The fair value of the outstanding derivatives at March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007 was a liability of $31.1 million and $2.0 million, respectively.
SFAS No. 157 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy categorizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value into one of three different levels depending on the observability of the inputs employed in the measurement. The three levels are defined as follows:
Level 1 – Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.
Level 2 – Other inputs that are observable directly or indirectly such as quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs which are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data and which the Company makes its own assumptions about how market participants would price the assets and liabilities.
The following table presents information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2008, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair value:
Oil and natural gas derivatives are valued by a third-party consultant using valuation models that are primarily industry-standard models that consider various inputs including: (a) quoted forward prices for commodities, (b) time value, (c) volatility factors and (d) current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments, as well as other relevant economic measures. Interest rate swaps are valued by a third-party consultant using modling techniques that include market inputs such as interest rate yield curves.
The following is management’s discussion and analysis of certain significant factors that have affected certain aspects of the Company’s financial position and results of operations during the periods included in the accompanying unaudited financial statements. You should read this in conjunction with the discussion under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the audited financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007 and the unaudited financial statements included elsewhere herein.
Our first quarter 2008 included record revenues of $53.6 million and record production of 6.3 Bcfe. The key drivers to our success for the three months ended March 31, 2008 included the following:
Our outlook for the future remains positive. Production growth and strong commodity prices are key to our future success and to continue our success:
Oil and natural gas revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2008 increased 137% to $53.6 million from $22.6 million for the same period in 2007. Production volumes for natural gas for the three months ended March 31, 2008 increased 111% to 6.0 Bcf from 2.8 Bcf for the same period in 2007. Average natural gas prices, excluding the impact of the loss from our cash settled derivatives of $0.1 million and gain of $2.3 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, increased to $8.06 per Mcf in the first quarter of 2008 from $6.76 per Mcf in the same period in 2007. Average oil prices for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 increased 71% to $96.10 from $56.23 per barrel in the same period in 2007. The increase in natural gas production volume was due primarily to new production from 36 company-operated wells in the Barnett Shale that commenced production since the first quarter of 2007 and additional production from two new wells in the Gulf Coast area which were brought online in late first quarter 2007 and second quarter 2007, respectively. These increases were partially offset by the natural decline of the properties.
The following table summarizes production volumes, average sales prices and operating revenues (excluding the impact of derivatives) for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007:
| | For the Three | | | 2008 Period | |
| | Months Ended | | | Compared to 2007 Period | |
| | March 31, | | | | | | Increase | | | % Increase | |
| | 2008 | | | 2007 | | | (Decrease) | | | (Decrease) | |
Production volumes | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Oil and condensate (MBbls) | | | 53 | | | | 60 | | | | (7 | ) | | | (12 | )% |
Natural gas (MMcf) | | | 6,014 | | | | 2,845 | | | | 3,169 | | | | 111 | % |
Average sales prices | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Oil and condensate (per Bbl) | | $ | 96.10 | | | $ | 56.23 | | | $ | 39.87 | | | | 71 | % |
Natural gas (per Mcf) | | | 8.06 | | | | 6.76 | | | | 1.30 | | | | 19 | % |
Operating revenues (In thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Oil and condensate | | $ | 5,095 | | | $ | 3,383 | | | $ | 1,712 | | | | 51 | % |
Natural gas | | | 48,465 | | | | 19,229 | | | | 29,236 | | | | 152 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Operating Revenues | | $ | 53,560 | | | $ | 22,612 | | | $ | 30,948 | | | | 137 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Oil and natural gas operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2008 increased 78% to $8.4 million from $4.7 million for the same period in 2007 primarily as a result of (1) higher lifting costs of $1.5 million primarily attributable to increased production and the increased number of producing wells, (2) increased transportation and other product costs of $1.5 million mainly attributable to the Barnett Shale area and (3) increased severance tax expense of $0.5 million associated with increased production.
Depreciation, depletion and amortization (DD&A) expense for the three months ended March 31, 2008 increased 77% to $14.1 million ($2.22 per Mcfe) from $8.0 million ($2.51 per Mcfe) for the same period in 2007. This increase was primarily due to an increase in production volumes partially offset by a decrease in the DD&A rate attributable to lower overall finding costs of new reserves.
General and administrative expense for the three months ended March 31, 2008 increased by $1.6 million to $6.5 million from $4.9 million for the corresponding period in 2007 primarily as a result of (1) an increase of $0.7 million for compensation and other employee-related expenses, (2) increased stock-based compensation of $0.5 million due to increased issuance of stock awards and higher stock prices and (3) increased legal and consulting fees of $0.3 million.
The net loss on derivatives of $29.8 million in the first quarter of 2008 was comprised of (1) $0.7 million of realized loss on net cash settled derivatives and (2) $29.1 million of net unrealized mark-to-market loss on derivatives. The net loss on derivatives of $5.7
million in the first quarter of 2007 was comprised of (1) $2.4 million of realized gain on net cash settled derivatives and (2) $8.1 million of net unrealized mark-to-market loss on derivatives.
Interest expense and capitalized interest for the three months ended March 31, 2008 were $6.5 million and ($3.7) million, respectively, as compared to $6.2 million and $(2.7) million for the same period in 2007.
Income tax benefit increased to $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 from $1.3 million for the same period in 2007 due to the change in net loss.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources and Uses of Cash. During the three months ended March 31, 2008, capital expenditures, net of proceeds from property sales, exceeded our net cash provided by operations. During the first quarter of 2008, we have funded our capital expenditures with cash generated from operations, additional borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility and proceeds from the issuance of our common stock. Potential primary sources of future liquidity include the following:
· | Cash on hand and cash generated by operations. Cash flows from operations are highly dependent on commodity prices and market conditions for oil and gas field services. We hedge a portion of our production to reduce the downside risk of declining natural gas and oil prices. |
· | Available borrowings under the Senior Credit Facility. On December 20, 2007, the borrowing base availability under the Senior Credit Facility increased from $117.0 million to $145.0 million. At April 30, 2008, cash available under the Senior Credit Facility was $106.0 million. The next borrowing base redetermination is scheduled for May 2008 at which time we currently expect our borrowing base to increase by a yet undetermined amount. |
· | Other debt and equity offerings. In February 2008, we received $135.2 million from an underwritten public offering of 2,587,500 shares of our common stock priced at $54.50 per share. As situations or conditions arise, we may issue debt, equity or other instruments to supplement our cash flows. |
· | Asset sales. In order to fund our drilling program, we may consider the sale of certain properties or assets no longer deemed core to our future growth. |
Our primary use of cash is capital expenditures related to our drilling program. We have budgeted approximately $250 million on our 2008 drilling program and $50 million from lease and seismic acquisitions. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, we have incurred approximately $115.6 million in capital expenditures.
Overview of Cash Flow Activities. Cash flows provided by operating activities were $41.2 million and $19.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. The increase was primarily due to increased production and higher oil and natural gas commodity prices.
Cash flows used in investing activities were $125.1 and $44.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, and related primarily to oil and gas property expenditures. During the first quarter of 2008, we invested approximately $115 million in oil and gas properties, including $58 million related to drilling activities and $53 million related to leasehold acquisitions.
Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2008 was $100.7 million and related primarily to net proceeds of $135.2 million from the issuance of common stock in February 2008 (see Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of this transaction). These cash proceeds were partially offset by the paydown of the Senior Credit Facility. Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2007 was $30.6 million and related primarily to the additional borrowings of $75.0 million under the Second Lien Credit Facility in January 2007, partially offset by $41.6 million of debt repayments.
Liquidity/Cash Flow Outlook. We currently believe that the proceeds from the February 2008 equity offering, cash generated from operations along with cash on hand and the cash available under the Senior Credit Facility is sufficient to fund our immediate needs but we may need to seek other financing alternatives, including additional debt or equity financings, to fully fund our current 2008 capital expenditures budget, especially if there are additional capital needs in connection with our Marcellus Shale or U.K. North Sea operations or new opportunities in our Other Shale areas.
We may not be able to obtain financing needed in the future on terms that would be acceptable to us. If we cannot obtain adequate financing, we may be required to limit or defer our planned oil and natural gas exploration and development program, thereby adversely affecting the recoverability and ultimate value of our oil and natural gas properties.
Contractual Obligations
During the first quarter of 2008, we entered into a firm drilling agreement for one rig over a three-year term scheduled to begin in the second quarter of 2008. The estimated obligation is approximately $25 million per year through 2010.
Effects of Inflation and Changes in Price
Our results of operations and cash flows are affected by changing oil and natural gas prices. If the price of oil and natural gas increases (decreases), there could be a corresponding increase (decrease) in revenues. In addition, we are affected by increases in the costs of services and equipment that we employ to explore for and produce oil and natural gas due to high activity and a relative scarcity of equipment. We generally expect these costs and expenses to continue to increase if oil and natural gas prices remain strong and drilling activity remains high. In the recent historical past, inflation has had a minimal effect on us.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
We adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Statement No. 157, “Fair Value Measurement” (“SFAS No. 157”), effective January 1, 2008. SFAS No. 157 provides a framework for measuring fair value and enhances related disclosures. The implementation of SFAS No. 157 did not change our current valuation method and did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position or results in operations. We included additional disclosures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements around our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on the balance sheet date.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS No. 161, Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (“SFAS No. 161”). This standard is intended to improve financial reporting by requiring transparency about the location and amounts of derivative instruments in an entity’s financial statements; how derivative instruments and related hedged items are accounted for under SFAS No. 133; and how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect its financial position, financial performance and cash flows. The provisions of SFAS No. 161 are effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after November 15, 2008. We do not believe the adoption of SFAS No. 161 will have a significant effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Critical Accounting Policies
The following summarizes our critical accounting policies:
Oil and Natural Gas Properties
We account for investments in natural gas and oil properties using the full-cost method of accounting. All costs directly associated with the acquisition, exploration and development of natural gas and oil properties are capitalized. These costs include lease acquisitions, seismic surveys, and drilling and completion equipment. We proportionally consolidate our interests in natural gas and oil properties. We capitalized compensation costs for employees working directly on exploration activities of $2.1 million and $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. We expense maintenance and repairs as they are incurred.
We amortize natural gas and oil properties based on the unit-of-production method using estimates of proved reserve quantities. We do not amortize investments in unproved properties until proved reserves associated with the projects can be determined or until these investments are impaired. We periodically evaluate, on a property-by-property basis, unevaluated properties for impairment. If the results of an assessment indicate that the properties are impaired, we add the amount of impairment to the proved natural gas and oil property costs to be amortized. The amortizable base includes estimated future development costs and, where significant, dismantlement, restoration and abandonment costs, net of estimated salvage values. The depletion rate per Mcfe for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007 was $2.19 and $2.47, respectively.
We account for dispositions of natural gas and oil properties as adjustments to capitalized costs with no gain or loss recognized, unless such adjustments would significantly alter the relationship between capitalized costs and proved reserves. We have not had any transactions that significantly alter that relationship.
Net capitalized costs of proved oil and natural gas properties are limited to a “ceiling test” based on the estimated future net revenues, discounted at 10% per annum, from proved oil and natural gas reserves based on current economic and operating conditions (“Full Cost Ceiling”). If net capitalized costs exceed this limit, the excess is charged to earnings.
In connection with our March 31, 2008 Full Cost Ceiling test computation, a price sensitivity study also indicated that a 10% increase or decrease in commodity prices at March 31, 2008 would have increased or decreased the Full Cost Ceiling test cushion by approximately $97 million. The aforementioned price sensitivity is as of March 31, 2008 and, accordingly, does not include any potential changes in reserve values due to subsequent performance or events, such as commodity prices, reserve revisions and drilling results.
The Full Cost Ceiling cushion at the end of March 31, 2008 of approximately $395 million was based upon average realized oil, natural gas liquids and natural gas prices of $97.28 per Bbl, $55.93 per Bbl and $8.15 per Mcf, respectively, or a volume weighted average price of $57.06 per BOE. This cushion, however, would have been zero on such date at an estimated volume weighted average price of $33.85 per BOE. A BOE means one barrel of oil equivalent, determined using the ratio of six Mcf of natural gas to one Bbl of oil, condensate or natural gas liquids, which approximates the relative energy content of oil, condensate and natural gas liquids as compared to natural gas. Prices have historically been higher or substantially higher, more often for oil than natural gas on an energy equivalent basis, although there have been periods in which they have been lower or substantially lower.
Under the full cost method of accounting, the depletion rate is the current period production as a percentage of the total proved reserves. Total proved reserves include both proved developed and proved undeveloped reserves. The depletion rate is applied to the net book value of our oil and natural gas properties, excluding unevaluated costs, plus estimated future development costs and salvage value, to calculate the depletion expense. Proved reserves materially impact depletion expense. If the proved reserves decline, then the depletion rate (the rate at which we record depletion expense) increases, reducing net income.
We have a significant amount of proved undeveloped reserves. We had 185.8 Bcfe of proved undeveloped reserves at December 31, 2007, representing 53% of our total proved reserves. As of December 31, 2007, a portion of these proved undeveloped reserves, or approximately 38.1 Bcfe, are attributable to our Camp Hill properties that we acquired in 1994. The estimated future development costs to develop our proved undeveloped reserves on our Camp Hill properties are relatively low, on a per Mcfe basis, when compared to the estimated future development costs to develop our proved undeveloped reserves on our other oil and natural gas properties. Furthermore, the average depletable life (the estimated time that it will take to produce all recoverable reserves) of our Camp Hill properties is considerably longer, or approximately 15 years, when compared to the depletable life of our remaining oil and natural gas properties of approximately 10 years. Accordingly, the combination of a relatively low ratio of future development costs and a relatively long depletable life on our Camp Hill properties has resulted in a relatively low overall historical depletion rate and DD&A expense. This has resulted in a capitalized cost basis associated with producing properties being depleted over a longer period than the associated production and revenue stream, causing the build-up of nondepleted capitalized costs associated with properties that have been completely depleted. This combination of factors, in turn, has had a favorable impact on our earnings, which have been higher than they would have been had the Camp Hill properties not resulted in a relatively low overall depletion rate and DD&A expense and longer depletion period. As a hypothetical illustration of this impact, the removal of our Camp Hill proved undeveloped reserves starting January 1, 2002 would have reduced our earnings by (1) an estimated $11.2 million in 2002 (comprised of after-tax charges for a $7.1 million full cost ceiling impairment and a $4.1 million depletion expense increase), (2) an estimated $5.9 million in 2003 (due to higher depletion expense), (3) an estimated $3.4 million in 2004 (due to higher depletion expense), (4) an estimated $6.9 million in 2005 (due to higher depletion expense), (5) an estimated $0.7 million in 2006 (due to higher depletion expense) and (6) an estimated $2.0 million in 2007 (due to higher depletion expense).
