Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans | 5) Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model under ASU 2016-13 (Topic 326) using the modified retrospective approach. The allowance for credit losses on loans is an estimate of the current expected credit losses in the loan portfolio. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when management determines that a loan balance has become uncollectible. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses on loans. Management’s methodology for estimating the allowance balance consists of several key elements, which include pooling loans with similar characteristics into segments and using a discounted cash flow calculation to estimate losses. The discounted cash flow model inputs include loan level cash flow estimates for each loan segment based on peer and bank historic loss correlations with certain economic factors. Management uses a four quarter forecast of each economic factor that is used for each loan segment and the economic factors are assumed to revert to the historic mean over an eight quarter period after the forecast period. The economic factors management has selected include the California unemployment rate, California gross domestic product, California home price index, and a national CRE value index. These factors are evaluated and updated as economic conditions change. Additionally, management uses qualitative adjustments to the discounted cash flow quantitative loss estimates in certain cases when management has determined an adjustment is necessary. These qualitative adjustments are applied by pooled loan segment and have been added for increased risk due to loan quality trends, collateral risk, or other risks management determines are not adequately captured in the discounted cash flow loss estimation. Specific allowances on individually evaluated loans are combined to the allowance on pools of loans with similar risk characteristics to derive to total allowance for credit losses on loans. Management has also considered other qualitative risks such as collateral values, concentrations of credit risk (geographic, large borrower, and industry), economic conditions, changes in underwriting standards, experience and depth of lending staff, trends in delinquencies, and the level of criticized loans to address asset-specific risks and current conditions that were not fully considered by the macroeconomic variables driving the quantitative estimate. The allowance for credit losses on loans was calculated by pooling loans of similar credit risk characteristics and credit monitoring procedures. The loan portfolio is classified into eight segments of loans - commercial, commercial real estate – owner occupied, commercial real estate – non-owner occupied, land and construction, home equity, multifamily, residential mortgages and consumer and other. The risk characteristics of each loan portfolio segment are as follows: Commercial Commercial loans primarily rely on the identified cash flows of the borrower for repayment and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. However, the cash flows of the borrowers may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable, inventory or equipment and may incorporate a personal guarantee; however, some loans may be unsecured. Included in commercial loans are $520,000 of Small Business Administration (“SBA”) Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans and $60,879,000 of Bay View Funding factored receivables at June 30, 2023, compared to $1,166,000 and $79,263,000, respectively, at December 31, 2022. Commercial Real Estate (“CRE”) CRE loans rely primarily on the cash flows of the properties securing the loan and secondarily on the value of the property that is securing the loan. CRE loans comprise two segments differentiated by owner occupied CRE and non-owner CRE. Owner occupied CRE loans are secured by commercial properties that are at least 50% occupied by the borrower or borrower affiliate. Non-owner occupied CRE loans are secured by commercial properties that are less than 50% occupied by the borrower or borrower affiliate. CRE loans may be adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. Land and Construction Land and construction loans are generally based on estimates of costs and value associated with the complete project. Construction loans usually involve the disbursement of funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the completion of the project. Sources of repayment for these loans may be permanent loans from HBC or other lenders, or proceeds from the sales of the completed project. These loans are monitored by on-site inspections and are considered to have higher risk than other real estate loans due to the final repayment dependent on numerous factors including general economic conditions. Home Equity Home equity loans are secured by 1-4 family residences that are generally owner occupied. Repayment of these loans depends primarily on the personal income of the borrower and secondarily on the value of the property securing the loan which can be impacted by changes in economic conditions such as the unemployment rate and property values. These loans are generally revolving lines of credit. Multifamily Multifamily loans are loans on residential properties with five or more units. These loans rely primarily on the cash flows of the properties securing the loan for repayment and secondarily on the value of the properties securing the loan. The cash flows of these borrowers can fluctuate along with the values of the underlying property depending on general economic conditions. Residential Mortgages Residential mortgage loans are secured by 1-4 family residences which are generally owner-occupied. Repayment of these loans depends primarily on the personal income of the borrower and secondarily on the value of the property securing the loan which can be impacted by changes in economic conditions such as the unemployment rate and property values . These are generally term loans and are acquired. Consumer and Other Consumer and other loans are secured by personal property or are unsecured and rely primarily on the income of the borrower for repayment and secondarily on the collateral value for secured loans. Borrower income and collateral values can vary depending on economic conditions. Loan Distribution Loans by portfolio segment and the allowance for credit losses on loans were as follows for the periods indicated: June 30, December 31, 2023 2022 (Dollars in thousands) Loans held-for-investment: Commercial $ 466,354 $ 533,915 Real estate: CRE - owner occupied 608,031 614,663 CRE - non-owner occupied 1,147,313 1,066,368 Land and construction 162,816 163,577 Home equity 128,009 120,724 Multifamily 244,959 244,882 Residential mortgages 514,064 537,905 Consumer and other 17,635 17,033 Loans 3,289,181 3,299,067 Deferred loan fees, net (397) (517) Loans, net of deferred fees 3,288,784 3,298,550 Allowance for credit losses on loans (47,803) (47,512) Loans, net $ 3,240,981 $ 3,251,038 Changes in the allowance for credit losses on loans were as follows for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 CRE CRE Owner Non-owner Land & Home Multi- Residential Consumer Commercial Occupied Occupied Construction Equity Family Mortgages and Other Total (Dollars in thousands) Beginning of period balance $ 6,534 $ 5,453 $ 22,677 $ 3,176 $ 688 $ 4,392 $ 4,196 $ 157 $ 47,273 Charge-offs (24) — — — — — — — (24) Recoveries 108 4 — — 182 — — — 294 Net recoveries 84 4 — — 182 — — — 270 Provision for (recapture of) credit losses on loans (68) 6 846 (306) (140) (9) (67) (2) 260 End of period balance $ 6,550 $ 5,463 $ 23,523 $ 2,870 $ 730 $ 4,383 $ 4,129 $ 155 $ 47,803 Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 CRE CRE Owner Non-owner Land & Home Multi- Residential Consumer Commercial Occupied Occupied Construction Equity Family Mortgages and Other Total (Dollars in thousands) Beginning of period balance $ 6,801 $ 6,397 $ 19,413 $ 2,006 $ 722 $ 2,544 $ 4,757 $ 148 $ 42,788 Charge-offs (355) — — — — — — — (355) Recoveries 79 4 — — 31 — — 3,124 3,238 Net (charge-offs) recoveries (276) 4 — — 31 — — 3,124 2,883 Provision for (recapture of) credit losses on loans 77 (392) 2,061 492 (58) 280 475 (3,116) (181) End of period balance $ 6,602 $ 6,009 $ 21,474 $ 2,498 $ 695 $ 2,824 $ 5,232 $ 156 $ 45,490 Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 CRE CRE Owner Non-owner Land & Home Multi- Residential Consumer Commercial Occupied Occupied Construction Equity Family Mortgages and Other Total (Dollars in thousands) Beginning of period balance $ 6,617 $ 5,751 $ 22,135 $ 2,941 $ 666 $ 3,366 $ 5,907 $ 129 $ 47,512 Charge-offs (158) — — — (246) — — — (404) Recoveries 188 8 — — 207 — — — 403 Net (charge-offs) recoveries 30 8 — — (39) — — — (1) Provision for (recapture of) credit losses on loans (97) (296) 1,388 (71) 103 1,017 (1,778) 26 292 End of period balance $ 6,550 $ 5,463 $ 23,523 $ 2,870 $ 730 $ 4,383 $ 4,129 $ 155 $ 47,803 Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 CRE CRE Owner Non-owner Land & Home Multi- Residential Consumer Commercial Occupied Occupied Construction Equity Family Mortgages and Other Total (Dollars in thousands) Beginning of period balance $ 8,414 $ 7,954 $ 17,125 $ 1,831 $ 864 $ 2,796 $ 4,132 $ 174 $ 43,290 Charge-offs (371) — — — — — — — (371) Recoveries 