Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Consolidation and Basis of Presentation: Park-Ohio Industries, Inc. (“ParkOhio,” “we” or the “Company”) is a diversified international company providing world-class customers with a supply chain management outsourcing service, capital equipment used on their production lines, and manufactured components used to assemble their products. The Company operates through three reportable segments: Supply Technologies, Assembly Components and Engineered Products. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its majority-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company does not have off-balance sheet arrangements or financings with unconsolidated entities or other persons. The Company leases certain real properties owned by related parties as described in Note 11. Transactions with related parties are not material to the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Accounting Estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash Equivalents: The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: Accounts receivable are recorded at net realizable value. Accounts receivable are reduced by an allowance for amounts that may become uncollectable in the future. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $6.2 million and $4.5 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The Company’s policy is to identify and reserve for specific collectability concerns based on customers’ financial condition and payment history, as well as a general reserve based on historical trends and other information. During 2018 and 2017 , we sold approximately $106.8 million and $80.0 million , respectively, of accounts receivable to mitigate accounts receivable concentration risk and to increase working capital efficiency. Sales of accounts receivable are reflected as a reduction of accounts receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the proceeds are included in cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. In 2018 and 2017 , expense in the amount of $1.0 million and $0.6 million , respectively, related to the discount on sale of accounts receivable is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Inventories: Inventories are valued using first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) or the weighted-average inventory method and stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, except for the inventories at Canton Drop Forge (“CDF”), which was acquired on February 1, 2018. CDF inventories are stated using the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) method. Major Classes of Inventories December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Raw materials and supplies $ 85.0 $ 67.6 Work in process 48.9 43.9 Finished goods 182.0 171.3 LIFO reserve 1.9 — Inventories, net $ 317.8 $ 282.8 Other Inventory Items Inventory reserves $ (34.9 ) $ (29.8 ) Consigned inventory $ 10.3 $ 9.8 Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment is carried at cost. Additions and improvements that extend the lives of assets are capitalized and expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to operations as incurred. Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets, including capital leases, is computed principally by the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets ranging from five to 40 years for buildings, and one to 20 years for machinery and equipment (with the majority in the range of three to ten years). The following table summarizes property, plant and equipment: December 31, December 31, Land and land improvements $ 11.8 $ 11.5 Buildings 84.4 76.1 Machinery and equipment 392.6 348.6 Leased property under capital leases 35.8 24.1 Total property, plant and equipment 524.6 460.3 Less: Accumulated depreciation 302.7 280.8 Property, plant and equipment, net $ 221.9 $ 179.5 Information regarding depreciation expense of property, plant and equipment follows: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Depreciation expense $ 29.3 $ 24.9 $ 23.5 Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Assets: In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, “ Intangibles — Goodwill and Other ” (“ASC 350”), goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets are not amortized but rather are tested annually for impairment as of October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate there may be an indicator of impairment in accordance with ASC 350 . Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level and is based on the net assets of each reporting unit, including goodwill and intangible assets, compared to its fair value. Our reporting units have been identified at the component level. The Company completed its annual goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles impairment testing as of October 1 of each year, noting no impairment. To determine fair value, the Company uses primarily an income approach, utilizing a discounted cash flow model based on forecasted cash flows and weighted average cost of capital for its goodwill testing, and a relief of royalty method for its indefinite-lived intangibles testing. See Notes 5 and 6 of the consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures about goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles. Impairment of Other Long-Lived Assets: Other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Upon indications of impairment, assets and liabilities are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. The asset group would be considered impaired when the estimated future net undiscounted cash flows generated by the asset group are less than its carrying value. Fair Values of Financial Instruments: Certain financial instruments are required to be recorded at fair value. The Company measures financial assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels of inputs. The three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies, is as follows: Level 1 — Valuations based on quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets. Level 2 — Valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Level 3 — Valuations based on unobservable inputs reflecting our own assumptions, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other market participants. These valuations require significant judgment. Changes in assumptions or estimation methods could affect the fair value estimates; however, we do not believe any such changes would have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and borrowings under the Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 6) approximate fair value at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair values of long-term debt and pension plan assets are disclosed in Note 7 and Note 12, respectively. The Company has not changed its valuation techniques for measuring fair value during 2018 , and there were no transfers between levels during the periods presented. Income Taxes: The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the current enacted tax rates. In determining these amounts, management determined the probability of realizing deferred tax assets, taking into consideration factors including historical operating results, cumulative earnings and losses, expectations of future earnings, taxable income and the extended period of time over which the postretirement benefits will be paid. As required by ASC 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”), the Company records valuation allowances if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that all or some portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. Revenue Recognition: The Company recognizes revenue, other than from long-term contracts within the Engineered Products segment, when its obligations under the contract terms are satisfied and control transfers to the customer, typically upon shipment. Revenue from certain long-term contracts is accounted for over time, when products are manufactured or services are performed, as control transfers under these arrangements. We follow this method since reasonably reliable estimates of revenue and costs of a contract can be made. See Note 2 for additional disclosure on revenue. Cost of Sales : Cost of sales is primarily comprised of direct materials and supplies consumed in the manufacture of product; manufacturing labor, depreciation expense and direct overhead expense; and shipping and handling costs. Concentration of Credit Risk: The Company sells its products to customers in diversified industries. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition but does not require collateral to support customer receivables. The Company establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon factors surrounding the credit risk of specific customers, historical trends and other information. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company had uncollateralized receivables with six customers in the automotive industry, each with several locations, aggregating $ 46.8 million , which represented approximately 18% of the Company’s trade accounts receivable. During 2018 , sales to these customers amounted to approximately $ 338.2 million , which represented approximately 20% of the Company’s net sales. Environmental: The Company expenses environmental costs related to existing conditions resulting from past or current operations and from which no current or future benefit is discernible. Costs that extend the life of the related property or mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination are capitalized. The Company records a liability when environmental assessments and/or remedial efforts are probable and can be reasonably estimated. The estimated liability of the Company is not reduced for possible recoveries from insurance carriers and is undiscounted. Foreign Currency Translation: The functional currency of the Company's subsidiaries outside the United States is the local currency. Financial statements are translated into U.S. dollars at year-end exchange rates for assets and liabilities and weighted-average exchange rates during the period for revenues and expenses. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions, including intercompany transactions that are not considered long-term investments, are included in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Warranties: The Company estimates the amount of warranty claims on sold products that may be incurred based on current and historical data. The actual warranty expense could differ from the estimates made by the Company based on product performance. The following table presents the changes in the Company’s product warranty liability: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Balance at January 1, $ 7.9 $ 7.1 $ 6.1 Claims paid during the year (5.3 ) (4.0 ) (3.7 ) Warranty expense 3.6 4.7 2.0 Acquired warranty liabilities — 0.1 2.8 Other — — (0.1 ) Balance at December 31, $ 6.2 $ 7.9 $ 7.1 Accounting Pronouncements Adopted In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” a new comprehensive revenue recognition standard that supersedes previous guidance under U.S. GAAP. The core principle of the new standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Our implementation efforts included identification of revenue within the scope of the standard, evaluation of revenue contracts under the guidance, and an assessment of the impacts of the new standard on our consolidated financial statements. The Company adopted the new standard as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method of adoption. This method allowed companies to record a one-time adjustment to beginning retained earnings as of January 1, 2018 for the cumulative effect that the standard had on open contracts at the date of adoption. During our implementation, we identified certain contracts that now require over time recognition under the new standard, either as goods are manufactured or services are performed, rather than at the time of shipment or completion as recorded under previous guidance. Upon adoption, we recorded previously unrecognized revenue of $13.6 million , resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment of $2.6 million to our 2018 beginning retained earnings. See Note 2 for further details. In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, “Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715), Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost.” The ASU requires that an employer report the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The Company adopted this standard effective January 1, 2018. Other components of pension income and other postretirement benefits expense, net includes all amounts other than the service cost component. Such amounts are included on a separate line below operating income on the condensed consolidated statements of income. The new standard requires a retrospective application and allows a practical expedient that permits an employer to use the amounts disclosed in its pension footnote for the prior comparative periods as the estimation basis for applying the retrospective presentation. This resulted in the reclassification of the following amounts from previously-reported Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses for 2017 and 2016: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Amounts recorded in Cost of sales $ (1.8 ) $ (1.8 ) Amounts recorded in SG&A expenses (0.6 ) $ (0.6 ) Amounts recorded in Other components of pension income and other postretirement benefits expenses, net 6.4 $ 6.2 Total pension income and other postretirement benefits expense, net $ 4.0 $ 3.8 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” This accounting standard requires that a lessee recognize a lease asset and a lease liability on its balance sheet for all leases, including operating leases, with a term greater than 12 months. ASU 2016-02 will require additional disclosures in the notes to the consolidated financial statements and is effective for the Company as of January 1, 2019. In July 2018, the FASB issued updated guidance which allows an additional transition method to adopt the new leases standard at the adoption date, rather than as of the beginning of the earliest period presented, and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The Company has elected this transition method at the date of adoption. The Company has elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which, among other things, allows it to carry forward historical lease classifications. The Company also made an accounting policy election not to record a right-of-use asset or lease liability related to leases with an initial term of 12 months or less. The Company recognizes these lease payments in the consolidated income statements on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company’s implementation team has identified its population of leases; is concluding its testing of the functionality and related controls of its new third-party lease software; is finalizing its incremental borrowing rate; and is determining the quantitative impact as of the transition date. An estimate of the impact on the consolidated financial statements cannot be made at this time. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses of Financial Instruments,” which replaces the current incurred loss impairment model with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses. Under the new methodology, entities will be required to measure expected credit losses on financial instruments held at amortized cost, including trade receivables, based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable forecasts. Adoption of this guidance is required for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the expected impact of this standard. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.” The ASU affects any entity that is required to apply the provisions of Topic 220, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income,” and has items of other comprehensive income for which the related tax effects are presented in other comprehensive income as required by GAAP. The ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The new standard requires a retrospective application to each period in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) is recognized. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance. In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,” which changes the requirements on fair value measurements by removing, modifying or adding certain disclosures. Adoption of this guidance is required for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the expected impact of this standard. No other recently issued ASUs are expected to have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. |