Basis of Presentation (Policies) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2014 |
Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
Nature of the Business | Nature of the Business |
Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively, “Lionbridge” or the “Company”) provides a suite of globalization solutions to businesses in diverse end markets including technology, internet and media, manufacturing, mobile and telecommunications, life sciences, government, automotive, aerospace and retail. Lionbridge is a leading provider of language, content and testing solutions that enable clients to optimize, release, manage and maintain their technology applications and content globally. Lionbridge’s solutions include product and content globalization; interpretation services; application development and maintenance; software and hardware testing; product certification and competitive analysis. Lionbridge has three operating segments: Global Language and Content (“GLC”), Global Enterprise Solutions (“GES”, formerly referred to as Global Development and Testing, “GDT”) and Interpretation. As part of its GLC solutions, Lionbridge also provides global marketing services and creates and translates technical documentation for clients who market to and support customers in global markets. Lionbridge GLC solutions utilize the Company’s cloud-based technology platform and global service delivery model which make the translation, localization and authoring process more efficient for Lionbridge clients. Through its GES solutions, Lionbridge optimizes and tests and applications and content to ensure the quality, relevance, usability and performance of clients’ applications, online content, consumer technology products and web sites. Lionbridge’s testing services, some of which are offered under the VeriTest brand, also include product certification. Lionbridge has substantial domain experience developing, testing and maintaining applications in a cost-efficient, blended on-site and offshore model. Lionbridge provides interpretation services for government, business and healthcare organizations that require experienced linguists to facilitate communication. Lionbridge has its head office in the United States, with operations in Europe, Asia, India, North America, South America and Latin America. |
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation |
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Lionbridge and its wholly owned subsidiaries from the effective date of their acquisition or formation. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements. |
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition |
Lionbridge recognizes revenue as services are performed and amounts are earned. Lionbridge considers amounts to be earned when (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement has been obtained; (2) services are delivered; (3) the fee is fixed or determinable; and (4) collectability is reasonably assured. Determination of criteria (3) and (4) are based on management’s judgments regarding the fixed nature of the fee charged for services rendered and products delivered and the collectability of those fees. |
Lionbridge’s revenue is recorded from the provision of services to customers for GLC, GES and Interpretation services which include content development, product and content globalization, interpretation, software and hardware testing, product certification and application development and maintenance. |
Content development, software and hardware testing, interpretation and application development and maintenance projects are normally time and expense priced contracts, and revenue is recognized using a time and expense basis over the period of performance, primarily based on labor costs incurred to date. |
Product and content globalization and product certification projects are generally fixed price contracts and revenue is recognized as services are delivered. Depending on specific contractual provisions and the nature of the deliverable, revenue is recognized (1) on a proportional performance model based on level of effort, (2) as milestones are achieved or (3) when final deliverables have been met. Amounts billed in excess of revenue recognized are recorded as deferred revenue. |
The delivery of Lionbridge’s GLC services involves and is dependent on the translation and development of content by subcontractors and in-house employees. As the time and cost to translate or produce each word of content within a project is relatively uniform, labor input is reflective of the delivery of the contracted service and an appropriate metric for the measurement of proportional performance in delivering such services. The use of a proportional performance assessment of service delivery requires significant judgment relative to estimating total contract costs, including assumptions relative to the length of time to complete the project, the nature and complexity of the work to be performed, anticipated increases in employee wages and prices for subcontractor services, and the availability of subcontractor services. When adjustments in estimated project costs are identified, anticipated losses, if any, are recognized in the period in which they are determined. |
Lionbridge’s GLC agreements with its customers may provide the customer with a fixed and limited time period following delivery during which Lionbridge will attempt to address any non-conformity to previously agreed upon objective specifications relating to the work, either in the form of a limited acceptance period or a post-delivery warranty period. Management believes recognition of revenue at the time the services are delivered is appropriate, because its obligations under such provisions are limited in time, limited in scope, and historically have not involved significant costs. |
Lionbridge’s GLC segment includes Translation Workspace, the Company’s hosted proprietary, internet-architected translation memory application that simplifies translation management. This cloud-based application is available to translators on a subscription basis. Cloud-based revenue is billed in advance and generally recognized over the subscription period. Incremental overage fees are recognized in the period incurred. |
