we utilize a suitable metric to allocate selling price, such as costs incurred. In most cases, we view our performance obligations as promises to transfer a series of distinct services to our customer that are substantially the same and which have the same pattern of service. We recognize revenue over the performance period as a customer receives the benefits of our services. This continuous transfer of control is supported by the unilateral right of many of our customers to terminate contracts for convenience, without having to provide justification for this decision. Where we are reimbursed on a cost-plus basis, we recognize revenue based upon our costs incurred to date; where we are reimbursed on a fixed price basis, we recognize revenue based upon an appropriate output measure that may be time elapsed or another measure within the contract. When we have variable fees, such as revenue related to the volume of work or award fees, we allocate that revenue to the distinct periods of service to which they relate. In estimating our variable fees, we are required to constrain our estimates to the extent that it is probable that there will not be a significant reversal of cumulative revenue when the uncertainty is resolved. Other performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time, rather than over time. We recognize revenue only when the customer received control over the goods provided. Revenue recognition on these performance obligations does not require a significant level of judgment or estimation. Where we have contract modifications, these are reviewed to determine whether they should be accounted for as part of the original performance obligation or as a separate contract. Where the modification changes the scope or price and the additional performance obligations are at their standalone selling price, these services are considered a separate contract. Where there is a modification, and the additional performance obligations are not at their standalone selling price, we consider whether those performance obligations are distinct from those already delivered. If services are distinct from those already provided, the contract is accounted for prospectively, as though the original contract had been terminated and a new arrangement entered into. Where the modification includes goods or services which are not distinct from those already provided, we record a cumulative adjustment to revenue based upon a remeasurement of progress towards the complete satisfaction of performance obligations not yet fully delivered.
Accounts Receivable-Billed, Billable, and Unbilled and Deferred Revenue	Accounts Receivable-Billed, Billable, and Unbilled and Deferred Revenue Billed receivables are balances where an invoice has been prepared and issued and is collectible under standard contract terms. Many of our clients require invoices to be prepared on a monthly basis. Where we anticipate that an invoice will be issued within a short period of time and where the funds are considered collectible within standard contract terms, we include this balance as billable accounts receivable. Both billed and billable balances are recorded at their face amount less an allowance for credit losses over the contractual payment terms of the receivable. We periodically reassess these amounts by analyzing reasonably available information as of the balance sheet date, including the length of time that the receivable has been outstanding, historical bad debts and aging trends, and other general and contract-specific factors. We present billed, billable, and unbilled receivables as one component on our consolidated balance sheets. Our deferred revenue is presented as a separate item on our consolidated balance sheet, broken out by current and long-term portion. Unbilled receivables and deferred revenue represent timing differences between when amounts are billed or billable and when revenue has been recognized or has occurred as of period end. The timing of these billings is generally driven by the contractual terms, which may have billing milestones that are different from revenue recognition milestones. Our unbilled receivables balance also includes retainage balances, where customers may hold back payment for work performed for a period of time to allow opportunities to evaluate the quality of our performance. The balance also includes estimated fees where performance outcomes are anticipated but have not yet been achieved. Our unbilled receivable balance is recorded at fair value - the value which we expect to invoice for the services performed once the objective criteria laid out by the contract have been met. We defer revenue where we receive up-front funds to establish the infrastructure needed for a long-term contract.
Credit Risk	Credit Risk Credit risk has not historically been significant to our business due to the nature of our customers. 47% of our revenue is from the U.S. federal government and much of our Outside the U.S. segment is from national governments. Many of our U.S. state government agency programs receive significant federal funding. We believe that the credit risk associated with our receivables is limited due to the creditworthiness of our customers.
Business Combinations and Goodwill	Business Combinations and Goodwill The purchase price of an acquired business is allocated to tangible assets, separately identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their respective fair values. Any excess balance is recorded as goodwill. Costs incurred directly related to an acquisition, including legal, accounting, and valuation services, are expensed as incurred. Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to impairment testing on an annual basis, or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Impairment testing is performed at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is the operating segment, or a business one level below that operating segment (the component level) if discrete financial information is prepared and reviewed regularly by segment management. However, components are aggregated if they have similar economic characteristics. We have the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If we conclude that such an impairment is not more-likely-than-not in all cases, no additional quantitative analysis is required. If such an impairment is more-likely-than-not, or if we choose to bypass this qualitative assessment, a quantitative evaluation is performed by comparing the fair value of the relevant reporting unit to the carrying value, including goodwill, of the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value, no impairment loss is recognized. However, if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, the goodwill of the reporting unit is determined to be impaired. Our reporting units are consistent with our operating segments, U.S. Federal Services, U.S. Services, and Outside the U.S. We perform our annual impairment test as of July 1 of each year. We performed the annual impairment test using the quantitative assessment as of July 1, 2022, and concluded that the fair value of each of the reporting units were greater than the carrying amounts.
Intangible Assets	Intangible Assets All of our intangible assets are acquired through business combinations. They are separately identified and recorded at fair value upon acquisition. We use judgment in identifying, valuing, and assigning a useful economic life to assets as they are acquired. The judgments required vary with the type of asset but may include projections of future results, estimated costs to recreate or replace assets, the cost of utilizing other, similar assets provided by a third party, and an appropriate cost of capital. Where appropriate, we utilize the services of a third-party specialist to assist us in these valuations. We amortize our intangible assets over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. We believe this reflects the manner in which the value from our customer relationships, technology, and other assets is realized by the business.
Property and Equipment	Property and Equipment Property and equipment is recorded at cost. Depreciation is recorded over the assets' respective useful economic lives using the straight-line method, which are not to exceed 39 years for our buildings and 7 years for office furniture and equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their useful life or the remaining term of the lease. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.
Capitalized Software	Capitalized Software All of our capitalized software represents development costs for software that is intended for our internal use. Direct costs of time and materials incurred for the development of application software for internal use are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software, ranging from three
Deferred Contract Costs	Deferred Contract Costs Deferred contract costs consist of contractually recoverable costs to fulfill related to long-term service contracts. These costs include direct and incremental costs incurred prior to the commencement of providing service to our customer. These costs are expensed over the period the services are provided using the straight-line method.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes Deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured by applying enacted tax rates and laws for the taxable years in which those differences are expected to reverse. In addition, a valuation allowance is recorded if it is believed more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be fully realized. We recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would "more likely than not" sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the "more likely than not" threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority.
Foreign Currency	Foreign Currency For all foreign operations, the functional currency is the local currency. The assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into U.S. Dollars at period-end exchange rates, and revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates for the year. The resulting cumulative translation adjustment is included in accumulated other comprehensive loss on our consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are included in "other expense/(income), net" on our consolidated statements of operations.
Contingencies	Contingencies From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings, including contract and employment claims. We assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes to these contingencies, as well as potential ranges of probable losses and establish reserves accordingly. The amount of reserves required may change in future periods due to new developments in each matter or changes in approach to a matter, such as a change in settlement strategy. We are also subject to audits by our government clients on many of our contracts based upon measures such as costs incurred or transactions processed. These audits may take place several years after a contract has been completed. We maintain reserves where we believe the loss is probable, and we are able to estimate any potential liability.
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value Measurements U.S. GAAP provides a framework for measuring fair value, establishes a fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques used to measure the fair value, and requires certain disclosures relating to fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between marketplace participants. The three-tier fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value is as follows: • Level 1 - Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access; • Level 2 - Inputs, other than the quoted market prices included in Level 1, which are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and • Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability which is typically based on an entity's own assumptions when there is little, if any, related market data available. We evaluate assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring and non-recurring basis to determine the appropriate level to classify them for each reporting period. This determination requires significant judgments to be made. The fair values of receivables, prepaid assets, other assets, accounts payable, accrued costs, and other current liabilities approximate the carrying values as a result of the short-term nature of these instruments. We hold investments in a Rabbi Trust on behalf of our deferred compensation plan. These assets are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value under the heading of "Deferred compensation plan assets." These assets have quoted prices in active markets (Level 1). See "Note 16. Employee Benefit Plans and Deferred Compensation" for further details. We use derivative instruments to manage interest rate exposure. All derivative instruments are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. The valuation is calculated based on observable inputs (Level 2). See "Note 8. Debt and Derivatives" for further details. We recorded contingent consideration payments related to acquisitions that may be paid in the future. The related liabilities are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at estimated fair value under the heading "Other liabilities" and updated on a quarterly basis as an acquisition-related expense or benefit. The valuation of this liability is derived from internal estimates of future performance and not from inputs that are observable (Level 3). See "Note 6. Business Combinations" for further details.
Leases	Leases We enter into contractual arrangements primarily for the use of real estate facilities, information technology equipment, and certain other equipment. These arrangements contain a lease when we control the underlying asset and have the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits or outputs from the asset. Where contracts include both lease and non-lease components, we do not separate the non-lease components in our accounting. The majority of our leases are operating leases. At the inception of a lease, we recognize a liability for future minimum lease payments based upon the present value of those payments. • In identifying our future minimum lease payments, we do not include variable lease costs, such as those for maintenance or utilities. These are recorded as lease expenses in the period in which they are incurred. • In identifying future lease payments, we do not include short-term leases, identified as those with an initial term of twelve months or less. • Lease options are included within our lease liability only where it is reasonably certain that we will utilize those periods of the lease and incur the related costs. • In calculating the fair value of our lease liability, we utilize an estimate of our collateralized incremental borrowing rate. This estimate is based upon publicly-available information adjusted for company, country, and lease-specific factors. The weighted average incremental borrowing rate utilized as of September 30, 2022 was 3.5%. Over the course of a lease, the lease liability is reduced as scheduled lease payments are made and increased as the implied interest charges are added. Our right-of-use asset is based upon the lease liability at the contract inception but is adjusted over the life of the lease by lease prepayments, additional costs, or lease incentives. The right-of-use asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, offset by the interest accretion recorded on the lease liability. Lease expense is recorded within our consolidated statements of operations based upon the nature of the assets. Where assets are used to directly serve our customers, such as facilities dedicated to customer contracts, lease costs are recorded in "cost of revenue." Facilities and assets which serve management and support functions are expensed through "selling, general, and administrative expenses."
Stock Compensation Plan	Stock Compensation Plan We grant both restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance stock units ("PSUs") to eligible participants under our 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, which was approved by the Board of Directors and stockholders. The fair value of each RSU is equal to the market price of our common stock at the date of the grant, which is expensed ratably over the vesting period. The RSUs granted vest ratably over one We issue PSUs with targets based upon profit metrics. These PSUs vest in full at the end of a three-year period. The fair value of each award is based upon the market price of the common stock on the day of the grant and expense is recorded based upon our estimate of how much of the award will vest over the three years of the award. We issue PSUs with a target based upon total shareholder return. These PSUs vest in full after three years. The fair value of each award is based upon an assessment performed at the grant date and is expensed over the life of the award regardless of whether the targets are reached. Certain executive awards include a retirement provision whereby such awards fully vest upon an employee's retirement. We recognize total compensation expense of the awards for eligible participants ratably over the shorter of the vesting period or the employees' retirement eligibility date.
Derivative Instruments	Derivative Instruments The Company is using an interest rate swap contract to lock a portion of the variability of the interest payments on long-term debt. The Company elected to designate these derivative instruments as cash flow hedges. The effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income and is reclassified to earnings, through "Interest expense", when the underlying forecasted transaction affects earnings. Cash flows from derivative instruments are included in net cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company reassesses the effectiveness of the hedge on a quarterly basis.

