Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | Loans Held for Investment and Allowance for Loan Losses Loans held for investment are summarized by category as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2017 2016 Commercial $ 9,189,811 $ 7,291,545 Mortgage finance 5,308,160 4,497,338 Construction 2,166,208 2,098,706 Real estate 3,794,577 3,462,203 Consumer 48,684 34,587 Equipment leases 264,903 185,529 Gross loans held for investment 20,772,343 17,569,908 Deferred income (net of direct origination costs) (97,931 ) (71,559 ) Allowance for loan losses (184,655 ) (168,126 ) Total loans held for investment $ 20,489,757 $ 17,330,223 Commercial Loans and Leases. Our commercial loan portfolio is comprised of lines of credit for working capital and term loans and leases to finance equipment and other business assets. Our energy production loans are generally collateralized with proven reserves based on appropriate valuation standards and take into account the risk of oil and gas price volatility. Our commercial loans and leases are underwritten after carefully evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to operate profitably. Our underwriting standards are designed to promote relationship banking rather than to make loans on a transaction basis. Our lines of credit typically are limited to a percentage of the value of the assets securing the line. Lines of credit and term loans typically are reviewed annually, or more frequently, as needed, and are supported by accounts receivable, inventory, equipment and other assets of our clients’ businesses. Mortgage Finance Loans. Our mortgage finance loans consist of ownership interests purchased in single-family residential mortgages funded through our mortgage warehouse lending division. We have agreements with mortgage lenders and purchase interests in individual loans they originate. The ownership interests collateralizing our mortgage finance loans are typically held on our balance sheet for 10 to 20 days, and substantially all loans are conforming loans. All mortgage finance loans are underwritten consistently with established programs for permanent financing with financially sound investors. Balances as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are stated net of $171.2 million and $839.0 million participations sold, respectively. Construction Loans. Our construction loan portfolio consists primarily of single- and multi-family residential properties and commercial projects used in manufacturing, warehousing, service or retail businesses. Our construction loans generally have terms of one to three years . We typically make construction loans to developers, builders and contractors that have an established record of successful project completion and loan repayment and have a substantial equity investment in the borrowers. Loan amounts are derived primarily from the Bank's evaluation of expected cash flows available to service debt from stabilized projects under hypothetically stressed conditions. Construction loans are also based in part upon estimates of costs and value associated with the completed project. Sources of repayment for these types of loans may be permanent loans from other lenders, sales of developed property, or an interim loan commitment from us until permanent financing is obtained. The nature of these loans makes ultimate repayment sensitive to overall economic conditions. Borrowers may not be able to correct conditions of default in loans, increasing risk of exposure to classification, non-performing status, reserve allocation and actual credit loss and foreclosure. These loans typically have floating rates and require commitment fees. Real Estate Loans. A portion of our real estate loan portfolio is comprised of loans secured by properties other than market risk or investment-type real estate. Market risk loans are real estate loans where the primary source of repayment is expected to come from the sale, permanent financing or lease of the real property collateral. We generally provide temporary financing for commercial and residential property. These loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Our real estate loans generally have maximum terms of five to seven years , and we provide loans with both floating and fixed rates. Real estate loans may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. Appraised values may be highly variable due to market conditions and the impact of the inability of potential purchasers and lessees to obtain financing and a lack of transactions at comparable values. At December 31, 2017 and 2016 , we had a blanket floating lien on certain real estate-secured loans, mortgage finance loans and also certain securities used as collateral for FHLB borrowings. Summary of Loan Losses The allowance for loan losses is comprised of general reserves, specific reserves for impaired loans and an additional qualitative reserve based on our estimate of losses inherent in the portfolio at the balance sheet date, but not yet identified with specified loans. We believe the allowance at December 31, 2017 to be appropriate, given management's assessment of losses inherent in the portfolio as of the evaluation date, the significant growth in the loan and lease portfolio, current economic conditions in our market areas and other factors. The following tables summarize the credit risk profile of our loan portfolio by internally assigned grades and non-accrual status as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Equipment Leases Total December 31, 2017 Grade: Pass $ 8,967,471 $ 5,308,160 $ 2,152,654 $ 3,706,541 $ 48,591 $ 249,865 $ 20,433,282 Special mention 19,958 — 13,554 53,652 — 495 87,659 Substandard- accruing 102,651 — — 32,671 93 14,543 149,958 Non-accrual 99,731 — — 1,713 — — 101,444 Total loans held for investment $ 9,189,811 $ 5,308,160 $ 2,166,208 $ 3,794,577 $ 48,684 $ 264,903 $ 20,772,343 Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Equipment Leases Total December 31, 2016 Grade: Pass $ 6,941,310 $ 4,497,338 $ 2,074,859 $ 3,430,346 $ 34,249 $ 181,914 $ 17,160,016 Special mention 69,447 — 10,901 21,932 — 3,532 105,812 Substandard-accruing 115,848 — 12,787 7,516 138 — 136,289 Non-accrual 164,940 — 159 2,409 200 83 167,791 Total loans held for investment $ 7,291,545 $ 4,497,338 $ 2,098,706 $ 3,462,203 $ 34,587 $ 185,529 $ 17,569,908 The following tables detail activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands). Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories. Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Equipment Leases Additional Qualitative Reserve Total December 31, 2017 Allowance for loan losses Beginning balance $ 128,768 $ — $ 13,144 $ 19,149 $ 241 $ 1,124 $ 5,700 $ 168,126 Provision for loan losses 19,590 — 6,084 15,353 226 2,408 2,690 46,351 Charge-offs 34,145 — 59 290 180 — — 34,674 Recoveries 4,593 — 104 75 70 10 — 4,852 Net charge-offs (recoveries) 29,552 — (45 ) 215 110 (10 ) — 29,822 Ending balance $ 118,806 $ — $ 19,273 $ 34,287 $ 357 $ 3,542 $ 8,390 $ 184,655 Period end amount allocated to: Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 24,316 $ — $ — $ 101 $ — $ — $ — $ 24,417 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 94,490 — 19,273 34,186 357 3,542 8,390 160,238 Ending balance $ 118,806 $ — $ 19,273 $ 34,287 $ 357 $ 3,542 $ 8,390 $ 184,655 Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Equipment Leases Additional Qualitative Reserve Total December 31, 2016 Allowance for loan losses Beginning balance $ 112,446 $ — $ 6,836 $ 13,381 $ 338 $ 3,931 $ 4,179 $ 141,111 Provision for loan losses 63,516 — 6,274 6,233 (71 ) (2,884 ) 1,521 74,589 Charge-offs 56,558 — — 528 47 — — 57,133 Recoveries 9,364 — 34 63 21 77 — 9,559 Net charge-offs (recoveries) 47,194 — (34 ) 465 26 (77 ) — 47,574 Ending balance $ 128,768 $ — $ 13,144 $ 19,149 $ 241 $ 1,124 $ 5,700 $ 168,126 Period end amount allocated to: Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 34,405 $ — $ 24 $ 133 $ 30 $ 13 $ — $ 34,605 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 94,363 — 13,120 19,016 211 1,111 5,700 133,521 Ending balance $ 128,768 $ — $ 13,144 $ 19,149 $ 241 $ 1,124 $ 5,700 $ 168,126 The table below presents the activity in the allowance for off-balance sheet credit losses related to losses on unfunded commitments for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands). This allowance is recorded in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Beginning balance $ 11,422 $ 9,011 Provision for off-balance sheet credit losses (2,351 ) 2,411 Ending balance $ 9,071 $ 11,422 We have traditionally maintained an additional qualitative reserve component to compensate for the uncertainty and complexity in estimating loan and lease losses including factors and conditions that may not be fully reflected in the determination and application of the allowance allocation percentages. The increase in the additional qualitative reserve at December 31, 2017 was primarily driven by a $4.5 million provision in the third quarter of 2017 reflecting our assessment of the potential impact to our loan portfolio from Hurricanes Harvey and Irma. We believe the level of additional qualitative reserves at December 31, 2017 is warranted due to economic uncertainties and unpredictable factors that have produced losses, including those resulting from borrowers' misstatement of financial information or inaccurate certification of collateral values. Such losses are not necessarily correlated with historical loss trends or general economic conditions. Our methodology used to calculate the allowance considers historical losses; however, the historical loss rates for specific product types or credit risk grades may not fully incorporate the effects of uncertainty regarding the economy or other unpredictable events. Our recorded investment in loans as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 related to each balance in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment and disaggregated on the basis of our impairment methodology was as follows (in thousands): Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Equipment Leases Total December 31, 2017 Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 100,676 $ — $ — $ 2,008 $ — $ — $ 102,684 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 9,089,135 5,308,160 2,166,208 3,792,569 48,684 264,903 20,669,659 Total $ 9,189,811 $ 5,308,160 $ 2,166,208 $ 3,794,577 $ 48,684 $ 264,903 $ 20,772,343 Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Equipment Leases Total December 31, 2016 Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 166,669 $ — $ 159 $ 3,751 $ 200 $ 83 $ 170,862 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 7,124,876 4,497,338 2,098,547 3,458,452 34,387 185,446 17,399,046 Total $ 7,291,545 $ 4,497,338 $ 2,098,706 $ 3,462,203 $ 34,587 $ 185,529 $ 17,569,908 Generally we place loans on non-accrual when there is a clear indication that the borrower’s cash flow may not be sufficient to meet payments as they become due, which is generally when a loan is 90 days past due. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, all previously accrued and unpaid interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized on a cash basis as long as the remaining unpaid principal amount of the loan is deemed to be fully collectible. If collectability is questionable, then cash payments are applied to principal. We recognized $1.3 million in interest income on non-accrual loans during 2017 compared to $1.4 million in 2016 and $1.6 million in 2015 . Additional interest income that would have been recorded if the loans had been current during the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 totaled $19.0 million , $7.9 million and $7.0 million , respectively. As of December 31, 2017 , none of our non-accrual loans were earning on a cash basis, compared to $811,000 at December 31, 2016 . A loan is placed back on accrual status when both principal and interest are current and it is probable that we will be able to collect all amounts due (both principal and interest) according to the terms of the loan agreement. A loan held for investment is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due (both principal and interest) according to the terms of the original loan agreement. In accordance with ASC 310, Receivables , we have also included all restructured and formerly restructured loans in our impaired loan totals. The following tables detail our impaired loans, by portfolio class, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): December 31, 2017 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized With no related allowance recorded: Commercial Business loans $ 16,835 $ 18,257 $ — $ 22,964 $ — Energy loans 21,426 22,602 — 36,579 — Construction Market risk — — — — — Real estate Market risk — — — — — Commercial 1,096 1,096 — 2,166 — Secured by 1-4 family — — — — — Consumer — — — — — Equipment leases — — — — — Total impaired loans with no allowance recorded $ 39,357 $ 41,955 $ — $ 61,709 $ — With an allowance recorded: Commercial Business loans $ 18,645 $ 19,020 $ 2,544 $ 16,960 $ — Energy loans 43,770 55,875 21,772 50,867 6 Construction Market risk — — — 27 — Real estate Market risk 295 295 6 485 — Commercial 499 499 75 166 — Secured by 1-4 family 118 118 20 516 — Consumer — — — 33 — Equipment leases — — — 14 — Total impaired loans with an allowance recorded $ 63,327 $ 75,807 $ 24,417 $ 69,068 $ 6 Combined: Commercial Business loans $ 35,480 $ 37,277 $ 2,544 $ 39,924 $ — Energy loans 65,196 78,477 21,772 87,446 6 Construction Market risk — — — 27 — Real estate Market risk 295 295 6 485 — Commercial 1,595 1,595 75 2,332 — Secured by 1-4 family 118 118 20 516 — Consumer — — — 33 — Equipment leases — — — 14 — Total impaired loans $ 102,684 $ 117,762 $ 24,417 $ 130,777 $ 6 December 31, 2016 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized With no related allowance recorded: Commercial Business loans $ 23,868 $ 27,992 $ — $ 12,361 $ — Energy loans 46,753 54,522 — 54,075 — Construction Market risk — — — 2,778 — Real estate Market risk — — — — — Commercial 2,083 2,083 — 4,483 38 Secured by 1-4 family — — — — — Consumer — — — — — Equipment leases — — — 403 — Total impaired loans with no allowance recorded $ 72,704 $ 84,597 $ — $ 74,100 $ 38 With an allowance recorded: Commercial Business loans $ 21,303 $ 21,303 $ 7,055 $ 22,277 $ — Energy loans 74,745 88,987 27,350 73,637 24 Construction Market risk 159 159 24 53 — Real estate Market risk 1,342 1,342 20 3,000 — Commercial — — — — — Secured by 1-4 family 326 326 113 435 — Consumer 200 200 30 67 — Equipment leases 83 83 13 548 — Total impaired loans with an allowance recorded $ 98,158 $ 112,400 $ 34,605 $ 100,017 $ 24 Combined: Commercial Business loans $ 45,171 $ 49,295 $ 7,055 $ 34,638 $ — Energy loans 121,498 143,509 27,350 127,712 24 Construction Market risk 159 159 24 2,831 — Real estate Market risk 1,342 1,342 20 3,000 — Commercial 2,083 2,083 — 4,483 38 