Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill The Company's goodwill by segment is as follows: September 30, December 31, 2016 Executive Search Americas $ 88,712 $ 88,101 Europe 44,231 42,599 Asia Pacific 9,351 8,893 Total Executive Search 142,294 139,593 Leadership Consulting 6,950 6,534 Culture Shaping 29,317 29,224 Goodwill, gross 178,561 175,351 Accumulated impairment (52,824 ) (23,507 ) Goodwill, net $ 125,737 $ 151,844 Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 are as follows: Executive Search Leadership Consulting Culture Americas Europe Asia Pacific Total Gross goodwill at December 31, 2016 $ 88,101 $ 42,599 $ 8,893 $ 6,534 $ 29,224 $ 175,351 Accumulated impairment — (23,507 ) — — — (23,507 ) Net goodwill at December 31, 2016 88,101 19,092 8,893 6,534 29,224 151,844 Philosophy IB acquisition 357 — — 7 — 364 Foreign currency translation 254 1,632 458 409 93 2,846 Impairment — — — — (29,317 ) (29,317 ) Net goodwill at September 30, 2017 $ 88,712 $ 20,724 $ 9,351 $ 6,950 $ — $ 125,737 In 2017, the Culture Shaping business continued the transition of senior-level personnel which began in 2016, primarily due to planned retirements. The Company has experienced lower than expected consultant productivity during the transition period. Also, the marketplace for culture shaping services has become increasingly more competitive and the business experienced lengthening sales cycles and decision processes within target client organizations. These events led to a decline in the revenue performance of the business and uncertainty around the timing of improving such performance. As a result, the Company identified a triggering event and performed an interim impairment evaluation on the goodwill related to its Culture Shaping reporting unit during the three months ended June 30, 2017. During the impairment evaluation process, the Company used a discounted cash flow methodology to estimate the fair value of its Culture Shaping reporting unit. The discounted cash flow approach is dependent on a number of factors, including estimates of future market growth and trends, forecasted revenue and costs, capital investments, appropriate discount rates, certain assumptions to allocate shared costs, assets and liabilities, historical and projected performance of the reporting unit, and the macroeconomic conditions affecting each of the Company’s reporting units. The assumptions used in the determination of fair value were (1) a forecast of growth in the near and long term; (2) the discount rate; (3) working capital investments; and (4) other factors. The Company early adopted ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other in conjunction with its impairment evaluation during the three months ended June 30, 2017. Under the adopted guidance, Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test is eliminated. Instead, the goodwill impairment test is completed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying value of a the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, however, the loss recognized is not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Based on the results of the of the impairment evaluation, the Company determined that the goodwill within the Culture Shaping reporting unit was impaired, which resulted in an impairment charge of $29.3 million to write-off all of the goodwill. The impairment charge is recorded within Impairment charges in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 . The impairment was non-cash in nature and did not affect our current liquidity, cash flows, borrowing capability or operations; nor did it impact the debt covenants under our credit agreement. The Company continues to monitor potential triggering events for its other reporting units including changes in the business climate in which it operates, the Company’s market capitalization compared to its book value, and the Company’s recent operating performance. Any changes in these factors could result in an impairment charge for the Company's reporting units. Other Intangible Assets, net The Company’s other intangible assets, net by segment, are as follows: September 30, December 31, 2016 Executive Search Americas $ 311 $ 501 Europe 2,011 2,937 Asia Pacific 113 127 Total Executive Search 2,435 3,565 Leadership Consulting 4,801 6,223 Culture Shaping — 10,902 Total other intangible assets, net $ 7,236 $ 20,690 As discussed above, the Culture Shaping business was impacted by the transition of senior-level personnel, primarily due to planned retirements, and the Company experienced lower than expected consultant productivity. The Company has also experienced lengthening sales cycles and decision processes within target client organizations. Due to the impact of these events on revenue and earnings when compared to actual and forecasted results, and the impact to the revenue and earnings inputs utilized in the fair value assessment of the intangible assets, the Company identified a triggering event for its Culture Shaping intangible assets and performed an impairment evaluation during the three months ended June 30, 2017. The analysis was conducted in accordance with accounting guidance on fair value measurements taking into consideration Level 3 inputs, primarily consisting of discounted cash flow and replacement cost methodologies. Based on this evaluation, the Company recorded an impairment charge related to its Culture Shaping client relationships, trade name, software and non-compete intangible assets of $9.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 . The impairment charge is recorded within Impairment charges in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 . The carrying amount of amortizable intangible assets and the related accumulated amortization are as follows: Weighted September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Client relationships 8.2 $ 21,454 $ (14,800 ) $ 6,654 $ 33,299 $ (21,653 ) $ 11,646 Trade name 0.0 456 (456 ) — 9,436 (4,465 ) 4,971 Software 0.0 — — — 7,200 (4,114 ) 3,086 Non-compete 5.2 427 (169 ) 258 974 (423 ) 551 Technology 5.3 638 (314 ) 324 604 (168 ) 436 Total intangible assets 8.0 $ 22,975 $ (15,739 ) $ 7,236 $ 51,513 $ (30,823 ) $ 20,690 Intangible asset amortization expense for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was $0.9 million and $1.6 million , respectively. Intangible asset amortization expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was $3.9 million and $4.7 million , respectively. The Company's estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets as of September 30, 2017 for the years ended December 31st is as follows: Remainder of 2017 $ 824 2018 2,528 2019 1,526 2020 887 2021 614 Thereafter 857 Total $ 7,236 |