Lionbridge occasionally provides integrated full-service offerings throughout a client’s product and content lifecycle, including GLC and GES services. For these arrangements where the GLC and GES services have independent value to the customer, and there is evidence of selling price for each service, the combined service arrangement is bifurcated into separate units for accounting treatment. The determination of selling price requires the use of significant judgment. Lionbridge determines the selling price of service revenues based upon its recent pricing for those services when sold separately and/or prevailing market rates for similar services. |
Revenue includes reimbursement of travel, out-of-pocket expenses, certain facilities and hardware costs with equivalent amounts of expense recorded in cost of revenue. |
Estimates for incentive rebates and other allowances are recorded as a reduction of revenues in the period the related revenues are recorded. These estimates are based upon contracted terms, historical experience and information currently available to management with respect to business and economic trends. Revisions of these estimates are recorded in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revision become known. |
Advertising Costs | Advertising Costs |
Advertising costs are included in sales and marketing expenses and are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs were approximately $0.2 million, $0.3 million, and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. |
Research and Development Costs | Research and Development Costs |
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include salaries and associated employee benefits and third-party contractor expenses unless capitalized as costs incurred during the application development stage of software developed for internal use. These costs relate primarily to the Company’s web-based hosted language management technology platform used in the globalization process and its globalization management system. |
Foreign Currency Translation | Foreign Currency Translation |
The functional currency for each of Lionbridge’s foreign operations is predominantly the local currency of the country in which those operations are based. Revenues and expenses of foreign operations are translated into U.S. Dollars at the average rates of exchange during the year. Assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into U.S. Dollars at year-end rates of exchange. The Company has recorded net translation losses of $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and net gains of $0.8 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, in accumulated other comprehensive income, which is a component of stockholders’ equity. These unrealized gains and losses are primarily attributable to the fluctuation in value between the U.S. Dollar and the Euro. For the purpose of disclosure of comprehensive income, Lionbridge does not record tax provisions or benefits for the net changes in foreign currency translation adjustments, as Lionbridge intends to permanently reinvest undistributed earnings in its foreign subsidiaries. |
Realized and unrealized foreign currency transaction gains or losses, arising from exchange rate fluctuations on balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies, are included in “Other (income) expense, net” in the consolidated statements of operations and resulted in gains of $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and losses of $0.9 million and $1.1 million for the years December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. |
Financial Instruments | Financial Instruments |
Lionbridge may enter into foreign currency forward contracts with commercial banks to hedge exposure to foreign currency assets and liabilities recorded on its balance sheet and utilizes interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk. Changes in the fair value of foreign exchange forward contracts are recorded in the Company’s earnings. The Company had no foreign exchange forward contracts outstanding at December 31, 2014 and 2013. |
Lionbridge does not hold or issue financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. |
Cash Equivalents | Cash Equivalents |
Cash and cash equivalents include all highly liquid investments with a maturity of ninety days or less at the time of purchase. Cash equivalents consist primarily of time deposits and are stated at cost plus accrued interest. |
Unbilled Receivables and Deferred Revenue | Unbilled Receivables and Deferred Revenue |
Unbilled receivables represent revenue not yet billed. Unbilled receivables are calculated for each individual project based on the proportional delivery of services at the balance sheet date. Billing of amounts in unbilled receivables occurs according to customer-agreed payment schedules or upon completion of specified project milestones. All of Lionbridge’s projects in unbilled receivables are expected to be billed and collected within one year. |
Deferred revenue represents billings in excess of revenue recognized for work. Deferred revenue is calculated for each individual project and constitutes a performance obligation for which revenue will be recognized as services are delivered. |
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment |
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization and any recognized impairment loss. Additions and improvements that extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized; maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Upon retirement or other disposition, the cost and related accumulated depreciation of the assets are removed from the accounts and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in the determination of net income or loss. |
|
