UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from __________ to __________
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 001-12307
ZIONS BANCORPORATION, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| United States of America | 87-0189025 | ||||
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (IRS Employer Identification Number) | ||||
| One South Main | |||||
| Salt Lake City, Utah | 84133-1109 | ||||
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) | ||||
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (801) 844-7637
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of Each Class | Trading Symbols | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered | ||||||
| Common Stock, par value $0.001 | ZION | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC | ||||||
| Warrants to Purchase Common Stock (expiring May 22, 2020) | ZIONW | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC | ||||||
| Depositary Shares each representing a 1/40th ownership interest in a share of: | ||||||||
| Series A Floating-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock | ZIONP | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC | ||||||
| Series G Fixed/Floating-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock | ZIONO | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC | ||||||
| Series H 5.75% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock | ZIONN | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC | ||||||
| 6.95% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due September 15, 2028 | ZIONL | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC | ||||||
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ý Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No ý
Aggregate Market Value of Common Stock Held by Non-affiliates at June 30, 2019 $8,004,067,633
Number of Common Shares Outstanding at February 6, 2020 164,919,353 shares
Documents Incorporated by Reference: Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference specified portions of Zions Bancorporation, National Association's Proxy Statement for its 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which the registrant anticipates will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission approximately March 19, 2020.
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ZIONS BANCORPORATION, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS
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PART I
FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
This annual report on Form 10-K includes “forward-looking statements” as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based on management’s current expectations regarding future events or determinations, all of which are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, market trends, industry results or regulatory outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, among others:
•statements with respect to the beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, targets, commitments, designs, guidelines, expectations, anticipations, and future financial condition, results of operations and performance of Zions Bancorporation, National Association and its subsidiaries (collectively “Zions Bancorporation, N.A.,” “the Bank,” “we,” “our,” “us”); and
•statements preceded by, followed by, or that include the words “may,” “might,” “can,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “target,” “commit,” “design,” “plan,” “projects,” "will," and the negative thereof and similar words and expressions.
These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, nor should they be relied upon as representing management’s views as of any subsequent date. Forward-looking statements by their nature address matters that are, to different degrees, uncertain, such as statements about future financial and operating results. Actual results and outcomes may differ materially from those presented, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, those presented in Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”). Important risk factors that may cause such material differences include, but are not limited to:
•the Bank’s ability to successfully execute its business plans, manage its risks, and achieve its objectives, including its operating leverage;
•the impact of acquisitions, dispositions, and corporate restructurings;
•increases in the levels of losses, customer bankruptcies, bank failures, claims, and assessments;
•the ability of the Bank to retain and recruit executives and other personnel necessary for their businesses and competitiveness;
•changes in local, national and international political and economic conditions, including without limitation the political and economic effects of the fiscal imbalance in the United States (“U.S.”) and other countries, potential or actual downgrades in ratings of sovereign debt issued by the U.S. and other countries, and other major developments, including wars, military actions, and terrorist attacks;
•changes in business, financial and commodity markets and conditions, either internationally, nationally or locally in areas in which the Bank conducts its operations, including without limitation rates of business formation and growth, commercial and residential real estate development, real estate prices, agricultural-related commodity prices, and oil and gas-related commodity prices;