Business Segments (Tables)

Business Segments (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Schedule of Financial Information for each of the Company's Business Segments	Table 3.1: Results of Operation by Business Segment (1) For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 Amount % (2) Amount % (2) Amount % (2) (dollars in thousands) Revenue: U.S. Federal Services $ 2,259,744 $ 1,893,284 $ 1,633,337 U.S. Services 1,607,612 1,662,110 1,329,274 Outside the U.S. 763,662 699,091 498,926 Revenue $ 4,631,018 $ 4,254,485 $ 3,461,537 Gross profit: U.S. Federal Services $ 519,440 23.0 % $ 432,551 22.8 % $ 318,925 19.5 % U.S. Services 343,004 21.3 % 408,050 24.6 % 360,272 27.1 % Outside the U.S. 77,366 10.1 % 106,374 15.2 % 31,805 6.4 % Gross profit $ 939,810 20.3 % $ 946,975 22.3 % $ 711,002 20.5 % Selling, general, and administrative expenses: U.S. Federal Services $ 284,509 12.6 % $ 243,485 12.9 % $ 186,023 11.4 % U.S. Services 160,902 10.0 % 153,609 9.2 % 132,489 10.0 % Outside the U.S. 92,536 12.1 % 86,248 12.3 % 65,938 13.2 % Gain on sale of business (3) — NM — NM (1,718) NM Other (5) (3,454) NM 10,746 NM 4,358 NM Selling, general, and administrative expenses $ 534,493 11.5 % $ 494,088 11.6 % $ 387,090 11.2 % Operating income: U.S. Federal Services $ 234,931 10.4 % $ 189,066 10.0 % $ 132,902 8.1 % U.S. Services 182,102 11.3 % 254,441 15.3 % 227,783 17.1 % Outside the U.S. (15,170) (2.0) % 20,126 2.9 % (34,133) (6.8) % Amortization of intangible assets (90,465) NM (44,357) NM (35,634) NM Gain on sale of business (3) — NM — NM 1,718 NM Gain on sale of land and building (4) 11,046 NM — NM — NM Other (5) 3,454 NM (10,746) NM (4,358) NM Operating income $ 325,898 7.0 % $ 408,530 9.6 % $ 288,278 8.3 % Depreciation and amortization: U.S. Federal Services $ 12,332 0.5 % $ 12,986 0.7 % $ 25,153 1.5 % U.S. Services 16,528 1.0 % 20,350 1.2 % 20,951 1.6 % Outside the U.S. 13,470 1.8 % 13,025 1.9 % 18,423 3.7 % Depreciation and amortization $ 42,330 0.9 % $ 46,361 1.1 % $ 64,527 1.9 % (1) Expenses that are not specifically included in the segments are included in other categories, including amortization of intangible assets and the direct costs of acquisitions. These costs are excluded from measuring each segment's operating performance. (2) Percentage of respective segment revenue. Percentages not considered meaningful are marked "NM." (3) During fiscal year 2020, we sold Q2 Administrators LLC, a subsidiary within our U.S. Federal Services Segment, resulting in a gain. (4) During fiscal year 2022, we sold the land and building which held our corporate headquarters, resulting in a gain on sale of $11.0 million. (5) Other expenses includes credits and costs that are not allocated to a particular segment. This includes expenses incurred as part of our acquisitions, as well as potential acquisitions which have not been or may not be completed.
Schedule of Identifiable Assets by Segment	Table 3.2: Assets by Segment As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) U.S. Federal Services $ 2,858,662 $ 2,863,581 U.S. Services 736,970 701,565 Outside the U.S. 277,016 324,899 Corporate 120,066 228,920 Assets $ 3,992,714 $ 4,118,965
Schedule of Long-Lived Assets by Geography	Table 3.3: Long-Lived Assets by Geography As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) United States $ 238,523 $ 276,754 Australia 12,694 17,105 Canada 13,014 20,637 United Kingdom 11,506 11,914 Rest of World 5,196 5,172 Total $ 280,933 $ 331,582

Revenue Recognition (Tables)

Revenue Recognition (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Disaggregation of Revenue	Table 4.1: Revenue by Service Type For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 % 2021 % 2020 % (dollars in thousands) Program Operations $ 2,596,801 56.1 % $ 2,755,820 64.8 % $ 2,395,618 69.2 % Clinical Services 1,176,081 25.4 % 699,424 16.4 % 539,018 15.6 % Employment & Other 551,755 11.9 % 463,695 10.9 % 318,431 9.2 % Technology Solutions 306,381 6.6 % 335,546 7.9 % 208,470 6.0 % Total revenue $ 4,631,018 $ 4,254,485 $ 3,461,537 During fiscal year 2022, management changed the manner in which the products and services across our segments are viewed. Accordingly, the business lines have been updated, and historical balances adjusted to reflect our updated view of the business. Table 4.2: Revenue by Contract Type For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 % 2021 % 2020 % (dollars in thousands) Performance-based $ 2,091,608 45.2 % $ 1,416,562 33.3 % $ 1,109,153 32.1 % Cost-plus 1,248,759 27.0 % 1,237,995 29.1 % 1,578,912 45.6 % Fixed price 627,402 13.5 % 553,645 13.0 % 471,505 13.6 % Time and materials 663,249 14.3 % 1,046,283 24.6 % 301,967 8.7 % Total revenue $ 4,631,018 $ 4,254,485 $ 3,461,537 Table 4.3: Revenue by Customer Type For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 % 2021 % 2020 % (dollars in thousands) U. S. federal government agencies $ 2,189,303 47.3 % $ 1,805,131 42.4 % $ 1,559,165 45.1 % U.S. state government agencies 1,605,457 34.7 % 1,654,555 38.9 % 1,344,227 38.8 % International government agencies 722,192 15.6 % 663,180 15.6 % 467,185 13.5 % Other, including local municipalities and commercial customers 114,066 2.4 % 131,619 3.1 % 90,960 2.6 % Total revenue $ 4,631,018 $ 4,254,485 $ 3,461,537 Table 4.4: Revenue by Geography For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 % 2021 % 2020 % (dollars in thousands) United States $ 3,867,354 83.5 % $ 3,555,394 83.6 % $ 2,962,611 85.6 % United Kingdom 410,587 8.9 % 286,432 6.7 % 246,334 7.1 % Australia 173,078 3.7 % 244,995 5.8 % 147,156 4.3 % Rest of world 179,999 3.9 % 167,664 3.9 % 105,436 3.0 % Total revenue $ 4,631,018 $ 4,254,485 $ 3,461,537

Earnings Per Share (Tables)

Earnings Per Share (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Schedule of Weighted Average Number of Shares used toCompute Earnings Per Share	Table 5: Weighted Average Number of Shares - Earnings Per Share For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Basic weighted average shares outstanding 61,774 62,072 63,062 Dilutive effect of unvested RSUs and PSUs 195 293 260 Denominator for diluted earnings per share 61,969 62,365 63,322

Business Combinations (Tables)

Business Combinations (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]
Schedule of Recognized Identified Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed	Table 6.1: VES Valuation Allocation of Assets and Liabilities as of September 30, 2021 Adjustments Allocation of Assets and Liabilities (in thousands) Consideration paid: Cash consideration, net of cash acquired $ 1,364,866 $ 5,765 $ 1,370,631 Assets acquired: Accounts receivable - billed, billable and unbilled $ 44,078 $ — $ 44,078 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 7,955 — 7,955 Property and equipment, net 9,113 (1,092) 8,021 Operating lease right-of-use assets 18,898 — 18,898 Intangible assets 664,000 — 664,000 Other assets 7,166 — 7,166 Total identifiable assets acquired 751,210 (1,092) 750,118 Liabilities assumed: Accounts payable and accrued compensation 42,182 1,804 43,986 Operating lease liabilities 18,898 — 18,898 Income taxes payable, current 5,673 — 5,673 Deferred income taxes 171,497 (474) 171,023 Other long-term liabilities 12,270 — 12,270 Total identifiable liabilities assumed 250,520 1,330 251,850 Net identifiable assets acquired 500,690 (2,422) 498,268 Goodwill 864,176 8,187 872,363 Net assets acquired $ 1,364,866 $ 5,765 $ 1,370,631 Table 6.3: Attain Valuation Allocation of Assets and Liabilities (in thousands) Consideration paid: Cash consideration paid, net of cash acquired $ 419,097 Assets acquired: Accounts receivable - billed, billable and unbilled 39,375 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 926 Operating lease right-of-use assets 24,960 Intangible assets 105,000 Other assets 74 Total identifiable assets acquired 170,335 Liabilities assumed: Accounts payable and other liabilities 28,863 Operating lease liabilities, less current portion 26,401 Total identifiable liabilities assumed 55,264 Net identifiable assets acquired 115,071 Goodwill 304,026 Net assets acquired $ 419,097
Schedule of Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets Weighted Average Remaining Lives	Table 6.2: VES Intangible Asset Values and Useful Lives Estimated Straight-Line Useful Life Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Customer contracts and relationships 12 years $ 580,000 Provider network 12 years 57,000 Technology-based intangible assets 12 years 27,000 Total intangible assets $ 664,000

Goodwill And Intangiable Asse_2

Goodwill And Intangiable Assets (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule Of Changes In The Carrying Amount Of Goodwill	Table 7.1: Changes in Goodwill by Segment U.S. Federal Services U.S. Services Outside the U.S. Total (in thousands) Balance as of September 30, 2020 $ 381,719 $ 164,472 $ 46,938 $ 593,129 Acquisitions 1,168,202 — 11,741 1,179,943 Foreign currency translation — — 1,334 1,334 Balance as of September 30, 2021 1,549,921 164,472 60,013 1,774,406 Acquisitions 9,942 — 3,739 13,681 Foreign currency translation — — (8,672) (8,672) Balance as of September 30, 2022 $ 1,559,863 $ 164,472 $ 55,080 $ 1,779,415
Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets	Table 7.2: Details of Intangible Assets, Net As of September 30, 2022 2021 Cost Accumulated Intangible Cost Accumulated Intangible (in thousands) Customer contracts and relationships $ 905,285 $ 175,349 $ 729,936 $ 928,069 $ 131,081 $ 796,988 VES Provider network 57,000 6,333 50,667 57,000 1,583 55,417 Technology-based intangible assets 31,984 7,683 24,301 32,307 5,544 26,763 Trademarks and trade names 4,466 4,466 — 4,503 4,503 — Total $ 998,735 $ 193,831 $ 804,904 $ 1,021,879 $ 142,711 $ 879,168 Table 7.3: Details of Weighted Average Remaining Lives As of September 30, 2022 Customer contracts and relationships 9.8 years VES Provider network 10.7 years Technology-based intangible assets 10.6 years Weighted Average Remaining Life 9.8 years
Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Future Amortization Expense	Table 7.4: Details of Future Amortization Expense of Intangible Assets, Net As of September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Year ended September 30, 2023 $ 90,476 Year ended September 30, 2024 84,778 Year ended September 30, 2025 82,729 Year ended September 30, 2026 82,617 Year ended September 30, 2027 82,078 Thereafter 382,226 Total $ 804,904

Debt And Derivatives (Tables)

Debt And Derivatives (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Debt	Table 8.1: Details of Debt As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Term Loan A, due 2026 $ 971,250 $ 1,086,250 Term Loan B, due 2028 395,000 399,000 Subsidiary loan agreements 64 38,281 Total debt principal 1,366,314 1,523,531 Less: Unamortized debt-issuance costs and discounts (10,373) (13,839) Total debt 1,355,941 1,509,692 Less: Current portion of long-term debt (63,458) (80,555) Long-term debt $ 1,292,483 $ 1,429,137
Schedule of Maturities of Long-term Debt	Table 8.2: Details of Future Minimum Principal Payments Due Amount Due (in thousands) Year ended September 30, 2023 $ 65,939 Year ended September 30, 2024 86,500 Year ended September 30, 2025 93,375 Year ended September 30, 2026 741,500 Year ended September 30, 2027 4,000 Thereafter 375,000 Total Payments $ 1,366,314
Schedule of Losses on Derivatives	Table 8.3: Gains/(Losses) on Derivatives For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Gain/(loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives, net of tax $ 23,004 $ (811) $ — Amounts reclassified to earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income 447 508 — Net current period other comprehensive income $ 23,451 $ (303) $ —

Fair Value Measurements (Tables

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Schedule of Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities	Table 9.1: Fair Value Measurements As of September 30, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Balance (in thousands) Assets: Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust $ 22,769 $ — $ — $ 22,769 Interest rate swap — 31,409 — 31,409 Total assets $ 22,769 $ 31,409 $ — $ 54,178 Liabilities: Contingent consideration $ — $ — $ 16,236 $ 16,236 Total liabilities $ — $ — $ 16,236 $ 16,236 The following table presents a reconciliation of the contingent consideration which is measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs: Table 9.2: Fair Value Measurement Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Contingent Consideration (in thousands) Balance as of September 30, 2021 $ 270 Contingent consideration from current year acquisitions 20,967 Adjustments to fair value recorded in the current year (3,153) Payments (1,395) Foreign currency translations (453) Balance as of September 30, 2022 $ 16,236

Leases (Tables)

Leases (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
Lease Costs	Table 10.1: Details of Lease Costs For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Operating lease cost $ 90,423 $ 111,246 Short-term lease cost 11,642 7,044 Variable lease cost 12,032 11,124 Total operating lease costs $ 114,097 $ 129,414
Future Minimum Lease Payments	Table 10.2: Future Minimum Lease Payments Under Non-cancelable Operating Leases Office Space Equipment Total (in thousands) Year ended September 30, 2023 $ 66,959 $ 1,159 $ 68,118 Year ended September 30, 2024 36,919 130 37,049 Year ended September 30, 2025 27,228 12 27,240 Year ended September 30, 2026 12,241 3 12,244 Year ended September 30, 2027 9,382 2 9,384 Thereafter 5,207 — 5,207 Total minimum lease payments 157,936 1,306 159,242 Less: Imputed interest (8,994) (74) (9,068) Total lease liabilities $ 148,942 $ 1,232 $ 150,174

Income Taxes (Tables)