The Company capitalizes costs incurred during the application development stage, which include costs of designing the software configuration and interfaces, coding, installation and testing. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage along with post-implementation stages of internal use computer software are generally expensed as incurred. Capitalized development costs are amortized over the estimated life of the software, using the straight-line method, beginning with the date that an asset is ready for its intended use. The capitalization and ongoing assessment of development costs requires considerable judgment by management, including, but not limited to, technological feasibility and estimated economic life. Capitalized software is included in “Property and equipment, net” on the consolidated balance sheets. |
The Company's capitalized costs primarily related to the development of internal financial systems and enhancements of internal products. The following table summarizes the capitalized costs and amortization expenses incurred to develop computer software for internal use for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively: |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
(In thousands) | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 |
Software developed for internal use | $ | 2,863 | | | $ | 2,785 | | | $ | 3,698 | |
|
Amortization expenses for software developed for internal use | 2,269 | | | 2,057 | | | 2,156 | |
|
There were no costs associated with the development of software for internal use that was not yet placed into service as of December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013. Approximately $1.3 million for 2012 related to costs associated with the development of software for internal use that was not yet placed into service as of December 31, 2012. The capitalized costs placed in service during 2014, 2013 and 2012 are being amortized over two to seven years. Amortization expenses are included in “Depreciation and amortization” in the consolidated statements of operations. |
The cost of property and equipment is depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method, based upon the following asset lives: |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Period | | | | | | | | | |
Computer software and equipment | | 2 to 7 years | | | | | | | | | |
Furniture and office equipment | | 3 to 10 years | | | | | | | | | |
Leasehold improvements | | Shorter of remaining lease term or useful life of asset | | | | | | | | | |
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets |
Lionbridge assesses the impairment of goodwill and acquisition-related intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Such events or conditions could include an economic downturn in the industries to which Lionbridge provides services; increased competition; an increase in operating or other costs; additional volatility in international currencies; the pace of technological improvements; or other information regarding Lionbridge’s market value, such as a reduction in stock price to a price near or below the book value of the Company for an extended period of time. When Lionbridge determines that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable based upon one or more of these indicators of impairment, the Company initially assesses any impairment using fair value measurements based on projected discounted cash flow valuation models and the market approach. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment on an annual basis. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company performed its annual test of goodwill to determine if an impairment existed. This test determined that each reporting unit’s fair value substantially exceeded the carrying value of the net assets of each respective reporting unit, using projected discounted cash flow modeling. As a result, no impairment was recorded for either year. |
The Company evaluates whether there has been an impairment in the carrying value of its long-lived assets, if circumstances indicate that a possible impairment may exist. An impairment in the carrying value of an asset is assessed when the undiscounted expected future operating cash flows derived from the asset grouping are less than its carrying value. If it is determined that the asset group is impaired then it is written down to its estimated fair value. Factors that could lead to an impairment of its long-lived assets include a worsening in customer attrition rates compared to historical attrition rates, lower than initially anticipated cash flows associated with customer relationships, significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business, identification of other impaired assets within a reporting unit, disposition of a significant portion of an operating segment, significant negative industry or economic trends, significant decline in the Company’s stock price for a sustained period and a decline in our market capitalization relative to net book value. |
Acquisition-related intangible assets arose from acquisitions made prior to 2012 and the acquisitions of Productive Resources, LLC (“PRI”) in June 2012, Virtual Solutions, Inc. (“VSI”) in November 2012, E5 Global Holdings, Inc. (“E5”) in October 2013, Darwin Zone, S.A. ("Darwin") in May 2014 and Clay Tablet Technologies ("Clay Tablet") in October 2014 and consist of the following, which have been or are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives, except for the customer relationships related to previous acquisitions, of which a portion is being amortized using an economic consumption method: |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Estimated | | | | | | | | | |
Useful | | | | | | | | | |
Life | | | | | | | | | |
Acquisitions prior to 2012: | | | | | | | | | | | |
Customer relationships | | 3 to 12 years | | | | | | | | | |
Customer contracts | | 3 to 5 years | | | | | | | | | |
Internally developed software | | 1 to 4 years | | | | | | | | | |
PRI, VSI, E5, Darwin and Clay Tablet: | | | | | | | | | | | |
Developed technology | | 5 years | | | | | | | | | |
Core technology | | 10 years | | | | | | | | | |
Customer relationships | | 2 to 12 years | | | | | | | | | |
Non-compete agreements | | 1 to 5 years | | | | | | | | | |
Trademark | | 1 to 3 years | | | | | | | | | |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes |
Current income taxes are recorded based on statutory obligations for the current operating period for the various countries in which the Company has operations. |
