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| | Three Months Ended | | | Nine Months Ended | |
| | 9/30/20 | | | 6/30/20 | | | 3/31/20 | | | 12/31/19 | | | 9/30/19 | | | 9/30/20 | | | 9/30/19 | |
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Average fixed annuity investments (at amortized cost) (a) | | $ | 40,859 | | | $ | 40,570 | | | $ | 40,073 | | | $ | 39,316 | | | $ | 38,650 | | | $ | 40,501 | | | $ | 37,849 | |
Average annuity benefits accumulated | | | 41,158 | | | | 40,601 | | | | 40,139 | | | | 39,615 | | | | 38,946 | | | | 40,633 | | | | 38,075 | |
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Annuity benefits accumulated in excess of investments (a) | | $ | (299 | ) | | $ | (31 | ) | | $ | (66 | ) | | $ | (299 | ) | | $ | (296 | ) | | $ | (132 | ) | | $ | (226 | ) |
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As % of average annuity benefits accumulated (except as noted) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment income (excluding alternative investments marked to market) (as % of investments) | | | 4.07 | % | | | 4.13 | % | | | 4.25 | % | | | 4.40 | % | | | 4.34 | % | | | 4.15 | % | | | 4.37 | % |
Cost of funds | | | (2.42 | %) | | | (2.47 | %) | | | (2.52 | %) | | | (2.54 | %) | | | (2.57 | %) | | | (2.47 | %) | | | (2.56 | %) |
Other annuity benefits, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees | | | (0.14 | %) | | | (0.06 | %) | | | (0.14 | %) | | | (0.15 | %) | | | (0.12 | %) | | | (0.11 | %) | | | (0.13 | %) |
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Core net interest spread on fixed annuities | | | 1.51 | % | | | 1.60 | % | | | 1.59 | % | | | 1.71 | % | | | 1.65 | % | | | 1.57 | % | | | 1.68 | % |
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Policy charges and other miscellaneous income | | | 0.14 | % | | | 0.11 | % | | | 0.15 | % | | | 0.11 | % | | | 0.12 | % | | | 0.13 | % | | | 0.11 | % |
Acquisition expenses (excluding alternative investments marked to market) | | | (0.55 | %) | | | (0.56 | %) | | | (0.61 | %) | | | (0.62 | %) | | | (0.63 | %) | | | (0.57 | %) | | | (0.64 | %) |
Other expenses | | | (0.30 | %) | | | (0.35 | %) | | | (0.32 | %) | | | (0.33 | %) | | | (0.34 | %) | | | (0.32 | %) | | | (0.36 | %) |
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Core net spread earned on fixed annuities (excluding alternative investments marked to market) | | | 0.80 | % | | | 0.80 | % | | | 0.81 | % | | | 0.87 | % | | | 0.80 | % | | | 0.81 | % | | | 0.79 | % |
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Alternative investments marked to market, net of DAC | | | 0.39 | % | | | (0.41 | %) | | | (0.12 | %) | | | 0.20 | % | | | 0.26 | % | | | (0.05 | %) | | | 0.29 | % |
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Core net spread earned on fixed annuities | | | 1.19 | % | | | 0.39 | % | | | 0.69 | % | | | 1.07 | % | | | 1.06 | % | | | 0.76 | % | | | 1.08 | % |
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Net spread earned on items previously reported as core operating | | | n/a | | | | n/a | | | | n/a | | | | n/a | | | | n/a | | | | n/a | | | | (0.04 | %) |
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Core net spread earned on fixed annuities - as reported | | | 1.19 | % | | | 0.39 | % | | | 0.69 | % | | | 1.07 | % | | | 1.06 | % | | | 0.76 | % | | | 1.04 | % |
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Average annuity benefits accumulated | | $ | 41,158 | | | $ | 40,601 | | | $ | 40,139 | | | $ | 39,615 | | | $ | 38,946 | | | $ | 40,633 | | | $ | 38,075 | |
Net spread earned on fixed annuities (excluding alternative investments marked to market) - core | | | 0.80 | % | | | 0.80 | % | | | 0.81 | % | | | 0.87 | % | | | 0.80 | % | | | 0.81 | % | | | 0.79 | % |
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Earnings on fixed annuity benefits accumulated - core | | $ | 82 | | | $ | 82 | | | $ | 81 | | | $ | 85 | | | $ | 78 | | | $ | 245 | | | $ | 229 | |
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Annuity benefits accumulated in excess of investments | | $ | (299 | ) | | $ | (31 | ) | | $ | (66 | ) | | $ | (299 | ) | | $ | (296 | ) | | $ | (132 | ) | | $ | (226 | ) |
Net investment income (excluding alternative investments marked to market) (as % of investments) | | | 4.07 | % | | | 4.13 | % | | | 4.25 | % | | | 4.40 | % | | | 4.34 | % | | | 4.15 | % | | | 4.37 | % |
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Earnings/(loss) on annuity benefits accumulated in excess of investments | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | — | | | $ | (1 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | (4 | ) | | $ | (7 | ) |
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Variable annuity earnings | | | 2 | | | | 2 | | | | (1 | ) | | | 2 | | | | — | | | | 3 | | | | 3 | |
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Pretax Annuity core operating earnings (excluding alternative investments marked to market) | | | 81 | | | | 84 | | | | 79 | | | | 84 | | | | 75 | | | | 244 | | | | 225 | |
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Alternative investments marked to market, net of DAC | | | 40 | | | | (42 | ) | | | (12 | ) | | | 20 | | | | 25 | | | | (14 | ) | | | 80 | |
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Pretax Annuity core operating earnings | | | 121 | | | | 42 | | | | 67 | | | | 104 | | | | 100 | | | | 230 | | | | 305 | |
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Other amounts previously reported as core operating, net | | | n/a | | | | n/a | | | | n/a | | | | n/a | | | | n/a | | | | n/a | | | | (11 | ) |
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Pretax Annuity core operating earnings - as reported | | $ | 121 | | | $ | 42 | | | $ | 67 | | | $ | 104 | | | $ | 100 | | | $ | 230 | | | $ | 294 | |