Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans | 5) Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model under ASU 2016-13 (Topic 326) using the modified retrospective approach. The allowance for credit losses on loans is an estimate of the current expected credit losses in the loan portfolio. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when management determines that a loan balance has become uncollectible. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses on loans. Management’s methodology for estimating the allowance balance consists of several key elements, which include pooling loans with similar characteristics into segments and using a discounted cash flow calculation to estimate losses. The discounted cash flow model inputs include loan level cash flow estimates for each loan segment based on peer and bank historic loss correlations with certain economic factors. Management uses a four quarter forecast of each economic factor that is used for each loan segment and the economic factors are assumed to revert to the historic mean over an eight quarter period after the forecast period. The economic factors management has selected include the California unemployment rate, California gross domestic product, California home price index, and a national CRE value index. These factors are evaluated and updated as economic conditions change. Additionally, management uses qualitative adjustments to the discounted cash flow quantitative loss estimates in certain cases when management has determined an adjustment is necessary. These qualitative adjustments are applied by pooled loan segment and have been added for increased risk due to loan quality trends, collateral risk, or other risks management determines are not adequately captured in the discounted cash flow loss estimation. Specific allowances on individually evaluated loans are combined to the allowance on pools of loans with similar risk characteristics to derive the total allowance for credit losses on loans. Management has also considered other qualitative risks such as collateral values, concentrations of credit risk (geographic, large borrower, and industry), economic conditions, changes in underwriting standards, experience and depth of lending staff, trends in delinquencies, and the level of criticized loans to address asset-specific risks and current conditions that were not fully considered by the macroeconomic variables driving the quantitative estimate. The allowance for credit losses on loans was calculated by pooling loans of similar credit risk characteristics and credit monitoring procedures. The loan portfolio is classified into eight segments of loans - commercial, commercial real estate – owner occupied, commercial real estate – non-owner occupied, land and construction, home equity, multifamily, residential mortgages and consumer and other. The risk characteristics of each loan portfolio segment are as follows: Commercial Commercial loans primarily rely on the identified cash flows of the borrower for repayment and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. However, the cash flows of the borrowers may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable, inventory or equipment and may incorporate a personal guarantee; however, some loans may be unsecured. Included in commercial loans are $473,000 of Small Business Administration (“SBA”) Paycheck Protection Program loans and $52,082,000 of Bay View Funding factored receivables at September 30, 2023, compared to $1,166,000 and $79,263,000, respectively, at December 31, 2022. Commercial Real Estate (“CRE”) CRE loans rely primarily on the cash flows of the properties securing the loan and secondarily on the value of the property that is securing the loan. CRE loans comprise two segments differentiated by owner occupied CRE and non-owner occupied CRE. Owner occupied CRE loans are secured by commercial properties that are at least 50% occupied by the borrower or borrower affiliate. Non-owner occupied CRE loans are secured by commercial properties that are less than 50% occupied by the borrower or borrower affiliate. CRE loans may be adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. Land and Construction Land and construction loans are generally based on estimates of costs and value associated with the complete project. Construction loans usually involve the disbursement of funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the completion of the project. Sources of repayment for these loans may be permanent loans from HBC or other lenders, or proceeds from the sales of the completed project. These loans are monitored by on-site inspections