Deferred income taxes are generally recognized for the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities (temporary differences) multiplied by the enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. |
Net Income (Loss) per Share | Net Income per Share |
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. For purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share, the denominator includes both the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and the number of dilutive common stock equivalents such as stock options, unvested restricted stock and warrants, as determined using the treasury stock method. |
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation | Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation |
The Company recognizes expense for stock options, performance-based restricted stock awards and time-based restricted stock awards, which requires recognition of stock-based compensation expense in the statement of operations over the vesting period based on the fair value of the award at the grant date. |
|
The Company has stock-based employee compensation plans which are described more fully in Note 8 to these consolidated financial statements. |
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates |
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, actuarial valuations and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Estimates are used when accounting for the collectability of receivables, calculating revenue based on the proportional delivery of services, and valuing intangible assets, deferred tax assets, net assets of businesses acquired and accrued liabilities associated with compensation. Some of these estimates can be subjective and complex and, consequently, actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. However, if different assumptions or conditions were to prevail, the results could be materially different from the amounts recorded. |
Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
Total comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income (loss), the net change in the funded status of defined benefit postretirement plans and the net change in foreign currency translation adjustment. |
Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers | Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers |
Financial instruments which potentially subject Lionbridge to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with several investment-grade financial institutions. Investments consist of time deposits with maturities less than 30 days. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade accounts receivable are limited due to the dispersion of customers across different industries and geographic regions. Hewlett Packard accounted for approximately 11% of consolidated accounts receivable at December 31, 2014 and 2013. Rolls Royce accounted for approximately 12% of the consolidated accounts receivable at December 31, 2014. No other client individually accounted for more than 10% of consolidated accounts receivable at December 31, 2014 or 2013. Lionbridge generally does not require collateral or other security against trade receivable balances; however, it maintains reserves for potential credit losses and such losses have historically been within management’s expectations. |
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments |
Financial instruments are carried in the consolidated financial statements at amounts that approximate fair value at December 31, 2014 and 2013. Fair values are based on market prices and assumptions concerning the amount and timing of estimated future cash flows and assumed discount rates, reflecting varying degrees of perceived risk. The Company recognizes all derivative financial instruments in our consolidated financial statements at fair value. The Company records changes in the fair value of derivative instruments in earnings unless deferred hedge accounting criteria is met. For derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges, the Company records the changes in fair value of both the derivative instrument and the hedged item in earnings. |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements |
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) which will replace numerous requirements in U.S. GAAP, including industry-specific requirements, and provide companies with a single revenue recognition model for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. The core principle of the new standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. For the Company, the standard will be effective in the first quarter of 2017. The two permitted transition methods under the new standard are the full retrospective method, in which case the standard would be applied to each prior reporting period presented, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of initial application. The Company has not yet selected a transition method. The Company is currently evaluating the potential changes from this ASU to its future financial reporting and disclosures. |
In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern. Under the new guidance, management will be required to assess an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, and to provide related footnote disclosures in certain circumstances. The provisions of this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and for annual and interim periods thereafter. This ASU is not expected to have an impact on the Company's financial statements or disclosures. |
Other new pronouncements issued but not effective until after December 31, 2014 are not expected to have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity. |
Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities or Restructurings, Policy | For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, restructuring charges for workforce reductions and additional costs recorded for a previously vacated facility in order to reflect changes in initial estimates of a sublease arrangement due to current economic conditions are recorded pursuant to the guidance of ASC 420, “Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations” (“ASC 420”) and ASC 712, “Compensation—Nonretirement Postemployment Benefits” (“ASC 712”), and related literature. |