Loans and allowance for credit losses | LOANS HELD FOR INVESTMENT AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , loans held for investment were as follows (in thousands): September 30, December 31, Commercial $ 7,053,979 $ 6,672,631 Mortgage finance 4,961,159 4,966,276 Construction 2,150,453 1,851,717 Real estate 3,391,831 3,139,197 Consumer 27,554 25,323 Leases 96,878 113,996 Gross loans held for investment 17,681,854 16,769,140 Deferred income (net of direct origination costs) (58,301 ) (57,190 ) Allowance for loan losses (180,436 ) (141,111 ) Total loans held for investment $ 17,443,117 $ 16,570,839 Commercial Loans and Leases. Our commercial loan portfolio is comprised of lines of credit for working capital and term loans and leases to finance equipment and other business assets. Our energy production loans are generally collateralized with proven reserves based on appropriate valuation standards and take into account the risk of oil and gas price volatility. Our commercial loans and leases are underwritten after carefully evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to operate profitably. Our underwriting standards are designed to promote relationship banking rather than to make loans on a transaction basis. Our lines of credit typically are limited to a percentage of the value of the assets securing the line. Lines of credit and term loans typically are reviewed annually, or more frequently, as needed, and are supported by accounts receivable, inventory, equipment and other assets of our clients’ businesses. Mortgage Finance Loans. Our mortgage finance loans consist of ownership interests purchased in single-family residential mortgages funded through our mortgage finance group. These loans are typically held on our balance sheet for 10 to 20 days. We have agreements with mortgage lenders and purchase interests in individual loans they originate. All loans are underwritten consistent with established programs for permanent financing with financially sound investors. Substantially all loans are conforming loans. September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 balances are stated net of $1.0 billion and $454.8 million participations sold, respectively. Construction Loans. Our construction loan portfolio consists primarily of single- and multi-family residential properties and commercial projects used in manufacturing, warehousing, service or retail businesses. Our construction loans generally have terms of one to three years. We typically make construction loans to developers, builders and contractors that have an established record of successful project completion and loan repayment and have a substantial equity investment in the borrowers. Loan amounts are derived primarily from the Bank's evaluation of expected cash flows available to service debt from stabilized projects under hypothetically stressed conditions. Construction loans are also based in part upon estimates of costs and value associated with the completed project. Sources of repayment for these types of loans may be pre-committed permanent loans from other lenders, sales of developed property, or an interim loan commitment from us until permanent financing is obtained. The nature of these loans makes ultimate repayment sensitive to overall economic conditions. Borrowers may not be able to correct conditions of default in loans, increasing risk of exposure to classification, non-performing status, reserve allocation and actual credit loss and foreclosure. These loans typically have floating rates and commitment fees. Real Estate Loans. A portion of our real estate loan portfolio is comprised of loans secured by properties other than market risk or investment-type real estate. Market risk loans are real estate loans where the primary source of repayment is expected to come from the sale, permanent financing or lease of the real property collateral. We generally provide temporary financing for commercial and residential property. These loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Our real estate loans generally have maximum terms of five to seven years, and we provide loans with both floating and fixed rates. We generally avoid long-term loans for commercial real estate held for investment. Real estate loans may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. Appraised values may be highly variable due to market conditions and the impact of the inability of potential purchasers and lessees to obtain financing and a lack of transactions at comparable values. At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , we had a blanket floating lien on certain real estate-secured loans, mortgage finance loans and certain securities used as collateral for Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) borrowings. Summary of Loan Loss Experience The allowance for loan losses is comprised of specific reserves for impaired loans and an additional qualitative reserve based on our estimate of losses inherent in the portfolio at the balance sheet date, but not yet identified with specified loans. We consider the allowance at September 30, 2016 to be appropriate, given management's assessment of losses inherent in the portfolio as of the evaluation date, the significant growth in the loan and lease portfolio, current economic conditions in our market areas and other factors. The following tables summarize the credit risk profile of our loan portfolio by internally assigned grades and non-accrual status as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (in thousands): September 30, 2016 Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Total Grade: Pass $ 6,605,475 $ 4,961,159 $ 2,130,826 $ 3,348,510 $ 27,210 $ 92,875 $ 17,166,055 Special mention 128,785 — 7,361 34,581 — 37 170,764 Substandard-accruing 153,386 — 12,107 6,319 144 3,966 175,922 Non-accrual 166,333 — 159 2,421 200 — 169,113 Total loans held for investment $ 7,053,979 $ 4,961,159 $ 2,150,453 $ 3,391,831 $ 27,554 $ 96,878 $ 17,681,854 December 31, 2015 Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Total Grade: Pass $ 6,375,332 $ 4,966,276 $ 1,821,678 $ 3,085,463 $ 25,093 $ 103,560 $ 16,377,402 Special mention 111,911 — 13,090 30,585 3 334 155,923 Substandard-accruing 46,731 — 281 3,837 227 4,951 56,027 Non-accrual 138,657 — 16,668 19,312 — 5,151 179,788 Total loans held for investment $ 6,672,631 $ 4,966,276 $ 1,851,717 $ 3,139,197 $ 25,323 $ 113,996 $ 16,769,140 The following table details activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015 . Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories. September 30, 2016 (in thousands) Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Additional Qualitative Reserve Total Beginning balance $ 112,446 $ — $ 6,836 $ 13,381 $ 338 $ 3,931 $ 4,179 $ 141,111 Provision for loan losses 65,446 — 1,607 1,981 (23 ) (2,646 ) (226 ) 66,139 Charge-offs 34,232 — — 528 40 — — 34,800 Recoveries 7,829 — 34 36 16 71 — 7,986 Net charge-offs (recoveries) 26,403 — (34 ) 492 24 (71 ) — 26,814 Ending balance $ 151,489 $ — $ 8,477 $ 14,870 $ 291 $ 1,356 $ 3,953 $ 180,436 Period end amount allocated to: Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 42,674 $ — $ 24 $ 136 $ 30 $ — $ — $ 42,864 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 108,815 — 8,453 14,734 261 1,356 3,953 137,572 Ending balance $ 151,489 $ — $ 8,477 $ 14,870 $ 291 $ 1,356 $ 3,953 $ 180,436 September 30, 2015 (in thousands) Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Additional Qualitative Reserve Total Beginning balance $ 70,654 $ — $ 7,935 $ 15,582 $ 240 $ 1,141 $ 5,402 $ 100,954 Provision for loan losses 48,689 — (3,944 ) (4,328 ) 154 (221 ) (1,622 ) 38,728 Charge-offs 11,278 — — 346 62 25 — 11,711 Recoveries 2,098 — 397 28 19 27 — 2,569 Net charge-offs (recoveries) 9,180 — (397 ) 318 43 (2 ) — 9,142 Ending balance $ 110,163 $ — $ 4,388 $ 10,936 $ 351 $ 922 $ 3,780 $ 130,540 Period end amount allocated to: Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 9,304 $ — $ — $ 254 $ — $ 1 $ — $ 9,559 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 100,859 — 4,388 10,682 351 921 3,780 120,981 Ending balance $ 110,163 $ — $ 4,388 $ 10,936 $ 351 $ 922 $ 3,780 $ 130,540 We have traditionally maintained an additional qualitative reserve component to compensate for the uncertainty and complexity in estimating loan and lease losses including factors and conditions that may not be fully reflected in the determination and application of the allowance allocation percentages. We believe the level of additional qualitative reserve at September 30, 2016 is warranted due to the continued uncertain economic environment which has produced losses, including those resulting from borrowers' misstatement of financial information or inaccurate certification of collateral values. Such losses are not necessarily correlated with historical loss trends or general economic conditions. Our methodology used to calculate the allowance considers historical losses; however, the historical loss rates for specific product types or credit risk grades may not fully incorporate the effects of continued weakness in the economy and continued volatility in the energy sector. Our recorded investment in loans as of September 30, 2016 , December 31, 2015 and September 30, 2015 related to each balance in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment and disaggregated on the basis of our impairment methodology was as follows (in thousands): September 30, 2016 Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Total Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 168,014 $ — $ 159 $ 3,787 $ 200 $ — $ 172,160 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 6,885,965 4,961,159 2,150,294 3,388,044 27,354 96,878 17,509,694 Total $ 7,053,979 $ 4,961,159 $ 2,150,453 $ 3,391,831 $ 27,554 $ 96,878 $ 17,681,854 December 31, 2015 Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Total Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 140,479 $ — $ 16,668 $ 21,042 $ — $ 5,151 $ 183,340 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 6,532,152 4,966,276 1,835,049 3,118,155 25,323 108,845 16,585,800 Total $ 6,672,631 $ 4,966,276 $ 1,851,717 $ 3,139,197 $ 25,323 $ 113,996 $ 16,769,140 September 30, 2015 Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Total Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 82,050 $ — $ 16,749 $ 9,895 $ — $ 5,699 $ 114,393 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 6,471,589 4,312,790 1,847,429 3,048,679 24,757 112,945 15,818,189 Total $ 6,553,639 $ 4,312,790 $ 1,864,178 $ 3,058,574 $ 24,757 $ 118,644 $ 15,932,582 Generally we place loans on non-accrual when there is a clear indication that the borrower’s cash flow may not be sufficient to meet payments as they become due, which is generally when a loan is 90 days past due. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, all previously accrued and unpaid interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized on a cash basis as long as the remaining unpaid principal amount of the loan is deemed to be fully collectible. If collectability is questionable, then cash payments are applied to principal. As of September 30, 2016 , $ 816,000 of our non-accrual loans were earning on a cash basis compared to $ 884,000 at December 31, 2015 . A loan is placed back on accrual status when both principal and interest are current and it is probable that we will be able to collect all amounts due (both principal and interest) according to the terms of the loan agreement. A loan held for investment is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due (both principal and interest) according to the terms of the original loan agreement. In accordance with ASC 310 Receivables ("ASC 310"), we have also included all restructured loans in our impaired loan totals. The following tables detail our impaired loans, by portfolio class, as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (in thousands): September 30, 2016 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized With no related allowance recorded: Commercial Business loans $ 15,615 $ 18,839 $ — $ 10,359 $ — Energy 61,339 71,100 — 53,274 — Construction Market risk — — — 3,704 — Real estate Market risk — — — — — Commercial 2,087 2,087 — 5,282 28 Secured by 1-4 family — — — — — Consumer — — — — — Leases — — — 537 — Total impaired loans with no allowance recorded $ 79,041 $ 92,026 $ — $ 73,156 $ 28 With an allowance recorded: Commercial Business loans $ 23,079 $ 23,154 $ 9,516 $ 22,207 $ — Energy 67,981 72,535 33,158 74,770 18 Construction Market risk 159 159 24 18 — Real estate Market risk 1,366 1,366 20 3,548 — Commercial — — — — — Secured by 1-4 family 334 334 116 469 — Consumer 200 200 30 22 — Leases — — — 722 — Total impaired loans with an allowance recorded $ 93,119 $ 97,748 $ 42,864 $ 101,756 $ 18 Combined: Commercial Business loans $ 38,694 $ 41,993 $ 9,516 $ 32,566 $ — Energy 129,320 143,635 33,158 128,044 18 Construction Market risk 159 159 24 3,722 — Real estate Market risk 1,366 1,366 20 3,548 — Commercial 2,087 2,087 — 5,282 28 Secured by 1-4 family 334 334 116 469 — Consumer 200 200 30 22 — Leases — — — 1,259 — Total impaired loans $ 172,160 $ 189,774 $ 42,864 $ 174,912 $ 46 December 31, 2015 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized With no related allowance recorded: Commercial Business loans $ 11,097 $ 13,529 $ — $ 17,311 $ — Energy 37,968 37,968 — 21,791 36 Construction Market risk 16,668 16,668 — 9,764 — Real estate Market risk — — — 3,352 — Commercial 15,353 15,353 — 4,364 24 Secured by 1-4 family — — — — — Consumer — — — — — Leases 2,417 2,417 — 3,233 — Total impaired loans with no allowance recorded $ 83,503 $ 85,935 $ — $ 59,815 $ 60 With an allowance recorded: Commercial Business loans $ 20,983 $ 25,300 $ 5,737 $ 31,131 $ — Energy 70,431 70,431 14,103 6,641 — Construction Market risk — — — — — Real estate Market risk 5,335 5,335 1,066 2,558 — Commercial — — — 306 — Secured by 1-4 family 354 354 125 1,580 — Consumer — — — 10 — Leases 2,734 2,734 2,436 302 — Total impaired loans with an allowance recorded $ 99,837 $ 104,154 $ 23,467 $ 42,528 $ — Combined: Commercial Business loans $ 32,080 $ 38,829 $ 5,737 $ 48,442 $ — Energy 108,399 108,399 14,103 28,432 36 Construction Market risk 16,668 16,668 — 9,764 — Real estate Market risk 5,335 5,335 1,066 5,910 — Commercial 15,353 15,353 — 4,670 24 Secured by 1-4 family 354 354 125 1,580 — Consumer — — — 10 — Leases 5,151 5,151 2,436 3,535 — Total impaired loans $ 183,340 $ 190,089 $ 23,467 $ 102,343 $ 60 Average impaired loans outstanding during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 totaled $174.9 million and $ 90.7 million , respectively. The table below provides an age analysis of our loans held for investment as of September 30, 2016 (in thousands): 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due Greater Than 90 Days and Accruing(1) Total Past Due Non-accrual Current Total Commercial Business loans $ 37,993 $ 14,827 $ 9,593 $ 62,413 $ 37,013 $ 6,012,367 $ 6,111,793 Energy 1,179 — — 1,179 129,320 811,687 942,186 Mortgage finance loans — — — — — 4,961,159 4,961,159 Construction Market risk 14,015 334 — 14,349 159 2,125,683 2,140,191 Secured by 1-4 family 1,063 — — 1,063 — 9,199 10,262 Real estate Market risk — 639 — 639 — 2,548,337 2,548,976 Commercial — — — — 2,087 654,029 656,116 Secured by 1-4 family 382 47 107 536 334 185,869 186,739 Consumer — 7 6 13 200 27,341 27,554 Leases 41 — — 41 — 96,837 96,878 Total loans held for investment $ 54,673 $ 15,854 $ 9,706 $ 80,233 $ 169,113 $ 17,432,508 $ 17,681,854 (1) Loans past due 90 days and still accruing includes premium finance loans of $7.1 million . These loans are generally secured by obligations of insurance carriers to refund premiums on canceled insurance policies. The refund of premiums from the insurance carriers can take 180 days or longer from the cancellation date. Restructured loans are loans on which, due to the borrower’s financial difficulties, we have granted a concession that we would not otherwise consider for borrowers of similar credit quality. This may include a transfer of real estate or other assets from the borrower, a modification of loan terms, or a combination of the two. Modifications of terms that could potentially qualify as a restructuring include reduction of the contractual interest rate, extension of the maturity date at a contractual interest rate lower than the current rate for new debt with similar risk, a reduction of the face amount of debt or forgiveness of either principal or accrued interest. At September 30, 2016 , we did not have any loans considered restructured that were not on non-accrual compared to $249,000 at December 31, 2015 . These loans did not have unfunded commitments at September 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015 . Of the non-accrual loans at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , $19.7 million and $24.9 million , respectively, met the criteria for restructured. These loans had no unfunded commitments at their respective balance sheet dates. A loan continues to qualify as restructured until a consistent payment history or change in borrower’s financial condition has been evidenced, generally over no less than twelve months. Assuming that the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate at the time of the restructuring that is greater than or equal to the rate that we are willing to accept for a new extension of credit with comparable risk, then the loan no longer has to be considered a restructuring if it is in compliance with the modified terms in calendar years after the year of the restructure. The following tables summarize, for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , loans that were restructured during 2016 and 2015 (in thousands): September 30, 2016 Number of Restructured Loans Pre-Restructuring Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-Restructuring Outstanding Recorded Investment Energy loans 2 $ 14,235 $ 13,289 Commercial business loans — $ — $ — Real estate - market risk — $ — $ — Total new restructured loans in 2016 2 $ 14,235 $ 13,289 September 30, 2015 Number of Restructured Loans Pre-Restructuring Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-Restructuring Outstanding Recorded Investment Commercial business loans 5 $ 20,459 $ 15,438 Total new restructured loans in 2015 5 $ 20,459 $ 15,438 The restructured loans generally include terms to temporarily place loans on interest only, extend the payment terms or reduce the interest rate. We did not forgive any principal on the above loans. The restructuring of the loans did not have a significant impact on our allowance for loan losses at September 30, 2016 or 2015 . The following table provides information on how restructured loans were modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands): Nine months ended September 30, 2016 2015 Extended maturity $ — $ — Adjusted payment schedule 12,647 — Combination of maturity extension and payment schedule adjustment 642 15,438 Total $ 13,289 $ 15,438 As of September 30, 2016 and 2015 , we did not have any loans that were restructured within the last 12 months that subsequently defaulted. |