133 7 — — 55 — — 3,124 3,319 Net (charge-offs) recoveries (238) 7 — — 55 — — 3,124 2,948 Provision for (recapture of) credit losses on loans (1,574) (1,952) 4,349 667 (224) 28 1,100 (3,142) (748) End of period balance $ 6,602 $ 6,009 $ 21,474 $ 2,498 $ 695 $ 2,824 $ 5,232 $ 156 $ 45,490 The following tables present the amortized cost basis of nonperforming loans and loans past due over 90 days and still accruing at the periods indicated: June 30, 2023 Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Loans with no Specific with Specific over 90 Days Allowance for Allowance for Past Due Credit Credit and Still Losses Losses Accruing Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ — $ 1,306 $ 2,172 $ 3,478 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — — — Home equity 96 — 90 186 Residential mortgages 1,873 — — 1,873 Total $ 1,969 $ 1,306 $ 2,262 $ 5,537 December 31, 2022 Restructured Nonaccrual Nonaccrual and Loans with no Specific with no Specific over 90 Days Allowance for Allowance for Past Due Credit Credit and Still Losses Losses Accruing Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ 318 $ 324 $ 349 $ 991 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — 1,336 1,336 Home equity 98 — — 98 Total $ 416 $ 324 $ 1,685 $ 2,425 The following tables present the aging of past due loans by class for the periods indicated: June 30, 2023 30 - 59 60 - 89 90 Days or Days Days Greater Total Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ 5,009 $ 1,829 $ 3,086 $ 9,924 $ 456,430 $ 466,354 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — 608,031 608,031 CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — — 1,147,313 1,147,313 Land and construction — — — — 162,816 162,816 Home equity — 186 186 127,823 128,009 Multifamily — — — — 244,959 244,959 Residential mortgages 1,297 1,873 3,170 510,894 514,064 Consumer and other — — — — 17,635 17,635 Total $ 5,009 $ 3,126 $ 5,145 $ 13,280 $ 3,275,901 $ 3,289,181 December 31, 2022 30 - 59 60 - 89 90 Days or Days Days Greater Total Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ 7,236 $ 2,519 $ 703 $ 10,458 $ 523,457 $ 533,915 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied 252 — — 252 614,411 614,663 CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — 1,336 1,336 1,065,032 1,066,368 Land and construction — — — — 163,577 163,577 Home equity — 98 — 98 120,626 120,724 Multifamily — — — — 244,882 244,882 Residential mortgages 4,202 720 — 4,922 532,983 537,905 Consumer and other — — — — 17,033 17,033 Total $ 11,690 $ 3,337 $ 2,039 $ 17,066 $ 3,282,001 $ 3,299,067 Past due loans 30 days or greater totaled $13,280,000 and $17,066,000 at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, of which $2,928,000 and $479,000 were on nonaccrual, at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. At June 30, 2023, there were also $347,000 of loans less than 30 days past due included in nonaccrual loans held-for-investment. At December 31, 2022, there were also $261,000 loans less than 30 days past due included in nonaccrual loans held-for-investment. Management’s classification of a loan as “nonaccrual” is an indication that there is reasonable doubt as to the full recovery of principal or interest on the loan. At that point, the Company stops accruing interest income, and reverses any uncollected interest that had been accrued as income. The Company begins recognizing interest income only as cash interest payments are received and it has been determined the collection of all outstanding principal is not in doubt. Credit Quality Indicators Concentrations of credit risk arise when a number of customers are engaged in similar business activities, or activities in the same geographic region, or have similar features that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic conditions. The Company’s loan portfolio is concentrated in commercial (primarily manufacturing, wholesale, and service) and real estate lending, with the remaining balance in consumer loans. While no specific industry concentration is considered significant, the Company’s lending operations are located in the Company’s market areas that are dependent on the technology and real estate industries and their supporting companies. Thus, the Company’s borrowers could be adversely impacted by a downturn in these sectors of the economy which could reduce the demand for loans and adversely impact the borrowers’ ability to repay their loans. The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, and other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on a quarterly basis. Nonclassified loans generally include those loans that are expected to be repaid in accordance