Secured by 1-4 family 326 326 113 435 — Consumer 200 200 30 67 — Equipment leases 83 83 13 951 — Total impaired loans $ 170,862 $ 196,997 $ 34,605 $ 174,117 $ 62 Average impaired loans outstanding during the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 totaled $130.8 million , $174.1 million and $102.3 million , respectively. The table below provides an age analysis of our loans held for investment as of December 31, 2017 (in thousands): 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due Greater Than 90 Days(1) Total Past Due Non-accrual Current Total Commercial Business loans $ 12,346 $ 13,029 $ 6,984 $ 32,359 $ 34,535 $ 7,992,918 $ 8,059,812 Energy 1,100 — — 1,100 65,196 1,063,703 1,129,999 Mortgage finance loans — — — — — 5,308,160 5,308,160 Construction Market risk 239 — — 239 — 2,098,446 2,098,685 Commercial — — — — — 35,786 35,786 Secured by 1-4 family 1,635 — — 1,635 — 30,102 31,737 Real estate Market risk 1,724 295 — 2,019 — 2,681,527 2,683,546 Commercial — — — — 1,595 839,787 841,382 Secured by 1-4 family 174 139 1,392 1,705 118 267,826 269,649 Consumer 100 74 — 174 — 48,510 48,684 Equipment leases 636 16 53 705 — 264,198 264,903 Total loans held for investment $ 17,954 $ 13,553 $ 8,429 $ 39,936 $ 101,444 $ 20,630,963 $ 20,772,343 (1) Loans past due 90 days and still accruing includes premium finance loans of $5.5 million . These loans are generally secured by obligations of insurance carriers to refund premiums on canceled insurance policies. The refund of premiums from the insurance carriers can take 180 days or longer from the cancellation date. Restructured loans are loans on which, due to the borrower’s financial difficulties, we have granted a concession that we would not otherwise consider for borrowers of similar credit quality. This may include a transfer of real estate or other assets from the borrower, a modification of loan terms, or a combination of the two. Modifications of terms that could potentially qualify as a restructuring include reduction of contractual interest rate, extension of the maturity date at a contractual interest rate lower than the current rate for new debt with similar risk, or a reduction of the face amount of debt, or forgiveness of either principal or accrued interest. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , we did not have any loans considered restructured that were not on non-accrual. Of the non-accrual loans at December 31, 2017 and 2016 , $18.8 million and $18.1 million , respectively, met the criteria for restructured. These loans had no unfunded commitments at their respective balance sheet dates. A loan continues to qualify as restructured until a consistent payment history or change in borrower’s financial condition has been evidenced, generally no less than twelve months. Assuming that the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate at the time of the restructuring that is greater than or equal to the rate that we are willing to accept for a new extension of credit with comparable risk, then the loan no longer has to be considered a restructuring if it is in compliance with modified terms in calendar years after the year of the restructure. The following tables summarize, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , loans that have been restructured during 2017 and 2016 (in thousands, except number of contracts): December 31, 2017 Number of Contracts Pre-Restructuring Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-Restructuring Outstanding Recorded Investment Commercial business loans 3 $ 7,527 $ 7,640 Energy loans 1 $ 1,070 $ — Total new restructured loans in 2017 4 $ 8,597 $ 7,640 December 31, 2016 Number of Contracts Pre-Restructuring Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-Restructuring Outstanding Recorded Investment Energy loans 2 $ 14,235 $ 12,236 Total new restructured loans in 2016 2 $ 14,235 $ 12,236 The restructured loans generally include terms to temporarily place the loan on interest only, extend the payment terms or reduce the interest rate. We did not forgive any principal on the above loans. The $957,000 decrease in the post-restructuring recorded investment in 2017 and the $2.0 million decrease in the post-restructuring recorded investment in 2016 were due to paydowns. At December 31, 2017 , $7.6 million of the above loans restructured in 2017 are on non-accrual. The restructuring of the loans did not have a significant impact on our allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2017 or 2016 . The following table provides information on how loans were modified as restructured loans during the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): December 31, 2017 2016 Extended maturity $ 712 $ — Adjusted payment schedule 6,928 — Combination of maturity extension and payment schedule adjustment — 12,236 Total $ 7,640 $ 12,236 As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , we did not have any loans that were restructured within the last 12 months that subsequently defaulted. |