Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and are comprised of the accounts of CymaBay and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company has no unconsolidated subsidiaries or investments accounted for under the equity method. These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP), which requires management to make informed estimates and assumptions that impact the amounts and disclosures reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, and the requirements of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes or other financial information that are normally required by U.S. GAAP can be condensed or omitted. In management’s opinion, the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements and include normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and its results of operations and comprehensive loss and its cash flows for the periods presented. These statements do not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s financial statements and accompanying notes for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, which is contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts and disclosures reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates of the ultimate future outcomes, and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates and assumptions. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities when these values are not readily apparent from other sources. Estimates are assessed each reporting period and updated to reflect current information and any changes in estimates will generally be reflected in the period first identified. Revenue Recognition At the inception of an arrangement, the Company evaluates if a counterparty to a contract is a customer, if the arrangement is within the scope of ASC 606—Revenue from Contracts with Customers Collaboration Revenues The Company periodically enters into collaboration arrangements with third party collaborators, under which the Company may license certain rights to its intellectual property to permit collaborators to further develop, manufacture and/or commercialize its drug candidates. The terms of these agreements typically include, but are not limited to, payments to the Company for one or more of the following: nonrefundable, upfront license fees; development and commercial milestones whose payment is typically contingent upon milestone achievement; funding of research and/or development activities; product supply; and royalties on net sales of licensed products. For each collaboration agreement that results in revenues, the Company identifies all material promised goods and services, which may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: a license to intellectual property and know-how, re-assessed Once the estimated transaction price is established, amounts are allocated to identified performance obligations. The transaction price is generally allocated to each separate performance obligation based on its estimated standalone selling price (SSP). To determine SSPs, the Company uses various estimation methods, including the adjusted market assessment approach, which utilizes prices observable in the market for similar goods and services, the expected cost plus a margin approach, as well as applies valuation techniques involving projected discounted cash flows. These approaches may include the use of assumptions and estimates requiring significant judgement. The Company recognizes the amount of the transaction price allocated to each respective performance obligation as revenue when the performance obligation is satisfied or as it is satisfied. If a performance obligation is satisfied over time, the Company applies an appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. The Company receives payments from its customers based on payment terms established in each contract. Upfront payments and fees are recorded as deferred revenue upon receipt or when due until the Company performs its obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customer will be one year or less. If the arrangement includes optional goods and services, the Company assesses whether delivery of such goods and services requires the customer to pay fees consistent with their standalone selling prices, or if customer may be entitled to incremental discounts that it would not have received without entering into the agreement and committing to purchase the initial goods and services. The presence of such discounts indicates the customer has received material rights which also represent performance obligations. Upfront License Fees: Development and Regulatory Milestone Payments re-evaluates Sales-based Milestone and Royalty Payments: Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments during the periods reported consist of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts payable, certain accrued liabilities, and the development financing liability. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value are reported using a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs and is as follows: Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3—Inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement and are unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity), which requires the reporting entity to develop its own valuation techniques and assumptions. The carrying amounts of cash equivalents approximate their related fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Cash equivalents are classified as level 1 and accounts payable and accrued liabilities as level 2 under the fair value hierarchy. The following tables present the Company’s financial assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using the above input categories (in thousands): As of September 30, 2023 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets: Cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 267,088 $ — $ — $ 267,088 Total cash equivalents 267,088 — — 267,088 Marketable securities: U.S. and foreign commercial paper — 69,357 — 69,357 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities — 5,490 — 5,490 U.S. agency securities — 28,393 — 28,393 U.S. treasury securities — 61,817 — 61,817 Total marketable securities — 165,057 — 165,057 Total assets measured at fair value $ 267,088 $ 165,057 $ — $ 432,145 As of December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets: Cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 9,770 $ — $ — $ 9,770 Total cash equivalents 9,770 — — 9,770 Marketable securities: U.S. and foreign commercial paper — 46,121 — 46,121 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities — 24,807 — 24,807 Supranational debt securities — 12,890 — 12,890 U.S. agency securities — 7,759 — 7,759 U.S. treasury securities — 23,617 — 23,617 Total marketable securities — 115,194 — 115,194 Total assets measured at fair value $ 9,770 $ 115,194 $ — $ 124,964 The Company estimates the fair value of its money market funds, corporate debt, commercial paper, U.S. treasury securities, U.S agency securities, and supranational debt securities by taking into consideration data obtained from third-party pricing services. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market-based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include reported trades of and broker/dealer quotes on the same or similar securities, issuer credit spreads, benchmark securities, prepayment/default projections based on historical data, and other observable inputs. As of September 30, 2023, the fair value of the Company’s development financing liability is $91.5 million. The development financing liability is classified as level 3 under the fair value hierarchy, as its valuation is based on a discounted cash flow model that uses unobservable inputs such as the estimated timing of regulatory approval, attainment of certain sales milestones and the discount rate. Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Marketable Securities The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of deposits with commercial banks in checking, interest-bearing, and money market funds. The Company invests excess cash in marketable securities with high credit ratings. These securities consist of corporate debt securities, commercial paper, U.S. agency securities, U.S. treasury securities, and supranational debt securities and are classified as “available-for-sale.” Realized gains and losses from the sale of marketable securities, if any, are calculated using the specific-identification method. Expected losses judged to be related partially or in whole to declines in credit risk-related factors of the security issuer are included in interest income or expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss at the time the factors contributing to the expected losses are identified. Unrealized holding gains and losses are reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. To date, the Company has not recorded any expected losses on its marketable securities related to credit risk-related declines in market value. In determining whether a decline in market value is related to expected credit losses, various factors are considered, including the cause, duration of time and severity of the expected loss, any adverse changes in the investees’ financial condition, and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for an anticipated recovery in market value. Unrealized gains and losses of the Company’s available-for-sale Amortized Gross Gross Estimated As of September 30, 2023: Cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 267,088 $ — $ — $ 267,088 Total cash equivalents 267,088 — — 267,088 Current marketable securities: U.S. and foreign commercial paper 69,357 — — 69,357 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities 5,503 — (13 ) 5,490 U.S. agency securities 28,420 — (27 ) 28,393 U.S. treasury securities 61,839 1 (23 ) 61,817 Total current marketable securities 165,119 1 (63 ) 165,057 Total marketable securities $ 432,207 $ 1 $ (63 ) $ 432,145 Amortized Gross Gross Estimated As of December 31, 2022: Cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 9,770 $ — $ — $ 9,770 Total cash equivalents 9,770 — — 9,770 Current marketable securities: U.S. and foreign commercial paper 46,121 — — 46,121 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities 24,964 — (157 ) 24,807 Supranational debt securities 12,946 — (56 ) 12,890 U.S. agency securities 7,782 16 (39 ) 7,759 U.S. treasury securities 23,707 2 (92 ) 23,617 Total current marketable securities 115,520 18 (344 ) 115,194 Total marketable securities $ 125,290 $ 18 $ (344 ) $ 124,964 As of September 30, 2023, there were no investments which had a contractual maturity in excess of one year from the balance sheet date. Concentration of Risk Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities consist of financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk to the extent of the fair value recorded on the balance sheet. The Company invests cash that is not required for immediate operating needs primarily in highly liquid instruments that bear minimal risk. The Company has established guidelines relating to the quality, diversification, and maturities of securities to enable the Company to manage its credit risk. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of a default by the financial institutions holding its cash, cash equivalents and investments and issuers of investments to the extent recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Certain materials and key components that the Company utilizes in its operations are obtained through single suppliers. Since the suppliers of key components and materials must be named in a new drug application (NDA) filed with the FDA for a product, significant delays can occur if the qualification of a new supplier is required. If delivery of material from the Company’s suppliers were interrupted for any reason, the Company may be unable to supply any of its product candidates for clinical trials. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in identifying, developing, and testing product candidates. These expenses consist primarily of costs for research and development personnel, including related stock-based compensation; contract research organizations (CRO) and other third parties that assist in managing, monitoring, and analyzing clinical trials; investigator and site fees; laboratory services; consultants; contract manufacturing services; non-clinical The Company records expenses related to clinical studies and manufacturing development activities based on its estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple CROs and manufacturing vendors that conduct and manage these activities on its behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract, and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to the Company’s vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of subjects and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In amortizing or accruing service fees, the Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed, enrollment of subjects, number of sites activated and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the Company’s estimate, the Company will adjust the accrued or prepaid expense balance accordingly. To date, there have been no material differences from the Company’s estimates to the amounts actually incurred. Development Financing Agreement The Company accounts for the Development Financing Agreement (the Financing Agreement) (see Note 5) as a debt instrument. Accordingly, the Company has recorded payments received under the Financing Agreement as part of a development financing liability in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet. The liability is recorded at amortized cost and accreted to the contractual success fee amounts based on the estimated timing of regulatory approval and attainment of certain sales milestones using an imputed interest rate. Certain transaction fees incurred specifically to complete the Financing Agreement were capitalized and recorded as a reduction to the carrying amount of the development financing liability and are being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest rate method. There are several factors that could affect the estimated timing of regulatory approval and attainment of sales milestones, some of which are not entirely within the Company’s control. Therefore, at each reporting date, the Company reassesses the estimated timing of regulatory approval and attainment of sales milestones and the expected contractual success fee payments due therefrom. If the timing and/or amount of such expected payments is materially different than original estimates, the Company will prospectively adjust the accretion of the development financing liability and the imputed interest rate. The Company identified certain contingent repayment features in the Financing Agreement that are required to be bifurcated from the debt host instrument as embedded derivative liabilities; however, the Company determined the fair value of these features, both individually and in the aggregate, was immaterial at inception and as of September 30, 2023. The fair value of these features will be assessed at each reporting date and will be marked to market, if material. To determine the amount to record for the embedded derivative liabilities, the Company must assess the probability of occurrence of various potential future events that could affect the timing and/or amount of future cash flows related to the Financing Agreement. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation is measured at fair value on the grant date of the award. Compensation cost is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for options with service conditions, and forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock option awards. The determination of fair value for stock-based awards using an option-pricing model requires management to make certain assumptions regarding subjective input variables such as expected term, dividends, volatility and risk-free rate. If actual results are not consistent with the Company’s assumptions and judgments used in making these estimates, the Company may be required to increase or decrease compensation expense, which could be material to the Company’s results of operations. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements ASU 2016-13 In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments available-for-sale No. 2019-10, |