with their contractual loan terms. Loans categorized as special mention have potential weaknesses that may, if not checked or corrected, weaken the credit or inadequately protect the Company’s position at some future date. These loans pose elevated risk, but their weaknesses do not yet justify a substandard classification. Classified loans are those loans that are assigned a substandard, substandard-nonaccrual, or doubtful risk rating using the following Special Mention. A Special Mention asset has potential weaknesses that deserve management's close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in a deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the credit position at some future date. Special Mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Substandard. Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that will jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Substandard-Nonaccrual. Loans classified as substandard-nonaccrual are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any, and it is probable that the Company will not receive payment of the full contractual principal and interest. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. In addition, the Company no longer accrues interest on the loan because of the underlying weaknesses. Doubtful. Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. Loss. Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectable or of so little value that their continuance as assets is not warranted. This classification does not necessarily mean that a loan has no recovery or salvage value; but rather, there is much doubt about whether, how much, or when the recovery would occur. Loans classified as loss are immediately charged off against the allowance for credit losses on loans. Therefore, there is Loans may be reviewed at any time throughout a loan’s duration. If new information is provided, a new risk assessment may be performed if warranted. The following tables present term loans amortized cost by vintage and loan grade classification, and revolving loans amortized cost by loan grade classification at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The loan grade classifications are based on the Bank’s internal loan grading methodology. Loan grade categories for doubtful and loss rated loans are not included on the tables below as there are no loans with those grades at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The vintage year represents the period the loan was originated or in the case of renewed loans, the period last renewed. The amortized balance is the loan balance less any purchase discounts, plus any loan purchase premiums. The loan categories are based on the loan segmentation in the Company's CECL reserve methodology based on loan purpose and type. Revolving Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Originated Period as of June 30, 2023 Loans 2018 and Amortized 6/30/2023 12/31/2022 12/31/2021 12/31/2020 12/31/2019 Prior Cost Basis Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial: Pass $ 92,038 $ 30,515 $ 27,889 $ 17,496 $ 15,062 $ 14,498 $ 242,625 $ 440,123 Special Mention 2,020 1,340 508 — 821 8,525 3,201 16,415 Substandard 4 — 571 — 166 5,599 2,170 8,510 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — 224 — 270 421 391 1,306 Total 94,062 31,855 29,192 17,496 16,319 29,043 248,387 466,354 CRE - Owner Occupied: Pass 17,849 86,777 118,396 73,915 58,862 231,378 11,706 598,883 Special Mention 625 1,581 271 838 — 4,713 — 8,028 Substandard — — — — 1,113 7 — 1,120 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 18,474 88,358 118,667 74,753 59,975 236,098 11,706 608,031 CRE - Non-Owner Occupied: Pass 105,650 238,247 269,055 28,752 98,962 389,217 2,055 1,131,938 Special Mention — — — — — 7,435 — 7,435 Substandard — — — — — 7,716 224 7,940 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 105,650 238,247 269,055 28,752 98,962 404,368 2,279 1,147,313 Land and construction: Pass 19,804 73,869 44,446 13,950 1,918 — — 153,987 Special Mention — — — — 4,217 — — 4,217 Substandard — — 3,666 946 — — — 4,612 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 19,804 73,869 48,112 14,896 6,135 — — 162,816 Home equity: Pass — — — — — 126 120,569 120,695 Special Mention — — — — — — 4,640 4,640 Substandard — — — — — — 2,578 2,578 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — 96 — — — — 96 Total — — 96 — — 126 127,787 128,009 Multifamily: Pass 18,274 41,686 56,697 5,457 42,659 77,645 276 242,694 Special Mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — 2,265 — 2,265 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 18,274 41,686 56,697 5,457 42,659 79,910 276 244,959 Residential mortgage: Pass 1,195 184,686 285,879 1,053 6,672 30,943 — 510,428 Special Mention — — — — 1,046 516 — 1,562 Substandard — — — — — 201 — 201 Substandard-Nonaccrual — 1,873 — — — — — 1,873 Total 1,195 186,559 285,879 1,053 7,718 31,660 — 514,064 Consumer and other: Pass — 383 8 — — 2,109 15,063 17,563 Special Mention — — 72 — — — — 72 Substandard — — — — — — — — Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total — 383 80 — — 2,109 15,063 17,635 Total loans $ 257,459 $ 660,957 $ 807,778 $ 142,407 $ 231,768 $ 783,314 $ 405,498 $ 3,289,181 Risk Grades: Pass $ 254,810 $ 656,163 $ 802,370 $ 140,623 $ 224,135 $ 745,916 $ 392,294 $ 3,216,311 Special Mention 2,645 2,921 851 838 6,084 21,189 7,841 42,369 Substandard 4 — 4,237 946 1,279 15,788 4,972 27,226 Substandard-Nonaccrual — 1,873 320 — 270 421 391 3,275 Grand Total $ 257,459 $ 660,957 $ 807,778 $ 142,407 $ 231,768 $ 783,314 $ 405,498 $ 3,289,181 Revolving Loans Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Originated Period as of December 31, 2022 Amortized 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Periods Cost Basis Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial: Pass $ 102,969 $ 36,752 $ 24,406 $ 19,272 $ 12,089 $ 21,127 $ 293,546 $ 510,161 Special Mention 3,408 1,060 192 1,123 — 6,031 5,551 17,365 Substandard 4 — — 145 — 102 5,496 5,747 Substandard-Nonaccrual — 279 — — 330 33 — 642 Total 106,381 38,091 24,598 20,540 12,419 27,293 304,593 533,915 CRE - Owner Occupied: Pass 92,689 116,266 75,007 59,887 58,180 194,584 8,758 605,371 Special Mention — 2,033 867 1,120 — 4,410 — 8,430 Substandard — 660 — — 193 9 — 862 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 92,689 118,959 75,874 61,007 58,373 199,003 8,758 614,663 CRE - Non-Owner Occupied: Pass 239,556 278,051 31,848 101,854 63,905 337,048 3,245 1,055,507 Special Mention — — — — — 4,883 — 4,883 Substandard — — — — — 5,978 — 5,978 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 239,556 278,051 31,848 101,854 63,905 347,909 3,245 1,066,368 Land and construction: Pass 62,241 72,847 22,459 6,030 — — — 163,577 Special Mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 62,241 72,847 22,459 6,030 — — — 163,577 Home equity: Pass — — — — — 44 117,950 117,994 Special Mention — — — — — — 2,346 2,346 Substandard — — — — — 144 142 286 Substandard-Nonaccrual — 98 — — — — 98 Total — 98 — — — 188 120,438 120,724 Multifamily: Pass 42,111 69,824 4,871 42,412 15,356 66,380 180 241,134 Special Mention — — 657 771 — 2,320 — 3,748 Substandard — — — — — — — — Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 42,111 69,824 5,528 43,183 15,356 68,700 180 244,882 Residential mortgage: Pass 191,907 296,270 1,068 6,788 2,724 33,290 — 532,047 Special Mention — — — 1,058 1,482 2,387 — 4,927 Substandard — — — — — 931 — 931 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 191,907 296,270 1,068 7,846 4,206 36,608 — 537,905 Consumer and other: Pass 389 13 — — 1,364 1,283 13,647 16,696 Special Mention — 82 — 6 — — 249 337 Substandard — — — — — — — — Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 389 95 — 6 1,364 1,283 13,896 17,033 Total loans $ 735,274 $ 874,235 $ 161,375 $ 240,466 $ 155,623 $ 680,984 $ 451,110 $ 3,299,067 Risk Grades: Pass $ 731,862 $ 870,023 $ 159,659 $ 236,243 $ 153,618 $ 653,756 $ 437,326 $ 3,242,487 Special Mention 3,408 3,175 1,716 4,078 1,482 20,031 8,146 42,036 Substandard 4 660 — 145 193 7,164 5,638 13,804 Substandard-Nonaccrual — 377 — — 330 33 — 740 Grand Total $ 735,274 $ 874,235 $ 161,375 $ 240,466 $ 155,623 $ 680,984 $ 451,110 $ 3,299,067 The following tables present the gross charge-offs by class of loans and year of origination for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023: Gross Charge-offs by Originated Period for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 2018 and Revolving 06/30/2023 12/31/2022 12/31/2021 12/31/2020 12/31/2019 Prior Loans Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ — $ 4 $ — $ — $ — $ 20 $ — $ 24 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — — — — — CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — — — — — — — Land and construction — — — — — — — — Home equity — — — — — — — — Multifamily — — — — — — — — Residential mortgages — — — — — — — — Consumer and other — — — — — — — — Total $ — $ 4 $ — $ — $ — $ 20 $ — $ 24 Gross Charge-offs by Originated Period for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2018 and Revolving 06/30/2023 12/31/2022 12/31/2021 12/31/2020 12/31/2019 Prior Loans Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ — $ 4 $ — $ — $ 49 $ 105 $ — $ 158 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — — — — — CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — — — — — — |