Loans and allowance for credit losses | LOANS HELD FOR INVESTMENT AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , loans held for investment were as follows (in thousands): March 31, December 31, Commercial $ 9,461,024 $ 9,189,811 Mortgage finance 4,689,938 5,308,160 Construction 2,224,403 2,166,208 Real estate 3,834,758 3,794,577 Consumer 47,311 48,684 Leases 276,303 264,903 Gross loans held for investment 20,533,737 20,772,343 Deferred income (net of direct origination costs) (102,027 ) (97,931 ) Allowance for loan losses (190,898 ) (184,655 ) Total loans held for investment $ 20,240,812 $ 20,489,757 Commercial Loans and Leases. Our commercial loan portfolio is comprised of lines of credit for working capital and term loans and leases to finance equipment and other business assets. Our energy production loans are generally collateralized with proven reserves based on appropriate valuation standards and take into account the risk of oil and gas price volatility. Our commercial loans and leases are underwritten after carefully evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to operate profitably. Our underwriting standards are designed to promote relationship banking rather than to make loans on a transaction basis. Our lines of credit typically are limited to a percentage of the value of the assets securing the line. Lines of credit and term loans typically are reviewed annually, or more frequently, as needed, and are supported by accounts receivable, inventory, equipment and other assets of our clients’ businesses. Mortgage Finance Loans. Our mortgage finance loans consist of ownership interests purchased in single-family residential mortgages funded through our mortgage finance group. We have agreements with mortgage lenders and purchase interests in individual loans they originate. The ownership interests collateralizing our mortgage finance loans are typically held on our balance sheet for 10 to 20 days, and substantially all loans are conforming loans. Substantially all mortgage loans are underwritten consistently with established programs for permanent financing with financially sound investors. Balances as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are stated net of $246.5 million and $171.2 million of participations sold, respectively. Construction Loans. Our construction loan portfolio consists primarily of single- and multi-family residential properties and commercial projects used in manufacturing, warehousing, service or retail businesses. Our construction loans generally have terms of one to three years. We typically make construction loans to developers, builders and contractors that have an established record of successful project completion and loan repayment and have a substantial equity investment in the borrowers. Loan amounts are derived primarily from the Bank's evaluation of expected cash flows available to service debt from stabilized projects under hypothetically stressed conditions. Construction loans are also based in part upon estimates of costs and value associated with the completed project. Sources of repayment for these types of loans may be permanent loans from other lenders, sales of developed property, or an interim loan commitment from us until permanent financing is obtained. The nature of these loans makes ultimate repayment sensitive to overall economic conditions. Borrowers may not be able to correct conditions of loan defaults, increasing risk of exposure to classification, non-performing status, reserve allocation and actual credit loss and foreclosure. These loans typically have floating rates and require commitment fees. Real Estate Loans. A portion of our real estate loan portfolio is comprised of loans secured by properties other than market risk or investment-type real estate. Market risk loans are real estate loans where the primary source of repayment is expected to come from the sale, permanent financing or lease of the real property collateral. We generally provide temporary financing for commercial and residential property. These loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Our real estate loans generally have maximum terms of five to seven years, and we provide loans with both floating and fixed rates. Real estate loans may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. Appraised values may be highly variable due to market conditions and the impact of the inability of potential purchasers and lessees to obtain financing and a lack of transactions at comparable values. At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , we had a blanket floating lien on certain real estate-secured loans, mortgage finance loans and certain investment securities used as collateral for Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) borrowings. Summary of Loan Loss Experience The allowance for loan losses is comprised of general reserves, specific reserves for impaired loans and an additional qualitative reserve based on our estimate of losses inherent in the portfolio at the balance sheet date, but not yet identified with specified loans. We consider the allowance at March 31, 2018 to be appropriate, given management's assessment of losses inherent in the portfolio as of the evaluation date, the significant growth in the loan and lease portfolio, current economic conditions in our market areas and other factors. The following tables summarize the credit risk profile of our loan portfolio by internally assigned grades and non-accrual status as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands): March 31, 2018 Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Total Grade: Pass $ 9,210,706 $ 4,689,938 $ 2,210,513 $ 3,743,437 $ 47,146 $ 262,356 $ 20,164,096 Special mention 52,764 — 13,890 57,871 — — 124,525 Substandard-accruing 75,271 — — 32,263 93 13,947 121,574 Non-accrual 122,283 — — 1,187 72 — 123,542 Total loans held for investment $ 9,461,024 $ 4,689,938 $ 2,224,403 $ 3,834,758 $ 47,311 $ 276,303 $ 20,533,737 December 31, 2017 Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Total Grade: Pass $ 8,967,471 $ 5,308,160 $ 2,152,654 $ 3,706,541 $ 48,591 $ 249,865 $ 20,433,282 Special mention 19,958 — 13,554 53,652 — 495 87,659 Substandard-accruing 102,651 — — 32,671 93 14,543 149,958 Non-accrual 99,731 — — 1,713 — — 101,444 Total loans held for investment $ 9,189,811 $ 5,308,160 $ 2,166,208 $ 3,794,577 $ 48,684 $ 264,903 $ 20,772,343 The following table details activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 . Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories. March 31, 2018 (in thousands) Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Additional Qualitative Reserve Total Beginning balance $ 118,806 $ — $ 19,273 $ 34,287 $ 357 $ 3,542 $ 8,390 $ 184,655 Provision for loan losses 17,546 — (518 ) (200 ) (178 ) (18 ) (5,184 ) 11,448 Charge-offs 5,667 — — — — — — 5,667 Recoveries 360 — — 24 59 19 — 462 Net charge-offs (recoveries) 5,307 — — (24 ) (59 ) (19 ) — 5,205 Ending balance $ 131,045 $ — $ 18,755 $ 34,111 $ 238 $ 3,543 $ 3,206 $ 190,898 Period end amount allocated to: Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 34,897 $ — $ — $ 22 $ 2 $ — $ — $ 34,921 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 96,148 — 18,755 34,089 236 3,543 3,206 155,977 Ending balance $ 131,045 $ — $ 18,755 $ 34,111 $ 238 $ 3,543 $ 3,206 $ 190,898 March 31, 2017 (in thousands) Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Additional Qualitative Reserve Total Beginning balance $ 128,768 $ — $ 13,144 $ 19,149 $ 241 $ 1,124 $ 5,700 $ 168,126 Provision for loan losses 8,147 — (124 ) 3,270 (31 ) 325 (2,012 ) 9,575 Charge-offs 9,233 — — — — — — 9,233 Recoveries 3,381 — 101 50 5 8 — 3,545 Net charge-offs (recoveries) 5,852 — (101 ) (50 ) (5 ) (8 ) — 5,688 Ending balance $ 131,063 $ — $ 13,121 $ 22,469 $ 215 $ 1,457 $ 3,688 $ 172,013 Period end amount allocated to: Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 34,595 $ — $ — $ 195 $ 30 $ 13 $ — $ 34,833 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 96,468 — 13,121 22,274 185 1,444 3,688 137,180 Ending balance $ 131,063 $ — $ 13,121 $ 22,469 $ 215 $ 1,457 $ 3,688 $ 172,013 The table below presents the activity in the allowance for off-balance sheet credit losses related to unfunded commitments for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands). This allowance is recorded in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. Three months ended March 31, 2018 2017 Beginning balance $ 9,071 $ 11,422 Provision for off-balance sheet credit losses 552 (575 ) Ending balance $ 9,623 $ 10,847 We have traditionally maintained an additional qualitative reserve component to compensate for the uncertainty and complexity in estimating loan and lease losses including factors and conditions that may not be fully reflected in the determination and application of the allowance allocation percentages. The decrease in the additional qualitative reserve at March 31, 2018 was primarily related to an identified loss on a commercial loan and resolution of remaining uncertainty regarding the impact to our loan portfolio from Hurricanes Harvey and Irma. We believe the level of additional qualitative reserves at March 31, 2018 is warranted due to economic uncertainties and unpredictable factors that have produced losses, including those resulting from borrowers' misstatement of financial information or inaccurate certification of collateral values. Such losses are not necessarily correlated with historical loss trends or general economic conditions. Our methodology used to calculate the allowance considers historical losses; however, the historical loss rates for specific product types or credit risk grades may not fully incorporate the effects of uncertainty regarding the economy or unpredictable events. Our recorded investment in loans as of March 31, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017 related to each balance in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment and disaggregated on the basis of our impairment methodology was as follows (in thousands): March 31, 2018 Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Total Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 123,206 $ — $ — $ 1,187 $ 72 $ — $ 124,465 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 9,337,818 4,689,938 2,224,403 3,833,571 47,239 276,303 20,409,272 Total $ 9,461,024 $ 4,689,938 $ 2,224,403 $ 3,834,758 $ 47,311 $ 276,303 $ 20,533,737 December 31, 2017 Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Total Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 100,676 $ — $ — $ 2,008 $ — $ — $ 102,684 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 9,089,135 5,308,160 2,166,208 3,792,569 48,684 264,903 20,669,659 Total $ 9,189,811 $ 5,308,160 $ 2,166,208 $ 3,794,577 $ 48,684 $ 264,903 $ 20,772,343 March 31, 2017 Commercial Mortgage Finance Construction Real Estate Consumer Leases Total Loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 143,632 $ — $ — $ 5,512 $ 200 $ 83 $ 149,427 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment 7,336,853 3,371,598 2,108,611 3,557,624 36,059 186,030 16,596,775 Total $ 7,480,485 $ 3,371,598 $ 2,108,611 $ 3,563,136 $ 36,259 $ 186,113 $ 16,746,202 We place loans on non-accrual when there is a clear indication that the borrower’s cash flow may not be sufficient to meet payments as they become due, generally when a loan is 90 days past due. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, all previously accrued and unpaid interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized on a cash basis as long as the remaining unpaid principal amount of the loan is deemed to be fully collectible. If collectability is questionable, then cash payments are applied to principal. As of March 31, 2018 , $21.8 million of our non-accrual loans were earning on a cash basis compared to none at December 31, 2017 . A loan is placed back on accrual status when both principal and interest are current and it is probable that we will be able to collect all amounts due (both principal and interest) according to the terms of the loan agreement. A loan held for investment is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due (both principal and interest) according to the terms of the original loan agreement. In accordance with ASC 310, Receivables , we have also included all restructured and formerly restructured loans in our impaired loan totals. The following tables detail our impaired loans, by portfolio class, as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands): March 31, 2018 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized With no related allowance recorded: Commercial Business loans $ 4,500 $ 4,534 $ — $ 12,723 $ — Energy 21,044 22,220 — 21,299 — Construction Market risk — — — — — Real estate Market risk — — — — — Commercial 1,069 1,069 — 1,087 — Secured by 1-4 family — — — — — Consumer — — — — — Leases — — — — — Total impaired loans with no allowance recorded $ 26,613 $ 27,823 $ — $ 35,109 $ — With an allowance recorded: Commercial Business loans $ 68,298 $ 69,719 $ 21,745 $ 35,196 $ — Energy 29,364 30,747 13,152 38,968 — Construction Market risk — — — — — Real estate Market risk — — — 197 — Commercial — — — 333 — Secured by 1-4 family 118 118 22 118 — Consumer 72 72 2 24 — Leases — — — — — Total impaired loans with an allowance recorded $ 97,852 $ 100,656 $ 34,921 $ 74,836 $ — Combined: Commercial Business loans $ 72,798 $ 74,253 $ 21,745 $ 47,919 $ — Energy 50,408 52,967 13,152 60,267 — Construction Market risk — — — — — Real estate Market risk — — — 197 — Commercial 1,069 1,069 — 1,420 — Secured by 1-4 family 118 118 22 118 — Consumer 72 72 2 24 — Leases — — — — — Total impaired loans $ 124,465 $ 128,479 $ 34,921 $ 109,945 $ — December 31, 2017 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized With no related allowance recorded: Commercial Business loans $ 16,835 $ 18,257 $ — $ 22,964 $ — Energy 21,426 22,602 — 36,579 — Construction Market risk — — — — — Real estate Market risk — — — — — Commercial 1,096 1,096 — 2,166 — Secured by 1-4 family — — — — — Consumer — — — — — Leases — — — — — Total impaired loans with no allowance recorded $ 39,357 $ 41,955 $ — $ 61,709 $ — With an allowance recorded: Commercial Business loans $ 18,645 $ 19,020 $ 2,544 $ 16,960 $ — Energy 43,770 55,875 21,772 50,867 6 Construction Market risk — — — 27 — Real estate Market risk 295 295 6 485 — Commercial 499 499 75 166 — Secured by 1-4 family 118 118 20 516 — Consumer — — — 33 — Leases — — — 14 — Total impaired loans with an allowance recorded $ 63,327 $ 75,807 $ 24,417 $ 69,068 $ 6 Combined: Commercial Business loans $ 35,480 $ 37,277 $ 2,544 $ 39,924 $ — Energy 65,196 78,477 21,772 87,446 6 Construction Market risk — — — 27 — Real estate Market risk 295 295 6 485 — Commercial 1,595 1,595 75 2,332 — Secured by 1-4 family 118 118 20 516 — Consumer — — — 33 — Leases — — — 14 — Total impaired loans $ 102,684 $ 117,762 $ 24,417 $ 130,777 $ 6 Average impaired loans outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 totaled $109.9 million and $ 163.7 million , respectively. The table below provides an age analysis of our loans held for investment as of March 31, 2018 (in thousands): 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due Greater Than 90 Days and Accruing(1) Total Past Due Non-accrual Current Total Commercial Business loans $ 47,071 $ 6,392 $ 5,677 $ 59,140 $ 71,875 $ 8,092,786 $ 8,223,801 Energy — — — — 50,408 1,186,815 1,237,223 Mortgage finance loans — — — — — 4,689,938 4,689,938 Construction Market risk 1,464 — — 1,464 — 2,132,202 2,133,666 Commercial — — — — — 57,565 57,565 Secured by 1-4 family — — 4,524 4,524 — 28,648 33,172 Real estate Market risk 11,092 750 678 12,520 — 2,697,219 2,709,739 Commercial 53 367 — 420 1,069 831,388 832,877 Secured by 1-4 family 2,894 1,263 2,048 6,205 118 285,819 292,142 Consumer 443 — — 443 72 46,796 47,311 Leases 125 182 636 943 — 275,360 276,303 Total loans held for investment $ 63,142 $ 8,954 $ 13,563 $ 85,659 $ 123,542 $ 20,324,536 $ 20,533,737 (1) Loans past due 90 days and still accruing includes premium finance loans of $4.1 million . These loans are generally secured by obligations of insurance carriers to refund premiums on canceled insurance policies. The refund of premiums from the insurance carriers can take 180 days or longer from the cancellation date. Restructured loans are loans on which, due to the borrower’s financial difficulties, we have granted a concession that we would not otherwise consider for borrowers of similar credit quality. This may include a transfer of real estate or other assets from the borrower, a modification of loan terms, or a combination of the two. Modifications of terms that could potentially qualify as a restructuring include reduction of the contractual interest rate, extension of the maturity date at a contractual interest rate lower than the current rate for new debt with similar risk, a reduction of the face amount of debt or forgiveness of either principal or accrued interest. At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , we did not have any loans considered restructured that were not on non-accrual. Of the non-accrual loans at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , $7.6 million and $18.8 million , respectively, met the criteria for restructured. These loans had no unfunded commitments at their respective balance sheet dates. A loan continues to qualify as restructured until a consistent payment history or change in borrower’s financial condition has been evidenced, generally over no less than twelve months. Assuming that the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate at the time of the restructuring that is greater than or equal to the rate that we are willing to accept for a new extension of credit with comparable risk, then the loan no longer has to be considered a restructuring if it is in compliance with the modified terms in calendar years after the year of the restructure. We did not have any loans that were restructured during the three months ended March 31, 2018 . The following table summarizes the loans that were restructured during the three months ended March 31, 2017 (in thousands): As of and for the three months ended March 31, 2017 Number of Restructured Loans Balance at Restructure Balance at Period-End Energy loans 1 $ 1,070 $ 1,070 Commercial business loans 1 599 599 Total new restructured loans 2 $ 1,669 $ 1,669 The restructured loans generally include terms to temporarily place loans on interest only, extend the payment terms or reduce the interest rate. We did not forgive any principal on the above loans. The restructuring of the loans did not have a significant impact on our allowance for loan losses at March 31, 2017 . The following table provides information on how loans were modified as restructured during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands): Three months ended March 31, 2018 2017 Extended maturity $ — $ 1,669 As of March 31, 2018 and 2017 , we did not have any loans that were restructured within the last 12 months that subsequently defaulted. |