Maximus (MMS) 10-Q 4 May 23 2023 Q2 Quarterly report Financial data

Cover Page

Cover Page - shares	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	May 01, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-12997
Entity Registrant Name	Maximus, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	VA
Entity Tax Identification Number	54-1000588
Entity Address, Address Line One	1600 Tysons Boulevard
Entity Address, City or Town	McLean
Entity Address, State or Province	VA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	22102
City Area Code	703
Local Phone Number	251-8500
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, no par value
Trading Symbol	MMS
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Reporting Company	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		60,783,621
Entity Central Index Key	0001032220
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--09-30
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Amendment Flag	false

Consolidated Statements of Oper

Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenue	$ 1,206,852	$ 1,177,326	$ 2,456,098	$ 2,328,202
Cost of revenue	978,249	948,875	1,982,748	1,871,596
Gross profit	228,603	228,451	473,350	456,606
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	142,448	130,307	288,900	254,528
Amortization of intangible assets	23,650	22,856	47,168	45,261
Operating income	62,505	75,288	137,282	156,817
Interest expense	20,999	9,438	42,605	19,076
Other income, net	818	715	1,084	404
Income before income taxes	42,324	66,565	95,761	138,145
Provision for income taxes	10,536	16,469	23,978	34,719
Net income	$ 31,788	$ 50,096	$ 71,783	$ 103,426
Earnings per share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.52	$ 0.81	$ 1.17	$ 1.66
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.52	$ 0.80	$ 1.17	$ 1.66
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic (in shares)	61,120	62,227	61,119	62,256
Diluted (in shares)	61,383	62,381	61,265	62,409
Dividends declared per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.28	$ 0.28	$ 0.56	$ 0.56

Consolidated Statements of Comp

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income	$ 31,788	$ 50,096	$ 71,783	$ 103,426
Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	965	(23)	9,001	436
Net (losses)/gains on cash flow hedge, net of tax effect of $(1,630), $3,814, $(2,979), and $4,772, respectively	(4,562)	10,689	(8,343)	13,374
Other comprehensive (loss)/income	(3,597)	10,666	658	13,810
Comprehensive income	$ 28,191	$ 60,762	$ 72,441	$ 117,236

Consolidated Statements of Co_2

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net gains/(losses) on cash flow hedge, tax	$ (1,630)	$ 3,814	$ (2,979)	$ 4,772

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 56,344	$ 40,658
Accounts receivable, net	742,387	807,110
Income taxes receivable	12,156	2,158
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	141,017	182,387
Total current assets	951,904	1,032,313
Property and equipment, net	46,915	52,258
Capitalized software, net	71,393	58,740
Operating lease right-of-use assets	162,633	132,885
Goodwill	1,780,200	1,779,415
Intangible assets, net	751,194	804,904
Deferred contract costs, net	47,498	47,732
Deferred compensation plan assets	42,049	37,050
Deferred income taxes	5,865	4,970
Other assets	39,205	42,447
Total assets	3,898,856	3,992,714
Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	259,463	264,553
Accrued compensation and benefits	156,990	178,199
Deferred revenue, current portion	66,796	87,146
Income taxes payable	4,482	718
Long-term debt, current portion	84,490	63,458
Operating lease liabilities, current portion	55,928	63,999
Other current liabilities	53,026	116,374
Total current liabilities	681,175	774,447
Deferred revenue, non-current portion	25,776	21,414
Deferred income taxes	201,079	206,099
Long-term debt, non-current portion	1,205,028	1,292,483
Deferred compensation plan liabilities, non-current portion	43,706	40,210
Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion	121,957	86,175
Other liabilities	18,413	22,515
Total liabilities	2,297,134	2,443,343
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Shareholders' equity:
Common stock, no par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 60,784 and 60,774 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023, and September 30, 2022, respectively (shares in thousands)	572,632	557,978
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(33,303)	(33,961)
Retained earnings	1,062,393	1,025,354
Total shareholders' equity	1,601,722	1,549,371
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$ 3,898,856	$ 3,992,714

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Pa

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - shares shares in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	100,000	100,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	60,784	60,774
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	60,784	60,774

Consolidated Statements of Cash

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 71,783	$ 103,426
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash flows from operations:
Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment, and capitalized software	26,321	21,199
Amortization of intangible assets	47,168	45,261
Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discount	1,635	1,297
Deferred income taxes	(1,368)	(3,318)
Stock compensation expense	13,943	15,052
Loss on sale of businesses	883	0
Change in assets and liabilities, net of effects of business combinations and disposals:
Accounts receivable	62,529	(49,064)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	13,412	9,769
Deferred contract costs	583	(6,431)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(6,361)	(3,047)
Accrued compensation and benefits	(14,222)	(28,281)
Deferred revenue	(18,347)	18,473
Income taxes	(6,578)	(13,515)
Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities	(2,072)	(1,293)
Other assets and liabilities	(14,272)	2,331
Net cash provided by operating activities	175,037	111,859
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software	(33,751)	(22,898)
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired	0	(4)
Proceeds from sale of businesses	9,124	0
Net cash used in investing activities	(24,627)	(22,902)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash dividends paid to Maximus shareholders	(34,033)	(34,659)
Purchases of Maximus common stock	0	(25,843)
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	(8,475)	(9,673)
Payments for contingent consideration	(4,041)	0
Proceeds from borrowings	462,398	240,000
Principal payments for debt	(530,460)	(303,708)
Restricted cash movements	(57,060)	0
Net cash used in financing activities	(171,671)	(133,883)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	3,186	324
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(18,075)	(44,602)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	136,795	156,570
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$ 118,720	$ 111,968

Consolidated Statements of Chan

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Retained Earnings
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2021		61,954
Beginning balance at Sep. 30, 2021	$ 1,480,329	$ 532,411	$ (39,908)	$ 987,826
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Net income	53,330			53,330
Foreign currency translation	459		459
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	2,685		2,685
Cash dividends	(17,347)			(17,347)
Dividends on RSUs	0	$ 272		(272)
Purchases of Maximus common stock (in shares)		(18)
Purchases of Maximus common stock	(1,379)			(1,379)
Stock compensation expense	8,248	$ 8,248
Tax withholding adjustment related to RSU vesting	2,101	$ 2,101
Ending (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		61,936
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2021	1,528,426	$ 543,032	(36,764)	1,022,158
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2021		61,954
Beginning balance at Sep. 30, 2021	1,480,329	$ 532,411	(39,908)	987,826
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Net income	103,426
Foreign currency translation	436
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	13,374
Ending (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022		61,610
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2022	1,554,216	$ 550,228	(26,098)	1,030,086
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		61,936
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	1,528,426	$ 543,032	(36,764)	1,022,158
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Net income	50,096			50,096
Foreign currency translation	(23)		(23)
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	10,689		10,689
Cash dividends	(17,312)			(17,312)
Dividends on RSUs	0	$ 392		(392)
Purchases of Maximus common stock (in shares)		(330)
Purchases of Maximus common stock	(24,464)			(24,464)
Stock compensation expense	6,804	$ 6,804
RSUs vested (in shares)		4
RSUs vested	0
Ending (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022		61,610
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 1,554,216	$ 550,228	(26,098)	1,030,086
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022	60,774	60,774
Beginning balance at Sep. 30, 2022	$ 1,549,371	$ 557,978	(33,961)	1,025,354
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Net income	39,995			39,995
Foreign currency translation	8,036		8,036
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	(3,781)		(3,781)
Cash dividends	(17,017)			(17,017)
Dividends on RSUs	0	298		(298)
Stock compensation expense	4,403	$ 4,403
Ending (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		60,774
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 1,581,007	$ 562,679	(29,706)	1,048,034
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022	60,774	60,774
Beginning balance at Sep. 30, 2022	$ 1,549,371	$ 557,978	(33,961)	1,025,354
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Net income	71,783
Foreign currency translation	9,001
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	$ (8,343)
Ending (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023	60,784	60,784
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 1,601,722	$ 572,632	(33,303)	1,062,393
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		60,774
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	1,581,007	$ 562,679	(29,706)	1,048,034
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Net income	31,788			31,788
Foreign currency translation	965		965
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	(4,562)		(4,562)
Cash dividends	(17,016)			(17,016)
Dividends on RSUs	0	413		(413)
Stock compensation expense	9,540	$ 9,540
RSUs vested (in shares)		10
RSUs vested	$ 0
Ending (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023	60,784	60,784
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 1,601,722	$ 572,632	$ (33,303)	$ 1,062,393

Organization

Organization	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Organization	ORGANIZATION Maximus, a Virginia corporation established in 1975, is a leading operator of government health and human services programs and provider of technology solutions to governments. Under our mission of Moving People Forward , we offer industry-leading expertise, including citizen engagement, eligibility and program integrity, independent clinical assessments, case management, and technology modernization services to enable citizens around the globe to successfully engage with their governments at all levels. We are a proud partner to government agencies in the United States, Australia, Canada, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.

Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Significant Accounting Policies	SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements, including the notes, include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Basis of Presentation for Interim Periods Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included for the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted for the interim periods presented. We believe that the unaudited interim financial statements include all adjustments (which are normal and recurring in nature) necessary to present fairly our financial position and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the year or future periods. The financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the year ended September 30, 2022 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year then ended (the "2022 10-K"). We have continued to follow the accounting policies set forth in those financial statements. Use of Estimates The preparation of these financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. At each reporting period end, we make estimates, including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of goodwill, and amounts related to income taxes, certain accrued liabilities, and contingencies and litigation. In May 2021, we acquired VES Group, Inc. As part of the acquisition, we allocated a valuation of $27 million to certain technology assets used by the business, which we elected to amortize over twelve years, which was our best estimate of asset life at that time. In fiscal year 2023, we have taken the opportunity to improve our technology portfolio, including the development of technology, which will eventually replace much of the acquired technology. Accordingly, we have revised the asset life on the existing technology assuming the assets will cease being used by September 2026. This change in estimated useful life will result in additional annual amortization expense of $3.8 million per year. In the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, this change reduced our diluted earnings per share by approximately $0.01 and $0.02, respectively.

Business Segments

Business Segments	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Business Segments	BUSINESS SEGMENTS We conduct our operations through three business segments: U.S. Federal Services, U.S. Services, and Outside the U.S. U.S. Federal Services Our U.S. Federal Services Segment delivers end-to-end solutions that help various U.S. federal government agencies better deliver on their mission, including program operations and management, clinical services, and technology solutions. This also includes appeals and assessments services, system and application development, IT modernization, and maintenance services. The segment also contains certain state-based assessments and appeals work that is part of the segment's heritage which continues to be managed within this segment. Benefiting from the 2021 acquisition of the Attain Federal business, now managed as Technology Consulting Services, the segment executes on its digital strategy to deliver technology solutions that advance agency missions, including the challenge to modernize, provide better customer experience, and drive process efficiencies. The segment continues to expand its clinical solutions with the acquisition of VES Group, Inc., which manages the clinical evaluation process for U.S. veterans and service members on behalf of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. U.S. Services Our U.S. Services Segment provides a variety of business process services ("BPS"), such as program administration, assessments, and related consulting work for U.S. state and local government programs. These services support a variety of programs, including the Affordable Care Act ("ACA"), Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program ("CHIP"), Temporary Assistance to Needy Families ("TANF"), and child support programs. As part of the government's COVID-19 response efforts, the segment supported contact tracing, disease investigation, and vaccine distribution support services during the peak of the pandemic . The segment also successfully expanded into the unemployment insurance market where longer term opportunities have materialized. As part of the broader strategy to evolve clinically and address societal macro trends such as aging populations and rising costs, the segment continues to expand its offerings in public health with new work in in-person assessments. Outside the U.S. Our Outside the U.S. Segment provides BPS for international governments and commercial clients, transforming the lives of people around the world. Helping people find employment, access vital support, and remain healthy, these services include health and disability assessments, program administration for employment services, wellbeing solutions, and other job seeker-related services. We support programs and deliver services in the U.K., including the Health Assessment Advisory Service ("HAAS") and Restart; Australia, including Workforce Australia and the Disability Employment Service; Canada, including the Employment Program of British Columbia; in addition to Italy, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, and UAE where we predominantly provide employment support and job seeker services. Table 3: Results of Operation by Business Segment For the Three Months Ended For the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 Amount % (1) Amount % (1) Amount % (1) Amount % (1) (dollars in thousands) Revenue: U.S. Federal Services $ 584,075 $ 573,288 $ 1,202,242 $ 1,155,159 U.S. Services 449,703 398,077 889,181 784,494 Outside the U.S. 173,074 205,961 364,675 388,549 Revenue $ 1,206,852 $ 1,177,326 $ 2,456,098 $ 2,328,202 Gross profit: U.S. Federal Services $ 122,874 21.0 % $ 115,153 20.1 % $ 245,568 20.4 % $ 241,729 20.9 % U.S. Services 86,016 19.1 % 84,971 21.3 % 169,614 19.1 % 174,670 22.3 % Outside the U.S. 19,713 11.4 % 28,327 13.8 % 58,168 16.0 % 40,207 10.3 % Gross profit $ 228,603 18.9 % $ 228,451 19.4 % $ 473,350 19.3 % $ 456,606 19.6 % Selling, general, and administrative expenses: U.S. Federal Services $ 75,050 12.8 % $ 68,949 12.0 % $ 146,699 12.2 % $ 133,874 11.6 % U.S. Services 43,415 9.7 % 38,273 9.6 % 89,257 10.0 % 73,375 9.4 % Outside the U.S. 23,425 13.5 % 24,011 11.7 % 51,814 14.2 % 45,351 11.7 % Loss on sale of businesses (2) 883 NM — NM 883 NM — NM Other (3) (325) NM (926) NM 247 NM 1,928 NM Selling, general, and administrative expenses $ 142,448 11.8 % $ 130,307 11.1 % $ 288,900 11.8 % $ 254,528 10.9 % Operating income/(loss): U.S. Federal Services $ 47,824 8.2 % $ 46,204 8.1 % $ 98,869 8.2 % $ 107,855 9.3 % U.S. Services 42,601 9.5 % 46,698 11.7 % 80,357 9.0 % 101,295 12.9 % Outside the U.S. (3,712) (2.1) % 4,316 2.1 % 6,354 1.7 % (5,144) (1.3) % Amortization of intangible assets (23,650) NM (22,856) NM (47,168) NM (45,261) NM Loss on sale of businesses (2) (883) NM — NM (883) NM — NM Other (3) 325 NM 926 NM (247) NM (1,928) NM Operating income $ 62,505 5.2 % $ 75,288 6.4 % $ 137,282 5.6 % $ 156,817 6.7 % (1) Percentage of respective segment revenue. Percentages not considered meaningful are marked "NM." (2) During the second quarter of fiscal year 2023, we sold a small commercial practice in the United Kingdom and our employment operations business in Sweden, both subsidiaries within our Outside the U.S. Segment, resulting in a loss. Refer to "Note 7. Divestitures" for more details. (3) Other includes credits and costs that are not allocated to a particular segment.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Revenue Recognition	REVENUE RECOGNITION We recognize revenue as, or when, we satisfy performance obligations under a contract. The majority of our contracts have performance obligations that are satisfied over time. In most cases, we view our performance obligations as promises to transfer a series of distinct services to our customers that are substantially the same and which have the same pattern of service. We recognize revenue over the performance period as a customer receives the benefits of our services. Disaggregation of Revenue In addition to our segment reporting, we disaggregate our revenues by contract type and customer type. Our operating segments represent the manner in which our Chief Executive Officer reviews our financial results, which is further discussed in "Note 3. Business Segments." Table 4.1: Revenue by Contract Type For the Three Months Ended For the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Performance-based $ 574,747 47.6 % $ 516,210 43.9 % $ 1,143,964 46.6 % $ 1,007,166 43.3 % Cost-plus 312,176 25.9 % 322,823 27.4 % 659,495 26.9 % 662,904 28.5 % Fixed price 180,674 15.0 % 158,867 13.5 % 355,747 14.5 % 310,372 13.3 % Time and materials 139,255 11.5 % 179,426 15.2 % 296,892 12.1 % 347,760 14.9 % Total revenue $ 1,206,852 $ 1,177,326 $ 2,456,098 $ 2,328,202 Table 4.2: Revenue by Customer Type For the Three Months Ended For the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) U.S. federal government agencies $ 569,897 47.2 % $ 553,707 47.0 % $ 1,173,815 47.8 % $ 1,117,801 48.0 % U.S. state government agencies 446,549 37.0 % 411,287 34.9 % 883,911 36.0 % 782,834 33.7 % International government agencies 161,359 13.4 % 194,800 16.5 % 343,119 14.0 % 366,175 15.7 % Other, including local municipalities and commercial customers 29,047 2.4 % 17,532 1.5 % 55,253 2.2 % 61,392 2.6 % Total revenue $ 1,206,852 $ 1,177,326 $ 2,456,098 $ 2,328,202 Contract balances Differences in timing between revenue recognition and cash collection result in contract assets and contract liabilities. We classify these assets as accounts receivable — billed and billable and unbilled receivables; the liabilities are classified as deferred revenue. In many contracts, we bill our customers on a monthly basis shortly after the month end for work performed in that month and such balances are considered collectible and are included within accounts receivable, net. Exceptions to this pattern will arise for various reasons, including those listed below. • Under cost-plus contracts, we are typically required to estimate a contract's share of our general and administrative expenses. This share is based upon estimates of total costs, which may vary over time. We typically invoice our customers at an agreed provisional billing rate which may differ from actual rates incurred. If our actual rates are higher than the provisional billing rates, an asset is recorded for this variance; if the provisional billing rates are higher than our actual rates, we record a liability. • Certain contracts include retainage balances, whereby revenue is earned, but some portion of cash payments are held back by the customer for a period of time, typically to allow the customer to confirm the objective criteria laid out by the contract have been met. This balance is classified as accounts receivable - unbilled until restrictions on billing are lifted. As of March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, $11.7 million and $13.1 million, respectively, of our unbilled receivables related to amounts pursuant to contractual retainage provisions. • In certain contracts, we may receive funds from our customers prior to performing operations. These funds are typically referred to as "set-up costs" and reflect the need for us to make investments in infrastructure prior to providing a service. This investment in infrastructure is not a performance obligation that is distinct from the service that is subsequently provided and, as a result, revenue is not recognized based upon the establishment of this infrastructure, but rather over the course of the contractual relationship. The funds are initially recorded as deferred revenue and recognized over the term of the contract. Other contracts may not include set-up fees but will provide higher fees in earlier periods of the contract. The premium on these fees is deferred. • Some of our contracts, notably our employment services contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment, include payments for desired outcomes, such as job placement and job retention, and these outcome payments occur over several months. We are required to estimate these outcome fees ahead of their realization and recognize this estimated fee over the period of delivery. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, we recognized revenue of $34.8 million and $85.9 million, respectively, included in our deferred revenue balances at September 30, 2022. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, we recognized revenue of $20.6 million and $61.8 million, respectively, included in our deferred revenue balances at September 30, 2021. Contract estimates We are required to use estimates in recognizing revenue from some of our contracts. S ome of our performance-based contract revenue is recognized based upon future milestones defined in each contract. This is the case in many of our employment services contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment, where we are paid as individuals attain employment milestones, which may take many months to achieve. We recognize revenue over the period of performance. Our estimates vary from contract to contract but may include the number of participants within a portfolio reaching employment milestones and the service delivery periods for participants reaching the employment milestone. We estimate the total variable fees we will receive using the expected value method. We recognize the fees over the expected period of performance. At each reporting period, we update our estimates of the variable fees to represent the circumstances present at the end of the reporting period. We are required to constrain our estimates to the extent that it is probable that there will not be a significant reversal of cumulative revenue when the uncertainty is resolved. We do not have a history of significant constraints on these contracts. Changes to our estimates are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis. For the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, we reported a reduction in revenue and diluted earnings per share of $6.5 million and $0.08 and $6.1 million and $0.07, respectively from changes in estimates. The corresponding change for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022 was a reduction to revenue and diluted earnings per share of $1.4 million and $0.02 and $4.2 million and $0.05, respectively. Remaining performance obligations As of March 31, 2023, we had approximately $400 million of remaining performance obligations. We anticipate that we will recognize revenue on approximately 60% of this balance within the next 12 months. This balance excludes contracts with an original duration of twelve months or less, including contracts with a penalty-free termination for convenience clause, and any variable consideration which is allocated entirely to future performance obligations, including variable transaction fees or fees tied directly to costs incurred.

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Share	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Earnings Per Share	EARNINGS PER SHARE Table 5: Weighted Average Number of Shares - Earnings Per Share For the Three Months Ended For the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 (in thousands) Basic weighted average shares outstanding 61,120 62,227 61,119 62,256 Dilutive effect of unvested RSUs and PSUs 263 154 146 153 Denominator for diluted earnings per share 61,383 62,381 61,265 62,409 The diluted earnings per share calculation for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 excludes approximately 99,000 and 300,000 unvested anti-dilutive restricted stock units, respectively. For the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, approximately 173,000 and 192,000 unvested anti-dilutive restricted stock units were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation, respectively.

Debt And Derivatives

Debt And Derivatives	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Debt And Derivatives	DEBT AND DERIVATIVES Table 6.1: Details of Debt March 31, 2023 September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Term Loan A, due 2026 $ 943,750 $ 971,250 Term Loan B, due 2028 346,721 395,000 Subsidiary loan agreements 7,785 64 Funded Debt 1,298,256 1,366,314 Less: Unamortized debt-issuance costs and discounts (8,738) (10,373) Total debt 1,289,518 1,355,941 Less: Current portion of long-term debt (84,490) (63,458) Long-term debt $ 1,205,028 $ 1,292,483 We entered into a credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. in May 2021 comprised of Term Loan A, Term Loan B, and a $600.0 million revolving credit facility ("Revolver"). During the first quarter of fiscal year 2023, we converted our interest rate index from the London Interbank Overnight Rate ("LIBOR") to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). The Credit Agreement requires us to comply with a number of covenants, including leverage and interest coverage ratios. At March 31, 2023, we are in compliance with all covenants. We do not believe that the covenants represent a significant restriction on our ability to successfully operate the business or to pay dividends. In addition to the corporate Credit Agreement, we hold smaller credit facilities in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. These allow our businesses to borrow funds to meet any short-term working capital needs. The following table sets forth future minimum principal payments due under our debt obligations as of March 31, 2023 for the remainder of fiscal year 2023 through fiscal year 2027 and thereafter: Table 6.2: Details of Future Minimum Principal Payments Due Amount Due (in thousands) April 1, 2023 through September 30, 2023 $ 43,900 Year ended September 30, 2024 85,985 Year ended September 30, 2025 92,860 Year ended September 30, 2026 740,985 Year ended September 30, 2027 3,485 Thereafter 331,041 Total Payments $ 1,298,256 Interest Rate Derivative Instruments To reduce our interest rate risk, we entered into interest-rate swap agreements covering our Term Loan A, effectively setting a fixed rate for a portion of our debt. At March 31, 2023, we have arrangements in place that fix our interest rate of $500 million through May 2026 and a further arrangement to fix $150 million through September 2024. The balance of the debt pays interest based upon an index. The floating interest rate on these instruments was converted from LIBOR to SOFR in December 2022, concurrent with our debt agreements. In converting our debt and interest-rate swaps, we utilized the practical expedients allowed under ASU No. 2020-04 Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting , which allowed us to treat these amendments as though the modification was not substantial. At March 31, 2023, our effective interest rate, including the original issuance costs and discount rate, was 5.9%. Our interest-rate swap agreements are valued quarterly and recorded on our balance sheet. As of March 31, 2023, we had an asset of $24.6 million and a liability of $4.5 million, compared to an asset of $31.4 million as of September 30, 2022. These balances were recorded in "other assets" and "other liabilities", respectively, on our consolidated balance sheet. As these hedges are considered effective, all gains and losses are reported within other comprehensive income on our consolidated statement of comprehensive income.
Debt And Derivatives	DEBT AND DERIVATIVES Table 6.1: Details of Debt March 31, 2023 September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Term Loan A, due 2026 $ 943,750 $ 971,250 Term Loan B, due 2028 346,721 395,000 Subsidiary loan agreements 7,785 64 Funded Debt 1,298,256 1,366,314 Less: Unamortized debt-issuance costs and discounts (8,738) (10,373) Total debt 1,289,518 1,355,941 Less: Current portion of long-term debt (84,490) (63,458) Long-term debt $ 1,205,028 $ 1,292,483 We entered into a credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. in May 2021 comprised of Term Loan A, Term Loan B, and a $600.0 million revolving credit facility ("Revolver"). During the first quarter of fiscal year 2023, we converted our interest rate index from the London Interbank Overnight Rate ("LIBOR") to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). The Credit Agreement requires us to comply with a number of covenants, including leverage and interest coverage ratios. At March 31, 2023, we are in compliance with all covenants. We do not believe that the covenants represent a significant restriction on our ability to successfully operate the business or to pay dividends. In addition to the corporate Credit Agreement, we hold smaller credit facilities in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. These allow our businesses to borrow funds to meet any short-term working capital needs. The following table sets forth future minimum principal payments due under our debt obligations as of March 31, 2023 for the remainder of fiscal year 2023 through fiscal year 2027 and thereafter: Table 6.2: Details of Future Minimum Principal Payments Due Amount Due (in thousands) April 1, 2023 through September 30, 2023 $ 43,900 Year ended September 30, 2024 85,985 Year ended September 30, 2025 92,860 Year ended September 30, 2026 740,985 Year ended September 30, 2027 3,485 Thereafter 331,041 Total Payments $ 1,298,256 Interest Rate Derivative Instruments To reduce our interest rate risk, we entered into interest-rate swap agreements covering our Term Loan A, effectively setting a fixed rate for a portion of our debt. At March 31, 2023, we have arrangements in place that fix our interest rate of $500 million through May 2026 and a further arrangement to fix $150 million through September 2024. The balance of the debt pays interest based upon an index. The floating interest rate on these instruments was converted from LIBOR to SOFR in December 2022, concurrent with our debt agreements. In converting our debt and interest-rate swaps, we utilized the practical expedients allowed under ASU No. 2020-04 Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting , which allowed us to treat these amendments as though the modification was not substantial. At March 31, 2023, our effective interest rate, including the original issuance costs and discount rate, was 5.9%. Our interest-rate swap agreements are valued quarterly and recorded on our balance sheet. As of March 31, 2023, we had an asset of $24.6 million and a liability of $4.5 million, compared to an asset of $31.4 million as of September 30, 2022. These balances were recorded in "other assets" and "other liabilities", respectively, on our consolidated balance sheet. As these hedges are considered effective, all gains and losses are reported within other comprehensive income on our consolidated statement of comprehensive income.

Divestitures

Divestitures	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]
Divestiture	DIVESTITURES On March 6, 2023, we sold a small commercial practice in the United Kingdom, part of our Outside the U.S. Segment, resulting in a pre-tax loss of $0.6 million. The cash consideration will be received in installments, with a fair value of $16.0 million. The installment payments are unconditional. On March 30, 2023, we sold our Swedish subsidiary for cash consideration of $0.4 million, resulting in a small loss.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Fair Value Measurements	FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS The following assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. • We hold mutual fund assets within a Rabbi Trust to cover liabilities in our deferred compensation plan. These assets have prices quoted within active markets and, accordingly, are classified as level 1 within the fair value hierarchy. • We have three interest rate swap agreements, serving to reduce our interest rate risk on our debt. These assets and liabilities can be valued using observable data and, accordingly, are classified as level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. • We anticipate paying additional consideration for certain acquisitions based upon the subsequent performance of the businesses acquired. This liability is based upon our internal assumptions over revenues, margins, volumes, and contract terms. Accordingly, these inputs are not observable and are classified as level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. • We will receive payments from the sale of a small commercial practice in the United Kingdom over the next three years. We have discounted the asset based upon our cost of capital, which is not an observable input. The balance at the sale of the business was $6.8 million. These assets are held in "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" and "Other assets" on our consolidated balance sheet. The tables below present assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets on a recurring basis and their corresponding level within the fair value hierarchy. No transfers between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 fair value measurements occurred for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Table 8.1: Fair Value Measurements As of March 31, 2023 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Balance (in thousands) Assets: Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust $ 25,820 $ — $ — $ 25,820 Interest rate swap - $300 million notional value — 24,636 — 24,636 Notes receivable — — 7,055 7,055 Total assets $ 25,820 $ 24,636 $ 7,055 $ 57,511 Liabilities: Interest rate swaps - $350 million notional value $ — $ 4,548 $ — $ 4,548 Contingent consideration — — 13,654 13,654 Total liabilities $ — $ 4,548 $ 13,654 $ 18,202 The fair values of receivables, prepaids, other assets, accounts payable, accrued costs, and other current liabilities approximate the carrying values as a result of the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value of our debt is consistent with the fair value as the stated interest rates in the agreements are consistent with the current market rates used in notes with similar terms in the markets (Level 2 inputs). Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss All amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss are related to our foreign currency translations and interest rate swap, net of tax. The following table shows changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss: Table 8.2: Details of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Category Foreign currency translation adjustment Net unrealized gain on derivatives, net of tax Total (in thousands) Balance as of September 30, 2022 $ (57,109) $ 23,148 $ (33,961) Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 8,885 (5,012) 3,873 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss 116 (3,331) (3,215) Net current period other comprehensive losses 9,001 (8,343) 658 Balance as of March 31, 2023 $ (48,108) $ 14,805 $ (33,303) Contingent Consideration The fair value of our contingent considerations are based upon estimates of the likely payments, which are based upon assumptions over future performance. The liabilities are reviewed on a quarterly basis and, where changes in estimates arise, these are recorded to selling and general administrative expenses. Our contingent consideration relates to the businesses below: • In October 2021, we acquired the student loan servicing business from Navient, rebranded as Aidvantage. Future payments are based upon volumes, up to a maximum payment of $65.0 million. At March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, the Aidvantage contingent consideration was $11.2 million and $13.8 million, respectively. • In January 2022, we acquired BZ Bodies Limited. Future payments are based upon the performance of the business through December 2023, up to a maximum payment of $2.5 million (£2.0 million British Pounds). At March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, we recorded a contingent consideration liability for the maximum payment, which we anticipate making in fiscal year 2024. • In December 2015, we acquired companies doing business as Assessments Australia. Future payments were based upon future revenue earnings. The deadline for the payment expired on December 31, 2022, with no payment being required. Movement in our contingent consideration balance is as follows: Table 8.3: Fair Value Measurement Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Contingent Consideration (in thousands) Opening contingent consideration as of September 30, 2022 $ 16,236 Adjustments to fair value recorded in the period 1,202 Cash payments (4,041) Foreign currency translations 257 Closing contingent consideration as of March 31, 2023 $ 13,654

Equity

Equity	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Equity	EQUITY Stock Compensation We grant restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance stock units ("PSUs") to eligible participants under our 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, which was approved by the Board of Directors and stockholders. The RSUs granted to employees vest ratably over three During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we issued approximately 333,000 RSUs, which will vest ratably over three

Other Balance Sheet Items

Other Balance Sheet Items	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Restricted Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Other Balance Sheet Items	OTHER BALANCE SHEET ITEMS Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash Table 10.1: Details of Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash March 31, 2023 September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents $ 56,344 $ 40,658 Restricted cash (1) 62,376 96,137 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 118,720 $ 136,795 (1) Restricted cash is recorded within "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. At September 30, 2022, this balance included $60.7 million of funds received from a customer which had previously been sold under our Receivables Purchase Agreement; this is offset by a corresponding liability in "Other current liabilities". No similar arrangements existed at March 31, 2023. The remaining balance includes funds held in trust on behalf of certain clients, offset with a corresponding liability in "Other current liabilities", and certain collateral obligations on contracts. Table 10.2: Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information For the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 (in thousands) Interest payments $ 19,262 $ 17,755 Income tax payments $ 31,926 $ 50,531 Accounts Receivable, Net Table 10.3: Details of Accounts Receivable, Net March 31, 2023 September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Billed and billable receivables $ 614,907 $ 723,979 Unbilled receivables 134,695 91,404 Allowance for credit losses (7,215) (8,273) Accounts receivable, net $ 742,387 $ 807,110 In September 2022, we entered into a Receivables Purchase Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank N.A., under which we may sell certain U.S.-originated accounts receivable balances up to a maximum amount of $110.0 million at any given time. In return for these sales, we receive a cash payment equal to the face value of the receivables less a financing charge. We account for these transfers as sales. We have no retained interest in the transferred receivables other than administrative responsibilities, and Wells Fargo has no recourse for any credit risk. We estimate that the implicit servicing fees for an arrangement of this size and type would be immaterial. For the six months ended March 31, 2023, the gross fair value of accounts receivables transferred to Wells Fargo and derecognized from our balance sheet was $292.8 million. In exchange for these sales, we received $291.1 million in cash. The balance, representing a loss on sale from these transfers, is included within our selling, general and administrative expenses. We have recorded these transactions within our operating cash flows. The effective annual interest rate under this program was 5.04%.

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments And Contingencies	COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Litigation We are subject to audits, investigations, and reviews relating to compliance with the laws and regulations that govern our role as a contractor to agencies and departments of federal, state, local, and foreign governments, and otherwise in connection with performing services in countries outside of the U.S. Adverse findings could lead to criminal, civil, or administrative proceedings, and we could be faced with penalties, fines, suspension, or debarment. Adverse findings could also have a material adverse effect on us because of our reliance on government contracts. We are subject to periodic audits by federal, state, local, and foreign governments for taxes. We are also involved in various claims, arbitrations, and lawsuits arising in the normal conduct of our business. These include but are not limited to bid protests, employment matters, contractual disputes, and charges before administrative agencies. Although we can give no assurance, based upon our evaluation and taking into account the advice of legal counsel, we do not believe that the outcome of any existing matter would likely have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. We evaluate, on a regular basis, developments in our litigation matters and establish or make adjustments to our accruals as appropriate. A liability is accrued if a loss is probable and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. If the risk of loss is probable, but the amount cannot be reasonably estimated, or the risk of loss is only reasonably possible, a liability is not accrued. Due to the inherent uncertainty in the outcome of litigation, our estimates and assessments may prove to be incomplete or inaccurate and could be impacted by unanticipated events and circumstances, adverse outcomes or other future determinations.

Subsequent Event

Subsequent Event	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Event	SUBSEQUENT EVENTOn April 6, 2023, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.28 for each share of our common stock outstanding. The dividend is payable on May 31, 2023, to shareholders of record on May 15, 2023. Based upon the number of shares outstanding, we anticipate a cash payment of approximately $17.0 million.

Significant Accounting Polici_2

Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements, including the notes, include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of these financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. At each reporting period end, we make estimates, including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of goodwill, and amounts related to income taxes, certain accrued liabilities, and contingencies and litigation. In May 2021, we acquired VES Group, Inc. As part of the acquisition, we allocated a valuation of $27 million to certain technology assets used by the business, which we elected to amortize over twelve years, which was our best estimate of asset life at that time. In fiscal year 2023, we have taken the opportunity to improve our technology portfolio, including the development of technology, which will eventually replace much of the acquired technology. Accordingly, we have revised the asset life on the existing technology assuming the assets will cease being used by September 2026. This change in estimated useful life will result in additional annual amortization expense of $3.8 million per year. In the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, this change reduced our diluted earnings per share by approximately $0.01 and $0.02, respectively.

Business Segments (Tables)

Business Segments (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Schedule of Financial Information for each of the Company's Business Segments	Table 3: Results of Operation by Business Segment For the Three Months Ended For the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 Amount % (1) Amount % (1) Amount % (1) Amount % (1) (dollars in thousands) Revenue: U.S. Federal Services $ 584,075 $ 573,288 $ 1,202,242 $ 1,155,159 U.S. Services 449,703 398,077 889,181 784,494 Outside the U.S. 173,074 205,961 364,675 388,549 Revenue $ 1,206,852 $ 1,177,326 $ 2,456,098 $ 2,328,202 Gross profit: U.S. Federal Services $ 122,874 21.0 % $ 115,153 20.1 % $ 245,568 20.4 % $ 241,729 20.9 % U.S. Services 86,016 19.1 % 84,971 21.3 % 169,614 19.1 % 174,670 22.3 % Outside the U.S. 19,713 11.4 % 28,327 13.8 % 58,168 16.0 % 40,207 10.3 % Gross profit $ 228,603 18.9 % $ 228,451 19.4 % $ 473,350 19.3 % $ 456,606 19.6 % Selling, general, and administrative expenses: U.S. Federal Services $ 75,050 12.8 % $ 68,949 12.0 % $ 146,699 12.2 % $ 133,874 11.6 % U.S. Services 43,415 9.7 % 38,273 9.6 % 89,257 10.0 % 73,375 9.4 % Outside the U.S. 23,425 13.5 % 24,011 11.7 % 51,814 14.2 % 45,351 11.7 % Loss on sale of businesses (2) 883 NM — NM 883 NM — NM Other (3) (325) NM (926) NM 247 NM 1,928 NM Selling, general, and administrative expenses $ 142,448 11.8 % $ 130,307 11.1 % $ 288,900 11.8 % $ 254,528 10.9 % Operating income/(loss): U.S. Federal Services $ 47,824 8.2 % $ 46,204 8.1 % $ 98,869 8.2 % $ 107,855 9.3 % U.S. Services 42,601 9.5 % 46,698 11.7 % 80,357 9.0 % 101,295 12.9 % Outside the U.S. (3,712) (2.1) % 4,316 2.1 % 6,354 1.7 % (5,144) (1.3) % Amortization of intangible assets (23,650) NM (22,856) NM (47,168) NM (45,261) NM Loss on sale of businesses (2) (883) NM — NM (883) NM — NM Other (3) 325 NM 926 NM (247) NM (1,928) NM Operating income $ 62,505 5.2 % $ 75,288 6.4 % $ 137,282 5.6 % $ 156,817 6.7 % (1) Percentage of respective segment revenue. Percentages not considered meaningful are marked "NM." (2) During the second quarter of fiscal year 2023, we sold a small commercial practice in the United Kingdom and our employment operations business in Sweden, both subsidiaries within our Outside the U.S. Segment, resulting in a loss. Refer to "Note 7. Divestitures" for more details. (3) Other includes credits and costs that are not allocated to a particular segment.

Revenue Recognition (Tables)

Revenue Recognition (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Schedule of Disaggregation of Revenue	Table 4.1: Revenue by Contract Type For the Three Months Ended For the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Performance-based $ 574,747 47.6 % $ 516,210 43.9 % $ 1,143,964 46.6 % $ 1,007,166 43.3 % Cost-plus 312,176 25.9 % 322,823 27.4 % 659,495 26.9 % 662,904 28.5 % Fixed price 180,674 15.0 % 158,867 13.5 % 355,747 14.5 % 310,372 13.3 % Time and materials 139,255 11.5 % 179,426 15.2 % 296,892 12.1 % 347,760 14.9 % Total revenue $ 1,206,852 $ 1,177,326 $ 2,456,098 $ 2,328,202 Table 4.2: Revenue by Customer Type For the Three Months Ended For the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) U.S. federal government agencies $ 569,897 47.2 % $ 553,707 47.0 % $ 1,173,815 47.8 % $ 1,117,801 48.0 % U.S. state government agencies 446,549 37.0 % 411,287 34.9 % 883,911 36.0 % 782,834 33.7 % International government agencies 161,359 13.4 % 194,800 16.5 % 343,119 14.0 % 366,175 15.7 % Other, including local municipalities and commercial customers 29,047 2.4 % 17,532 1.5 % 55,253 2.2 % 61,392 2.6 % Total revenue $ 1,206,852 $ 1,177,326 $ 2,456,098 $ 2,328,202

Earnings Per Share (Tables)

Earnings Per Share (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Schedule of Weighted Average Number of Shares used toCompute Earnings Per Share	Table 5: Weighted Average Number of Shares - Earnings Per Share For the Three Months Ended For the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 (in thousands) Basic weighted average shares outstanding 61,120 62,227 61,119 62,256 Dilutive effect of unvested RSUs and PSUs 263 154 146 153 Denominator for diluted earnings per share 61,383 62,381 61,265 62,409

Debt And Derivatives (Tables)

Debt And Derivatives (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Debt	Table 6.1: Details of Debt March 31, 2023 September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Term Loan A, due 2026 $ 943,750 $ 971,250 Term Loan B, due 2028 346,721 395,000 Subsidiary loan agreements 7,785 64 Funded Debt 1,298,256 1,366,314 Less: Unamortized debt-issuance costs and discounts (8,738) (10,373) Total debt 1,289,518 1,355,941 Less: Current portion of long-term debt (84,490) (63,458) Long-term debt $ 1,205,028 $ 1,292,483
Schedule of Maturities of Long-term Debt	Table 6.2: Details of Future Minimum Principal Payments Due Amount Due (in thousands) April 1, 2023 through September 30, 2023 $ 43,900 Year ended September 30, 2024 85,985 Year ended September 30, 2025 92,860 Year ended September 30, 2026 740,985 Year ended September 30, 2027 3,485 Thereafter 331,041 Total Payments $ 1,298,256

Fair Value Measurements (Tables

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Schedule of Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities	Table 8.1: Fair Value Measurements As of March 31, 2023 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Balance (in thousands) Assets: Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust $ 25,820 $ — $ — $ 25,820 Interest rate swap - $300 million notional value — 24,636 — 24,636 Notes receivable — — 7,055 7,055 Total assets $ 25,820 $ 24,636 $ 7,055 $ 57,511 Liabilities: Interest rate swaps - $350 million notional value $ — $ 4,548 $ — $ 4,548 Contingent consideration — — 13,654 13,654 Total liabilities $ — $ 4,548 $ 13,654 $ 18,202 The fair values of receivables, prepaids, other assets, accounts payable, accrued costs, and other current liabilities approximate the carrying values as a result of the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value of our debt is consistent with the fair value as the stated interest rates in the agreements are consistent with the current market rates used in notes with similar terms in the markets (Level 2 inputs). Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss All amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss are related to our foreign currency translations and interest rate swap, net of tax. The following table shows changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss: Table 8.2: Details of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Category Foreign currency translation adjustment Net unrealized gain on derivatives, net of tax Total (in thousands) Balance as of September 30, 2022 $ (57,109) $ 23,148 $ (33,961) Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 8,885 (5,012) 3,873 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss 116 (3,331) (3,215) Net current period other comprehensive losses 9,001 (8,343) 658 Balance as of March 31, 2023 $ (48,108) $ 14,805 $ (33,303) Contingent Consideration The fair value of our contingent considerations are based upon estimates of the likely payments, which are based upon assumptions over future performance. The liabilities are reviewed on a quarterly basis and, where changes in estimates arise, these are recorded to selling and general administrative expenses. Our contingent consideration relates to the businesses below: • In October 2021, we acquired the student loan servicing business from Navient, rebranded as Aidvantage. Future payments are based upon volumes, up to a maximum payment of $65.0 million. At March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, the Aidvantage contingent consideration was $11.2 million and $13.8 million, respectively. • In January 2022, we acquired BZ Bodies Limited. Future payments are based upon the performance of the business through December 2023, up to a maximum payment of $2.5 million (£2.0 million British Pounds). At March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, we recorded a contingent consideration liability for the maximum payment, which we anticipate making in fiscal year 2024. • In December 2015, we acquired companies doing business as Assessments Australia. Future payments were based upon future revenue earnings. The deadline for the payment expired on December 31, 2022, with no payment being required. Movement in our contingent consideration balance is as follows: Table 8.3: Fair Value Measurement Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Contingent Consideration (in thousands) Opening contingent consideration as of September 30, 2022 $ 16,236 Adjustments to fair value recorded in the period 1,202 Cash payments (4,041) Foreign currency translations 257 Closing contingent consideration as of March 31, 2023 $ 13,654

Other Balance Sheet Items (Tabl

Other Balance Sheet Items (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Restricted Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Schedule of Cash and Cash Equivalents	Table 10.1: Details of Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash March 31, 2023 September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents $ 56,344 $ 40,658 Restricted cash (1) 62,376 96,137 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 118,720 $ 136,795
Schedule of Restrictions on Cash and Cash Equivalents	Table 10.1: Details of Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash March 31, 2023 September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents $ 56,344 $ 40,658 Restricted cash (1) 62,376 96,137 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 118,720 $ 136,795
Schedule of Supplementary Cash Flow Information	Table 10.2: Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information For the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 (in thousands) Interest payments $ 19,262 $ 17,755 Income tax payments $ 31,926 $ 50,531
Schedule of Details of Accounts Receivable	Table 10.3: Details of Accounts Receivable, Net March 31, 2023 September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Billed and billable receivables $ 614,907 $ 723,979 Unbilled receivables 134,695 91,404 Allowance for credit losses (7,215) (8,273) Accounts receivable, net $ 742,387 $ 807,110

Significant Accounting Polici_3

Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	May 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Change in estimated useful life, increase (decrease) in diluted earnings per share (in dollars per share)		$ (0.01)	$ (0.02)
Technology Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Technology assets	$ 27
Intangible assets, estimated useful life	12 years
Technology Equipment | Forecast
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Additional annual amortization expense following change in estimated useful life				$ 3.8

Business Segments - Financial i

Business Segments - Financial information by segment (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) segment	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Number of operating segments | segment			3
Revenue:
Revenue	$ 1,206,852	$ 1,177,326	$ 2,456,098	$ 2,328,202
Gross profit:
Gross profit	$ 228,603	$ 228,451	$ 473,350	$ 456,606
Gross profit (as a percent)	18.90%	19.40%	19.30%	19.60%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	$ 142,448	$ 130,307	$ 288,900	$ 254,528
Selling, general, and administrative expenses (as a percent)	11.80%	11.10%	11.80%	10.90%
Loss on sale of businesses			$ 883	$ 0
Operating income/(loss):
Operating income	$ 62,505	$ 75,288	$ 137,282	$ 156,817
Operating income (as a percent)	5.20%	6.40%	5.60%	6.70%
Amortization of intangible assets	$ (23,650)	$ (22,856)	$ (47,168)	$ (45,261)
Loss on sale of businesses			(883)	0
Segment Reconciling Items
Selling, general, and administrative expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	(325)	(926)	247	1,928
Loss on sale of businesses	883	0	883	0
Operating income/(loss):
Amortization of intangible assets	(23,650)	(22,856)	(47,168)	(45,261)
Loss on sale of businesses	(883)	0	(883)	0
U.S. Federal Services | Operating Segments
Revenue:
Revenue	584,075	573,288	1,202,242	1,155,159
Gross profit:
Gross profit	$ 122,874	$ 115,153	$ 245,568	$ 241,729
Gross profit (as a percent)	21%	20.10%	20.40%	20.90%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	$ 75,050	$ 68,949	$ 146,699	$ 133,874
Selling, general, and administrative expenses (as a percent)	12.80%	12%	12.20%	11.60%
Operating income/(loss):
Operating income	$ 47,824	$ 46,204	$ 98,869	$ 107,855
Operating income (as a percent)	8.20%	8.10%	8.20%	9.30%
U.S. Services | Operating Segments
Revenue:
Revenue	$ 449,703	$ 398,077	$ 889,181	$ 784,494
Gross profit:
Gross profit	$ 86,016	$ 84,971	$ 169,614	$ 174,670
Gross profit (as a percent)	19.10%	21.30%	19.10%	22.30%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	$ 43,415	$ 38,273	$ 89,257	$ 73,375
Selling, general, and administrative expenses (as a percent)	9.70%	9.60%	10%	9.40%
Operating income/(loss):
Operating income	$ 42,601	$ 46,698	$ 80,357	$ 101,295
Operating income (as a percent)	9.50%	11.70%	9%	12.90%
Outside the U.S. | Operating Segments
Revenue:
Revenue	$ 173,074	$ 205,961	$ 364,675	$ 388,549
Gross profit:
Gross profit	$ 19,713	$ 28,327	$ 58,168	$ 40,207
Gross profit (as a percent)	11.40%	13.80%	16%	10.30%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	$ 23,425	$ 24,011	$ 51,814	$ 45,351
Selling, general, and administrative expenses (as a percent)	13.50%	11.70%	14.20%	11.70%
Operating income/(loss):
Operating income	$ (3,712)	$ 4,316	$ 6,354	$ (5,144)
Operating income (as a percent)	(2.10%)	2.10%	1.70%	(1.30%)
Other | Operating Segments
Operating income/(loss):
Operating income	$ 325	$ 926	$ (247)	$ (1,928)

Revenue Recognition - Disaggreg

Revenue Recognition - Disaggregation of Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 1,206,852	$ 1,177,326	$ 2,456,098	$ 2,328,202
U.S. federal government agencies
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 569,897	$ 553,707	$ 1,173,815	$ 1,117,801
U.S. federal government agencies | Revenue Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	47.20%	47%	47.80%	48%
U.S. state government agencies
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 446,549	$ 411,287	$ 883,911	$ 782,834
U.S. state government agencies | Revenue Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	37%	34.90%	36%	33.70%
International government agencies
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 161,359	$ 194,800	$ 343,119	$ 366,175
International government agencies | Revenue Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	13.40%	16.50%	14%	15.70%
Other, including local municipalities and commercial customers
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 29,047	$ 17,532	$ 55,253	$ 61,392
Other, including local municipalities and commercial customers | Revenue Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	2.40%	1.50%	2.20%	2.60%
Performance-based
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 574,747	$ 516,210	$ 1,143,964	$ 1,007,166
Performance-based | Revenue Benchmark | Contract Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	47.60%	43.90%	46.60%	43.30%
Cost-plus
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 312,176	$ 322,823	$ 659,495	$ 662,904
Cost-plus | Revenue Benchmark | Contract Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	25.90%	27.40%	26.90%	28.50%
Fixed price
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 180,674	$ 158,867	$ 355,747	$ 310,372
Fixed price | Revenue Benchmark | Contract Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	15%	13.50%	14.50%	13.30%
Time and materials
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 139,255	$ 179,426	$ 296,892	$ 347,760
Time and materials | Revenue Benchmark | Contract Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue in %	11.50%	15.20%	12.10%	14.90%

Revenue Recognition - Narrative

Revenue Recognition - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Deferred revenue, revenue recognized	$ 34.8	$ 20.6	$ 85.9	$ 61.8
Cumulative catch-up adjustment to revenue from change in estimates	$ (6.5)	$ (1.4)	$ (6.1)	$ (4.2)
Cumulative catch-up adjustment to diluted earnings per share from change in estimates (in dollars per share)	$ (0.08)	$ (0.02)	$ (0.07)	$ (0.05)
Unbilled receivables
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Unbilled contracts receivable	$ 11.7		$ 11.7		$ 13.1

Revenue Recognition - Remaining

Revenue Recognition - Remaining Performance Obligation (Details) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 400
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2023-04-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, percentage	60%
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period	12 months

Earnings Per Share (Details)

Earnings Per Share (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Basic weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	61,120,000	62,227,000	61,119,000	62,256,000
Dilutive effect of unvested RSUs and PSUs (in shares)	263,000	154,000	146,000	153,000
Denominator for diluted earnings per share (in shares)	61,383,000	62,381,000	61,265,000	62,409,000
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	99,000	173,000	300,000	192,000

Debt And Derivatives - Schedule

Debt And Derivatives - Schedule of Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loans	$ 1,298,256	$ 1,366,314
Less: Unamortized debt-issuance costs and discounts	(8,738)	(10,373)
Total debt	1,289,518	1,355,941
Less: Current portion of long-term debt	(84,490)	(63,458)
Long-term debt	1,205,028	1,292,483
Secured Debt | Term Loan A, due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loans	943,750	971,250
Secured Debt | Term Loan B, due 2028
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loans	346,721	395,000
Subsidiary loan agreements
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loans	$ 7,785	$ 64

Debt And Derivatives - Narrativ

Debt And Derivatives - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	May 31, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Annual effective interest rate	5.90%
Other Assets
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative asset	$ 24,600,000	$ 31,400,000
Other Liabilities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative liability	4,500,000
Revolver | Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity			$ 600,000,000
Secured Debt | Interest Rate Swap 1
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount	500,000,000
Secured Debt | Interest Rate Swap 2
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount	$ 150,000,000

Debt And Derivatives - Schedu_2

Debt And Derivatives - Schedule of Repayments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
April 1, 2023 through September 30, 2023	$ 43,900
Year ended September 30, 2024	85,985
Year ended September 30, 2025	92,860
Year ended September 30, 2026	740,985
Year ended September 30, 2027	3,485
Thereafter	331,041
Total Payments	$ 1,298,256	$ 1,366,314

Divestitures (Details)

Divestitures (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 06, 2023	Mar. 30, 2023
United Kingdom
Business Combination Segment Allocation [Line Items]
Pre-tax gain (loss) on sale of practice	$ (0.6)
Total fair value of consideration	$ 16
Sweden
Business Combination Segment Allocation [Line Items]
Total fair value of consideration		$ 0.4

Fair Value Measurements - Narra

Fair Value Measurements - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands, £ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) segment	Mar. 31, 2023 GBP (£) segment	Mar. 06, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 GBP (£)	Oct. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Fair Value Disclosure, Asset and Liability, Not Measured at Fair Value [Line Items]
Sale of business			$ 6,800
Fair Value, Recurring
Fair Value Disclosure, Asset and Liability, Not Measured at Fair Value [Line Items]
Contingent consideration	$ 13,654
Fair Value, Recurring | Interest Rate Swap
Fair Value Disclosure, Asset and Liability, Not Measured at Fair Value [Line Items]
Number of instruments | segment	3	3
Aidvantage
Fair Value Disclosure, Asset and Liability, Not Measured at Fair Value [Line Items]
Contingent consideration	$ 11,200			$ 13,800
BZ Bodies Limited
Fair Value Disclosure, Asset and Liability, Not Measured at Fair Value [Line Items]
Contingent consideration	$ 2,500	£ 2		$ 2,500	£ 2
Maximum | Navient
Fair Value Disclosure, Asset and Liability, Not Measured at Fair Value [Line Items]
Contingent consideration						$ 65,000

Fair Value Measurements - Asset

Fair Value Measurements - Assets and Liabilities (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Interest Rate Swap
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Notional value, asset	$ 300,000
Notional value, liability	350,000
Fair Value, Recurring
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	57,511
Contingent consideration	13,654
Total liabilities	18,202
Fair Value, Recurring | Interest Rate Swap
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	24,636
Interest rate swap	4,548
Fair Value, Recurring | Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	25,820
Fair Value, Recurring | Notes receivable
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	7,055
Level 1 | Fair Value, Recurring
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	25,820
Contingent consideration	0
Total liabilities	0
Level 1 | Fair Value, Recurring | Interest Rate Swap
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	0
Interest rate swap	0
Level 1 | Fair Value, Recurring | Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	25,820
Level 1 | Fair Value, Recurring | Notes receivable
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	0
Level 2 | Fair Value, Recurring
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	24,636
Contingent consideration	0
Total liabilities	4,548
Level 2 | Fair Value, Recurring | Interest Rate Swap
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	24,636
Interest rate swap	4,548
Level 2 | Fair Value, Recurring | Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	0
Level 2 | Fair Value, Recurring | Notes receivable
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	0
Level 3 | Fair Value, Recurring
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	7,055
Contingent consideration	13,654
Total liabilities	13,654
Level 3 | Fair Value, Recurring | Interest Rate Swap
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	0
Interest rate swap	0
Level 3 | Fair Value, Recurring | Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	0
Level 3 | Fair Value, Recurring | Notes receivable
Financial information for each of the Company's business segments
Total assets	$ 7,055

Fair Value Measurements - Accum

Fair Value Measurements - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Sep. 30, 2021
Fair Value Disclosure, Asset and Liability, Not Measured at Fair Value [Line Items]
Balance as of March 31, 2023	$ 1,601,722	$ 1,581,007	$ 1,549,371	$ 1,554,216	$ 1,528,426	$ 1,480,329
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	3,873
Reclassification from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Current Period, Net of Tax	(3,215)
Foreign currency translation adjustment
Fair Value Disclosure, Asset and Liability, Not Measured at Fair Value [Line Items]
Balance as of March 31, 2023	(48,108)		(57,109)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	8,885
Reclassification from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Current Period, Net of Tax	116
Net current period other comprehensive losses	9,001
Net unrealized gain on derivatives, net of tax
Fair Value Disclosure, Asset and Liability, Not Measured at Fair Value [Line Items]
Balance as of March 31, 2023	14,805		23,148
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	(5,012)
Reclassification from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Current Period, Net of Tax	(3,331)
Net current period other comprehensive losses	(8,343)
Total
Fair Value Disclosure, Asset and Liability, Not Measured at Fair Value [Line Items]
Balance as of March 31, 2023	(33,303)		$ (33,961)
Net current period other comprehensive losses	$ 658

Fair Value Measurements - Unobs

Fair Value Measurements - Unobservable Inputs (Details) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Contingent Consideration
Beginning balance	$ 16,236
Adjustments to fair value recorded in the period	$ 1,202
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Other income, net
Cash payments	$ (4,041)
Foreign currency translations	$ 257
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Liability, Gain (Loss), Statement of Other Comprehensive Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Foreign currency translation adjustments
Ending balance	$ 13,654

Equity - Narrative (Details)

Equity - Narrative (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 shares
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Stock-based compensation
Shares issued (in shares)	333,000
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) | Member of Board of Directors | A2021 Stock Incentive Plan
Stock-based compensation
Vesting period	1 year
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) | Minimum
Stock-based compensation
Vesting period	3 years
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) | Minimum | A2021 Stock Incentive Plan
Stock-based compensation
Vesting period	3 years
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) | Maximum
Stock-based compensation
Vesting period	4 years
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) | Maximum | A2021 Stock Incentive Plan
Stock-based compensation
Vesting period	5 years
Performance Shares
Stock-based compensation
Vesting period	3 years
Shares issued (in shares)	137,000
Performance Shares | Minimum | A2021 Stock Incentive Plan
Stock-based compensation
Vesting rights, percentage	0%
Performance Shares | Maximum | A2021 Stock Incentive Plan
Stock-based compensation
Vesting rights, percentage	200%

Other Balance Sheet Items - Sch

Other Balance Sheet Items - Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Restricted Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 56,344	$ 40,658
Restricted cash	62,376	96,137
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$ 118,720	136,795	$ 111,968	$ 156,570
Obligation payable under Receivables Purchase Agreement		$ 60,700

Other Balance Sheet Items - Sup

Other Balance Sheet Items - Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Restricted Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Interest payments	$ 19,262	$ 17,755
Income tax payments	$ 31,926	$ 50,531

Other Balance Sheet Items - Det

Other Balance Sheet Items - Details of Accounts Receivable, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Allowance for credit losses	$ (7,215)	$ (8,273)
Accounts receivable, net	742,387	807,110
Billed and billable receivables
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Accounts receivable, gross	614,907	723,979
Unbilled receivables
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Accounts receivable, gross	$ 134,695	$ 91,404

Other Balance Sheet Items - Nar

Other Balance Sheet Items - Narratives (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Receivables purchase agreement, maximum sales amount		$ 110
Transfer of financial assets, accounted for as sales	$ 292.8
Cash received from transfer of financial assets	$ 291.1
Receivables purchase program, effective interest rate	5.04%

Subsequent Event (Details)

Subsequent Event (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	May 31, 2023	Apr. 06, 2023
Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Cash dividend declared (in dollars per share)		$ 0.28
Common Stock | Forecast
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Payments of dividends	$ 17