Other income and expense
Interest income was $190,000 and $89,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, interest income was $329,000 in 2023 and $180,000 in 2022. The increases in 2023 were due to more interest earned on the higher cash balances this year. Interest expense increased $121,000 and $505,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same periods of 2022, due to interest incurred on the higher average debt balances this year.
Other (expense) income, net, totaled ($168,000) for the quarter compared to $181,000 in last year’s second quarter. For the year-to-date period, other (expense) income, net, totaled ($298,000) in 2023 and $175,000 in 2022. The increases in expense for both the quarter and year-to-date periods was primarily due to an increase in the non-service cost components of pension expense this year. See Note 7 in the Notes to the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited) for additional details.
The effective income tax rates for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were 26.2% and 24.1%, respectively. The effective income tax rates for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were 25.9% and 25.3%, respectively. The 2023 and 2022 effective tax rates differed from the federal rate of 21% primarily because of state and foreign taxes.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our primary sources of liquidity are cash, short-term investments, short-term marketable securities, and our revolving line of credit. During the first six months of 2023, we generated $43.6 million of cash from operations compared to a use of cash totaling $18.7 million in the same period one year ago. The increase in 2023 was primarily due to higher net earnings and changes in operating assets and liabilities, principally accounts receivable and inventory. Our overall inventory as of June 30, 2023 was $103.9 million, down from $128.0 million at December 31, 2022. We have continued to bring down our inventory levels as supply chains have normalized, allowing us to bring in shoes closer to need.
We paid dividends totaling $6.9 million and $4.6 million in the first six-months of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in 2023 was due to a shift in timing of our quarterly dividend payment schedule; the first six months of 2023 included three quarterly dividend payments, as our fourth quarter 2022 dividend was paid in early January 2023. Conversely, the first half of 2022 only included two quarterly dividend payments, as our fourth quarter 2021 dividend was paid in December 2021. On August 1, 2023, our Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.25 per share to all shareholders of record on August 25, 2023, payable September 29, 2023.
We repurchase our common stock under our share repurchase program when we believe market conditions are favorable. During the first half of 2023, we repurchased 85,157 shares for a total cost of $2.1 million. As of June 30, 2023, we had the authority to repurchase approximately 954,000 shares under our previously announced stock repurchase program. See Part II, Item 2, “Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds” below for more information.
Capital expenditures totaled $1.4 in the first six months of 2023. Management estimates that annual capital expenditures for 2023 will be between $2.0 million and $4.0 million.
At June 30, 2023, we had a $50.0 million revolving line of credit with a bank that is secured by a lien against our general business assets, and expires on September 28, 2023. Outstanding advances on the line of credit bear interest at the one-month term secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) plus 145 basis points. Our line of credit agreement contains representations, warranties, and covenants (including a minimum tangible net worth financial covenant) that are customary for a facility of this type. At June 30, 2023, outstanding borrowings on the line of credit totaled $2.6 million at an interest rate of 6.54%, and we were in compliance with all financial covenants. At December 31, 2022, outstanding borrowings on the line of credit totaled $31.1 million at an interest rate of 5.77%. In the first six months of 2023, our cash collections exceeded cash outlays, reducing our borrowing balances this year. We expect to renew our line of credit later this year, but cannot provide any assurances that it will be renewed on terms acceptable to us, or at all.
As of June 30, 2023, approximately $4.8 million of cash and cash equivalents was held by our foreign subsidiaries.
We will continue to evaluate the best uses for our available liquidity, including, among other uses, capital expenditures, continued stock repurchases and acquisitions. The Company believes that available cash, short-term investments, marketable securities, cash provided by operations, and available borrowing facilities will provide adequate support for the cash needs of the business for at least one year, although there can be no assurances.