Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses | Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses The following table presents the composition of the Company’s loans held-for-investment as of December 31, 2020 and 2019: ($ in thousands) December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Amortized Cost (1) Non-PCI Loans (1) PCI Loans Total (1) Commercial: C&I (2) $ 13,631,726 $ 12,149,121 $ 1,810 $ 12,150,931 CRE: CRE 11,174,611 10,165,247 113,201 10,278,448 Multifamily residential 3,033,998 2,834,212 22,162 2,856,374 Construction and land 599,692 628,459 40 628,499 Total CRE 14,808,301 13,627,918 135,403 13,763,321 Total commercial 28,440,027 25,777,039 137,213 25,914,252 Consumer: Residential mortgage: Single-family residential 8,185,953 7,028,979 79,611 7,108,590 HELOCs 1,601,716 1,466,736 6,047 1,472,783 Total residential mortgage 9,787,669 8,495,715 85,658 8,581,373 Other consumer 163,259 282,914 — 282,914 Total consumer 9,950,928 8,778,629 85,658 8,864,287 Total loans held-for-investment $ 38,390,955 $ 34,555,668 $ 222,871 $ 34,778,539 Allowance for loan losses (619,983) (358,287) — (358,287) Loans held-for-investment, net $ 37,770,972 $ 34,197,381 $ 222,871 $ 34,420,252 (1) Includes net deferred loan fees, unearned fees, unamortized premiums and unaccreted discounts of $(58.8) million and $(43.2) million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. (2) Includes PPP loans of $1.57 billion as of December 31, 2020. L oans held-for-investments’ accrued interest receivable was $107.5 million and $121.8 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Reversal of interest income related to nonaccrual loans was approximately $2.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. Interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans was approximately $44 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2020. For the accounting policy on accrued interest receivable related to loans held-for-investment, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Loans Held-for-Investment to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K. Loans totaling $23.26 billion and $22.43 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, were pledged to secure borrowings and provide additional borrowing capacity from the FRBSF and the FHLB. Credit Quality Indicators All loans are subject to the Company’s credit review and monitoring. For the commercial portfolio, loans are risk rated based on an analysis of the borrower’s current payment performance or delinquency, repayment sources, financial and liquidity factors, including industry and geographic considerations. For the majority of the consumer portfolio, payment performance or delinquency is the driving indicator for the risk ratings. For the Company’s internal credit risk ratings, each individual loan is given a risk rating of 1 through 10. Loans risk rated 1 through 5 are assigned an internal risk rating of “Pass,” with loans risk rated 1 being fully secured by cash or U.S. government and its agencies. Pass loans have sufficient sources of repayment to repay the loan in full, in accordance with all terms and conditions. Loans assigned a risk rating of 6 have potential weaknesses that warrant closer attention by management; these are assigned an internal risk rating of “Special Mention.” Loans assigned a risk rating of 7 or 8 have well-defined weaknesses that may jeopardize the full and timely repayment of the loan; these are assigned an internal risk rating of “Substandard.” Loans assigned a risk rating of 9 have insufficient sources of repayment and a high probability of loss; these are assigned an internal risk rating of “Doubtful.” Loans assigned a risk rating of 10 are uncollectable and of such little value that they are no longer considered bankable assets; these are assigned an internal risk rating of “Loss.” Exposures categorized as criticized consist of special mention, substandard, doubtful and loss categories. The Company reviews the internal risk ratings of its loan portfolio on a regular and ongoing basis, and adjusts the ratings based on changes in the borrowers’ financial status and the collectability of the loans. The following table summarizes the Company’s loans held-for-investment as of December 31, 2020, presented by loan portfolio segments, internal risk ratings and vintage year. The vintage year is the year of origination, renewal or major modification. ($ in thousands) December 31, 2020 Term Loans Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis Total Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Commercial: C&I: Pass $ 3,912,147 $ 1,477,740 $ 483,725 $ 245,594 $ 69,482 $ 245,615 $ 6,431,003 $ 29,487 $ 12,894,793 Criticized (accrual) 120,183 74,601 56,785 19,426 1,487 5,872 324,640 — 602,994 Criticized (nonaccrual) 2,125 25,267 22,240 18,787 4,964 1,592 58,964 — 133,939 Total C&I 4,034,455 1,577,608 562,750 283,807 75,933 253,079 6,814,607 29,487 13,631,726 CRE: Pass 2,296,649 2,402,136 2,310,748 1,328,251 732,694 1,529,681 173,267 19,064 10,792,490 Criticized (accrual) 47,459 63,654 43,447 98,259 2,094 80,662 — — 335,575 Criticized (nonaccrual) — — 42,067 1,115 — 3,364 — — 46,546 Total CRE 2,344,108 2,465,790 2,396,262 1,427,625 734,788 1,613,707 173,267 19,064 11,174,611 Multifamily residential: Pass 783,671 783,589 479,959 411,945 181,213 348,751 5,895 — 2,995,023 Criticized (accrual) — 735 22,330 6,101 264 5,877 — — 35,307 Criticized (nonaccrual) — — 1,475 — — 2,193 — — 3,668 Total multifamily residential 783,671 784,324 503,764 418,046 181,477 356,821 5,895 — 3,033,998 Construction and land: Pass 224,924 172,707 156,712 — 20,897 1,028 — — 576,268 Criticized (accrual) 3,524 — — — — 19,900 — — 23,424 Criticized (nonaccrual) — — — — — — — — — Total construction and land 228,448 172,707 156,712 — 20,897 20,928 — — 599,692 Total CRE 3,356,227 3,422,821 3,056,738 1,845,671 937,162 1,991,456 179,162 19,064 14,808,301 Total commercial 7,390,682 5,000,429 3,619,488 2,129,478 1,013,095 2,244,535 6,993,769 48,551 28,440,027 Consumer: Single-family residential: Pass (1) 2,385,853 1,813,200 1,501,660 1,021,707 523,170 921,714 — — 8,167,304 Criticized (accrual) — 1,429 — — 119 1,034 — — 2,582 Criticized (Nonaccrual) (1) — 226 812 1,789 1,994 11,246 — — 16,067 Total single-family residential mortgage 2,385,853 1,814,855 1,502,472 1,023,496 525,283 933,994 — — 8,185,953 HELOCs: Pass 1,131 880 2,879 5,363 8,433 13,475 1,328,919 225,810 1,586,890 Criticized (accrual) — — 200 — 996 — 1,328 606 3,130 Criticized (nonaccrual) — 151 285 4,617 164 1,962 — 4,517 11,696 Total HELOCs 1,131 1,031 3,364 9,980 9,593 15,437 1,330,247 230,933 1,601,716 Total residential mortgage 2,386,984 1,815,886 1,505,836 1,033,476 534,876 949,431 1,330,247 230,933 9,787,669 Other consumer: Pass 9,531 — — 1,830 — 83,255 66,136 — 160,752 Criticized (accrual) 16 — — — — — — — 16 Criticized (nonaccrual) — — — 2,491 — — — — 2,491 Total other consumer 9,547 — — 4,321 — 83,255 66,136 — 163,259 Total consumer 2,396,531 1,815,886 1,505,836 1,037,797 534,876 1,032,686 1,396,383 230,933 9,950,928 Total $ 9,787,213 $ 6,816,315 $ 5,125,324 $ 3,167,275 $ 1,547,971 $ 3,277,221 $ 8,390,152 $ 279,484 $ 38,390,955 (1) As of December 31, 2020, $747 thousand of nonaccrual loans whose payments are guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration were classified with a pass rating. Revolving loans that are converted to term loans presented in the table above are excluded from the term loans by vintage year columns. During the year ended December 31, 2020, HELOCs totaling $145.0 million were converted to term loans. Four C&I revolving loans of $23.9 million were converted to a term loan during the year ended December 31, 2020. The following tables present the credit risk ratings for non-PCI and PCI loans by portfolio segments as of December 31, 2019: ($ in thousands) December 31, 2019 Pass Criticized Total Accrual Nonaccrual Commercial: C&I $ 11,423,094 $ 651,192 $ 74,835 $ 12,149,121 CRE: CRE 10,003,749 145,057 16,441 10,165,247 Multifamily residential 2,806,475 26,918 819 2,834,212 Construction and land 603,447 25,012 — 628,459 Total CRE 13,413,671 196,987 17,260 13,627,918 Total commercial 24,836,765 848,179 92,095 25,777,039 Consumer: Residential mortgage: Single-family residential (1) 7,012,522 2,278 14,179 7,028,979 HELOCs 1,453,207 2,787 10,742 1,466,736 Total residential mortgage 8,465,729 5,065 24,921 8,495,715 Other consumer 280,392 5 2,517 282,914 Total consumer 8,746,121 5,070 27,438 8,778,629 Total $ 33,582,886 $ 853,249 $ 119,533 $ 34,555,668 ($ in thousands) December 31, 2019 Pass Criticized Total Accrual Nonaccrual Commercial: C&I $ 1,810 $ — $ — $ 1,810 CRE: CRE 102,257 10,939 5 113,201 Multifamily residential 22,162 — — 22,162 Construction and land 40 — — 40 Total CRE 124,459 10,939 5 135,403 Total commercial 126,269 10,939 5 137,213 Consumer: Residential mortgage: Single-family residential 79,517 — 94 79,611 HELOCs 5,849 — 198 6,047 Total residential mortgage 85,366 — 292 85,658 Total consumer 85,366 — 292 85,658 Total (2) $ 211,635 $ 10,939 $ 297 $ 222,871 (1) As of December 31, 2019, $686 thousand of nonaccrual loans whose payments are guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration were classified with a pass rating. (2) Loans net of ASC 310-30 discount. Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans Loans that are 90 or more days past due are generally placed on nonaccrual status, unless the loan is well-collateralized and in the process of collection. Loans that are less than 90 days past due but have identified deficiencies, such as when the full collection of principal or interest becomes uncertain, are also placed on nonaccrual status. The following table presents the aging analysis of total loans held-for-investment as of December 31, 2020: ($ in thousands) December 31, 2020 Current Accruing Accruing Total Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Total Total Commercial: C&I $ 13,488,070 $ 8,993 $ 724 $ 9,717 $ 100,602 $ 33,337 $ 133,939 $ 13,631,726 CRE: CRE 11,127,690 375 — 375 448 46,098 46,546 11,174,611 Multifamily residential 3,028,512 1,818 — 1,818 2,375 1,293 3,668 3,033,998 Construction and land 579,792 19,900 — 19,900 — — — 599,692 Total CRE 14,735,994 22,093 — 22,093 2,823 47,391 50,214 14,808,301 Total commercial 28,224,064 31,086 724 31,810 103,425 80,728 184,153 28,440,027 Consumer: Residential mortgage: Single-family residential 8,156,645 9,911 2,583 12,494 2,385 14,429 16,814 8,185,953 HELOCs 1,583,968 2,922 3,130 6,052 577 11,119 11,696 1,601,716 Total residential mortgage 9,740,613 12,833 5,713 18,546 2,962 25,548 28,510 9,787,669 Other consumer 160,534 217 17 234 — 2,491 2,491 163,259 Total consumer 9,901,147 13,050 5,730 18,780 2,962 28,039 31,001 9,950,928 Total $ 38,125,211 $ 44,136 $ 6,454 $ 50,590 $ 106,387 $ 108,767 $ 215,154 $ 38,390,955 The following table presents amortized cost of loans on nonaccrual status for which there was no related allowance for loan losses as of December 31, 2020: ($ in thousands) December 31, 2020 Commercial: C&I $ 62,040 CRE: CRE 45,537 Multifamily residential 2,519 Total CRE 48,056 Total commercial 110,096 Consumer: Residential mortgage: Single-family residential 6,013 HELOCs 8,076 Total residential mortgage 14,089 Other consumer 2,491 Total consumer 16,580 Total nonaccrual loans with no related allowance for loan losses $ 126,676 The following table presents the aging analysis of non-PCI loans as of December 31, 2019: ($ in thousands) December 31, 2019 Current Accruing Accruing Total Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Total Total Commercial: C&I $ 12,026,131 $ 31,121 $ 17,034 $ 48,155 $ 31,084 $ 43,751 $ 74,835 $ 12,149,121 CRE: CRE 10,123,999 22,830 1,977 24,807 540 15,901 16,441 10,165,247 Multifamily residential 2,832,664 198 531 729 534 285 819 2,834,212 Construction and land 628,459 — — — — — — 628,459 Total CRE 13,585,122 23,028 2,508 25,536 1,074 16,186 17,260 13,627,918 Total commercial 25,611,253 54,149 19,542 73,691 32,158 59,937 92,095 25,777,039 Consumer: Residential mortgage: Single-family residential 6,993,597 15,443 5,074 20,517 1,964 12,901 14,865 7,028,979 HELOCs 1,448,930 4,273 2,791 7,064 1,448 9,294 10,742 1,466,736 Total residential mortgage 8,442,527 19,716 7,865 27,581 3,412 22,195 25,607 8,495,715 Other consumer 280,386 6 5 11 — 2,517 2,517 282,914 Total consumer 8,722,913 19,722 7,870 27,592 3,412 24,712 28,124 8,778,629 Total $ 34,334,166 $ 73,871 $ 27,412 $ 101,283 $ 35,570 $ 84,649 $ 120,219 $ 34,555,668 PCI loans were excluded from the above aging analysis table as of December 31, 2019, as the Company elected to account for these loans on a pool level basis under ASC 310-30 at the time of acquisition. As of December 31, 2019, PCI loans on nonaccrual status totaled $297 thousand. Foreclosed Assets Foreclosed assets, consisting of OREO and other nonperforming assets, are included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company had $19.7 million in foreclosed assets as of December 31, 2020, compared with $1.3 million as of December 31, 2019. The Company commences the foreclosure process on consumer mortgage loans when a borrower becomes 120 days delinquent in accordance with the Consumer Finance Protection Bureau guidelines. The carrying values of consumer real estate loans that were in the process of active or suspended foreclosure were $4.1 million and $7.2 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company has suspended certain mortgage foreclosure activities in connection with our actions to support our customers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Troubled Debt Restructurings TDRs are individually evaluated, and the type of restructuring is selected based on the loan type and the circumstances of the borrower’s financial difficulty. A TDR is a modification of the terms of a loan when the Company, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that it would not have otherwise considered. Beginning in March 2020, the Company has implemented various commercial and consumer loan modification programs to provide