Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation Our equity compensation plans provide for the grant of incentive and nonqualified stock options, as well as other stock-based awards including PSUs, RSAs, RSUs, and DSUs, to employees, non-employee directors and other consultants who provide services to us. We also provide an ESPP and 401(k) stock match to eligible participants. We recognize stock-based compensation expense based on grant date award fair value. This cost is recognized over the period for which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award or the award performance period, except for expenses relating to retirement-eligible employees that have not given their required notice, which is recognized on a pro-rata basis over the notice period prior to retirement. At December 31, 2022 there were 13.2 million shares available for grant under approved equity compensation plans. Stock-based compensation expense was allocated in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income as follows: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2022 2021 2020 Cost of revenues $ 8,684 $ 6,760 $ 3,948 Operating expenses Sales and marketing 7,590 6,248 4,119 Research and development 5,634 4,384 3,626 General and administrative 11,491 10,182 7,243 $ 33,399 $ 27,574 $ 18,936 Stock-based compensation expense by grant type or plan was as follows: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2022 2021 2020 Stock options $ 1,903 $ 2,057 $ 2,232 PSUs 7,509 6,417 3,219 RSUs 19,282 15,388 10,367 RSAs & DSUs 437 434 446 ESPP 2,144 1,391 1,117 401(k) stock match 2,124 1,887 1,555 $ 33,399 $ 27,574 $ 18,936 As of December 31, 2022, there was $38.6 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense under our equity compensation plans, which is expected to be recognized on a primarily straight-line basis over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years. Stock Options Options generally vest over four years and, upon vesting, the holder is given the option to purchase shares of common stock at a specific strike price until expiration, which is generally seven years from the grant date. Our stock option activity was as follows: Options Weighted Average Outstanding at December 31, 2019 1,543,912 30.03 Granted 127,974 59.02 Exercised (712,074) 26.11 Forfeited (14,926) 43.14 Outstanding at December 31, 2020 944,886 36.71 Granted 53,223 105.53 Exercised (311,378) 30.10 Forfeited (8,081) 68.62 Outstanding at December 31, 2021 678,650 44.76 Granted 56,430 122.59 Exercised (164,393) 29.86 Forfeited (7,990) 92.48 Outstanding at December 31, 2022 562,697 56.24 Of the total outstanding options at December 31, 2022, 0.5 million were exercisable. The outstanding and exercisable options had a weighted average exercise price of $47.80 per share and a weighted average remaining contractual life of 2.9 years. The table below presents additional information related to our stock options: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands, except per share data) 2022 2021 2020 Fair value of options vested $ 1,996 $ 2,509 $ 3,000 Intrinsic value of options exercised 16,705 27,713 31,737 Intrinsic value of options outstanding 40,692 66,235 67,918 Weighted-average fair value per share of options granted 41.34 31.31 16.18 The fair values of the options granted were estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Life (in years) 4.3 4.4 4.0 Volatility 38 % 35 % 33 % Dividend yield — — — Risk-free interest rate 2.50 % 0.59 % 0.99 % Performance Share Units, Restricted Stock Units and Awards, and Deferred Stock Units In 2022, 2021, and 2020 we granted PSU awards with certain target performance levels. These awards are earned based upon our Company’s total shareholder return as compared to an indexed total shareholder return over the course of a fiscal based three-year performance period, starting in the year of grant. Earned awards vest in the quarter following the conclusion of the performance period. Expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the performance period, regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied as the likelihood of the market condition being met is included in the fair-value measurement of the award. In 2022, PSU awards granted in 2019 were earned and vested at the maximum performance level and less than 0.1 million shares of common stock were issued. RSUs generally vest over four years and, upon vesting, the holder is entitled to receive shares of our common stock. RSAs vest over one year and, upon vesting, the holder is entitled to receive shares of our common stock. In lieu of RSAs, a participant may elect to receive DSUs with one year vesting, but the participant directs delayed receipt of common shares of up to ten years after the end of service to us. Activity for our PSUs, RSUs, RSAs, and DSUs in aggregate was as follows: (#) Weighted Average Outstanding at December 31, 2019 797,546 38.80 Granted 331,264 62.78 Vested and common stock issued (222,606) 36.06 Forfeited (167,782) 30.09 Outstanding at December 31, 2020 738,422 52.37 Granted 314,290 101.85 Vested and common stock issued (331,669) 44.14 Forfeited (18,883) 66.35 Outstanding at December 31, 2021 702,160 78.03 Granted 312,880 126.44 Vested and common stock issued (276,872) 64.12 Forfeited (26,010) 99.37 Outstanding at December 31, 2022 712,158 103.93 The number of PSUs, RSUs, RSAs, and DSUs outstanding at December 31, 2022 included less than 0.1 million units that have vested, but the shares of common stock have not yet been issued, pursuant to the terms of the agreements. Employee Stock Purchase Plan Our ESPP activity was as follows: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands, except share data) 2022 2021 2020 Amounts for shares purchased $ 6,676 $ 4,737 $ 3,374 Shares purchased 70,107 55,726 61,833 A total of 1.7 million shares of common stock are remaining for issuance under the plan at December 31, 2022. The fair value was estimated based on the market price of our common stock at the beginning of the offering period using the following assumptions: Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Life (in years) 0.5 0.5 0.5 Volatility 42 % 32 % 43 % Dividend yield — — — Risk-free interest rate 1.27 % 0.07 % 0.96 % |