Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates The accompanying consolidated financial statements are comprised of the accounts of CymaBay and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company has no unconsolidated subsidiaries or investments accounted for under the equity method. These consolidated statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP), which requires management to make informed estimates and assumptions that impact the amounts and disclosures reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Accounting estimates and assumptions are inherently uncertain. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates of the ultimate future outcomes, and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates and assumptions. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities when these values are not readily apparent from other sources. Estimates are assessed each reporting period and updated to reflect current information and any changes in estimates will generally be reflected in the period first identified. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments during the periods reported consist of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accrued interest receivables, prepaid expenses, other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses. Fair value estimates of these instruments are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information. These estimates may be subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment. The carrying amounts of financial instruments such as cash and cash equivalents, receivables, prepaid expenses, other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate the related fair values due to the short maturities of these instruments. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value are reported using a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and maximizes the use of unobservable inputs and is as follows: Level 1 — Q Level 2 — Level 3 — The following tables present the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using the above input categories (in thousands): As of December 31, 2020 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 22,415 $ — $ — $ 22,415 Total cash equivalents 22,415 — — 22,415 Marketable securities: U.S. and foreign commercial paper — 38,561 — 38,561 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities — 29,189 — 29,189 Asset-backed securities — 7,885 — 7,885 U.S. agency securities — 23,994 — 23,994 U.S. treasury securities — 15,499 — 15,499 Supranational debt securities — 3,002 — 3,002 Total marketable securities — 118,130 — 118,130 Total assets measured at fair value $ 22,415 $ 118,130 $ — $ 140,545 As of December 31, 2019 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 18,597 $ — $ — $ 18,597 Total cash equivalents 18,597 — — 18,597 Marketable securities: U.S. and foreign commercial paper — 51,102 — 51,102 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities — 56,729 — 56,729 Asset-backed securities — 39,788 — 39,788 U.S. treasury securities — 18,457 — 18,457 Total marketable securities — 166,076 — 166,076 Total assets measured at fair value $ 18,597 $ 166,076 $ — $ 184,673 The Company estimates the fair value of its money market funds, corporate debt, asset backed securities, commercial paper U.S. treasury and agency securities and supranational debt securities by taking into consideration valuations obtained from third-party pricing services. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market-based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include reported trades of and broker/dealer quotes on the same or similar securities, issuer credit spreads; benchmark securities; prepayment/default projections based on historical data; and other observable inputs. See Note 3 for further discussion regarding the carrying value of the Company’s financial instruments. Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Marketable Securities The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of deposits with commercial banks in checking, interest-bearing, and money market funds. The Company invests excess cash in marketable securities with high credit ratings that are classified in Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. These securities consist primarily of corporate debt, commercial paper, asset-backed securities, U.S. treasury and agency securities and supranational debt securities and are classified as “available-for-sale.” The Company considers marketable securities as short-term investments if the maturity date is less than Realized gains and losses from the sale of marketable securities, if any, are calculated using the specific-identification method. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary are included in interest income or expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Unrealized holding gains and losses are reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheets. To date, the Company has not recorded any impairment charges on its marketable securities related to other-than-temporary declines in market value. In determining whether a decline in market value is other-than-temporary, various factors are considered, including the cause, duration of time and severity of the impairment, any adverse changes in the investees’ financial condition, and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for an anticipated recovery in market value. Concentration of Credit Risk Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities consist of financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk to the extent of the fair value recorded on the balance sheet. The Company invests cash that is not required for immediate operating needs primarily in highly liquid instruments that bear minimal risk. The Company has established guidelines relating to the quality, diversification, and maturities of securities to enable the Company to manage its credit risk. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of a default by the financial institutions holding its cash, cash equivalents and investments and issuers of investments to the extent recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. Certain materials and key components that the Company utilizes in its operations are obtained through single suppliers. Since the suppliers of key components and materials must be named in an NDA filed with the FDA for a product, significant delays can occur if the qualification of a new supplier is required. If delivery of material from the Company’s suppliers were interrupted for any reason, the Company may be unable to supply any of its product candidates for clinical trials. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight-line method, and the costs are amortized over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which are generally three to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the useful lives or the non-cancelable Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews the carrying value long-lived assets, including right-of-use income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that all or part of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. When the Company establishes or reduces the valuation allowance related to the deferred tax assets, the provision for income taxes will increase or decrease, respectively, in the period such determination is made. The accounting guidance for uncertainty in income taxes prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute criteria for the financial recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. The Company is required to file federal and state income tax returns in the United States. The preparation of these income tax returns requires the Company to interpret the applicable tax laws and regulations in effect that could affect the amount of tax paid to these jurisdictions. The Company records interest related to income tax reserves, if any, as interest expense, and any penalties would be recorded as other expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. In March 2020, the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCR Act) and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) were each enacted in response to the COVID-19 In June 2020, Assembly Bill 85 (A.B. 85) was signed into California