REVENUES | REVENUES We generate revenues primarily from the sale of data center services, including colocation, hosting and cloud, and IP services. Our revenues typically consist of monthly recurring revenues from contracts with terms of one year or more and we typically recognize the monthly minimum as revenue each month as our performance obligations are fulfilled. We recorded installation fees as deferred revenue and recognized the revenue ratably over the estimated customer life. For our data center service revenues, we determine colocation revenues by occupied square feet and both allocated and variable-based usage, which includes both physical space for hosting customers' network and other equipment plus associated services such as power and network connectivity, environmental controls and security. We determine hosting revenues by the number of servers utilized (physical or virtual) and cloud revenues by the amount of processing and storage consumed. We recognize IP services revenues on fixed-commitment or usage-based pricing. IP service contracts usually have fixed minimum commitments based on a certain level of bandwidth usage with additional charges for any usage over a specified limit. If a customer's usage of our services exceeds the monthly minimum, we recognize revenue for such excess in the period of the usage. We use contracts and sales or purchase orders as evidence of an arrangement. We test for availability or connectivity to verify delivery of our services. We assess whether: a. the parties to the contract have an approved contract; b. the Company can identify each party's rights regarding the goods and services to be transferred; c. the Company can identify the payment terms for the goods or services to be transferred; d. the contract has commercial substance; and e. it is probable that the Company will collect substantially all of the consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the goods and services that will be transferred to the customer. The transaction price reflects INAP’s expectations about the consideration it will be entitled to receive from the customer. The Company considers the terms of the contract and its customary business practices to determine the transaction price. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties (for example, some sales taxes). The consideration promised in a contract with a customer may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both. After contract inception, the transaction price can change for various reasons, including the resolution of uncertain events or other changes in circumstances that change the amount of consideration to which INAP expects to be entitled in exchange for the promised goods or services. Once the separate performance obligations are identified and the transaction price has been determined, the Company allocates the transaction price to the performance obligations in proportion to their standalone selling price ("SSP"). When allocating on a relative SSP basis, any discount within the contract generally is allocated proportionately to all of the performance obligations in the contract. To allocate the transaction price on a relative SSP basis, the Company first determines the SSP of the distinct good or service underlying each performance obligation. It is the price at which the Company would sell a good or service on a standalone (or separate) basis at contract inception. The observable price of a good or service sold separately provides the best evidence of SSP. If a SSP is not directly observable, the Company would estimate the SSP. The Company will be able to consider its facts and circumstances in order to determine how frequently it will need to update the estimates. If the information used to estimate the SSP for similar transactions has not changed, the Company can determine that it is reasonable to use the previously determined SSP. Revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company enters into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. The Company's contracts with customers often include performance obligations to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Common performance obligations of the Company include delivery of services. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together requires significant judgment by the Company. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account in ASC 606. A contract's transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Total transaction price is estimated for impact of variable consideration, such as INAP's service level arrangements, additional usage and late fees, discounts and promotions, and customer care credits. The majority of contracts have multiple performance obligations, as the promise to transfer individual goods or services is separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and, therefore, is distinct. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the contract's transaction price to each performance obligation based on its relative SSP. The SSP is determined based on observable price. In instances where the SSP is not directly observable, such as when the Company does not sell the product or service separately, INAP determines the SSP using information that may include market conditions and other observable inputs. The Company typically has more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the stratification of those products and services by customers and circumstances. In these instances, the Company may use information such as the size of the customer and geographic region in determining the SSP. The most significant impact of the adoption of the new standard was the requirement for incremental costs to obtain a customer, such as commissions, which previously were expensed as incurred, to be deferred and amortized over the period of contract performance or a longer period if renewals are expected and the renewal commission does not equal with the initial commission. In addition, installation revenues are recognized over the initial contract life rather than over the estimated customer life, as they are not significant to the total contract and therefore do not represent a material right. Most performance obligations, with the exception of certain sales of equipment or hardware, are satisfied over time as the customer consumes the benefits as we perform. For equipment and hardware sales, the performance obligation is satisfied when control transfers to the customer. In evaluating the treatment of certain contracts, the Company exercised heightened judgment in deferring installation revenue as well as expense fulfillment and commission costs over the appropriate life. With the exception of the revenues noted above, revenue recognition remains materially consistent with historical practice. The Company routinely reviews the collectability of its accounts receivable and payment status of customers. If INAP determines that collection of revenue is uncertain, it does not recognize revenue until collection is reasonably assured. Additionally, the Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts resulting from the inability of the Company's customers to make required payments on accounts receivable. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on historical write-offs as a percentage of revenues. INAP assesses the payment status of customers by reference to the terms under which it provides services or goods, with any payments not made on or before their due date considered past-due. Once all collection efforts have been exhausted, the uncollectible balance is written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company routinely performs credit checks for new and existing customers and requires deposits or prepayments for customers that are perceived as being a credit risk. In addition, INAP records a reserve amount for potential credits to be issued under service level agreements and other sales adjustments. Management expects that commission fees paid to sales representatives as a result of obtaining service contracts and contract renewals are recoverable and therefore the Company capitalized them as contract costs in the amount of $24.3 million and $24.9 million at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Capitalized commission fees are amortized on a straight-line basis over the determined life, which vary based on the customer segment. For the three months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, amortization recognized was $2.4 million for both years. For the six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, amortization recognized was $4.8 million and $4.7 million , respectively. There was no impairment loss recorded on capitalized contract costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018. Applying the practical expedient pertaining to contract costs, the Company recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets that the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. These costs are included in "Sales, general and administrative" expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company includes only those incremental costs that would not have been incurred if the contracts had not been entered into as follows (in thousands): Current Non-current Balance at December 31, 2018 $ 8,844 $ 16,104 Deferred customer acquisition costs incurred in the period 862 3,353 Amounts recognized as expense in the period (4,816 ) — Reclassification between short-term and long-term 4,240 (4,240 ) Balance at June 30, 2019 $ 9,130 $ 15,217 The Company classifies its right to consideration in exchange for deliverables as either a receivable or a contract asset. A receivable is a right to consideration that is unconditional (i.e. only the passage of time is required before payment is due). For example, the Company recognizes a receivable for revenues related to its time and materials and transaction or volume-based contracts. The Company presents such receivables in "Accounts receivable, net" it its condensed consolidated balance sheets at their net estimated realizable value. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts to provide for the estimated amount of receivables that may not be collected. The allowance is based upon assessment of customer creditworthiness, historical payment experience, the age of outstanding receivables and other applicable factors. Amounts collected in advance of services being provided are accounted for as contract liabilities, which are presented as "Deferred revenues" on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets and are realized with the associated revenue recognized under the contract. Nearly all of the Company's contract liabilities balance is related to service revenue. Significant changes in the deferred revenues balance (current and noncurrent) during the period are as follows (in thousands): Balance - December 31, 2018 $ 8,533 Revenue recognized that was included in the deferred revenue balance at December 31, 2018 (5,300 ) Increases due to cash received, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period 4,996 Balance - June 30, 2019 $ 8,229 Revenues recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 for performance obligations satisfied or partially satisfied in previous periods were immaterial. In accordance with ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) ("ASC 606"), the Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers based on the timing of revenue recognition. The Company determined that disaggregating revenue into these categories depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. As discussed in this note and Note 11, “Operating Segments,” the Company business consists of INAP US and INAP INTL colocation, cloud and network services. The following table presents disaggregated revenues by category as follows (in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 INAP US INAP INTL INAP US INAP INTL Colocation $ 27,557 $ 1,457 $ 30,866 $ 1,459 Network services 11,414 2,678 13,563 2,792 Cloud 18,490 11,538 19,638 13,644 $ 57,461 $ 15,673 $ 64,067 $ 17,895 Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 INAP US INAP INTL INAP US INAP INTL Colocation $ 54,911 $ 2,892 $ 61,802 $ 2,977 Network services 23,156 5,452 27,382 5,763 Cloud 36,914 23,373 31,958 26,281 $ 114,981 $ 31,717 $ 121,142 $ 35,021 Revenue by geography is as follows (in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 INAP US INAP INTL INAP US INAP INTL United States $ 58,461 $ — $ 65,168 $ — Canada — 8,084 — 9,549 Other countries — 6,589 — 7,245 $ 58,461 $ 14,673 $ 65,168 $ 16,794 Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 INAP US INAP INTL INAP US INAP INTL United States $ 117,025 $ — $ 123,319 $ — Canada — 16,027 — 18,659 Other countries — 13,646 — 14,185 $ 117,025 $ 29,673 $ 123,319 $ 32,844 |