•changes in markets for equity, fixed income, and other securities, commodities, including availability, market liquidity levels, and pricing;
•changes in interest rates, the quality and composition of the loan and securities portfolios, demand for loan products, deposit flows, and competition;
•uncertainty regarding the future of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), and the potential transition away from LIBOR toward new interest rate benchmarks;
•the rate of change of the Bank’s interest-sensitive assets and liabilities relative to changes in benchmark interest rates;
•changes in fiscal, monetary, regulatory, trade and tax policies and laws, and regulatory assessments and fees, including policies of the U.S. Department of Treasury, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”);
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•changes in consumer spending and savings habits;
•inflation and deflation;
•increased competitive challenges and expanding product and pricing pressures among financial institutions;
•legislation or regulatory changes that adversely affect the Bank’s operations or business;
•the Bank’s ability to comply with applicable laws and regulations;
•costs of deposit insurance and changes with respect to FDIC insurance coverage levels;
•any impairment of our goodwill or other intangibles, or any adjustment of valuation allowances on our deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) due to adverse changes in the economic environment, declining operations of the reporting unit, or a change to the corporate statutory tax rate or other similar changes if and as implemented by local and national governments, or other factors;
•the impact of rules and regulations on our required regulatory capital and liquidity levels, governmental assessments on us, the scope of business activities in which we may engage, the manner in which we engage in such activities, and the fees we may charge for certain products and services;
•uncertainties related to the application of the National Bank Act of 1863, 12 U.S.C. 38 (the “National Bank Act”) and OCC regulations to the Bank’s corporate affairs as more fully described under “Risk Factors”;
•changes in accounting policies or procedures as may be required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or regulatory agencies;
•risks and uncertainties related to the ability to obtain shareholder and regulatory approvals when required, or the possibility that such approvals may be delayed;
•new legal claims against the Bank, including litigation, arbitration and proceedings brought by governmental or self-regulatory agencies, or changes in existing legal matters;
•economies of scale attendant to the development of digital and other technologies by much larger bank and nonbank competitors, and the possible entry of technology “platform” companies into the financial services business;
•the Bank’s ability to develop and maintain secure and reliable information technology systems, including as necessary to guard against fraud, cybersecurity and privacy risks; and
•the Bank’s implementation of new technologies, including its core deposit system, to remain competitive.
Except to the extent required by law, the Bank specifically disclaims any obligation to update any factors or to publicly announce the result of revisions to any of the forward-looking statements included herein to reflect future events or developments.
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
| ACL | Allowance for Credit Losses | CECL | Current Expected Credit Loss | ||||||||
| AFS | Available-for-Sale | CET1 | Common Equity Tier 1 (Basel III) | ||||||||
| ALCO | Asset/Liability Committee | CFPB | Consumer Financial Protection Bureau | ||||||||
| ALLL | Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses | CLTV | Combined Loan-to-Value Ratio | ||||||||
| ALM | Asset Liability Management | CMC | Capital Management Committee | ||||||||
| Amegy | Amegy Bank, a division of Zions Bancorporation, National Association | COSO | Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission | ||||||||
| AOCI | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | CRA | Community Reinvestment Act | ||||||||
| ASC | Accounting Standards Codification | CRE | Commercial Real Estate | ||||||||
| ASU | Accounting Standards Update | CSA | Credit Support Annex | ||||||||
| ATM | Automated Teller Machine | CSV | Cash Surrender Value | ||||||||
| BOLI | Bank-Owned Life Insurance | Dodd-Frank Act | Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act | ||||||||
| bps | basis points | DTA | Deferred Tax Asset | ||||||||
| CB&T | California Bank & Trust, a division of Zions Bancorporation, National Association | EaR | Earnings at Risk | ||||||||
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| EITF | Emerging Issues Task Force | NSB | Nevada State Bank, a division of Zions Bancorporation, National Association | ||||||||
| ERM | Enterprise Risk Management | OCC | Office of the Comptroller of the Currency | ||||||||
| ERMC | Enterprise Risk Management Committee | OCI | Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||
| EVE | Economic Value of Equity at Risk | OREO | Other Real Estate Owned | ||||||||
| FASB | Financial Accounting Standards Board | OTTI | Other-Than-Temporary Impairment | ||||||||
| FAMC | Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation, or “Farmer Mac” | PCAOB | Public Company Accounting Oversight Board | ||||||||
