Derivatives and Risk Management Activities | 3 Months Ended |
Mar. 31, 2015 |
Derivatives and Risk Management Activities | |
Derivatives and Risk Management Activities | |
Note 8—Derivatives and Risk Management Activities |
|
We identify the risks that underlie our core business activities and use risk management strategies to mitigate those risks when we determine that there is value in doing so. Our policy is to use derivative instruments for risk management purposes and not for the purpose of speculating on hydrocarbon commodity (referred to herein as “commodity”) price changes. We use various derivative instruments to (i) manage our exposure to commodity price risk, as well as to optimize our profits, (ii) manage our exposure to interest rate risk and (iii) manage our exposure to currency exchange rate risk. Our commodity risk management policies and procedures are designed to help ensure that our hedging activities address our risks by monitoring our derivative positions, as well as physical volumes, grades, locations, delivery schedules and storage capacity. Our interest rate and currency exchange rate risk management policies and procedures are designed to monitor our derivative positions and ensure that those positions are consistent with our objectives and approved strategies. When we apply hedge accounting, our policy is to formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk management objectives for undertaking the hedge. This process includes specific identification of the hedging instrument and the hedged transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged and how the hedging instrument’s effectiveness will be assessed. Both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, we assess whether the derivatives used in a transaction are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows or the fair value of hedged items. |
|
Commodity Price Risk Hedging |
|
Our core business activities involve certain commodity price-related risks that we manage in various ways, including through the use of derivative instruments. Our policy is to (i) only purchase inventory for which we have a market, (ii) structure our sales contracts so that price fluctuations do not materially affect our operating income and (iii) not acquire and hold physical inventory or derivatives for the purpose of speculating on commodity price changes. The material commodity-related risks inherent in our business activities can be divided into the following general categories: |
|
Commodity Purchases and Sales — In the normal course of our operations, we purchase and sell commodities. We use derivatives to manage the associated risks and to optimize profits. As of March 31, 2015, net derivative positions related to these activities included: |
|
| · | | An average of 233,600 barrels per day net long position (total of 7.0 million barrels) associated with our crude oil purchases, which was unwound ratably during April 2015 to match monthly average pricing. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| · | | A net short time spread position averaging 18,200 barrels per day (total of 7.2 million barrels), which hedges a portion of our anticipated crude oil lease gathering purchases through June 2016. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| · | | An average of 37,500 barrels per day (total of 9.1 million barrels) of crude oil grade spread positions through December 2015. These derivatives allow us to lock in grade basis differentials. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| · | | A net short position of 6.8 Bcf through April 2016 related to anticipated sales of natural gas inventory and base gas requirements. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| · | | A net short position of 16.8 million barrels through March 2017 related to anticipated purchases and sales of our crude oil, NGL and refined products inventory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Natural Gas Processing/NGL Fractionation — We purchase natural gas for processing and operational needs. Additionally, we purchase NGL mix for fractionation and sell the resulting individual specification products (including ethane, propane, butane and condensate). In conjunction with these activities, we hedge the price risk associated with the purchase of the natural gas and the subsequent sale of the individual specification products. As of March 31, 2015, we had a long natural gas position of 18.1 Bcf through December 2016, a short propane position of 3.5 million barrels through December 2016, a short butane position of 1.0 million barrels through December 2016 and a short WTI position of 0.4 million barrels through December 2016. In addition, we had a long power position of 0.4 million megawatt hours, which hedges a portion of our power supply requirements at our natural gas processing and fractionation plants through December 2016. |
|
To the extent they qualify and we decide to make the election, all of our commodity derivatives for which we elect hedge accounting are designated as cash flow hedges. Physical commodity contracts that meet the definition of a derivative but are ineligible, or not designated, for the normal purchases and normal sales scope exception are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in earnings. We have determined that substantially all of our physical purchase and sale agreements qualify for the normal purchases and normal sales scope exception. |
|
Interest Rate Risk Hedging |
|
We use interest rate derivatives to hedge interest rate risk associated with anticipated debt issuances and outstanding debt instruments. The derivative instruments we use to manage this risk consist primarily of interest rate swaps and treasury locks. As of March 31, 2015, AOCI includes deferred losses of $234 million that relate to open and terminated interest rate derivatives that were designated as cash flow hedges. The terminated interest rate derivatives were cash-settled in connection with the issuance or refinancing of debt agreements. The deferred loss related to these instruments is being amortized to interest expense over the terms of the hedged debt instruments. |