its borrowers relief from the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. These COVID-related modifications are generally not classified as TDRs due to the relief under the CARES Act, as amended by the CAA, and the Interagency Statement, and therefore are not included in the discussion below. Assistance provided in response to the COVID-19 pandemic could delay the recognition of delinquencies, nonaccrual status, and net charge-offs for those borrowers who would have otherwise moved into past due or nonaccrual status. See Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Troubled Debt Restructurings to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K for additional information related to TDR. The following tables present the additions to TDRs for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018: ($ in thousands) Loans Modified as TDRs During the Year Ended December 31, 2020 Number Pre-Modification Post-Modification (1) Financial (2) Commercial: C&I 14 $ 152,249 $ 134,467 $ 19,555 CRE: CRE 2 21,429 21,221 18 Multifamily residential 1 1,220 1,226 — Total CRE 3 22,649 22,447 18 Total commercial 17 174,898 156,914 19,573 Consumer: Total consumer — — — — Total 17 $ 174,898 $ 156,914 $ 19,573 ($ in thousands) Loans Modified as TDRs During the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Number Pre-Modification Post-Modification (1) Financial (2) Commercial: C&I 8 $ 95,742 $ 71,332 $ 8,004 CRE: Construction and land 1 19,696 19,691 — Total CRE 1 19,696 19,691 — Total commercial 9 115,438 91,023 8,004 Consumer: Residential mortgage: Single-family residential 2 1,123 1,098 2 HELOCs 2 539 528 — Total residential mortgage 4 1,662 1,626 2 Total consumer 4 1,662 1,626 2 Total 13 $ 117,100 $ 92,649 $ 8,006 ($ in thousands) Loans Modified as TDRs During the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Number Pre-Modification Post-Modification (1) Financial (2) Commercial: C&I 8 $ 11,366 $ 9,520 $ 699 CRE: CRE 1 750 752 — Total CRE 1 750 752 — Total commercial 9 12,116 10,272 699 Consumer: Residential mortgage: Single-family residential 2 405 391 (28) HELOCs 2 1,546 1,418 — Total residential mortgage 4 1,951 1,809 (28) Total consumer 4 1,951 1,809 (28) Total 13 $ 14,067 $ 12,081 $ 671 (1) Includes subsequent payments after modification and reflects the balance as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. (2) Includes charge-offs and specific reserves recorded since the modification date. The following tables present the TDR post-modifications outstanding balances for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 by modification type: ($ in thousands) Modification Type During the Year Ended December 31, 2020 Principal (1) Principal and Interest (2) Interest Interest Other (3) Total Commercial: C&I $ 59,134 $ 10,863 $ 31,913 $ 32,557 $ — $ 134,467 CRE: CRE 21,221 — — — — 21,221 Multifamily residential 1,226 — — — — 1,226 Total CRE 22,447 — — — — 22,447 Total commercial 81,581 10,863 31,913 32,557 — 156,914 Consumer: Total consumer — — — — — — Total $ 81,581 $ 10,863 $ 31,913 $ 32,557 $ — $ 156,914 ($ in thousands) Modification Type During the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Principal (1) Principal and Interest (2) Interest Interest Other (3) Total Commercial: C&I $ 31,611 $ — $ — $ — $ 39,721 $ 71,332 CRE: Construction and land — — 19,691 — — 19,691 Total CRE — — 19,691 — — 19,691 Total commercial 31,611 — 19,691 — 39,721 91,023 Consumer: Residential mortgage: Single-family residential — 1,098 — — — 1,098 HELOCs — 397 — — 131 528 Total residential mortgage — 1,495 — — 131 1,626 Total consumer — 1,495 — — 131 1,626 Total $ 31,611 $ 1,495 $ 19,691 $ — $ 39,852 $ 92,649 ($ in thousands) Modification Type During the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Principal (1) Principal (2) Interest Interest Other (3) Total Commercial: C&I $ 5,472 $ — $ — $ — $ 4,048 $ 9,520 CRE: CRE — — 752 — — 752 Total CRE — — 752 — — 752 Total commercial 5,472 — 752 — 4,048 10,272 Consumer: Residential mortgage: Single-family residential 66 — — — 325 391 HELOCs 1,353 — — — 65 1,418 Total residential mortgage 1,419 — — — 390 1,809 Total consumer 1,419 — — — 390 1,809 Total $ 6,891 $ — $ 752 $ — $ 4,438 $ 12,081 (1) Includes forbearance payments, term extensions and principal deferments that modify the terms of the loan from principal and interest payments to interest payments only. (2) Includes principal and interest deferments or reductions. (3) Includes primarily funding to secure additional collateral and provides liquidity to collateral-dependent C&I loans. After a loan is modified as TDR, the Company continues to monitor its performance under its most recent restructured terms. A TDR may become delinquent and result in payment default (generally 90 days past due) subsequent to restructuring. The following table presents information on loans for which a subsequent payment default occurred during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which had been modified as TDR within the previous 12 months of its default, and were still in default as of the respective periods end: ($ in thousands) Loans Modified as TDRs that Subsequently Defaulted 2020 2019 2018 Number of Recorded Number of Recorded Number of Recorded Commercial: C&I 1 $ 15,852 3 $ 13,112 4 $ 1,890 CRE: CRE — — — — 1 186 Total CRE — — — — 1 186 Total commercial 1 15,852 3 13,112 5 2,076 Consumer: Residential mortgage: HELOCs — — — — 1 150 Total residential mortgage — — — — 1 150 Total consumer — — — — 1 150 Total 1 $ 15,852 3 $ 13,112 6 $ 2,226 As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the remaining commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose terms have been modified as TDRs were $3.0 million and $2.2 million, respectively. In connection with the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, the Company no longer provides information on impaired loans. Information on non-PCI impaired loans as of December 31, 2019 is presented as follows: ($ in thousands) December 31, 2019 Unpaid Recorded Recorded Total Related Commercial: C&I $ 174,656 $ 73,956 $ 40,086 $ 114,042 $ 2,881 CRE: CRE 27,601 20,098 1,520 21,618 97 Multifamily residential 4,965 1,371 3,093 4,464 55 Construction and land 19,696 19,691 — 19,691 — Total CRE 52,262 41,160 4,613 45,773 152 Total commercial 226,918 115,116 44,699 159,815 3,033 Consumer: Residential mortgage: Single-family residential 23,626 8,507 13,704 22,211 35 HELOCs 13,711 6,125 7,449 13,574 8 Total residential mortgage 37,337 14,632 21,153 35,785 43 Other consumer 2,517 — 2,517 2,517 2,517 Total consumer 39,854 14,632 23,670 38,302 2,560 Total non-PCI impaired loans $ 266,772 $ 129,748 $ 68,369 $ 198,117 $ 5,593 The following table presents the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on non-PCI impaired loans for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: ($ in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Average Recognized (1) Average Recognized Interest Income (1) Commercial: C&I $ 248,619 $ 2,932 $ 143,430 $ 1,046 CRE: CRE 33,046 464 35,049 491 Multifamily residential 6,116 228 11,742 249 Construction and land 19,691 68 3,973 — Total CRE 58,853 760 50,764 740 Total commercial 307,472 3,692 194,194 1,786 Consumer: Residential mortgage: Single-family residential 37,315 496 22,350 474 HELOCs 22,851 130 14,134 70 Total residential mortgage 60,166 626 36,484 544 Other consumer 2,552 — 2,502 — Total consumer 62,718 626 38,986 544 Total non-PCI impaired loans $ 370,190 $ 4,318 $ 233,180 $ 2,330 (1) Includes interest income recognized on accruing non-PCI TDRs. Interest payments received on nonaccrual non-PCI loans are reflected as a reduction to principal, not as interest income. Allowance for Credit Losses On January 1, 2020 , the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 that establishes a single allowance framework for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. It requires the measurement of the allowance for credit losses to be based on management’s best estimate of lifetime expected credit losses inherent in the Company’s relevant financial assets. Balance sheet information and results of operations for reporting periods beginning with January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326, while prior period comparisons continue to be presented under legacy GAAP. The allowance for credit losses is deducted from the amortized cost basis of a financial asset or a group of financial assets so that the balance sheet reflects the net amount the Company expects to collect. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts, and deferred fees and costs. Subsequent changes in expected credit losses are recognized in net income as a provision for credit loss expense or a reversal of credit loss expense. The process of the allowance for credit losses involves procedures to consider the unique risk characteristics of the portfolio segments. The majority of the Company’s credit exposures share risk characteristics with other similar exposures, and as a result are collectively evaluated. The collectively evaluated loans cover performing risk-rated loans and unfunded credit commitments. If an exposure does not share risk characteristics with other exposures, the Company generally estimates expected credit losses on an individual basis. The individually assessed loans cover loans modified or reasonably expected to be modified in a TDR, collateral-dependent loans, as well as, risk-rated loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status. Allowance for Collectively Evaluated Loans The allowance for collectively evaluated loans consists of a quantitative component that assesses many different risk factors which are considered in our models and a qualitative component that considers risk factors external to the models. Each of these components are described below. Quantitative Component — The allowance for loan losses is estimated using quantitative methods that consider a variety of factors such as historical loss experience, the current credit quality of the portfolio, as well as an economic outlook over the life of the loan. The Company incorporates forward-looking information using macroeconomic scenarios applied over the forecasted life of the loans. The forward-looking information is limited to the reasonable and supportable period. These macroeconomic scenarios include variables that are considered key drivers of increases and decreases in credit losses. The Company utilizes a probability-weighted multiple scenario forecast approach. These scenarios may consist of a base forecast representing management's view of the most likely outcome, combined with downside and upside scenarios reflecting possible worsening or improving economic conditions. A probability-weighted average of these macroeconomic scenarios over a reasonable and supportable forecast period is incorporated into the quantitative models. If the loans’ life extends beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, then historical experience, or long-run macroeconomic trends is considered over the remaining life of the loans in estimation of the allowance for loan losses . Qualitative Component — The Company also considers the following qualitative factors in the determination of the collectively evaluated allowance, if these factors have not already been captured by the quantitative model. Such qualitative factors may include, but not limited to: • Loan growth trends; • The volume and severity of past due financial assets, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or rated financial assets; • The Company’s lending policies and procedures, including changes in lending strategies, underwriting standards, collection, write-off and recovery practices, • Knowledge of the borrower’s operations; • The quality of the Company’s credit review system; • The experience, ability and depth of the Company’s management, lending staff and other relevant staff; • The effect of other external factors such as the regulatory, legal and technological environments; and • Actual and expected changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions in which the Company operates, including the actual and expected conditions of various market segments. The magnitude of the impact of these factors on the Company’s qualitative assessment of the allowance for credit losses changes from period to period according to changes made by management in its assessment of these factors. The extent to which these factors change may be dependent on whether they are already reflected in quantitative loss estimates during the current period and the extent changes in these factors diverge from period to period. For the year ended December 31, 2020, there were no changes to the reasonable and supportable forecast period, and reversion to historical loss experience method. The following table provides key credit risk characteristics and macroeconomic variables that the Company uses to estimate the expected credit losses by portfolio segment: Portfolio Segment Risk Characteristics Macroeconomic Variables C&I Internal risk rating; size and credit spread at origination, and time to maturity Unemployment rate, and two and ten year treasury spread CRE, Multifamily residential, and Construction and land Delinquency status; maturity date; collateral value; property type, and geographic location Unemployment rate; GDP, and U.S. Treasury rates Single-family residential and HELOCs FICO; delinquency status; maturity date; collateral value, and geographic location Unemployment rate; GDP, and home price index Other consumer Historical loss experience Immaterial (1) (1) Macroeconomic variables are included in the qualitative estimate. Allowance for Loan Losses for the Commercial Loan Portfolio — The Company’s C&I loan lifetime loss rate model estimates credit losses by estimating a loss rate expected over the life of a loan. This loss rate is applied to the amortized cost basis, excluding accrued interest receivable, to determine expected credit losses. The lifetime loss rate model’s reasonable and supportable period spans eight quarters, thereafter immediately reverting to the historical average loss rate, expressed through the loan-level lifetime loss rate. For CRE loans, projected probability of defaults (“PDs”) and loss given defaults (“LGDs”) are applied to the estimated exposure at default, considering the term and payment structure of the loan, to generate estimates of expected loss at the loan level. Within the reasonable and supportable period, the forecast of future economic conditions returns to long-run historical economic trends. In order to estimate the life of a loan under both models, the contractual term of the loan is adjusted for estimated prepayments, which are based on historical prepayment experience. Allowance for Loan Losses for the Consumer Loan Portfolio — For single-family residential and HELOC loans, projected PDs and LGDs are applied to the estimated exposure at default, considering the term and payment structure of the loan, to generate estimates of expected loss at the loan level. Within the reasonable and supportable period, the forecast of future economic conditions returns to long-run historical economic trends. For other consumer loans, the Company uses a loss rate approach. In order to estimate the life of a loan, the contractual term of the loan is adjusted for estimated prepayments, which are based on historical prepayment experience. Qualitative Allowance for Collectively Evaluated Loans — While the Company’s allowance methodologies strive to reflect all relevant credit risk factors, there continues to be uncertainty associated with, but not limited to, potential imprecision in the estimation process due to the inherent time lag of obtaining information and normal variations between expected and actual outcomes. The Company may hold additional qualitative reserves that are designed to provide coverage for losses attributable to such risk. The allowance for loan losses as of December 31, 2020 also included qualitative adjustments for certain industry sectors, such as oil & gas, included as part of the C&I loan portfolio. Allowance for Individually Evaluated Loans When a loan no longer shares similar risk characteristics with other loans, such as in the case for certain nonaccrual or TDR loans, the Company estimates the allowance for loan losses on an individual loan basis. The allowance for loan losses for individually evaluated loans is measured as the difference between the recorded value of the loans and their fair value. For loans evaluated individually, the Company uses one of three different asset valuation measurement methods: (1) the fair value of collateral less costs to sell; (2) the present value of expected future cash flows; and (3) the loan's observable market price. If an individually evaluated loan is determined to be collateral dependent, the Company applies the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell method. If an individually evaluated loan is determined not to be collateral dependent, the Company uses the present value of future cash flows or the observable market value of the loan. Collateral-Dependent Loans — When a loan is collateral dependent, the allowance is measured on an individual loan basis and is limited to the difference between the recorded value and fair value of the collateral less cost of disposal or sale. As of December 31, 2020, collateral-dependent commercial and consumer loans totaled $97.2 million and $17.3 million, respectively. The Company's commercial collateral-dependent loans were secured by real estates or other collateral. The Company's consumer collateral-dependent loans were all residential mortgage loans, secured by their underlying real estates. As of December 31, 2020 , the collateral value of the properties securing each of these collateral dependent loans, net of selling costs, exceeded the recorded value of the individual loans. The following tables summarize the activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segments for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018: ($ in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2020 Commercial Consumer Total C&I CRE Residential Mortgage Other CRE Multifamily Construction Single- HELOCs Allowance for loan losses, beginning of period $ 238,376 $ 40,509 $ 22,826 $ 19,404 $ 28,527 $ 5,265 $ 3,380 $ 358,287 Impact of ASU 2016-13 adoption 74,237 72,169 (8,112) (9,889) (3,670) (1,798) 2,221 125,158 Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on loans (a) 145,212 55,864 10,879 644 (9,922) (605) (3,381) 198,691 Gross charge-offs (66,225) (15,206) — — — (221) (185) (81,837) Gross recoveries 5,428 10,455 1,980 80 585 49 95 18,672 Total net (charge-offs) recoveries (60,797) (4,751) 1,980 80 |