law. A.B. 85 provides for a three-year suspension of the use of net operating losses for medium and large businesses and a three-year cap on the use of business incentive tax credits to offset no more than $5.0 million of tax per year. A.B. 85 suspends the use of net operating losses for taxable years 2020, 2021 and 2022 for certain taxpayers with taxable income of $1.0 million or more. The carryover period for any net operating losses that are suspended under this provision will be extended. A.B. 85 also requires that business incentive tax credits including carryovers may not reduce the applicable tax by more than $5.0 million for taxable years 2020, 2021 and 2022. In December 2020, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (CAA) was signed into law. The CAA included additional funding through tax credits as part of its economic package for 2021. The FFCR Act, CARES Act, A.B. 85 and CAA did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements; however, the Company continues to examine the impacts the FFCR Act, CARES Act, A.B. 85 and CAA may have on its business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss includes net loss and net unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities, which are presented in a single continuous statement. Other comprehensive (loss) gain is also disclosed in the consolidated balance sheets and statements of stockholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), and is stated net of related tax effects, if any. Net Loss Per Common Share Basic net loss per share of common stock is based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding equivalents during the period. Diluted net loss per share of common stock is calculated as the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted to include the assumed exercises of stock options, if dilutive. In all periods presented, the Company’s outstanding stock options were excluded from the calculation of net loss per share because the effect would be antidilutive. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 Numerator: Net loss $ (50,986 ) $ (102,808 ) Denominator: Weighted average number of common stock shares outstanding 68,893,127 67,033,046 Net loss per share $ (0.74 ) $ (1.53 ) The following table shows the total outstanding securities considered anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 Common stock options 8,812 6,727 Incentive awards 101 101 Total 8,913 6,828 Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements ASU 2018-18 In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-18, Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606 ASU 2018-15 In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract internal-use ASU 2018-13 In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, ( ): Disclosure Framework — C the reporting period and disclosing the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The amendment became effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements ASU 2016-13 In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, s — C Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments available-for-sale No. 2019-10, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) and Leases (Topic 842) ASU 2019-12 In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, step-up Leases The Company has one lease, a non-cancelable operating lease agreement for its corporate office. The Company recognizes a lease asset for its right to use the underlying asset and a lease liability for the corresponding lease obligation. The Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets, other accrued liabilities, and long-term portion of operating lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2020 and 2019. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. In determining the net present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The incremental borrowing rate represents the interest rate the Company would incur at lease commencement to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over the term of a lease. The Company considers a lease term to be the noncancelable period that it has the right to use the underlying asset, including any periods where it is reasonably assured the Company will exercise the option to extend the contract. Periods covered by an option to extend are included in the lease term if the lessor controls the exercise of that option. The operating lease right-of-use assets also include any lease payments made and exclude lease incentives. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. The Company has elected to not separate lease and non-lease components for its leased assets and accounts for all lease and non-lease components of its agreements as a single lease component. The Company does not record leases on our consolidated balance sheets when a lease has a term of one year or less. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in identifying, developing, and testing product candidates. These expenses consist primarily of costs for research and development personnel, including related stock-based compensation; contract research organizations (CRO) and other third parties that assist in managing, monitoring, and analyzing clinical trials; investigator and site fees; laboratory services; consultants; contract manufacturing services; non-clinical The Company records expenses related to clinical studies and manufacturing development activities based on its estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple CROs and manufacturing vendors that conduct and manage these activities on its behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract, and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to the Company’s vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of subjects and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In amortizing or accruing service fees, the Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed, enrollment of subjects, number of sites activated and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the Company’s estimate, the Company will adjust the accrued or prepaid expense balance accordingly. To date, there have been no material differences from the Company’s estimates to the amounts actually incurred. Restructuring Charges The Company recognizes restructuring charges related to reorganization plans that have been committed to by management and when liabilities have been incurred. In connection with these activities, the Company records one-time One-time The recognition of restructuring charges requires the Company to make certain judgments and estimates regarding the nature, timing and amount of costs associated with the planned reorganization plan. To the extent the Company’s actual results differ from its estimates and assumptions, the Company may be required to revise the estimates of future accrued restructuring liabilities, requiring the recognition of additional restructuring charges or the reduction of accrued restructuring liabilities already recognized. Such changes to previously estimated amounts may be material to the consolidated financial statements. Changes in the estimates of the restructuring charges are recorded in the period the change is determined. At the end of each reporting period, the Company evaluates the remaining accrued restructuring balances to ensure that no excess accruals are retained, and the utilization of the provisions are for their intended purpose in accordance with developed restructuring plans. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation is measured at fair value on the grant date of the award. Compensation cost is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for options with service conditions and forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of stock option awards. The determination of fair value for stock-based awards using an option-pricing model requires management to make certain assumptions regarding subjective input variables such as expected term, dividends, volatility and risk-free rate. If actual results are not consistent with the Company’s assumptions used in making these estimates, the Company may be required to increase or decrease compensation expense, which could be material to the Company’s results of operations. Income Taxes The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in |