Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2014 |
Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates |
The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP), which requires management to make informed estimates and assumptions that impact the amounts and disclosures reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Accounting estimates and assumptions are inherently uncertain. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates of the ultimate future outcomes, and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates and assumptions. The Company believes significant judgment is involved in determining and in estimating the valuation of stock-based compensation, accrued clinical trial expenses, and equity instrument valuations. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities when these values are not readily apparent from other sources. Estimates are assessed each period and updated to reflect current information and any changes in estimates will generally be reflected in the period first identified. |
Fair Value of Financial Instruments |
The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term marketable securities, accounts payable, accrued expenses, warrant liabilities, and forward contracts. Fair value estimates of these instruments are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information. These estimates may be subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued expenses are generally considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments. |
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value are reported using a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and maximizes the use of unobservable inputs and is as follows: |
Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. |
Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. |
Level 3—Inputs that are unobservable for the asset or liability. |
The following table presents the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities using the above input categories (in thousands): |
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(In thousands) | | As of December 31, 2014 | |
Description | | Level 1 | | | Level 2 | | | Level 3 | | | Fair Value | |
Money market funds | | $ | 9,941 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 9,941 | |
Corporate debt and asset backed securities | | | — | | | | 23,209 | | | | — | | | | 23,209 | |
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Total assets measured at fair value | | $ | 9,941 | | | $ | 23,209 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 33,150 | |
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Warrant liability | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 13,596 | | | $ | 13,596 | |
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Total liabilities measured at fair value | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 13,596 | | | $ | 13,596 | |
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| | As of December 31, 2013 | |
Description | | Level 1 | | | Level 2 | | | Level 3 | | | Fair Value | |
Money market funds | | $ | 21,097 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 21,097 | |
Corporate debt and asset backed securities | | | — | | | | 6,843 | | | | — | | | | 6,843 | |
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Total assets measured at fair value | | $ | 21,097 | | | $ | 6,843 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 27,940 | |
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Forward contract | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 453 | | | $ | 453 | |
Warrant liability | | | — | | | | — | | | | 6,466 | | | | 6,466 | |
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Total liabilities measured at fair value | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 6,919 | | | $ | 6,919 | |
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Marketable securities consist of available-for-sale securities that are reported at fair value, with the related unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of stockholders’ equity. The Company values cash equivalents and marketable securities using quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing observable market inputs and, as such, classifies cash equivalents and marketable securities within Level 1 or Level 2. |
As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company held a Level 3 liability associated with warrants, issued in connection with the Company’s equity offerings, completed in September and October 2013 as well as January 2014. The warrants are considered liabilities and are valued using a binomial option-pricing model, the significant unobservable inputs for which include exercise price of the warrants, market price of the underlying common shares, expected term, expected volatility based on a group of the Company’s peers and the risk-free rate corresponding to the expected term of the warrants. As of December 31, 2013, the Company also held a Level 3 liability associated with a forward contract which arose in connection with the Company’s November 22, 2013 execution of an equity purchase agreement with certain investors. The agreement required the Company to issue a fixed number of shares of common stock and warrants to purchase common stock at a predetermined price of $3.0 million provided the Company completes the listing of its common stock on a public stock exchange. The forward contract’s fair value was determined upon execution as the difference between the present value of the equity proceeds to be received under the agreement less the fair value of the underlying securities. The forward contract liability was recorded in the balance sheet as a component of accrued liabilities and was revalued at each reporting period until contract settlement, which occurred on January 29, 2014. The fair value of the underlying common stock and warrants were valued using an option-pricing model, the inputs of which are similar to those used in the valuation of the Company’s liability classified warrants. Changes to any of the inputs to the option-pricing models used by the Company can have a significant impact to the estimated fair value of the warrants and forward contract liabilities. |
The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of our Level 3 financial instruments (in thousands): |
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| | Warrant | | | Forward | | | | | | | | | |
Liability | Contract | | | | | | | | |
Balance as of December 31, 2013 | | $ | 6,466 | | | $ | 453 | | | | | | | | | |
Issuance of financial instrument | | | 443 | | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
Change in fair value | | | 7,236 | | | | (10 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Settlement of financial instrument | | | (549 | ) | | | (443 | ) | | | | | | | | |
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Balance as of December 31, 2014 | | $ | 13,596 | | | $ | — | | | | | | | | | |
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The gains and losses from remeasurement of Level 3 financial liabilities are recorded through other income (expense), net on the accompanying statements of operations and comprehensive loss. |
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Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Marketable Securities |
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a remaining maturity of 90 days or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of deposits with commercial banks in checking, interest-bearing, and demand money market accounts. The Company invests excess cash in marketable securities with high credit ratings which are classified in Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. These securities consist primarily of corporate debt and asset-backed securities and are classified as “available-for-sale.” Management may liquidate any of these investments in order to meet the Company’s liquidity needs in the next year. Accordingly, any investments with accompanying contractual maturities greater than one year from the balance sheet date are classified as short-term in the balance sheet. |
Realized gains and losses from the sale of marketable securities, if any, are calculated using the specific-identification method. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other-than- temporary are included in interest income or expense in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Unrealized holding gains and losses are reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the balance sheet. To date, the Company has not recorded any impairment charges on its marketable securities related to other-than-temporary declines in market value. In determining whether a decline in market value is other-than-temporary, various factors are considered, including the cause, duration of time and severity of the impairment, any adverse changes in the investees’ financial condition, and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for an anticipated recovery in market value. |
Restricted Cash |
The Company is required to maintain compensating cash balances with financial institutions that provide the Company with its corporate credit cards. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, cash restricted under these arrangements was $100,000 and $155,000, respectively. These amounts are presented in other assets on the accompanying balance sheets. |
Concentration of Credit Risk |
Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities consist of financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk to the extent of the fair value recorded in the balance sheet. The Company invests cash that is not required for immediate operating needs primarily in highly liquid instruments that bear minimal risk. The Company has established guidelines relating to the quality, diversification, and maturities of securities to enable the Company to manage its credit risk. |
Contract Receivables |
Contract receivables consist of amounts due from a collaboration partner for certain reimbursable patent costs. Such expense reimbursements are presented as a reduction to general and administrative expense in the Company’s Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. |
Property and Equipment |
Property and equipment is stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization is calculated using the straight-line method, and the cost is amortized over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, generally three to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the useful lives or the non-cancelable term of the related lease. Maintenance and repair costs are charged as expense in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss as incurred. |
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Impairment of Long-Lived Assets |
The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized if the estimated undiscounted future cash flow expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of an asset is less than the carrying amount. While the Company’s current and historical operating losses and cash flows are indicators of impairment, the Company believes the future cash flows to be received support the carrying value of its long-lived assets. Accordingly, the Company has not recognized any impairment losses as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. |
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Deferred Rent |
The Company records its costs under facility operating lease agreements as rent expense. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the non-cancelable term of the operating lease. The difference between the actual amounts paid and amounts recorded as rent expense is recorded to deferred rent in the accompanying balance sheets. |
Research and Development Expenses |
Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in identifying, developing, and testing product candidates. These expenses consist primarily of costs for research and development personnel, including related stock-based compensation; contract research organizations and other third parties that assist in managing, monitoring, and analyzing clinical trials; investigator and site fees; laboratory services; consultants; contract manufacturing services; non-clinical studies, including materials; and allocated expenses, such as depreciation of assets, and facilities and information technology that support research and development activities. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred, including expenses that may or may not be reimbursed under research and development funding arrangements. Research and development expenses under collaboration agreements approximate the revenue recognized under such agreements. |
The expenses related to clinical trials are based upon estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with research institutions and clinical research organizations (CROs) that conduct and manage clinical trials on behalf of the Company. The Company’s objective is to reflect the appropriate trial expenses in its financial statements by matching those expenses with the period in which services and efforts are incurred. Expenses related to clinical trials are accrued based upon the level of activity incurred under each contract as indicated by such factors as progress made against specified milestones or targets in each period, patient enrollment levels, and other trial activities as reported by CROs. Accordingly, the Company’s clinical trial accrual is dependent upon the timely and accurate reporting of expenses by clinical research organizations and other third-party vendors. Payments made to third parties under these clinical trial arrangements in advance of the receipt of the related services are recorded as prepaid assets, depending on the terms of the agreement, until the services are rendered. We base our estimates on the best information available at the time. However, additional information may become available to us which may allow us to make a more accurate estimate in future periods. In this event, we may be required to record adjustments to research and development expenses in future periods when the actual level of activity becomes more certain. Such increases or decreases in cost are generally considered to be changes in estimates and will be reflected in research and development expenses in the period first identified. |
Stock-Based Compensation |
Employee and director stock-based compensation is measured at the grant date, based on the fair-value-based measurements of the stock awards, and the portion that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as an expense over the related vesting periods, net of estimated forfeitures. The Company calculates the fair-value-based measurements of options using the Black-Scholes valuation model and recognizes expense using the straight-line attribution method. |
Equity awards granted to non-employees are accounted for using the Black-Scholes valuation model to determine the fair value-based measurements of such instruments. The fair value-based measurements of options and warrants granted to non-employees are re-measured over the related vesting period and amortized to expense as earned. |
Common Stock Warrants |
The Company’s outstanding common stock warrants issued in connection with the 2013 financing are classified as liabilities in the accompanying balance sheets as they contain provisions that could require the Company to settle the warrants in cash. The warrants were recorded at fair value using either the Black-Scholes option pricing model, or a probability weighted expected return model or a binomial model, depending on the characteristics of the warrants. The fair value of these warrants is re-measured at each financial reporting period with any changes in fair value being recognized as a component of other income (expense) in the accompanying statements of operations and comprehensive loss. |
Income Taxes |
The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that all or part of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. When we establish or reduce the valuation allowance related to the deferred tax assets, our provision for income taxes will increase or decrease, respectively, in the period such determination is made. |
The accounting guidance for uncertainty in income taxes prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute criteria for the financial recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. |
The Company records interest related to income taxes, if any, as interest, and any penalties would be recorded as other expense in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. There was no interest or penalties related to income taxes recorded during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. |
Comprehensive Loss |
Comprehensive loss includes net loss and net unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities, which are presented in a single continuous statement. Comprehensive loss is disclosed in the statements of convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ deficit, and is stated net of related tax effects, if any. |
Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share |
Basic net income (loss) per share of common stock is based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding equivalents during the period. Prior to the 2013 financing, in addition to common stock, the Company had redeemable convertible preferred stock outstanding that contractually entitled the holder to participate in dividends and earnings of the Company. Accordingly, the Company applied the two-class method for calculating net income (loss) per share. Under this method, all undistributed earnings were allocated first to the preferred stockholders based on their contractual right to dividends. This right was calculated on a pro rated basis for the portion of the period the preferred shares were outstanding. In addition, in connection with the 2013 financing, during the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company converted all outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock into common stock. The excess of the carrying amount of such redeemable convertible preferred stock over the fair value of the consideration paid to the holders was treated as an adjustment that reduced preferred stockholders’ dividend or distribution entitlement. The amount of earnings that resulted from adjusting net loss for the period as described above was allocated between weighted average number of participating preferred and common stock shares based on their entitlement to such distributions as if all of the earnings of the period had been distributed. |
Diluted net loss per share of common stock is calculated using the more dilutive of the two approaches: one, “as-converted” method, under which the weighted average number of common stock shares outstanding during the period is adjusted to include the assumed conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock at the beginning of the period, and the other, the “two-class” method as described above. Under either approach, the weighted average number of shares outstanding is also adjusted to include the assumed exercises of stock options and warrants, if dilutive. For periods in which the Company has basic net loss per share of common stock, such as for the year ended December 31, 2014, diluted net loss per share is the same as basic, as any adjustments would have been anti-dilutive. For the year ending December 31, 2013, the Company’s diluted net loss per common share was calculated using the “as-converted” method, as it resulted in a net loss per share of common stock and accordingly, was more dilutive than the “two-class” method. |
In all periods presented, the Company’s outstanding stock options and warrants were excluded from the calculation of earnings (loss) per share because the effect would be antidilutive. |
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): |
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| | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2014 | | | 2013 | | | | | | | | | |
Basic: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Numerator: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net loss | | $ | (31,917 | ) | | $ | (10,073 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable convertible preferred stock | | | — | | | | (9,289 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Reduction in redeemable convertible preferred stock distribution entitlement upon extinguishment | | | — | | | | 313,933 | | | | | | | | | |
Amounts allocated to participating redeemable convertible preferred stock | | | — | | | | (50,577 | ) | | | | | | | | |
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Net (loss) income allocated to common stock—basic | | $ | (31,917 | ) | | $ | 243,994 | | | | | | | | | |
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Denominator: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average number of common stock shares outstanding—basic | | | 12,048,985 | | | | 2,357,036 | | | | | | | | | |
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Net (loss) income per share-basic: | | $ | (2.65 | ) | | $ | 103.52 | | | | | | | | | |
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Diluted: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Numerator: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net (loss) income allocated to common stock | | $ | (31,917 | ) | | $ | 243,994 | | | | | | | | | |
Adjustments from assumed conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock | | | — | | | | (254,067 | ) | | | | | | | | |
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Net loss allocated to common stock—diluted | | $ | (31,917 | ) | | $ | (10,073 | ) | | | | | | | | |
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Denominator: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average number of common stock shares outstanding | | | 12,048,985 | | | | 2,357,036 | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average number of preferred stock shares outstanding | | | — | | | | 488,573 | | | | | | | | | |
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Total common stock equivalent shares | | | 12,048,985 | | | | 2,845,609 | | | | | | | | | |
Net loss per share—diluted | | $ | (2.65 | ) | | $ | (3.54 | ) | | | | | | | | |
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The following table shows the total outstanding securities considered anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share (in thousands): |
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| | Year Ended | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, | | | | | | | | |
| | 2014 | | | 2013 | | | | | | | | | |
Warrants for common stock | | | 1,768 | | | | 1,743 | | | | | | | | | |
Common stock options | | | 991 | | | | 577 | | | | | | | | | |
Incentive awards | | | 247 | | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | 3,006 | | | | 2,320 | | | | | | | | | |
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