and are considered to have higher risk than other real estate loans due to the final repayment dependent on numerous factors including general economic conditions. Home Equity Home equity loans are secured by 1-4 family residences that are generally owner occupied. Repayment of these loans depends primarily on the personal income of the borrower and secondarily on the value of the property securing the loan which can be impacted by changes in economic conditions such as the unemployment rate and property values. These loans are generally revolving lines of credit. Multifamily Multifamily loans are loans on residential properties with five or more units. These loans rely primarily on the cash flows of the properties securing the loan for repayment and secondarily on the value of the properties securing the loan. The cash flows of these borrowers can fluctuate along with the values of the underlying property depending on general economic conditions. Residential Mortgages Residential mortgage loans are secured by 1-4 family residences which are generally owner-occupied. Repayment of these loans depends primarily on the personal income of the borrower and secondarily on the value of the property securing the loan which can be impacted by changes in economic conditions such as the unemployment rate and property values . These are term loans and are acquired. Consumer and Other Consumer and other loans are secured by personal property or are unsecured and rely primarily on the income of the borrower for repayment and secondarily on the collateral value for secured loans. Borrower income and collateral values can vary depending on economic conditions. Loan Distribution Loans by portfolio segment and the allowance for credit losses on loans were as follows for the periods indicated: September 30, December 31, 2023 2022 (Dollars in thousands) Loans held-for-investment: Commercial $ 430,664 $ 533,915 Real estate: CRE - owner occupied 589,751 614,663 CRE - non-owner occupied 1,208,324 1,066,368 Land and construction 158,138 163,577 Home equity 124,477 120,724 Multifamily 253,129 244,882 Residential mortgages 503,006 537,905 Consumer and other 18,526 17,033 Loans 3,286,015 3,299,067 Deferred loan fees, net (554) (517) Loans, net of deferred fees 3,285,461 3,298,550 Allowance for credit losses on loans (47,702) (47,512) Loans, net $ 3,237,759 $ 3,251,038 Changes in the allowance for credit losses on loans were as follows for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 CRE CRE Owner Non-owner Land & Home Multi- Residential Consumer Commercial Occupied Occupied Construction Equity Family Mortgages and Other Total (Dollars in thousands) Beginning of period balance $ 6,550 $ 5,463 $ 23,523 $ 2,870 $ 730 $ 4,383 $ 4,129 $ 155 $ 47,803 Charge-offs (447) — — — — — — — (447) Recoveries 59 2 — — 117 — — — 178 Net (charge-offs) recoveries (388) 2 — — 117 — — — (269) Provision for (recapture of) credit losses on loans (557) (120) 1,396 (126) (140) 331 (635) 19 168 End of period balance $ 5,605 $ 5,345 $ 24,919 $ 2,744 $ 707 $ 4,714 $ 3,494 $ 174 $ 47,702 Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 CRE CRE Owner Non-owner Land & Home Multi- Residential Consumer Commercial Occupied Occupied Construction Equity Family Mortgages and Other Total (Dollars in thousands) Beginning of period balance $ 6,602 $ 6,009 $ 21,474 $ 2,498 $ 695 $ 2,824 $ 5,232 $ 156 $ 45,490 Charge-offs (7) — — — — — — — (7) Recoveries 202 4 — — 26 — — 200 432 Net recoveries 195 4 — — 26 — — 200 425 Provision for (recapture of) credit losses on loans 302 (96) (416) (7) (36) 406 1,077 (224) 1,006 End of period balance $ 7,099 $ 5,917 $ 21,058 $ 2,491 $ 685 $ 3,230 $ 6,309 $ 132 $ 46,921 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 CRE CRE Owner Non-owner Land & Home Multi- Residential Consumer Commercial Occupied Occupied Construction Equity Family Mortgages and Other Total (Dollars in thousands) Beginning of period balance $ 6,617 $ 5,751 $ 22,135 $ 2,941 $ 666 $ 3,366 $ 5,907 $ 129 $ 47,512 Charge-offs (605) — — — (246) — — — (851) Recoveries 247 10 — — 324 — — — 581 Net (charge-offs) recoveries (358) 10 — — 78 — — — (270) Provision for (recapture of) credit losses on loans (654) (416) 2,784 (197) (37) 1,348 (2,413) 45 460 End of period balance $ 5,605 $ 5,345 $ 24,919 $ 2,744 $ 707 $ 4,714 $ 3,494 $ 174 $ 47,702 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 CRE CRE Owner Non-owner Land & Home Multi- Residential Consumer Commercial Occupied Occupied Construction Equity Family Mortgages and Other Total (Dollars in thousands) Beginning of period balance $ 8,414 $ 7,954 $ 17,125 $ 1,831 $ 864 $ 2,796 $ 4,132 $ 174 $ 43,290 Charge-offs (378) — — — — — — — (378) Recoveries 335 11 — — 81 — — 3,324 3,751 Net (charge-offs) recoveries (43) 11 — — 81 — — 3,324 3,373 Provision for (recapture of) credit losses on loans (1,272) (2,048) 3,933 660 (260) 434 2,177 (3,366) 258 End of period balance $ 7,099 $ 5,917 $ 21,058 $ 2,491 $ 685 $ 3,230 $ 6,309 $ 132 $ 46,921 The following tables present the amortized cost basis of nonperforming loans and loans past due over 90 days and still accruing at the periods indicated: September 30, 2023 Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Loans with no Specific with Specific over 90 Days Allowance for Allowance for Past Due Credit Credit and Still Losses Losses Accruing Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ 1,269 $ 443 $ 1,966 $ 3,678 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — — — Home equity 90 — — 90 Residential mortgages 1,716 — — 1,716 Total $ 3,075 $ 443 $ 1,966 $ 5,484 December 31, 2022 Restructured Nonaccrual Nonaccrual and Loans with no Specific with no Specific over 90 Days Allowance for Allowance for Past Due Credit Credit and Still Losses Losses Accruing Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ 318 $ 324 $ 349 $ 991 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — 1,336 1,336 Home equity 98 — — 98 Total $ 416 $ 324 $ 1,685 $ 2,425 The following tables present the aging of past due loans by class for the periods indicated: September 30, 2023 30 - 59 60 - 89 90 Days or Days Days Greater Total Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ 4,621 $ 1,298 $ 3,382 $ 9,301 $ 421,363 $ 430,664 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — 809 — 809 588,942 589,751 CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — — — 1,208,324 1,208,324 Land and construction — — — — 158,138 158,138 Home equity — 90 90 124,387 124,477 Multifamily — — — — 253,129 253,129 Residential mortgages — — 1,716 1,716 501,290 503,006 Consumer and other 15 — — 15 18,511 18,526 Total $ 4,636 $ 2,107 $ 5,188 $ 11,931 $ 3,274,084 $ 3,286,015 December 31, 2022 30 - 59 60 - 89 90 Days or Days Days Greater Total Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ 7,236 $ 2,519 $ 703 $ 10,458 $ 523,457 $ 533,915 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied 252 — — 252 614,411 614,663 CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — 1,336 1,336 1,065,032 1,066,368 Land and construction — — — — 163,577 163,577 Home equity — 98 — 98 120,626 120,724 Multifamily — — — — 244,882 244,882 Residential mortgages 4,202 720 — 4,922 532,983 537,905 Consumer and other — — — — 17,033 17,033 Total $ 11,690 $ 3,337 $ 2,039 $ 17,066 $ 3,282,001 $ 3,299,067 Past due loans 30 days or greater totaled $11,931,000 and $17,066,000 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, of which $2,522,000 and $479,000 were on nonaccrual, respectively. At September 30, 2023, there were also $996,000 of loans less than 30 days past due included in nonaccrual loans held-for-investment. At December 31, 2022, there were also $261,000 loans less than 30 days past due included in nonaccrual loans held-for-investment. Management’s classification of a loan as “nonaccrual” is an indication that there is reasonable doubt as to the full recovery of principal or interest on the loan. At that point, the Company stops accruing interest income, and reverses any uncollected interest that had been accrued as income. The Company begins recognizing interest income only as cash interest payments are received and it has been determined the collection of all outstanding principal is not in doubt. Credit Quality Indicators Concentrations of credit risk arise when a number of customers are engaged in similar business activities, or activities in the same geographic region, or have similar features that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic conditions. The Company’s loan portfolio is concentrated in commercial (primarily manufacturing, wholesale, and service) and real estate lending, with the remaining balance in consumer loans. While no specific industry concentration is considered significant, the Company’s lending operations are located in the Company’s market areas that are dependent on the technology and real estate industries and their supporting companies. Thus, the Company’s borrowers could be adversely impacted by a downturn in these sectors of the economy which could reduce the demand for loans and adversely impact the borrowers’ ability to repay their loans. The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, and other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on a quarterly basis. Nonclassified loans generally include those loans that are expected to be repaid