STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION | 7. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 includes compensation expense for all share-based payment awards based upon the estimated grant date fair value. The Company recognizes compensation expense for share-based payment awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. As stock-based compensation expense is based upon awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. The Company estimates forfeitures at the time of grant which are revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The Company estimates the value of stock option awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This determination is affected by the Company’s stock price as well as assumptions regarding expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Because option-pricing models require the use of subjective assumptions, changes in these assumptions can materially affect the fair value of the options. The assumptions presented in the table below represent the weighted-average value of the applicable assumption used to value stock option awards at their grant date. In determining the volatility assumption, the Company used a historical analysis of the volatility of the Company’s share price for the preceding period equal to the expected option lives. The expected option lives, which represent the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding, were estimated based upon the “simplified” method for “plain-vanilla” options. The risk-free interest rate assumption was based upon observed interest rates appropriate for the term of the Company’s stock option awards. The dividend yield assumption was based on the history and expectation of future dividend payouts. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service period. The Company’s estimate of pre-vesting forfeitures is primarily based on historical experience and is adjusted to reflect actual forfeitures as the options vest. The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of stock option awards granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $0.42 and $0.27, respectively, using the Black-Scholes model with the following weighted-average assumptions: For the Nine Months Ended 2018 2017 Expected option lives 1.78 years 3.7 years Expected volatility 47.28% 37.64% Risk-free interest rate 2.47% 1.55% Expected dividend yield 0.00% 0.00% The value of each restricted stock unit awarded is equal to the closing price per share of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service periods. The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of restricted stock units granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $1.68 and $0.90, respectively. At the Company’s May 2018 Board meeting, the number of shares available for grant was increased by 5.2 million shares. As of September 30, 2018, there remained approximately 3.3 million shares available for future awards under the Company’s 2007 Performance Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”). In connection with awards under both the 2007 Plan and awards issued outside of the 2007 Plan as inducement grants to new hires, the Company recorded approximately $797 thousand and $1.7 million of stock-based compensation for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, respectively, as compared to approximately $401 thousand and $1.2 million of stock-based compensation for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017, respectively. A summary of the activity of the 2007 Plan and awards issued outside of the 2007 Plan pertaining to stock option grants is as follows: Shares Underlying Awards Weighted Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($000) Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (In Years) Awards outstanding at December 31, 2017 5,491,928 $ 1.46 Options granted 282,333 $ 2.02 Options exercised (8,000 )) $ 1.20 Options forfeited (182,752 ) $ 2.15 Options expired (1,816,502 ) $ 1.80 Awards outstanding at September 30, 2018 3,767,007 $ 1.30 $ 3,393 4.32 Awards outstanding, vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2018 3,758,212 $ 1.30 $ 3,383 4.31 Awards exercisable at September 30, 2018 2,891,515 $ 1.33 $ 2,535 4.10 A summary of the activity of the 2007 Plan pertaining to grants of restricted stock units is as follows: Shares Underlying Awards Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($000) Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (In Years) Awards outstanding at December 31, 2017 446,668 Restricted stock units granted 3,149,720 Restricted stock units settled by delivery of Common Stock upon vesting (430,838 ) Restricted stock units forfeited (64,722 ) Awards outstanding at September 30, 2018 3,100,828 $ 6,822 2.42 Awards expected to vest at September 30, 2018 3,004,078 $ 6,609 1.62 A summary of the status of the Company’s unvested stock-based awards as of September 30, 2018 and changes in the nine months then ended is as follows: Unvested Awards Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Shares underlying awards unvested at December 31, 2017 2,131,135 $ 0.48 Shares underlying options granted 282,333 $ 0.42 Shares underlying restricted stock units granted 3,149,720 $ 1.68 Shares underlying options vested (1,087,556 ) $ 0.34 Shares underlying restricted stock units settled by delivery of Common Stock upon vesting (430,838 ) $ 0.95 Shares underlying options forfeited (3,752 ) $ 0.43 Shares underlying restricted stock units forfeited (64,722 ) $ 1.72 Shares underlying awards unvested at September 30, 2018 3,976,320 $ 1.40 For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the total fair value of stock option awards vested was approximately $492 thousand and $952 thousand, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the total intrinsic value of options exercised was $8 thousand and $0, respectively (there were no options exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2017), yielding $10 thousand of cash proceeds to the Company. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, approximately 282 thousand and 135 thousand stock options were granted, respectively. Additionally, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, approximately 3.1 million and 566 thousand restricted stock units were granted, respectively, and approximately 431 thousand and 467 thousand shares, respectively, were issued under restricted stock unit grants. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the total intrinsic value of restricted stock units that vested was approximately $773 thousand and $409 thousand, respectively. As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, the total intrinsic value of awards outstanding was approximately $10.2 million and $879 thousand, respectively. As of September 30, 2018, there was approximately $4.4 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense remaining to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.31 years. |