|
We have entered into forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge the underlying benchmark interest rate related to forecasted debt issuances through 2019. The following table summarizes the terms of our forward starting interest rate swaps as of March 31, 2015 (notional amounts in millions): |
|
Hedged Transaction | | Number and Types of | | Notional | | Expected | | Average Rate | | Accounting | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives Employed | Amount | Termination Date | Locked | Treatment | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Anticipated debt offering | | 10 forward starting swaps (30-year) | | $ | 250 | | 6/15/15 | | 3.60% | | Cash flow hedge | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Anticipated debt offering | | 8 forward starting swaps (30-year) | | $ | 200 | | 6/15/16 | | 3.06% | | Cash flow hedge | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Anticipated debt offering | | 8 forward starting swaps (30-year) | | $ | 200 | | 6/15/17 | | 3.14% | | Cash flow hedge | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Anticipated debt offering | | 8 forward starting swaps (30-year) | | $ | 200 | | 6/15/18 | | 3.20% | | Cash flow hedge | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Anticipated debt offering | | 8 forward starting swaps (30-year) | | $ | 200 | | 6/14/19 | | 2.83% | | Cash flow hedge | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Currency Exchange Rate Risk Hedging |
|
Because a significant portion of our Canadian business is conducted in CAD and, at times, a portion of our debt is denominated in CAD, we use foreign currency derivatives to minimize the risk of unfavorable changes in exchange rates. These instruments include foreign currency exchange contracts and forwards. |
|
As of March 31, 2015, our outstanding foreign currency derivatives include derivatives we use to (i) hedge currency exchange risk associated with USD-denominated commodity purchases and sales in Canada and (ii) hedge currency exchange risk created by the use of USD-denominated commodity derivatives to hedge commodity price risk associated with CAD-denominated commodity purchases and sales. |
|
The following table summarizes our open forward exchange contracts as of March 31, 2015 (in millions): |
|
| | | | USD | | CAD | | Average Exchange Rate | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
USD to CAD | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Forward exchange contracts that exchange CAD for USD: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2015 | | $ | 147 | | $ | 187 | | $1.00 - $1.27 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2016 | | 5 | | 7 | | $1.00 - $1.27 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | $ | 152 | | $ | 194 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Forward exchange contracts that exchange USD for CAD: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2015 | | $ | 181 | | $ | 225 | | $1.00 - $1.24 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2016 | | 5 | | 7 | | $1.00 - $1.27 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | $ | 186 | | $ | 232 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Summary of Financial Impact |
|
We record all open derivatives on the balance sheet as either assets or liabilities measured at fair value. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recognized currently in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met. For derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges, changes in fair value of the effective portion of the hedges are deferred in AOCI and recognized in earnings in the periods during which the underlying physical transactions are recognized in earnings. Derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting and the portion of cash flow hedges that are not highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of the hedged items are recognized in earnings each period. Cash settlements associated with our derivative activities are classified within the same category as the related hedged item in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. |
|
A summary of the impact of our derivative activities recognized in earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014 is as follows (in millions): |
|
| | Three Months Ended March 31, 2015 | | | Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 | | | | | | | |
Location of gain/(loss) | | Derivatives in | | Derivatives | | Total | | | Derivatives in | | Derivatives | | Total | | | | | | | |
Hedging | Not Designated | Hedging | Not Designated | | | | | | |
Relationships (1) | as a Hedge | Relationships (1) | as a Hedge | | | | | | |
Commodity Derivatives | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Supply and Logistics segment revenues | | $ | 7 | | $ | (34 | ) | $ | (27 | ) | | $ | (19 | ) | $ | — | | $ | (19 | ) | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Transportation segment revenues | | — | | 2 | | 2 | | | — | | — | | — | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Field operating costs | | — | | (4 | ) | (4 | ) | | — | | (1 | ) | (1 | ) | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Interest Rate Derivatives | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Interest expense | | (1 | ) | — | | (1 | ) | | (1 | ) | — | | (1 | ) | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign Currency Derivatives | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Supply and Logistics segment revenues | | — | | (17 | ) | (17 | ) | | — | | (9 | ) | (9 | ) | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Gain/(Loss) on Derivatives Recognized in Net Income | | $ | 6 | | $ | (53 | ) | $ | (47 | ) | | $ | (20 | ) | $ | (10 | ) | $ | (30 | ) | | | | | | |
|
| -1 | | Represents gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges reclassified from AOCI to income during the period. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
The following table summarizes the derivative assets and liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet on a gross basis as of March 31, 2015 (in millions): |
|
| | Asset Derivatives | | | Liability Derivatives | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Balance Sheet | | | | | Balance Sheet | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Location | | Fair Value | | | Location | | Fair Value | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Commodity derivatives | | Other current assets | | $ | 18 | | | Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits | | $ | (2 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits | | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Interest rate derivatives | | | | | | | Other current liabilities | | (64 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits | | (80 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments | | | | $ | 21 | | | | | $ | (146 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Commodity derivatives | | Other current assets | | $ | 205 | | | Other current assets | | $ | (47 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Other long-term assets, net | | 18 | | | Other current liabilities | | (40 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits | | 2 | | | Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits | | (13 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign currency derivatives | | | | | | | Other current liabilities | | (4 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | | | | $ | 225 | | | | | $ | (104 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total derivatives | | | | $ | 246 | | | | | $ | (250 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
The following table summarizes the derivative assets and liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet on a gross basis as of December 31, 2014 (in millions): |
|
| | Asset Derivatives | | | Liability Derivatives | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Balance Sheet | | Fair | | | Balance Sheet | | Fair | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Location | | Value | | | Location | | Value | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Commodity derivatives | | Other current assets | | $ | 23 | | | Other current assets | | $ | (12 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Other long-term assets, net | | 8 | | | Other long-term assets, net | | (1 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Interest rate derivatives | | | | | | | Other current liabilities | | (44 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits | | (26 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments | | | | $ | 31 | | | | | $ | (83 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Commodity derivatives | | Other current assets | | $ | 439 | | | Other current assets | | $ | (246 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Other long-term assets, net | | 23 | | | Other long-term assets, net | | (3 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Other current liabilities | | (35 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits | | (5 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign currency derivatives | | | | | | | Other current liabilities | | (12 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | | | | $ | 462 | | | | | $ | (301 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total derivatives | | | | $ | 493 | | | | | $ | (384 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Our derivative transactions are governed through ISDA (International Swaps and Derivatives Association) master agreements and clearing brokerage agreements. These agreements include stipulations regarding the right of set off in the event that we or our counterparty default on our performance obligations. If a default were to occur, both parties have the right to net amounts payable and receivable into a single net settlement between parties. |
|
Our accounting policy is to offset derivative assets and liabilities executed with the same counterparty when a master netting arrangement exists. Accordingly, we also offset derivative assets and liabilities with amounts associated with cash margin. Our exchange-traded derivatives are transacted through clearing brokerage accounts and are subject to margin requirements as established by the respective exchange. On a daily basis, our account equity (consisting of the sum of our cash balance and the fair value of our open derivatives) is compared to our initial margin requirement resulting in the payment or return of variation margin. As of March 31, 2015, we had a net broker payable of $112 million (consisting of initial margin of $61 million reduced by $173 million of variation margin that had been returned to us). As of December 31, 2014, we had a net broker payable of $133 million (consisting of initial margin of $126 million reduced by $259 million of variation margin that had been returned to us). |
|
The following tables present information about derivatives and financial assets and liabilities that are subject to offsetting, including enforceable master netting arrangements as of the dates indicated (in millions): |
|
| | March 31, 2015 | | | December 31, 2014 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Derivative | | Derivative | | | Derivative | | Derivative | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Asset Positions | | Liability Positions | | | Asset Positions | | Liability Positions | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Netting Adjustments: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Gross position - asset/(liability) | | $ | 246 | | $ | (250 | ) | | $ | 493 | | $ | (384 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Netting adjustment | | (52 | ) | 52 | | | (262 | ) | 262 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash collateral paid/(received) | | (112 | ) | — | | | (133 | ) | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net position - asset/(liability) | | $ | 82 | | $ | (198 | ) | | $ | 98 | | $ | (122 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance Sheet Location After Netting Adjustments: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other current assets | | $ | 64 | | $ | — | | | $ | 71 | | $ | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other long-term assets, net | | 18 | | — | | | 27 | | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other current liabilities | | — | | (108 | ) | | — | | (91 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits | | — | | (90 | ) | | — | | (31 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | $ | 82 | | $ | (198 | ) | | $ | 98 | | $ | (122 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
As of March 31, 2015, there was a net loss of $237 million deferred in AOCI including tax effects. The deferred net loss recorded in AOCI is expected to be reclassified to future earnings contemporaneously with (i) the earnings recognition of the underlying hedged commodity transaction or (ii) interest expense accruals associated with underlying debt instruments. Of the total net loss deferred in AOCI at March 31, 2015, we expect to reclassify a net gain of $9 million to earnings in the next twelve months. The remaining deferred loss of $246 million is expected to be reclassified to earnings through 2049. A portion of these amounts are based on market prices as of March 31, 2015; thus, actual amounts to be reclassified will differ and could vary materially as a result of changes in market conditions. |
|
The net deferred gain/(loss), including tax effects, recognized in AOCI for derivatives for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014 was as follows (in millions): |
|
| | Three Months Ended | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2015 | | 2014 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Commodity derivatives, net | | $ | 3 | | $ | (12 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Interest rate derivatives, net | | (75 | ) | (20 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | $ | (72 | ) | $ | (32 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
At March 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, none of our outstanding derivatives contained credit-risk related contingent features that would result in a material adverse impact to us upon any change in our credit ratings. Although we may be required to post margin on our cleared derivatives as described above, we do not require our non-cleared derivative counterparties to post collateral with us. |
|
Recurring Fair Value Measurements |
|
Derivative Financial Assets and Liabilities |
|
The following table sets forth by level within the fair value hierarchy our financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 (in millions): |
|
| | Fair Value as of March 31, 2015 | | | Fair Value as of December 31, 2014 | |
Recurring Fair Value Measures (1) | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total | | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total | |
Commodity derivatives | | $ | 16 | | $ | 123 | | $ | 5 | | $ | 144 | | | $ | (85 | ) | $ | 261 | | $ | 15 | | $ | 191 | |
Interest rate derivatives | | — | | (144 | ) | — | | (144 | ) | | — | | (70 | ) | — | | (70 | ) |
Foreign currency derivatives | | — | | (4 | ) | — | | (4 | ) | | — | | (12 | ) | — | | (12 | ) |
Total net derivative asset/(liability) | | $ | 16 | | $ | (25 | ) | $ | 5 | | $ | (4 | ) | | $ | (85 | ) | $ | 179 | | $ | 15 | | $ | 109 | |
|
| -1 | | Derivative assets and liabilities are presented above on a net basis but do not include related cash margin deposits. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Level 1 |
|
Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy includes exchange-traded commodity derivatives such as futures and options. The fair value of exchange-traded commodity derivatives is based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets. |
|
Level 2 |
|
Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy includes exchange-cleared commodity derivatives and over-the-counter commodity, interest rate and foreign currency derivatives that are traded in active markets. In addition, it includes certain physical commodity contracts. The fair value of these derivatives is based on broker price quotations which are corroborated with market observable inputs. |
|
Level 3 |
|
Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy includes certain physical commodity contracts. The fair value of our Level 3 physical commodity contracts is based on a valuation model utilizing broker-quoted forward commodity prices, and timing estimates, which involve management judgment. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of our Level 3 derivatives are forward prices obtained from brokers. A significant increase or decrease in these forward prices could result in a material change in fair value to our Level 3 derivatives. We reported unrealized gains and losses associated with Level 3 commodity derivatives in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations as Supply and Logistics segment revenues. |
|
Rollforward of Level 3 Net Asset/(Liability) |
|
The following table provides a reconciliation of changes in fair value of the beginning and ending balances for our derivatives classified as Level 3 for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014 (in millions): |
|
| | Three Months Ended | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2015 | | 2014 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Beginning Balance | | $ | 15 | | $ | (3 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total gains/(losses) for the period: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Settlements | | (12 | ) | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives entered into during the period | | 2 | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ending Balance | | $ | 5 | | $ | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Change in unrealized gains/(losses) included in earnings relating to Level 3 derivatives still held at the end of the period | | $ | 2 | | $ | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
|