Income Taxes (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	Table 11.1: Components of Provision for Income Taxes For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Current provision/(benefit): Federal $ 45,042 $ 62,062 $ 65,735 State and local 15,371 20,077 28,117 Foreign 2,653 16,919 (2,154) Total current provision for income taxes 63,066 99,058 91,698 Deferred tax expense/(benefit): Federal 7,107 (2,527) (12,984) State and local 2,130 (590) (4,246) Foreign 967 (3,460) (1,915) Total deferred tax expense/(benefit) 10,204 (6,577) (19,145) Provision for income taxes $ 73,270 $ 92,481 $ 72,553
Schedule of Income before Income Tax, Domestic and Foreign	Table 11.2: Components of Income before Provision for Income Taxes by Country For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Domestic $ 274,641 $ 339,647 $ 304,240 Foreign 2,457 44,034 (17,178) Income before provision for income taxes $ 277,098 $ 383,681 $ 287,062
Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation	Table 11.3: Reconciliation of Tax Expense at Statutory Rate to Actual Tax Expense For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (dollars in thousands) Tax expense at statutory rate $ 58,190 $ 80,573 $ 60,284 Increase/(decrease) due to: State income taxes, net of federal benefit 14,244 18,350 17,480 Foreign taxation rate differentials (709) 4,212 (463) Non-deductible expenses 882 2,254 2,200 Valuation allowance - foreign jurisdictions 4,875 2,285 916 Tax credits (5,239) (5,072) (4,149) Excess tax expense/(benefits) from stock-based compensation 1,143 (6,008) (2,038) Other (116) (4,113) (1,677) Income tax expense $ 73,270 $ 92,481 $ 72,553 U.S Federal Statutory tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % Effective tax rate 26.4 % 24.1 % 25.3 %
Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities	Table 11.4: Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Deferred tax assets/(liabilities): Costs deductible in future periods $ 36,604 $ 28,921 Deferred revenue 7,273 7,878 Stock compensation 4,918 3,679 Capital loss carryforward 2,391 — Net operating loss carryforwards 6,666 3,618 Amortization of goodwill and intangibles (198,903) (203,094) Capitalized software (15,445) (11,343) Accounts receivable - unbilled (12,087) (15,317) Property and equipment (2,577) (910) Prepaid expenses (11,522) (7,913) Financial instruments (8,261) 107 Valuation allowance (8,075) (3,200) Other (2,111) 3,926 Net deferred tax liability $ (201,129) $ (193,648) Our deferred tax assets and liabilities are held in various national and international jurisdictions that do not allow right of offset. Accordingly, our presentation of deferred taxes on our consolidated balance sheets is split between jurisdictions that show a net deferred tax asset and a net deferred tax liability. Table 11.5: Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities By Jurisdiction Positions As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Total of tax jurisdictions with net deferred tax assets $ 4,970 $ 990 Total of tax jurisdictions with net deferred tax liabilities (206,099) (194,638) Net deferred tax liabilities $ (201,129) $ (193,648)
Summary of Income Tax Contingencies	Table 11.6: Reconciliation of the Beginning and Ending Amounts of Potential Tax Benefits For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Balance at beginning of year $ 12,642 $ 1,798 $ 3,001 Additions for acquired unrecognized tax benefits — 11,244 — Decreases for lapse of statue of limitations (1,412) — — Decreases for settlements with taxing authorities (4,785) — — Increases for tax positions taken in current year 2,231 300 770 Decreases for tax positions taken in current year — (700) (1,973) Balance at end of year $ 8,676 $ 12,642 $ 1,798

Equity (Tables)

Equity (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Summary of the Company's RSU activity	Table 12.1: Restricted Stock Units and Performance Based Stock Units Restricted Stock Units Performance Stock Units Total Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Non-vested outstanding units as of September 30, 2021 630,443 85,004 715,447 $ 74.06 Granted 361,606 103,640 465,246 79.75 Cancelled/Forfeited (49,793) (329) (50,122) 81.10 Vested (389,613) — (389,613) 74.20 Non-vested outstanding units as of September 30, 2022 552,643 188,315 740,958 77.08

Cash And Cash Equivalents And_2

Cash And Cash Equivalents And Restricted Cash (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Restricted Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Schedule of Cash and Cash Equivalents	Table 13.1: Details of Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents $ 40,658 $ 135,061 Restricted cash (1) 96,137 21,509 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 136,795 $ 156,570
Restrictions on Cash and Cash Equivalents	Table 13.1: Details of Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents $ 40,658 $ 135,061 Restricted cash (1) 96,137 21,509 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 136,795 $ 156,570
Supplementary Cash Flow Information	Table 13.2: Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Interest payments $ 43,094 $ 14,539 $ 1,600 Income tax payments $ 76,038 $ 99,899 $ 89,100

Other Balance Sheet Components

Other Balance Sheet Components (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Receivables [Abstract]
Details of Accounts Receivable	Table 14.1: Details of Accounts Receivable, Net As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Billed and billable receivables $ 723,979 $ 718,728 Unbilled receivables 91,404 124,135 Allowance for credit losses (8,273) (8,044) Accounts receivable, net $ 807,110 $ 834,819
Schedule of Accounts Receivable	Table 14.2: Changes in Allowance for Credit Losses For the Year Ended September 30, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ 8,044 $ 6,051 $ 5,382 Provision for estimated credit losses 6,799 11,038 12,976 Write-offs, net of recoveries (6,570) (9,045) (12,307) Balance at end of period $ 8,273 $ 8,044 $ 6,051
Property, Plant and Equipment	Table 14.3: Details of Property and Equipment, Net As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Land $ — $ 1,738 Building and improvements — 11,981 Office furniture and equipment 209,258 254,102 Leasehold improvements 78,727 79,938 Property and equipment, at cost 287,985 347,759 Accumulated depreciation (235,727) (285,132) Property and equipment, net $ 52,258 $ 62,627
Schedule of Capitalized Software Development Cost	A summary of activities related to capitalized software costs is shown below: Table 14.4: Details of Capitalized Software, Net As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Capitalized software $ 161,353 $ 139,145 Accumulated amortization (102,613) (96,277) Capitalized software, net $ 58,740 $ 42,868
Schedule of Deferred Contract Cost	A summary of activities related to deferred contract costs is shown below: Table 14.5: Details of Deferred Contracts Costs, Net As of September 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Deferred contract costs $ 76,498 $ 67,209 Accumulated amortization (28,766) (30,723) Total deferred contract costs, net $ 47,732 $ 36,486

Significant Accounting Polici_3

Significant Accounting Policies (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022 business
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Number of businesses acquired	3
Operating lease, weighted average discount rate, percent	3.50%
Unrecognized compensation costs, period for recognition	4 years
Revenue Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk | United States Federal Government
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Concentration risk	47%
Restricted Stock Units | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Vesting period	1 year
Restricted Stock Units | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Vesting period	5 years
Performance Stock Units
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Vesting period	3 years
Unrecognized compensation costs, period for recognition	3 years
Maximum | Restricted Stock Units
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Vesting period	5 years
Minimum | Restricted Stock Units
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Vesting period	3 years
Office Space | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	39 years
Office furniture | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	7 years
Software and Software Development Costs | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	8 years
Software and Software Development Costs | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	3 years