in accordance with their contractual loan terms. Loans categorized as special mention have potential weaknesses that may, if not checked or corrected, weaken the credit or inadequately protect the Company’s position at some future date. These loans pose elevated risk, but their weaknesses do not yet justify a substandard classification. Classified loans are those loans that are assigned a substandard, substandard-nonaccrual, or doubtful risk rating using the following Special Mention. A Special Mention asset has potential weaknesses that deserve management's close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in a deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the credit position at some future date. Special Mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Substandard. Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that will jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Substandard-Nonaccrual. Loans classified as substandard-nonaccrual are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any, and it is probable that the Company will not receive payment of the full contractual principal and interest. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. In addition, the Company no longer accrues interest on the loan because of the underlying weaknesses. Doubtful. Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. Loss. Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectable or of so little value that their continuance as assets is not warranted. This classification does not necessarily mean that a loan has no recovery or salvage value; but rather, there is much doubt about whether, how much, or when the recovery would occur. Loans classified as loss are immediately charged off against the allowance for credit losses on loans. Therefore, there is Loans may be reviewed at any time throughout a loan’s duration. If new information is provided, a new risk assessment may be performed if warranted. The following tables present term loans amortized cost by vintage and loan grade classification, and revolving loans amortized cost by loan grade classification at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The loan grade classifications are based on the Bank’s internal loan grading methodology. Loan grade categories for doubtful and loss rated loans are not included on the tables below as there are no loans with those grades at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The vintage year represents the period the loan was originated or in the case of renewed loans, the period last renewed. The amortized balance is the loan balance less any purchase discounts, plus any loan purchase premiums. The loan categories are based on the loan segmentation in the Company's CECL reserve methodology based on loan purpose and type. Revolving Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Originated Period as of September 30, 2023 Loans 2018 and Amortized 9/30/2023 12/31/2022 12/31/2021 12/31/2020 12/31/2019 Prior Cost Basis Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial: Pass $ 88,304 $ 26,356 $ 22,309 $ 16,302 $ 13,713 $ 23,489 $ 219,252 $ 409,725 Special Mention 2,020 2,657 492 — 425 1,139 6,015 12,748 Substandard 231 876 521 — 307 3,795 749 6,479 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — 223 — 283 506 700 1,712 Total 90,555 29,889 23,545 16,302 14,728 28,929 226,716 430,664 CRE - Owner Occupied: Pass 25,554 86,171 114,303 69,100 53,704 218,884 10,643 578,359 Special Mention — 1,574 3,263 467 — 4,975 — 10,279 Substandard — — — — 1,107 6 — 1,113 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 25,554 87,745 117,566 69,567 54,811 223,865 10,643 589,751 CRE - Non-Owner Occupied: Pass 176,351 237,904 267,063 28,534 102,839 376,429 2,355 1,191,475 Special Mention — — — — — 8,959 — 8,959 Substandard — — — — — 7,666 224 7,890 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 176,351 237,904 267,063 28,534 102,839 393,054 2,579 1,208,324 Land and construction: Pass 39,051 62,958 33,165 12,184 1,884 — — 149,242 Special Mention — — — — 4,235 — — 4,235 Substandard — — 3,706 955 — — — 4,661 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 39,051 62,958 36,871 13,139 6,119 — — 158,138 Home equity: Pass — — — — — 933 117,621 118,554 Special Mention — — — — — — 2,295 2,295 Substandard — — — — — — 3,538 3,538 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — 90 90 Total — — — — — 933 123,544 124,477 Multifamily: Pass 28,725 41,477 56,134 5,426 42,397 76,408 325 250,892 Special Mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — 2,237 — 2,237 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 28,725 41,477 56,134 5,426 42,397 78,645 325 