Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP), which requires management to make informed estimates and assumptions that impact the amounts and disclosures reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Accounting estimates and assumptions are inherently uncertain. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates of the ultimate future outcomes, and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates and assumptions. The Company believes significant judgment is involved in determining and in estimating the valuation of stock-based compensation, accrued clinical trial expenses, and equity instrument valuations. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities when these values are not readily apparent from other sources. Estimates are assessed each reporting period and updated to reflect current information and any changes in estimates will generally be reflected in the period first identified. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts payable, accrued expenses and warrant liabilities. Fair value estimates of these instruments are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information. These estimates may be subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued expenses are generally considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments. Based on prevailing borrowing rates available to the Company for loans with similar terms, the Company believes that the fair value of long-term debt approximates its carrying value. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value are reported using a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and maximizes the use of unobservable inputs and is as follows: Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3—Inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement and are unobservable (i.e. supported by little market activity), which requires the reporting entity to develop its own valuation techniques and assumptions. The following tables present the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities using the above input categories (in thousands): (In thousands) As of December 31, 2015 Description Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Fair Value Money market funds $ 6,942 $ — $ — $ 6,942 Corporate debt and asset backed securities — 33,774 — 33,774 Total assets measured at fair value $ 6,942 $ 33,774 $ — $ 40,716 Warrant liability $ — $ — $ 1,220 $ 1,220 Total liabilities measured at fair value $ — $ — $ 1,220 $ 1,220 (In thousands) As of December 31, 2014 Description Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Fair Value Money market funds $ 9,941 $ — $ — $ 9,941 Corporate debt and asset backed securities — 23,209 — 23,209 Total assets measured at fair value $ 9,941 $ 23,209 $ — $ 33,150 Warrant liability $ — $ — $ 13,596 $ 13,596 Total liabilities measured at fair value $ — $ — $ 13,596 $ 13,596 Marketable securities consist of available-for-sale securities that are reported at fair value, with the related unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of stockholders’ equity. The Company values cash equivalents and marketable securities using quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing observable market inputs and, as such, classifies cash equivalents and marketable securities within Level 1 or Level 2. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company held a Level 3 liability associated with warrants, issued in connection with the Company’s financings completed in September and October 2013, January 2014, and August 2015. The warrants are considered liabilities and are valued using a binomial option-pricing model, the significant inputs for which include exercise price of the warrants, market price of the underlying common shares, expected term, expected volatility, the risk-free rate, and the expected changes in stock price that follow announcements of the Company’s clinical trial results and other strategic initiatives. Changes to any of the inputs to the option-pricing models used by the Company can have a significant impact to the estimated fair value of the warrants. The following tables set forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of our Level 3 financial instruments (in thousands): Warrant Forward Balance as of December 31, 2013 $ 6,466 $ 453 Issuance of financial instrument 443 — Change in fair value 7,236 (10 ) Settlement of financial instrument (549 ) (443 ) Balance as of December 31, 2014 $ 13,596 $ — Warrant Forward Balance as of December 31, 2014 $ 13,596 $ — Issuance of financial instrument 258 — Change in fair value (11,121 ) — Settlement of financial instrument (1,513 ) — Balance as of December 31, 2015 $ 1,220 $ — Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Marketable Securities The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a remaining maturity of 90 days or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of deposits with commercial banks in checking, interest-bearing, and demand money market accounts. The Company invests excess cash in marketable securities with high credit ratings which are classified in Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. These securities consist primarily of corporate debt and asset-backed securities and are classified as “available-for-sale.” Management may liquidate any of these investments in order to meet the Company’s liquidity needs in the next year. Accordingly, any investments with contractual maturities greater than one year from the balance sheet date are classified as short-term in the accompanying balance sheets. Realized gains and losses from the sale of marketable securities, if any, are calculated using the specific-identification method. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other-than- temporary are included in interest income or expense in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Unrealized holding gains and losses are reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the balance sheet. To date, the Company has not recorded any impairment charges on its marketable securities related to other-than-temporary declines in market value. In determining whether a decline in market value is other-than-temporary, various factors are considered, including the cause, duration of time and severity of the impairment, any adverse changes in the investees’ financial condition, and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for an anticipated recovery in market value. Restricted Cash The Company is required to maintain compensating cash balances with financial institutions that provide the Company with its corporate credit cards. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, cash restricted under these arrangements was $170,000 and $100,000, respectively. These amounts are presented in other assets on the accompanying balance sheets. Concentration of Credit Risk Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities consist of financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk to the extent of the fair value recorded in the balance sheet. The Company invests cash that is not required for immediate operating needs primarily in highly liquid instruments that bear minimal risk. The Company has established guidelines relating to the quality, diversification, and maturities of securities to enable the Company to manage its credit risk. Property and Equipment Property and equipment is recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization is calculated using the straight-line method, and the cost is amortized over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, generally three to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the useful lives or the non-cancelable term of the related lease. Maintenance and repair costs are charged as expense in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss as incurred. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized if the estimated undiscounted future cash flow expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of an asset is less than the carrying amount. While the Company’s current and historical operating losses and cash flows are indicators of impairment, the Company believes the future cash flows to be received support the carrying value of its long-lived assets. Accordingly, the Company has not recognized any impairment losses as of December 31, 2015. Deferred Rent The Company records its costs under facility operating lease agreements as rent expense. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the non-cancelable term of the operating lease. The difference between the actual amounts paid and amounts recorded as rent expense is recorded as deferred rent in the accompanying balance sheets. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in identifying, developing, and testing product candidates. These expenses consist primarily of costs for research and development personnel, including related stock-based compensation; contract research organizations and other third parties that assist in managing, monitoring, and analyzing clinical trials; investigator and site fees; laboratory services; consultants; contract manufacturing services; non-clinical studies, including materials; and allocated expenses, such as depreciation of assets, and facilities and information technology that support research and development activities. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred, including expenses that may or may not be reimbursed under research and development funding arrangements. Research and development expenses under collaboration agreements approximate the revenue recognized under such agreements. The expenses related to clinical trials are based upon estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with research institutions and clinical research organizations (CROs) that conduct and manage clinical trials on behalf of the Company. The Company’s objective is to reflect the appropriate trial expenses in its financial statements by matching those expenses with the period in which services and efforts are incurred. Expenses related to clinical trials are accrued based upon the level of activity incurred under each contract as indicated by such factors as progress made against specified milestones or targets in each period, patient enrollment levels, and other trial activities as reported by CROs. Accordingly, the Company’s clinical trial accrual is dependent upon the timely and accurate reporting of expenses by clinical research organizations and other third-party vendors. Payments made to third parties under these clinical trial arrangements in advance of the receipt of the related services are recorded as prepaid assets, depending on the terms of the agreement, until the services are rendered. We base our estimates on the best information available at the time. However, additional information may become available to us which may allow us to make a more accurate estimate in future periods. In this event, we may be required to record adjustments to research and development expenses in future periods when the actual level of activity becomes more certain. Such increases or decreases in cost are generally considered to be changes in estimates and will be reflected in research and development expenses in the period first identified. Stock-Based Compensation Employee and director stock-based compensation is measured at the grant date, based on the fair-value-based measurements of the stock awards, and the portion that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as an expense over the related vesting periods, net of estimated forfeitures. The Company calculates the fair-value-based measurements of options using the Black-Scholes valuation model and recognizes expense using the straight-line attribution method. The determination of fair value for stock-based awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model requires management to make certain assumptions regarding subjective variables. Equity awards granted to non-employees are accounted for on the grant date using the Black-Scholes valuation model to determine the fair value-based measurements of such instruments. The fair value-based measurements of options and warrants granted to non-employees are re-measured over the related vesting period and amortized to expense as earned. Common Stock Warrants The Company’s outstanding common stock warrants issued in connection with certain equity and debt financings that occurred in 2013 through 2015 are classified as liabilities in the accompanying balance sheets as they contain provisions that could require the Company to settle the warrants in cash. The warrants were recorded at fair value using either the Black-Scholes option pricing model, or a probability weighted expected return model or a binomial model, depending on the characteristics of the warrants. The fair value of these warrants is re-measured at each financial reporting period with any changes in fair value recognized as a component of other income (expense) in the accompanying statements of operations and comprehensive loss until such time as the warrants are no longer outstanding. Income Taxes The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that all or part of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. When we establish or reduce the valuation allowance related to the deferred tax assets, our provision for income taxes will increase or decrease, respectively, in the period such determination is made. The accounting guidance for uncertainty in income taxes prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute criteria for the financial recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. The Company is required to file federal and state income tax returns in the United States. The preparation of these income tax returns requires the Company to interpret the applicable tax laws and regulations in effect which could affect the amount of tax paid to these jurisdictions. The Company records interest related to income taxes, if any, as interest, and any penalties would be recorded as other expense in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. There was no interest or penalties related to income taxes recorded during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss includes net loss and net unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities, which are presented in a single continuous statement. Comprehensive loss is disclosed in the statements of stockholders’ equity, and is stated net of related tax effects, if any. Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share Basic net loss per share of common stock is based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding equivalents during the period. Diluted net loss per share of common stock is calculated as the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted to include the assumed exercises of stock options and warrants, if dilutive. The calculation of diluted loss per share also requires that, to the extent the average market price of the underlying shares for the reporting period exceeds the exercise price of the warrants and the presumed exercise of such securities are dilutive to earnings (loss) per share for the period, adjustments to net income or net loss used in the calculation are required to remove the change in fair value of the warrants for the period. Likewise, corresponding adjustments to the denominator are required to reflect the related dilutive shares. In all periods presented, the Company’s outstanding stock options were excluded from the calculation of earnings (loss) per share because the effect would be antidilutive. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Numerator: Net loss allocated to common stock—basic $ (15,529 ) $ (31,917 ) Adjustment for revaluation of warrants (94 ) — Net loss allocated to common stock—diluted $ (15,623 ) $ (31,917 ) Denominator: Weighted average number of common stock shares outstanding—basic 18,900,473 12,048,985 Dilutive common stock warrants 16,740 — Weighted average number of common stock shares outstanding—diluted 18,917,213 12,048,985 Net loss per share—basic $ (0.82 ) $ (2.65 ) Net loss per share—diluted $ (0.83 ) $ (2.65 ) The following table shows the total outstanding securities considered anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share (in thousands): Year Ended 2015 2014 Common stock warrants 1,553 1,768 Common stock options 1,804 991 Incentive awards 245 247 3,602 3,006 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Accounting Standards Update 2014-15 In August 2014, the FASB issued guidance codified in ASC 205, Presentation of Financial Statements — Going Concern. Accounting Standards Update 2014-15 requires an entity’s management to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and if those conditions exist, to make the required disclosures. The standard is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods therein. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a significant impact on its financial statements. Accounting Standards Update 2015-03 In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, which requires debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the corresponding debt liability rather than as an asset. This ASU will be effective for the Company in fiscal year 2016. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a significant impact on its financial statements. Accounting Standards Update 2015-17 In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Subtopic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, The ASU requires entities to classify deferred tax liabilities and assets as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The standard is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods therein with early adoption permitted. The Company elected to early adopt this accounting standard for the year ended December 31, 2015 on a prospective basis and its adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements. Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The ASU requires management to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for all operating leases. The ASU is effective for periods ending on December 15, 2018 and interim periods therein on a modified retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our financial statements. |