Business Segments - Financial i

Business Segments - Financial information by segment (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) segment	Sep. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Number of operating segments | segment	3
Revenue:
Revenue	$ 4,631,018	$ 4,254,485	$ 3,461,537
Gross profit:
Gross profit	$ 939,810	$ 946,975	$ 711,002
Gross profit (as a percent)	20.30%	22.30%	20.50%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	$ 534,493	$ 494,088	$ 387,090
Selling, general, and administrative expense (as a percent)	11.50%	11.60%	11.20%
Gain on sale of a business	$ 0	$ 0	$ (1,718)
Operating income:
Operating income	$ 325,898	$ 408,530	$ 288,278
Operating income (as a percent)	7%	9.60%	8.30%
Amortization of intangible assets	$ (90,465)	$ (44,357)	$ (35,634)
Gain on sale of a business	0	0	(1,718)
Gain on sale of land and building	11,046	0	0
Depreciation and amortization:
Depreciation and amortization	$ 42,330	$ 46,361	$ 64,527
Depreciation and amortization (as a percent)	0.90%	1.10%	1.90%
Land and Building
Operating income:
Gain on sale of land and building	$ 11,000
Segment Reconciling Items
Selling, general, and administrative expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	(3,454)	$ 10,746	$ 4,358
Gain on sale of a business	0	0	(1,718)
Operating income:
Amortization of intangible assets	(90,465)	(44,357)	(35,634)
Gain on sale of a business	0	0	(1,718)
Gain on sale of land and building	11,046	0	0
Other	3,454	(10,746)	(4,358)
U.S. Federal Services | Operating Segments
Revenue:
Revenue	2,259,744	1,893,284	1,633,337
Gross profit:
Gross profit	$ 519,440	$ 432,551	$ 318,925
Gross profit (as a percent)	23%	22.80%	19.50%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	$ 284,509	$ 243,485	$ 186,023
Selling, general, and administrative expense (as a percent)	12.60%	12.90%	11.40%
Operating income:
Operating income	$ 234,931	$ 189,066	$ 132,902
Operating income (as a percent)	10.40%	10%	8.10%
Depreciation and amortization:
Depreciation and amortization	$ 12,332	$ 12,986	$ 25,153
Depreciation and amortization (as a percent)	0.50%	0.70%	1.50%
U.S. Services | Operating Segments
Revenue:
Revenue	$ 1,607,612	$ 1,662,110	$ 1,329,274
Gross profit:
Gross profit	$ 343,004	$ 408,050	$ 360,272
Gross profit (as a percent)	21.30%	24.60%	27.10%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	$ 160,902	$ 153,609	$ 132,489
Selling, general, and administrative expense (as a percent)	10%	9.20%	10%
Operating income:
Operating income	$ 182,102	$ 254,441	$ 227,783
Operating income (as a percent)	11.30%	15.30%	17.10%
Depreciation and amortization:
Depreciation and amortization	$ 16,528	$ 20,350	$ 20,951
Depreciation and amortization (as a percent)	1%	1.20%	1.60%
Outside the U.S. | Operating Segments
Revenue:
Revenue	$ 763,662	$ 699,091	$ 498,926
Gross profit:
Gross profit	$ 77,366	$ 106,374	$ 31,805
Gross profit (as a percent)	10.10%	15.20%	6.40%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	$ 92,536	$ 86,248	$ 65,938
Selling, general, and administrative expense (as a percent)	12.10%	12.30%	13.20%
Operating income:
Operating income	$ (15,170)	$ 20,126	$ (34,133)
Operating income (as a percent)	(2.00%)	2.90%	(6.80%)
Depreciation and amortization:
Depreciation and amortization	$ 13,470	$ 13,025	$ 18,423
Depreciation and amortization (as a percent)	1.80%	1.90%	3.70%

Business Segments - Identifiabl

Business Segments - Identifiable assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Assets	$ 3,992,714	$ 4,118,965
Corporate
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Assets	120,066	228,920
U.S. Federal Services | Operating Segments
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Assets	2,858,662	2,863,581
U.S. Services | Operating Segments
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Assets	736,970	701,565
Outside the U.S. | Operating Segments
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Assets	$ 277,016	$ 324,899

Business Segments - Schedule of

Business Segments - Schedule of Long-Lived Assets by Geographical Areas (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total long-lived assets	$ 280,933	$ 331,582
United States
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total long-lived assets	238,523	276,754
Australia
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total long-lived assets	12,694	17,105
Canada
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total long-lived assets	13,014	20,637
United Kingdom
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total long-lived assets	11,506	11,914
Rest of world
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total long-lived assets	$ 5,196	$ 5,172

Revenue Recognition - Disaggreg

Revenue Recognition - Disaggregation of Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 4,631,018	$ 4,254,485	$ 3,461,537
United States
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 3,867,354	$ 3,555,394	$ 2,962,611
United States | Revenue Benchmark | Geographic Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	83.50%	83.60%	85.60%
United Kingdom
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 410,587	$ 286,432	$ 246,334
United Kingdom | Revenue Benchmark | Geographic Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	8.90%	6.70%	7.10%
Australia
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 173,078	$ 244,995	$ 147,156
Australia | Revenue Benchmark | Geographic Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	3.70%	5.80%	4.30%
Rest of world
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 179,999	$ 167,664	$ 105,436
Rest of world | Revenue Benchmark | Geographic Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	3.90%	3.90%	3%
U. S. federal government agencies
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 2,189,303	$ 1,805,131	$ 1,559,165
U. S. federal government agencies | Revenue Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	47.30%	42.40%	45.10%
U.S. state government agencies
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 1,605,457	$ 1,654,555	$ 1,344,227
U.S. state government agencies | Revenue Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	34.70%	38.90%	38.80%
International government agencies
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 722,192	$ 663,180	$ 467,185
International government agencies | Revenue Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	15.60%	15.60%	13.50%
Other, including local municipalities and commercial customers
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 114,066	$ 131,619	$ 90,960
Other, including local municipalities and commercial customers | Revenue Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	2.40%	3.10%	2.60%
Performance-based
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 2,091,608	$ 1,416,562	$ 1,109,153
Performance-based | Revenue Benchmark | Contract Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	45.20%	33.30%	32.10%
Cost-plus
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 1,248,759	$ 1,237,995	$ 1,578,912
Cost-plus | Revenue Benchmark | Contract Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	27%	29.10%	45.60%
Fixed price
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 627,402	$ 553,645	$ 471,505
Fixed price | Revenue Benchmark | Contract Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	13.50%	13%	13.60%
Time and materials
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 663,249	$ 1,046,283	$ 301,967
Time and materials | Revenue Benchmark | Contract Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	14.30%	24.60%	8.70%
Program Operations
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 2,596,801	$ 2,755,820	$ 2,395,618
Program Operations | Revenue Benchmark | Contract Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	56.10%	64.80%	69.20%
Clinical Services
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 1,176,081	$ 699,424	$ 539,018
Clinical Services | Revenue Benchmark | Contract Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	25.40%	16.40%	15.60%
Employment & Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 551,755	$ 463,695	$ 318,431
Employment & Other | Revenue Benchmark | Contract Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	11.90%	10.90%	9.20%
Technology Solutions
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 306,381	$ 335,546	$ 208,470
Technology Solutions | Revenue Benchmark | Contract Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	6.60%	7.90%	6%

Revenue Recognition - Narrative

Revenue Recognition - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Deferred revenue, revenue recognized	$ 103,200	$ 45,900
Revenue	4,631,018	4,254,485	$ 3,461,537
Cumulative catch-up adjustment to revenue from change in estimates	$ 2,500	$ (20,900)
Cumulative catch-up adjustment to diluted earnings per share from change in estimates (in dollars per share)	$ 0.03	$ 0.24
Performance-based
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 2,091,608	$ 1,416,562	$ 1,109,153
Performance-based | Future Outcomes | Transferred over Time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	142,400	104,700
Estimate of fees upon target	55,400	48,700
Unbilled receivables
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Unbilled contracts receivable	$ 13,100	$ 10,400

Revenue Recognition - Remaining

Revenue Recognition - Remaining Performance Obligation (Details) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 425
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2022-10-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, percentage	60%
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period	12 months

Earnings Per Share (Details)

Earnings Per Share (Details) - shares shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Basic weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	61,774	62,072	63,062
Dilutive effect of unvested RSUs and PSUs (in shares)	195	293	260
Denominator for diluted earnings per share (in shares)	61,969	62,365	63,322
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	444	55	215

Business Combinations - Narrati

Business Combinations - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions, £ in Millions, $ in Millions

12 Months Ended

Jun. 01, 2022 USD ($)

Jun. 01, 2022 AUD ($)

Jan. 31, 2022 USD ($)

Jan. 31, 2022 GBP (£)

Sep. 14, 2021 USD ($)

Sep. 14, 2021 GBP (£)

May 28, 2021 USD ($) asset

Mar. 01, 2021 USD ($)

Aug. 21, 2020 USD ($)

Aug. 21, 2020 KRW (₩)

Feb. 28, 2020 USD ($)

Feb. 28, 2020 AUD ($)

Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)

Sep. 30, 2021 USD ($)

Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)

Oct. 06, 2021 USD ($)

Aug. 21, 2020 KRW (₩)

Feb. 28, 2020 AUD ($)

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Cash consideration paid, net of cash acquired

$ 14,295

$ 1,798,915

$ 7,066

Number of intangible assets acquired | asset

3

Estimated straight-line useful life (in years)

9 years 9 months 18 days

Payments of contingent consideration

$ 1,369

0

0

Goodwill

1,779,415

1,774,406

$ 593,129

VES Group, Inc.

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Percentage of voting equity interests acquired

100%

Cash consideration paid, net of cash acquired

$ 1,370,000

Liabilities arising from contingencies

12,000

Indemnification assets

6,000

2,900

Liability for uncertainty in income taxes

12,300

Intangible assets

664,000

664,000

Goodwill

864,176

872,363

VES Group, Inc. | Indemnification Asset On Uncertain Tax Positions

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Indemnification assets

$ 7,200

Attain

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Percentage of voting equity interests acquired

100%

Intangible assets

$ 105,000

Goodwill

$ 304,026

Attain | Customer Relationships

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Estimated straight-line useful life (in years)

10 years

Aidvantage

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent consideration

13,800

$ 18,500

Revenue contributed from acquired business

184,300

Gross profit contributed from acquired business

28,300

Payments of contingent consideration

1,400

Change in contingent consideration liability, interest

300

Aidvantage | Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Change in contingent consideration liability

$ 3,600

Aidvantage | Maximum

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent consideration

65,000

Aidvantage | Customer Relationships

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Intangible assets, estimated useful life

27 months

Intangible assets

$ 16,700

Stirling Institute of Australia Pty Ltd

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Percentage of voting equity interests acquired

100%

Intangible assets

$ 1,800

Revenue contributed from acquired business

$ 1,300

Gross profit contributed from acquired business

700

Cash payment to acquire business

4,100

$ 5.7

Goodwill

$ 2,300

BZ Bodies Limited

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Percentage of voting equity interests acquired

100%

Intangible assets

$ 1,300

Revenue contributed from acquired business

3,900

Gross profit contributed from acquired business

$ 1,800

Cash payment to acquire business

2,500

£ 1.9

Goodwill

$ 1,400

Connect Assist

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Percentage of voting equity interests acquired

100%

Intangible assets

$ 7,700

Cash payment to acquire business

20,800

£ 15.5

Goodwill

$ 11,100

Index Root

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Percentage of voting equity interests acquired

100%

100%

Contingent consideration

$ 900

₩ 1,100

Intangible assets

1,400

Cash payment to acquire business

5,400

₩ 6,300

Goodwill

$ 5,100

Reversal of acquisition related costs

$ 1,000

InjuryNet

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Percentage of voting equity interests acquired

100%

100%

Contingent consideration

$ 2,100

$ 3.1

Intangible assets

900

Cash payment to acquire business

4,400

$ 6.7

Goodwill

$ 2,600

Business Combinations - Schedul

Business Combinations - Schedule of Asset Acquired and Liabilities Assumed, VES (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands			4 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2021	May 28, 2021	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2020
Business Combination, Recognized Identifiable Assets Acquired, Goodwill, and Liabilities Assumed, Net [Abstract]
Goodwill	$ 1,774,406		$ 1,774,406	$ 1,779,415	$ 593,129
VES Group, Inc.
Business Combination, Recognized Identifiable Assets Acquired, Goodwill, and Liabilities Assumed, Net [Abstract]
Cash consideration, net of cash acquired	$ 1,370,631	$ 1,364,866
Accounts receivable - billed, billable and unbilled		44,078		44,078
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		7,955		7,955
Property and equipment, net		9,113		8,021
Operating lease right-of-use assets		18,898		18,898
Intangible assets		664,000		664,000
Other assets		7,166		7,166
Total identifiable assets acquired		751,210		750,118
Accounts payable and other liabilities		42,182		43,986
Operating lease liabilities		18,898		18,898
Income taxes payable, current		5,673		5,673
Deferred income taxes		171,497		171,023
Other long-term liabilities		12,270		12,270
Total identifiable liabilities assumed		250,520		251,850
Net identifiable assets acquired		500,690		498,268
Goodwill		864,176		872,363
Net assets acquired		$ 1,364,866		$ 1,370,631
Adjustments
Cash consideration, net of cash acquired			5,765
Accounts receivable - billed, billable and unbilled			0
Prepaid expenses and other current assets			0
Property and equipment, net			(1,092)
Operating lease right-of-use assets			0
Intangible assets			0
Other assets			0
Total identifiable assets acquired			(1,092)
Accounts payable and other liabilities			1,804
Operating lease liabilities			0
Income taxes payable, current			0
Deferred income taxes			(474)
Other long-term liabilities			0
Total identifiable liabilities assumed			1,330
Net identifiable assets acquired			(2,422)
Goodwill			8,187
Net assets acquired			$ 5,765

Business Combinations - Sched_2

Business Combinations - Schedule of the Valuation of the Intangible Assets Acquired (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	May 28, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated Straight-Line Useful Life		9 years 9 months 18 days
VES Group, Inc.
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated Fair Value	$ 664,000
Customer contracts and relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated Straight-Line Useful Life		9 years 9 months 18 days
Customer contracts and relationships | VES Group, Inc.
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated Straight-Line Useful Life	12 years
Estimated Fair Value	$ 580,000
VES Provider network
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated Straight-Line Useful Life		10 years 8 months 12 days
VES Provider network | VES Group, Inc.
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated Straight-Line Useful Life	12 years
Estimated Fair Value	$ 57,000
Technology-based intangible assets
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated Straight-Line Useful Life		10 years 7 months 6 days
Technology-based intangible assets | VES Group, Inc.
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated Straight-Line Useful Life	12 years
Estimated Fair Value	$ 27,000

Business Combinations - Sched_3

Business Combinations - Schedule of Asset Acquired and Liabilities Assumed, Attain (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 01, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Liabilities assumed:
Goodwill		$ 1,779,415	$ 1,774,406	$ 593,129
Attain
Business Combination, Recognized Identifiable Assets Acquired, Goodwill, and Liabilities Assumed, Net [Abstract]
Cash consideration paid, net of cash acquired	$ 419,097
Assets acquired:
Accounts receivable - billed, billable and unbilled	39,375
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	926
Operating lease right-of-use assets	24,960
Intangible assets	105,000
Other assets	74
Total identifiable assets acquired	170,335
Liabilities assumed:
Accounts payable and other liabilities	28,863
Operating lease liabilities	26,401
Total identifiable liabilities assumed	55,264
Net identifiable assets acquired	115,071
Goodwill	304,026
Net assets acquired	$ 419,097

Goodwill And Intangiable Asse_3

Goodwill And Intangiable Assets - Schedule of goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning of the period	$ 1,774,406	$ 593,129
Acquisitions	13,681	1,179,943
Foreign currency translation	(8,672)	1,334
Balance at the end of the period	1,779,415	1,774,406	$ 593,129
Goodwill, impairment charges	0	0	0
U.S. Federal Services
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning of the period	1,549,921	381,719
Acquisitions	9,942	1,168,202
Foreign currency translation	0	0
Balance at the end of the period	1,559,863	1,549,921	381,719
U.S. Services
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning of the period	164,472	164,472
Acquisitions	0	0
Foreign currency translation	0	0
Balance at the end of the period	164,472	164,472	164,472
Outside the U.S.
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning of the period	60,013	46,938
Acquisitions	3,739	11,741
Foreign currency translation	(8,672)	1,334
Balance at the end of the period	$ 55,080	$ 60,013	$ 46,938

Goodwill And Intangiable Asse_4

Goodwill And Intangiable Assets - Components of Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Cost	$ 998,735	$ 1,021,879
Accumulated Amortization	193,831	142,711
Intangible Assets, Net	804,904	879,168
Customer contracts and relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Cost	905,285	928,069
Accumulated Amortization	175,349	131,081
Intangible Assets, Net	729,936	796,988
VES Provider network
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Cost	57,000	57,000
Accumulated Amortization	6,333	1,583
Intangible Assets, Net	50,667	55,417
Technology-based intangible assets
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Cost	31,984	32,307
Accumulated Amortization	7,683	5,544
Intangible Assets, Net	24,301	26,763
Trademarks and trade names
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Cost	4,466	4,503
Accumulated Amortization	4,466	4,503
Intangible Assets, Net	$ 0	$ 0

Goodwill And Intangiable Asse_5

Goodwill And Intangiable Assets - Schedule of Weighted Average Remaining lives (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted Average Remaining Life	9 years 9 months 18 days
Customer contracts and relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted Average Remaining Life	9 years 9 months 18 days
VES Provider network
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted Average Remaining Life	10 years 8 months 12 days
Technology-based intangible assets
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted Average Remaining Life	10 years 7 months 6 days

Goodwill And Intangiable Asse_6

Goodwill And Intangiable Assets - Estimated Future Amortization Expense For Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net, Amortization Expense, Rolling Maturity [Abstract]
Year ended September 30, 2023	$ 90,476
Year ended September 30, 2024	84,778
Year ended September 30, 2025	82,729
Year ended September 30, 2026	82,617
Year ended September 30, 2027	82,078
Thereafter	382,226
Intangible Assets, Net	$ 804,904	$ 879,168

Debt And Derivatives - Schedule

Debt And Derivatives - Schedule of Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loans	$ 1,366,314
Total debt principal	1,366,314	$ 1,523,531
Less: Unamortized debt-issuance costs and discounts	(10,373)	(13,839)
Total debt	1,355,941	1,509,692
Less: Current portion of long-term debt	(63,458)	(80,555)
Long-term debt	1,292,483	1,429,137
Secured Debt | Term Loan A, due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loans	971,250	1,086,250
Secured Debt | Term Loan B, due 2028
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loans	395,000	399,000
Subsidiary loan agreements
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Subsidiary loan agreements	$ 64	$ 38,281

Debt And Derivatives - Narrativ

Debt And Derivatives - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
	May 28, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Oct. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Jun. 28, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Annual effective interest rate		4.69%
Other Current Assets
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative instrument		$ 31,400,000
Other Current Liabilities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative instrument				$ (400,000)
Interest rate swap
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Derivative, notional amount					$ 300,000,000
Derivative, fixed interest rate					0.986%
Interest rate swap | Subsequent Event
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Derivative, notional amount			$ 200,000,000
Term Loan A and Revolving Credit Facility | Minimum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		1%
Term Loan A and Revolving Credit Facility | Maximum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		2%
Secured Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floor interest rate	0.50%
Maximum amount netted against funded debt		$ (75,000,000)
Net total leverage ratio maximum		400%
Covenant, interest coverage ratio, minimum		300%
Net total leverage ratio		2.6
Covenant, interest coverage ratio		1,100%
Secured Debt | Term Loan A, due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount	$ 1,100,000,000
Secured Debt | Term Loan B, due 2028
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount	$ 400,000,000
Secured Debt | Term Loan B, due 2028 | LIBOR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	2%
Line of Credit | Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 600,000,000

Debt And Derivatives - Schedu_2

Debt And Derivatives - Schedule of Repayments (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Year ended September 30, 2023	$ 65,939
Year ended September 30, 2024	86,500
Year ended September 30, 2025	93,375
Year ended September 30, 2026	741,500
Year ended September 30, 2027	4,000
Thereafter	375,000
Total Payments	$ 1,366,314

Debt And Derivatives - Schedu_3

Debt And Derivatives - Schedule of Losses on Derivatives (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Gain/(loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives, net of tax	$ 5,500	$ 2,222	$ 2,742
Amounts reclassified to earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income	447	508
Other comprehensive income	5,947	2,730	2,742
Accumulated Gain (Loss), Cash Flow Hedge, Including Noncontrolling Interest
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Gain/(loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives, net of tax	23,004	(811)	0
Amounts reclassified to earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income	447	508	0
Other comprehensive income	$ 23,451	$ (303)	$ 0

Fair Value Measurements - Asset

Fair Value Measurements - Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Impairment, Long-Lived Asset, Held-for-Use, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Amortization of Intangible Assets	Amortization of Intangible Assets	Amortization of Intangible Assets
Fair Value, Recurring
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	$ 54,178
Contingent consideration	16,236
Total liabilities	16,236
Fair Value, Recurring | Interest rate swap
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	31,409
Fair Value, Recurring | Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	22,769
Level 1 | Fair Value, Recurring
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	22,769
Contingent consideration	0
Total liabilities	0
Level 1 | Fair Value, Recurring | Interest rate swap
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	0
Level 1 | Fair Value, Recurring | Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	22,769
Level 2 | Fair Value, Recurring
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	31,409
Contingent consideration	0
Total liabilities	0
Level 2 | Fair Value, Recurring | Interest rate swap
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	31,409
Level 2 | Fair Value, Recurring | Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	0
Level 3 | Fair Value, Recurring
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	0
Contingent consideration	16,236
Total liabilities	16,236
Level 3 | Fair Value, Recurring | Interest rate swap
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	0
Level 3 | Fair Value, Recurring | Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	0
U.S. Services and Outside the U.S. Services
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Impairment of long-lived assets held-for-use	$ 0	$ 12,500	$ 1,200

Fair Value Measurements - Unobs

Fair Value Measurements - Unobservable Inputs (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Contingent Consideration
Beginning balance	$ 270
Contingent consideration from current year acquisitions	20,967
Adjustments to fair value recorded in the current year	$ (3,153)
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Nonoperating Income (Expense)
Payments	$ (1,395)
Foreign currency translations	$ (453)
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Liability, Gain (Loss), Statement of Other Comprehensive Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Foreign currency translation adjustments
Ending balance	$ 16,236

Leases - Lease Costs (Details)

Leases - Lease Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 90,423	$ 111,246
Short-term lease cost	11,642	7,044
Variable lease cost	12,032	11,124
Total operating lease costs	$ 114,097	$ 129,414

Leases - Remaining Lease Paymen

Leases - Remaining Lease Payments (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Year ended September 30, 2023	$ 68,118
Year ended September 30, 2024	37,049
Year ended September 30, 2025	27,240
Year ended September 30, 2026	12,244
Year ended September 30, 2027	9,384
Thereafter	5,207
Total minimum lease payments	159,242
Less: Imputed interest	(9,068)
Total lease liabilities	150,174
Office Space
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Year ended September 30, 2023	66,959
Year ended September 30, 2024	36,919
Year ended September 30, 2025	27,228
Year ended September 30, 2026	12,241
Year ended September 30, 2027	9,382
Thereafter	5,207
Total minimum lease payments	157,936
Less: Imputed interest	(8,994)
Total lease liabilities	148,942
Equipment
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Year ended September 30, 2023	1,159
Year ended September 30, 2024	130
Year ended September 30, 2025	12
Year ended September 30, 2026	3
Year ended September 30, 2027	2
Thereafter	0
Total minimum lease payments	1,306
Less: Imputed interest	(74)
Total lease liabilities	$ 1,232

Leases - Narrative (Details)

Leases - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Leases [Abstract]
Weighted average remaining lease term	3 years 2 months 12 days
Cash payment included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$ 86.5	$ 96.9
Operating lease liabilities arising from new or remeasured right-of-use assets	$ 43.5	$ 60.2

Income Taxes - Provision for In

Income Taxes - Provision for Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Current provision/(benefit):
Federal	$ 45,042	$ 62,062	$ 65,735
State and local	15,371	20,077	28,117
Foreign	2,653	16,919	(2,154)
Total current provision for income taxes	63,066	99,058	91,698
Deferred tax expense/(benefit):
Federal	7,107	(2,527)	(12,984)
State and local	2,130	(590)	(4,246)
Foreign	967	(3,460)	(1,915)
Total deferred tax expense/(benefit)	10,204	(6,577)	(19,145)
Income tax expense	$ 73,270	$ 92,481	$ 72,553

Income Taxes - Schedule of Comp

Income Taxes - Schedule of Components of Income From Continuing Operations before Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Income before income taxes:
Domestic	$ 274,641	$ 339,647	$ 304,240
Foreign	2,457	44,034	(17,178)
Income before provision for income taxes	$ 277,098	$ 383,681	$ 287,062

Income Taxes - Reconciliation o

Income Taxes - Reconciliation of Tax Provision Using the Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate to Reported Provision (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Reconciliation of actual provision for income taxes and provision for income taxes resulting from the use of federal statutory income tax
Tax expense at statutory rate	$ 58,190	$ 80,573	$ 60,284
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	14,244	18,350	17,480
Foreign taxation rate differentials	(709)	4,212	(463)
Non-deductible expenses	882	2,254	2,200
Valuation allowance - foreign jurisdictions	4,875	2,285	916
Tax credits	(5,239)	(5,072)	(4,149)
Excess tax expense/(benefits) from stock-based compensation	1,143	(6,008)	(2,038)
Other	(116)	(4,113)	(1,677)
Income tax expense	$ 73,270	$ 92,481	$ 72,553
U.S Federal Statutory tax rate (as percent)	21%	21%	21%
Effective tax rate (as percent)	26.40%	24.10%	25.30%

Income Taxes - Schedule of Defe

Income Taxes - Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Deferred tax assets/(liabilities):
Costs deductible in future periods	$ 36,604	$ 28,921
Deferred revenue	7,273	7,878
Stock compensation	4,918	3,679
Capital loss carryforward	2,391	0
Net operating loss carryforwards	6,666	3,618
Amortization of goodwill and intangibles	(198,903)	(203,094)
Capitalized software	(15,445)	(11,343)
Accounts receivable - unbilled	(12,087)	(15,317)
Property and equipment	(2,577)	(910)
Prepaid expenses	(11,522)	(7,913)
Financial instruments	(8,261)
Financial instruments		107
Valuation allowance	(8,075)	(3,200)
Other	(2,111)
Other		3,926
Net deferred tax liability	$ (201,129)	$ (193,648)

Income Taxes - Schedule of Net

Income Taxes - Schedule of Net Deferred Tax Position (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Total of tax jurisdictions with net deferred tax assets	$ 4,970	$ 990
Total of tax jurisdictions with net deferred tax liabilities	(206,099)	(194,638)
Net deferred tax liability	$ (201,129)	$ (193,648)