253,129 Residential mortgage: Pass 1,191 178,799 279,895 1,045 7,661 29,730 — 498,321 Special Mention — 1,343 — — — — — 1,343 Substandard — 1,430 — — — 196 — 1,626 Substandard-Nonaccrual — 1,716 — — — — — 1,716 Total 1,191 183,288 279,895 1,045 7,661 29,926 — 503,006 Consumer and other: Pass — 1,380 6 — — 2,081 14,992 18,459 Special Mention — — 67 — — — — 67 Substandard — — — — — — — — Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total — 1,380 73 — — 2,081 14,992 18,526 Total loans $ 361,427 $ 644,641 $ 781,147 $ 134,013 $ 228,555 $ 757,433 $ 378,799 $ 3,286,015 Risk Grades: Pass $ 359,176 $ 635,045 $ 772,875 $ 132,591 $ 222,198 $ 727,954 $ 365,188 $ 3,215,027 Special Mention 2,020 5,574 3,822 467 4,660 15,073 8,310 39,926 Substandard 231 2,306 4,227 955 1,414 13,900 4,511 27,544 Substandard-Nonaccrual — 1,716 223 — 283 506 790 3,518 Grand Total $ 361,427 $ 644,641 $ 781,147 $ 134,013 $ 228,555 $ 757,433 $ 378,799 $ 3,286,015 Revolving Loans Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Originated Period as of December 31, 2022 Amortized 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Periods Cost Basis Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial: Pass $ 102,969 $ 36,752 $ 24,406 $ 19,272 $ 12,089 $ 21,127 $ 293,546 $ 510,161 Special Mention 3,408 1,060 192 1,123 — 6,031 5,551 17,365 Substandard 4 — — 145 — 102 5,496 5,747 Substandard-Nonaccrual — 279 — — 330 33 — 642 Total 106,381 38,091 24,598 20,540 12,419 27,293 304,593 533,915 CRE - Owner Occupied: Pass 92,689 116,266 75,007 59,887 58,180 194,584 8,758 605,371 Special Mention — 2,033 867 1,120 — 4,410 — 8,430 Substandard — 660 — — 193 9 — 862 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 92,689 118,959 75,874 61,007 58,373 199,003 8,758 614,663 CRE - Non-Owner Occupied: Pass 239,556 278,051 31,848 101,854 63,905 337,048 3,245 1,055,507 Special Mention — — — — — 4,883 — 4,883 Substandard — — — — — 5,978 — 5,978 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 239,556 278,051 31,848 101,854 63,905 347,909 3,245 1,066,368 Land and construction: Pass 62,241 72,847 22,459 6,030 — — — 163,577 Special Mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 62,241 72,847 22,459 6,030 — — — 163,577 Home equity: Pass — — — — — 44 117,950 117,994 Special Mention — — — — — — 2,346 2,346 Substandard — — — — — 144 142 286 Substandard-Nonaccrual — 98 — — — — 98 Total — 98 — — — 188 120,438 120,724 Multifamily: Pass 42,111 69,824 4,871 42,412 15,356 66,380 180 241,134 Special Mention — — 657 771 — 2,320 — 3,748 Substandard — — — — — — — — Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 42,111 69,824 5,528 43,183 15,356 68,700 180 244,882 Residential mortgage: Pass 191,907 296,270 1,068 6,788 2,724 33,290 — 532,047 Special Mention — — — 1,058 1,482 2,387 — 4,927 Substandard — — — — — 931 — 931 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 191,907 296,270 1,068 7,846 4,206 36,608 — 537,905 Consumer and other: Pass 389 13 — — 1,364 1,283 13,647 16,696 Special Mention — 82 — 6 — — 249 337 Substandard — — — — — — — — Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 389 95 — 6 1,364 1,283 13,896 17,033 Total loans $ 735,274 $ 874,235 $ 161,375 $ 240,466 $ 155,623 $ 680,984 $ 451,110 $ 3,299,067 Risk Grades: Pass $ 731,862 $ 870,023 $ 159,659 $ 236,243 $ 153,618 $ 653,756 $ 437,326 $ 3,242,487 Special Mention 3,408 3,175 1,716 4,078 1,482 20,031 8,146 42,036 Substandard 4 660 — 145 193 7,164 5,638 13,804 Substandard-Nonaccrual — 377 — — 330 33 — 740 Grand Total $ 735,274 $ 874,235 $ 161,375 $ 240,466 $ 155,623 $ 680,984 $ 451,110 $ 3,299,067 The following tables present the gross charge-offs by class of loans and year of origination for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023: Gross Charge-offs by Originated Period for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 2018 and Revolving 09/30/2023 12/31/2022 12/31/2021 12/31/2020 12/31/2019 Prior Loans Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ 1 $ 45 $ — $ — $ 229 $ 172 $ — $ 447 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — — — — — CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — — — — — — — Land and construction — — — — — — — — Home equity — — — — — — — — Multifamily — — — — — — — — Residential mortgages — — — — — — — — Consumer and other — — — — — — — — Total $ 1 $ 45 $ — $ — $ 229 $ 172 $ — $ 447 Gross Charge-offs by Originated Period for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 2018 and Revolving 09/30/2023 12/31/2022 12/31/2021 12/31/2020 12/31/2019 Prior Loans Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ 1 $ 49 $ — $ — $ 278 $ 277 $ — $ 605 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — — — — |