STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION | 4. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 includes compensation expense for all share-based payment awards based upon the estimated grant date fair value. The Company recognizes compensation expense for share-based payment awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. As stock-based compensation expense is based upon awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. The Company estimates forfeitures at the time of grant which are revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The Company estimates the value of stock option awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This determination is affected by the Company’s stock price as well as assumptions regarding expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Because option-pricing models require the use of subjective assumptions, changes in these assumptions can materially affect the fair value of the options. The assumptions presented in the table below represent the weighted-average value of the applicable assumption used to value stock option awards at their grant date. In determining the volatility assumption, the Company used a historical analysis of the volatility of the Company’s share price for the preceding period equal to the expected option lives. The expected option lives, which represent the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding, were estimated based upon the “simplified” method for “plain-vanilla” options. The risk-free interest rate assumption was based upon observed interest rates appropriate for the term of the Company’s stock option awards. The dividend yield assumption was based on the history and expectation of future dividend payouts. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service periods. The Company’s estimate of pre-vesting forfeitures is primarily based on historical experience and is adjusted to reflect actual forfeitures as the options vest. The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of stock option awards granted during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 was $0.23 and $0.39, respectively, using the Black-Scholes model with the following weighted-average assumptions: For the Three Months Ended 2017 2016 Expected option lives 3.0 years 4.4 years Expected volatility 36.68 % 32.52 % Risk-free interest rate 1.46 % 1.34 % Expected dividend yield 0.00 % 0.00 % The value of each restricted stock unit awarded is equal to the closing price per share of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service periods. The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of restricted stock units granted during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 was $0.85 and $1.45, respectively. As of March 31, 2017, there remained 1.6 million shares available for future awards under the Company’s 2007 Performance Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”). In connection with awards under both the 2007 Plan and awards issued outside of the Plan as inducement grants to new hires, the Company recorded approximately $396 thousand and $468 thousand (inclusive of approximately $105 thousand included in restructuring and other charges) of noncash stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. A summary of the activity of the 2007 Plan, and awards issued outside of the Plan pertaining to stock option grants is as follows: Shares Weighted Aggregate Weighted Awards outstanding at December 31, 2016 5,900,731 $ 1.52 Options granted 45,000 $ 0.85 Options exercised - N/A Options forfeited (23,032 ) $ 1.14 Options expired (574,477 ) $ 1.81 Awards outstanding at March 31, 2017 5,348,222 $ 1.48 $ 0 4.01 Awards vested and expected to vest at March 31, 2017 5,287,684 $ 1.48 $ 0 3.99 Awards exercisable at March 31, 2017 2,479,491 $ 1.78 $ 0 1.69 A summary of the activity of the 2007 Plan pertaining to grants of restricted stock units is as follows: Shares Aggregate Weighted Awards outstanding at December 31, 2016 717,995 Restricted stock units granted 200,004 Restricted stock units settled by delivery of Common Stock upon vesting (207,187 ) Restricted stock units forfeited (40,000 ) Awards outstanding at March 31, 2017 670,812 $ 510 0.88 Awards expected to vest at March 31, 2017 664,312 $ 505 0.81 A summary of the status of the Company’s unvested share-based payment awards as of March 31, 2017 and changes in the three months then ended, is as follows: Unvested Awards Number of Shares Weighted Shares underlying awards unvested at December 31, 2016 3,936,427 $ 0.62 Shares underlying options granted 45,000 $ 0.23 Shares underlying restricted stock units granted 200,004 $ 0.85 Shares underlying options vested (371,669 ) $ 0.39 Shares underlying restricted stock units settled by delivery of Common Stock upon vesting (207,187 ) $ 1.43 Shares underlying options forfeited (23,032 ) $ 0.36 Shares underlying restricted stock units cancelled (40,000 ) $ 1.20 Shares underlying awards unvested at March 31, 2017 3,539,543 $ 0.60 For the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the total fair value of share-based awards vested was approximately $323 thousand and $296 thousand, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the total intrinsic value of options exercised was $0 and $0, respectively (there were no options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016). For the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, approximately 45 thousand and 840 thousand stock options, respectively, were granted, and no stock options were exercised in either period yielding $0 of cash proceeds to the Company. Additionally, for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, approximately 200 thousand and 232 thousand restricted stock units, respectively, were granted, and approximately 207 thousand and 114 thousand shares, respectively, were issued under restricted stock unit grants. For the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the total intrinsic value of restricted stock units that vested was approximately $176 thousand and $169 thousand, respectively. As of March 31, 2017, there was approximately $1.6 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense remaining to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years. |