Income Taxes - Narrative (Detai

Income Taxes - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Net operating loss carryforwards
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 40,658	$ 135,061
Unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the annual effective income tax rate	7,300	12,600
Interest expense recognized related to unrecognized tax benefits (less than)	0	100	$ 100
Net liability balance		2,100
Interest and penalties included in net liability balance	0	$ 100
Foreign Tax Authority
Net operating loss carryforwards
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 37,200

Income Taxes - Summary of Incom

Income Taxes - Summary of Income Tax Contingencies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits
Balance at beginning of year	$ 12,642	$ 1,798	$ 3,001
Additions for acquired unrecognized tax benefits	0	11,244	0
Decreases for lapse of statue of limitations	(1,412)	0	0
Decreases for settlements with taxing authorities	(4,785)	0	0
Increases for tax positions taken in current year	2,231	300	770
Decreases for tax positions taken in current year	0	(700)	(1,973)
Balance at end of year	$ 8,676	$ 12,642	$ 1,798

Equity - Narrative (Details)

Equity - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020
Stock-based compensation
Deferred vested award (in shares)	276
Intrinsic value vested	$ 38,400
Share-based compensation expense	30,500	$ 28,600	$ 23,700
Income tax benefit recognized	6,900	$ 13,500	$ 8,000
Unrecognized compensation cost	$ 47,200
Unrecognized compensation costs, period for recognition	4 years
Granted (in dollars per share)	$ 79.75
Stock repurchase programs, authorized amount				$ 200,000
Common shares repurchased (in shares)	1,400	100	2,800
Common shares repurchased, cost	$ 96,119	$ 3,363	$ 166,959
Amount remaining available for future stock repurchases	50,600
Restricted Stock Units
Stock-based compensation
Granted (in dollars per share)		$ 76.80	$ 74.26
Total fair value	$ 23,500	$ 28,900	$ 23,600
Restricted Stock Units | Member of Board of Directors
Stock-based compensation
Vesting period	1 year
Restricted Stock Units | Minimum
Stock-based compensation
Vesting period	3 years
Restricted Stock Units | Maximum
Stock-based compensation
Vesting period	5 years
Performance Stock Units
Stock-based compensation
Vesting period	3 years
Unrecognized compensation costs, period for recognition	3 years
Performance Stock Units | Minimum
Stock-based compensation
Vesting rights, percentage	0%
Performance Stock Units | Maximum
Stock-based compensation
Vesting rights, percentage	200%

Equity - Summary of the Company

Equity - Summary of the Company's RSU Activity (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Roll Forward]
Non-vested shares outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares)	715,447
Granted (in shares)	465,246
Cancelled/Forfeited (in shares)	(50,122)
Vested (in shares)	(389,613)
Non-vested shares outstanding at the end of the period (in shares)	740,958	715,447
Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested shares outstanding at the beginning of the period (in dollars per share)	$ 74.06
Granted (in dollars per share)	79.75
Cancelled/Forfeited (in dollars per share)	81.10
Vested (in dollars per share)	74.20
Non-vested shares outstanding at the end of the period (in dollars per share)	$ 77.08	$ 74.06
Restricted Stock Units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Roll Forward]
Non-vested shares outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares)	630,443
Granted (in shares)	361,606
Cancelled/Forfeited (in shares)	(49,793)
Vested (in shares)	(389,613)
Non-vested shares outstanding at the end of the period (in shares)	552,643	630,443
Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Granted (in dollars per share)		$ 76.80	$ 74.26
Performance Stock Units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Roll Forward]
Non-vested shares outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares)	85,004
Granted (in shares)	103,640
Cancelled/Forfeited (in shares)	(329)
Vested (in shares)	0
Non-vested shares outstanding at the end of the period (in shares)	188,315	85,004

Equity - Schedule of Changes in

Equity - Schedule of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Category (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Beginning balance	$ 1,480,329	$ 1,241,819	$ 1,248,201
Gain/(loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives, net of tax	5,500	2,222	2,742
Amounts reclassified to earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income	447	508
Net current period other comprehensive income	5,947	2,730	2,742
Ending balance	1,549,371	1,480,329	1,241,819
Foreign currency translation adjustment
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Beginning balance	(39,605)	(42,638)	(45,380)
Gain/(loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives, net of tax	(17,504)	3,033	2,742
Amounts reclassified to earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income	0	0
Net current period other comprehensive income	(17,504)	3,033	2,742
Ending balance	(57,109)	(39,605)	(42,638)
Accumulated Gain (Loss), Cash Flow Hedge, Including Noncontrolling Interest
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Beginning balance	(303)	0	0
Gain/(loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives, net of tax	23,004	(811)	0
Amounts reclassified to earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income	447	508	0
Net current period other comprehensive income	23,451	(303)	0
Ending balance	23,148	(303)	0
Total
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Beginning balance	(39,908)	(42,638)	(45,380)
Ending balance	$ (33,961)	$ (39,908)	$ (42,638)

Cash And Cash Equivalents And_3

Cash And Cash Equivalents And Restricted Cash - Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Restricted Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 40,658	$ 135,061
Restricted cash	96,137	21,509
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$ 136,795	$ 156,570	$ 88,561	$ 116,492

Cash And Cash Equivalents And_4

Cash And Cash Equivalents And Restricted Cash - Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Restricted Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Interest payments	$ 43,094	$ 14,539	$ 1,600
Income tax payments	$ 76,038	$ 99,899	$ 89,100

Other Balance Sheet Component_2

Other Balance Sheet Components - Accounts Receivable, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Allowance for credit losses	$ (8,273)	$ (8,044)
Accounts receivable, net	807,110	834,819
Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	8,044	6,051	$ 5,382
Provision for estimated credit losses	6,799	11,038	12,976
Write-offs, net of recoveries	(6,570)	(9,045)	(12,307)
Balance at end of period	8,273	8,044	$ 6,051
Billed and billable receivables
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Accounts Receivable Gross	723,979	718,728
Unbilled receivables
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Accounts Receivable Gross	$ 91,404	$ 124,135

Other Balance Sheet Component_3

Other Balance Sheet Components - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 21, 2022
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Receivables Purchase Agreement, maximum sales amount				$ 110,000
Receivables purchase program, effective interest rate	4.08%
Transfer of financial assets, accounted for as sales	$ 74,200
Cash received from transfer of financial assets	73,900
Obligation payable under Receivables Purchase Agreement	60,700
Depreciation expense	28,300	$ 34,100	$ 54,900
Gain on sale of land and building	11,046	0	0
Capitalized software amortization expense	14,100	12,300	9,600
Capitalized software written off	0	2,400	600
Amortization of deferred contract costs	8,900	13,600	6,800
U.S. Services and Outside the U.S.
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Impairment loss on contract costs	0	$ 4,400	$ 600
Land and Building
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Gain on sale of land and building	$ 11,000

Other Balance Sheet Component_4

Other Balance Sheet Components - Schedule of Property and Equipment, at cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, at cost	$ 287,985	$ 347,759
Accumulated depreciation	(235,727)	(285,132)
Property and equipment, net	52,258	62,627
Land
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, at cost	0	1,738
Building and improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, at cost	0	11,981
Office furniture and equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, at cost	209,258	254,102
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, at cost	$ 78,727	$ 79,938

Other Balance Sheet Component_5

Other Balance Sheet Components - Schedule of Components of Capitalized Computer Software (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Receivables [Abstract]
Capitalized software	$ 161,353	$ 139,145
Accumulated amortization	(102,613)	(96,277)
Capitalized software, net	$ 58,740	$ 42,868

Other Balance Sheet Component_6

Other Balance Sheet Components - Schedule of Deferred Contract Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Receivables [Abstract]
Deferred contract costs	$ 76,498	$ 67,209
Accumulated amortization	(28,766)	(30,723)
Total deferred contract costs, net	$ 47,732	$ 36,486

Commitments and contingencies -

Commitments and contingencies - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Performance bond commitments	$ 19
Pending Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Disallowance	19.9
Settled Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Disallowance	$ 5.4

Employee Benefit Plans And De_2

Employee Benefit Plans And Deferred Compensation - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020
Defined Benefit Plans and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans Table Text Block [Line Items]
Percentage of liabilities that can be met plan assets	86%
Investments in mutual funds	$ 22.8
United States
Defined Benefit Plans and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans Table Text Block [Line Items]
Employer contribution to defined contribution plans	28	$ 17.3	$ 13.2
Foreign Plan
Defined Benefit Plans and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans Table Text Block [Line Items]
Employer contribution to defined contribution plans	$ 23.7	$ 22.8	$ 18.6

Subsequent Event (Details)

Subsequent Event (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	Nov. 30, 2022	Oct. 07, 2022
Common Stock | Forecast
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Payments of dividends	$ 17
Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Cash dividend declared (in dollars per share)		$ 0.28