SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Accounting policies are consistent for each operating segment. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions, including those related to revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts, useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets, recoverability of long-lived assets and intangible assets with definite lives, goodwill, income taxes, fair value of equity instruments, fair value of auction rate securities (“ARS”), accounting for business combinations, stock-based compensation and contingencies, among others. The Company bases these estimates on historical and anticipated results, trends, and various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable, including assumptions as to future events. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and recorded revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Revenue Recognition Subsequent to the Adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU") 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, later codified as Accounting Standards Codification 606 ("ASC 606"), on January 1, 2018 The Company derives revenues primarily by (i) providing access to its proprietary database of commercial real estate information and (ii) providing online marketplaces for professional property management companies, property owners, brokers, and landlords, in each case typically through a fixed monthly fee for its subscription-based services. The Company's subscription-based services consist primarily of information, analytics and online marketplace services offered over the Internet to commercial real estate industry and related professionals. Subscription contract rates are based on the number of sites, number of users, organization size, the client’s business focus, geography, the number and types of services to which a client subscribes, the number of properties a client advertises and the prominence and placement of a client's advertised properties in the search results. A majority of the subscription-based license agreements have a term of one year and renew automatically. The Company analyzes contracts to determine the appropriate revenue recognition using the following steps: (i) identification of contracts with customers, (ii) identification of distinct performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determination of contract transaction price, (iv) allocation of contract transaction price to the performance obligations and (v) determination of revenue recognition based on timing of satisfaction of the performance obligation(s). The Company recognizes revenues upon the satisfaction of its performance obligation(s) (upon transfer of control of promised services to its customers) in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. Revenues from subscription-based services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement. The Company's contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple services. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. Determining whether services are considered distinct performance obligations may require significant judgment. Judgment is required to determine the standalone selling price (“SSP”) for each distinct performance obligation. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, such as when the Company does not sell the services separately, the Company determines the SSP using available information, including market conditions and other observable inputs. Deferred revenue results from amounts billed in advance to customers or cash received from customers in advance of the sale of subscription licenses and is recognized over the term of the license agreement. Contract assets represent a conditional right to consideration for satisfied performance obligations that become a receivable when the conditions are satisfied. Contract assets are generated when contractual billing schedules differ from revenue recognition timing. Certain sales commissions are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Sales commissions incurred for obtaining new contracts are deferred and then amortized as selling and marketing expenses on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit that the Company has determined to be three years. The three-year amortization period was determined based on several factors, including the nature of the technology and proprietary data underlying the services being purchased, customer contract renewal rates and industry competition. Certain commission costs are not capitalized as they do not represent incremental costs of obtaining a contract. See Note 3 for further discussion on the impact of the adoption of ASC 606 . For details about the Company’s revenue recognition policy prior to the adoption of ASC 606 , refer to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 23, 2018. Cost of Revenues Cost of revenues principally consists of salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation expenses for the Company’s researchers who collect and analyze the commercial real estate data that is the basis for the Company’s information, analytics and online marketplaces. Additionally, cost of revenues includes the cost of data from third-party data sources, credit card and other transaction fees relating to processing customer transactions, which are expensed as incurred, and the amortization of acquired trade names, technology and other intangible assets. Foreign Currency Translation The Company’s functional currency in its foreign locations is the local currency. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rates as of the balance sheet dates. Revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated at the average exchange rates in effect during each period. Gains and losses resulting from translation are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Currency g ains and losses on the translation of intercompany loans made to foreign subsidiaries that are of a long-term investment nature are also included in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Net gains or losses resulting from foreign currency exchange transactions are included in the consolidated statements of operations. There were no material gains or losses from foreign currency exchange transactions for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 . Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss were as follows (in thousands): As of December 31, 2018 2017 Foreign currency translation adjustment $ (10,958 ) $ (8,290 ) Net unrealized loss on investments, net of tax (730 ) (730 ) Total accumulated other comprehensive loss $ (11,688 ) $ (9,020 ) There were no amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss to the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 . The amount of realized gain from the redemption of available-for-sale securities reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss to the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 was approximately $0.8 million . Advertising Costs The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising costs include e-commerce, television, radio, print and other media advertising. Advertising costs were approximately $124 million , $104 million and $109 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , respectively. Income Taxes Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the basis reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted rates in effect during the year in which the Company expects differences to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided against assets, including net operating losses, if the Company determines it is more likely than not that some portion or all of an asset may not be realized. Interest and penalties related to income tax matters are recognized in income tax expense. See Note 11 for additional information regarding income taxes. Net Income Per Share Net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period on a basic and diluted basis. The Company’s potentially dilutive securities include stock options and restricted stock awards. Diluted net income per share considers the impact of potentially dilutive securities except in periods in which there is a net loss, as the inclusion of the potentially dilutive common shares would have an anti-dilutive effect. See Note 15 for additional information on the Company's calculation of net income per share. Stock-Based Compensation Equity instruments issued in exchange for services performed by officers, employees, and directors of the Company are accounted for using a fair-value based method and the fair value of such equity instruments is recognized as expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Stock-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date of the stock-based awards that vest over set time periods based on their fair values, and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting periods of the awards, net of an estimated forfeiture rate. For equity instruments that vest based on performance, the Company assesses the probability of the achievement of the performance conditions at the end of each reporting period, or more frequently based upon the occurrence of events that may change the probability of whether the performance conditions will be met. If the Company's initial estimates of the achievement of the performance conditions change, the related stock-based compensation expense and timing of recognition may fluctuate from period to period based on those estimates. For equity instruments that vest based on a performance condition and a market condition, the Company estimates the fair value of each equity instrument granted on the date of grant using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. This pricing model uses multiple simulations to evaluate the probability of achieving the market condition to calculate the fair value of the awards. Stock-based compensation expense is updated based on the expected achievement of the related performance conditions at the end of each reporting period. If the performance conditions are not met, no stock-based compensation expense will be recognized, and any previously recognized stock-based compensation expense will be reversed. Stock-based compensation expense for stock options and restricted stock awards issued under equity incentive plans and stock purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") included in the Company’s results of operations were as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Cost of revenues (1) $ 7,688 $ 4,971 $ 5,495 Selling and marketing (excluding customer base amortization) 6,881 7,086 6,634 Software development 7,454 7,071 6,546 General and administrative 20,695 19,902 17,674 Total stock-based compensation $ 42,718 $ 39,030 $ 36,349 __________________________ (1) Includes $1.5 million of expense related to the cash settlement of stock options in connection with the acquisition of Cozy Services, Ltd. See Note 4 for details of the acquisition. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of money market funds. Investments The Company determines the appropriate classification of debt and equity investments at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such designation as of each balance sheet date. The Company's investments consist of long-term variable rate debt instruments with an auction reset feature, referred to as auction rate securities, and are classified as available-for-sale. The Company's auction rate security investments are carried at fair value and any changes in unrealized holding gains and losses, net of the related tax effect, are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders’ equity until realized. A decline in market value of any investment below cost that is deemed to be other-than-temporary results in a reduction in carrying amount to fair value. The impairment is charged to earnings and a new cost basis for the security is established. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned. Concentration of Credit Risk and Financial Instruments The Company performs ongoing assessments of its customers’ financial conditions and generally does not require that its customers’ obligations to the Company be secured. The Company maintains reserves for doubtful accounts, which have historically been immaterial to the Company's consolidated financial statements. Further, the large size of the Company’s customer base creates a lack of dependence on any individual customer that mitigates the risk of nonpayment of the Company’s accounts receivable. No single customer accounted for more than 5% of the Company’s revenues for each of the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 . The carrying amount of the accounts receivable approximates the net realizable value. The Company holds cash at major financial institutions that often exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits. The Company manages its credit risk associated with cash concentrations by concentrating its cash deposits in high quality financial institutions and by periodically evaluating the credit quality of the primary financial institutions holding such deposits. The carrying value of cash approximates fair value. Historically, the Company has not experienced any losses due to such cash concentrations. Accounts Receivable, Net of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount net of credits due. Accounts receivable payment terms vary and amounts due from customers are stated in the financial statements net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. When evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts, the Company analyzes historical collection experience, changes in customer payment profiles and the aging of receivable balances, as well as current economic conditions, all of which may affect a customer’s ability to pay. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. All repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization are calculated on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives of the assets: Leasehold improvements Shorter of lease term or useful life Furniture and office equipment Five to ten years Vehicles Five to ten years Computer hardware and software Three to five years Qualifying internal-use software costs incurred during the application development stage, which consist primarily of internal product development costs, outside services and purchased software license costs are capitalized and amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset. All other costs are expensed as incurred. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from a business combination and is calculated as the excess of the purchase consideration paid in a business combination over the fair value of assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but instead is assigned to each of the Company's reporting units and tested for impairment at least annually or when events and circumstances indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value. The Company may first assess qualitative factors to evaluate whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount or elect to bypass such assessment. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, or the Company elects to bypass such assessment, the Company performs a quantitative test that requires the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. The estimate of the fair value of each reporting unit is based on a projected discounted cash flow model that includes significant assumptions and estimates including the discount rate, growth rate and future financial performance. Assumptions about the discount rate are based on a weighted average cost of capital for comparable companies. Assumptions about the growth rate and future financial performance of a reporting unit are based on the Company's forecasts, business plans, economic projections and anticipated future cash flows. The fair value of each reporting unit is compared to the carrying amount of the reporting unit. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, then an impairment loss is recognized for the difference. Acquired technology, trade names and other intangible assets, and customer base assets are related to the Company’s acquisitions (see Notes 8 and 9 ). Acquired technology is amortized on a straight-line basis over periods ranging from two years to eight years . Acquired trade names and other intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over periods ranging from one year to fifteen years . Acquired intangible assets characterized as customer base assets consist of acquired customer contracts and the related customer relationships and are amortized over periods ranging from five years to thirteen years . Acquired customer bases are amortized on an accelerated or straight-line basis depending on the expected economic benefit of the intangible asset. Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, and purchased intangibles subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assets to be disposed of are separately presented in the balance sheet and reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, and are no longer depreciated. The assets and liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale are presented separately in the appropriate asset and liability sections of the balance sheet. Debt Issuance Costs Costs incurred in connection with the issuance of long-term debt are deferred and amortized as interest expense over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method for term debt and on a straight-line basis for revolving debt. To the extent that debt is outstanding, these amounts are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets as direct deductions from a combination of the current and long-term portions of debt for term debt and as current and long-term assets for costs related to revolving debt. Upon a refinancing or amendment, previously capitalized debt issuance costs are expensed and included in loss on extinguishment of debt if the Company determines that there has been a substantial modification of the related debt. If the Company determines that there has not been a substantial modification of the related debt, any previously capitalized debt issuance costs are amortized as interest expense over the term of the new debt instrument. See Note 10 for additional information on the Company's long-term debt and related debt issuance costs. Business Combinations The Company allocates the purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. The purchase price is determined based on the fair value of the assets transferred, liabilities incurred and equity interests issued, after considering any transactions that are separate from the business combination. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets and contingent liabilities. Significant estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows from acquired customer bases, acquired technology and acquired trade names, useful lives, royalty rates and discount rates. Any adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period are recorded in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to earnings. For a given acquisition, the Company may identify certain pre-acquisition contingencies as of the acquisition date and may extend its review and evaluation of these pre-acquisition contingencies throughout the measurement period in order to obtain sufficient information to assess whether the Company includes these contingencies as a part of the fair value estimates of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and, if so, to determine their estimated amounts. If the Company cannot reasonably determine the fair value of a pre-acquisition contingency (non-income tax related) by the end of the measurement period, which is generally the case given the nature of such matters, the Company will recognize an asset or a liability for such pre-acquisition contingency if: (i) it is probable that an asset existed or a liability had been assumed at the acquisition date and (ii) the amount of the asset or liability can be reasonably estimated. Subsequent to the measurement period, changes in the Company's estimates of such contingencies will affect earnings and could have a material effect on its results of operations and financial position. In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances assumed in connection with a business combination are initially estimated as of the acquisition date. The Company reevaluates these items based upon facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date, with any adjustments to its preliminary estimates being recorded to goodwill provided that the Company is within the measurement period. Subsequent to the measurement period, changes to these uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances will affect the Company's provision for income taxes in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income and could have a material impact on its results of operations and financial position. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) jointly issued a new revenue recognition standard, Accounting Standards Update (“ASU") 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , later codified as Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606 (" ASC 606" ), that is designed to improve financial reporting by creating common recognition guidance for GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”). This guidance provides a robust framework for addressing revenue issues, improves the comparability of revenue recognition practices across industries, provides useful information to users of financial statements through improved disclosure requirements and simplifies the presentation of financial statements. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those services. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606, using the modified retrospective method. Results for reporting periods beginning subsequent to December 31, 2017 are presented under ASC 606 , while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the Company’s historical accounting policies prior to adoption. In adopting the guidance, the Company applied the guidance to all customer contracts and used several available practical expedients including assessing contracts with similar terms and conditions on a “portfolio” basis and not including contracts with a duration of one year or less in the unsatisfied performance obligations disclosure. The Company recorded a net cumulative increase to beginning retained earnings of $54 million . The Company adjusted the condensed consolidated financial statements from amounts previously reported due to the adoption of ASC 606 . Select condensed consolidated balance sheet line items which were adjusted upon adoption were as follows (in thousands): As of December 31, 2017 ASC 606 Adjustments As of January 1, 2018 Assets Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts $ 60,900 $ (1,867 ) $ 59,033 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 15,572 1,867 17,439 Deferred commissions costs, net — 71,118 71,118 Liabilities Deferred revenue $ 45,686 $ (1,716 ) $ 43,970 Deferred income taxes, net 12,070 18,370 30,440 Retained earnings 320,656 54,464 375,120 The impact of the adoption of ASC 606 on the condensed financial statements for the period ended December 31, 2018 was as follows (in thousands): As of December 31, 2018 without adoption of ASC 606 ASC 606 Adjustments As Reported as of December 31, 2018 Assets Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts $ 91,122 $ (1,930 ) $ 89,192 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 21,760 1,930 23,690 Deferred commissions costs, net — 76,031 76,031 Liabilities Deferred revenue $ 57,284 $ (5,825 ) $ 51,459 Deferred income taxes, net 49,147 20,710 69,857 Retained earnings 552,308 61,146 613,454 If the Company had not adopted ASC 606 , revenue recognized would have been $4 million lower and selling and marketing expense would have been $5 million higher for the year ended December 31, 2018 . The impact on net income and basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2018 would have been a decrease of approximately $7 million or $0.19 per share, respectively. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments , which is designed to reduce the existing diversity in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the consolidated statements of cash flows. This guidance is effective on a retrospective basis for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted this guidance and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business , which is designed to clarify the definition of a business to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The guidance indicates that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the set of assets is not a business. This guidance is effective on a prospective basis for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted this guidance and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting , which is designed to reduce the existing diversity and complexity in the accounting for changes to terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. This guidance clarifies that an entity will not apply modification accounting to a share-based payment award if all of the following are the same immediately before and after the change: (i) the fair value of the award, (ii) the vesting conditions of the award, and (iii) the classification of the award as an equity instrument or liability instrument. This guidance is effective on a prospective basis for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted this guidance and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases ("ASC 842") , to increase transparency and comparability among organizations' accounting for leases. The guidance requires a company to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet, as well as to disclose key quantitative and qualitative information about leasing arrangements. This guidance is effective on a modified retrospective basis for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. As permitted by the guidance, the Company will elect to retain the original lease classification and historical accounting for initial direct costs for leases existing prior to the adoption date. Furthermore, the Company will not have to reassess contracts entered into prior to the adoption date for the existence of a lease. The Company will also elect not to restate prior periods for the impact of the adoption of the new standard and will instead recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings as of January 1, 2019 for any prior period income statement effects identified. The Company assessed the changes required to support the adoption of the new standard, as well as the quantitative impact this guidance will have on its financial statements and related disclosures. As a result, the Company expects that the adoption of this standard will result in the recognition of Right of Use Assets between $100 million and $120 million , as well as Lease Liabilities between $140 million and $160 million on its consolidated balance sheet, primarily as a result of recognizing assets and liabilities associated with existing office leases . Lastly, the Company expects to recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings of $12 million , net of tax, as of January 1, 2019 to recognize the remaining gain on the Company's outstanding deferred gain on the sale of building, pursuant to the guidance in ASC 842 . Beginning in 2019, the Company expects significant changes to its disclosed lease recognition policies and practices, as well as to other related financial statement disclosures due to the adoption of this standard. These revised disclosures will be made in the Company’s first quarterly report in 2019. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurements (subsequent to adoption of ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement. The ASU was issued to eliminate certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements, and add and modify other disclosure requirements, as part of its disclosure framework project, including additional requ |