We expect our relatively low historical depletion rate to continue until the high level of nonproducing reserves to total proved reserves is reduced and the life of our proved developed reserves is extended through development drilling and/or the significant addition of new proved producing reserves through acquisition or exploration. If our level of total proved reserves, finding costs and current prices were all to remain constant, this continued build-up of capitalized cost increases the probability of a ceiling test write-down in the future.
We depreciate other property and equipment using the straight-line method based on estimated useful lives ranging from five to ten years.
For information regarding our other critical accounting policies, see the 2007 Form 10-K.
Volatility of Oil and Natural Gas Prices
Our revenues, future rate of growth, results of operations, financial condition and ability to borrow funds or obtain additional capital, as well as the carrying value of our properties, are substantially dependent upon prevailing prices of oil and natural gas.
We periodically review the carrying value of our oil and natural gas properties under the full cost method of accounting rules. See “—Critical Accounting Policies—Oil and Natural Gas Properties.”
To mitigate some of our commodity price risk, we engage periodically in certain other limited derivative activities including price swaps, costless collars and, occasionally, put options, in order to establish some price floor protection.
The following table includes oil and natural gas positions settled during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, and the unrealized gain/(loss) associated with the outstanding oil and natural gas derivatives at March 31, 2008 and 2007.
| | Three months ended | |
| | March 31, | |
| | 2008 | | | 2007 | |
| | | | | | |
Oil positions settled (Bbls) | | | 18,200 | | | | - | |
Natural gas positions settled (MMBtu) | | | 4,132,000 | | | | 1,887,000 | |
Realized gain/(loss) ($ millions) (1) | | $ | (0.5 | ) | | $ | 2.3 | |
Unrealized loss ($ millions) (1) | | $ | (26.9 | ) | | $ | (8.0 | ) |
| | | | | | | | |
__________
(1) Included in net loss on derivatives, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
At March 31, 2008, we had the following outstanding natural gas derivative positions:
| | Natural Gas | | | Natural Gas | |
| | Swaps | | | Collars | |
| | | | | Average | | | | | | Average | | | Average | |
Quarter | | MMbtu | | | Fixed Price(1) | | | MMBtu | | | Floor Price(1) | | | Ceiling Price(1) | |
Second Quarter 2008 | | | 273,000 | | | $ | 7.94 | | | | 3,185,000 | | | $ | 7.14 | | | $ | 8.83 | |
Third Quarter 2008 | | | 276,000 | | | | 7.94 | | | | 3,036,000 | | | | 7.13 | | | | 8.82 | |
Fourth Quarter 2008 | | | 276,000 | | | | 7.94 | | | | 3,036,000 | | | | 7.13 | | | | 8.82 | |
First Quarter 2009 | | | - | | | | - | | | | 2,520,000 | | | | 7.37 | | | | 9.10 | |
Second Quarter 2009 | | | - | | | | - | | | | 2,548,000 | | �� | | 7.12 | | | | 8.85 | |
Third Quarter 2009 | | | - | | | | - | | | | 2,576,000 | | | | 7.16 | | | | 8.88 | |
Fourth Quarter 2009 | | | - | | | | - | | | | 2,576,000 | | | | 7.17 | | | | 8.90 | |
First Quarter 2010 | | | - | | | | - | | | | 1,170,000 | | | | 7.55 | | | | 9.27 | |
Second Quarter 2010 | | | - | | | | - | | | | 1,183,000 | | | | 7.07 | | | | 8.79 | |
Third Quarter 2010 | | | - | | | | - | | | | 1,196,000 | | | | 7.19 | | | | 8.90 | |
Fourth Quarter 2010 | | | - | | | | - | | | | 1,196,000 | | | | 7.25 | | | | 8.96 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Oil Collars | | | | |
| | | | | Average | | | Average | |
Quarter | | Bbls | | | Floor Price(2) | | Ceiling Price (2) | |
Second Quarter 2008 | | | 9,100 | | | $ | 70.00 | | | $ | 76.75 | |
Third Quarter 2008 | | | 9,200 | | | | 70.00 | | | | 76.75 | |
Fourth Quarter 2008 | | | 9,200 | | | | 70.00 | | | | 76.75 | |
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