| FDIC | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | PEI | Private Equity Investment | ||||||||
| FDICIA | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act | PPNR | Pre-provision Net Revenue | ||||||||
| FHLB | Federal Home Loan Bank | ROC | Risk Oversight Committee | ||||||||
| FINRA | Financial Industry Regulatory Authority | ROU | Right-of-Use | ||||||||
| FTP | Funds Transfer Pricing | RULC | Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments | ||||||||
| GAAP | Generally Accepted Accounting Principles | S&P | Standard and Poor's | ||||||||
| HECL | Home Equity Credit Line | SBA | Small Business Administration | ||||||||
| HTM | Held-to-Maturity | SBIC | Small Business Investment Company | ||||||||
| IMG | International Manufacturing Group | SEC | Securities and Exchange Commission | ||||||||
| ISDA | International Swaps and Derivative Association | SIFI | Systemically Important Financial Institution | ||||||||
| LCR | Liquidity Coverage Ratio | TCBW | The Commerce Bank of Washington, a division of Zions Bancorporation, National Association | ||||||||
| LIBOR | London Interbank Offered Rate | TDR | Troubled Debt Restructuring | ||||||||
| MD&A | Management’s Discussion and Analysis | Tier 1 | Common Equity Tier 1 (Basel III) and Additional Tier 1 Capital | ||||||||
| Municipalities | State and Local Governments | Topic 842 | ASU 2016-02, Leases | ||||||||
| NASDAQ | National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations | U.S. | United States | ||||||||
| NAV | Net Asset Value | Vectra | Vectra Bank Colorado, a division of Zions Bancorporation, National Association | ||||||||
| NBAZ | National Bank of Arizona, a division of Zions Bancorporation, National Association | VIE | Variable Interest Entity | ||||||||
| NIM | Net Interest Margin | Zions Bancorporation, N.A. | Zions Bancorporation, National Association | ||||||||
| NM | Not Meaningful | Zions Bank | Zions Bank, a division of Zions Bancorporation, National Association | ||||||||
| NRE | National Real Estate | ||||||||||
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
Zions Bancorporation, National Association and its subsidiaries (collectively “Zions Bancorporation, N.A.,” “the Bank,” “we,” “our,” “us”) is a national commercial bank headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Bank owns and operates 434 branches at year-end 2019, and is currently planning to close 12 branches during 2020. The Bank provides a full range of banking and related services, primarily in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. The Bank conducts its operations through seven separately managed and branded segments, which we sometimes refer to as “affiliates” or by reference to their respective brands. Full-time equivalent employees totaled 10,188 at December 31, 2019, and due to position eliminations in early January, the amount of full-time equivalent employees as of January 31, 2020 was 9,873. For further information about the Bank’s industry segments, see “Business Segment Results” on page 45 in MD&A and Note 22 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. For information about the Bank’s foreign operations,
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see “Foreign Exposure and Operations” on page 52 in MD&A. The “Executive Summary” on page 31 in MD&A provides further information about the Bank.
Zions Bancorporation, National Association is the successor to Zions Bancorporation by merger of Zions Bancorporation into ZB, N.A. on September 30, 2018. References to “Zions Bancorporation, N.A.,” “the Bank,” “we,” “our,” and “us” are intended to refer to Zions Bancorporation and its subsidiaries for periods prior to the merger and to Zions Bancorporation, National Association, and its subsidiaries for periods on and after the merger.
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
The Bank focuses on providing community banking services by continuously strengthening its core business lines of (1) small- and medium-sized business and corporate banking; (2) commercial and residential development, construction and term lending; (3) retail banking; (4) treasury cash management and related products and services; (5) residential mortgage lending and servicing; (6) trust and wealth management; (7) capital markets activities, including municipal finance advisory and underwriting; and (8) investment activities. It operates primarily through seven geographic regions, each with its own local branding, chief executive officer and management team.
In addition to providing a wide variety of commercial products and services, the Bank provides a range of personal banking services to individuals, including home mortgages, bankcard, other installment loans, home equity lines of credit, checking accounts, savings accounts, certificates of deposit of various types and maturities, trust services, safe deposit facilities, and internet and mobile banking. The Bank provides services to key market segments through its Private Client Services and Executive Banking groups. It offers self-directed brokerage services through Zions Direct and also offers comprehensive and personalized wealth management and investment services.
The Bank has built specialized lines of business in capital markets and public finance and is a leader in small business administration (“SBA”) lending. The Bank is one of the nation’s largest providers of SBA 7(a) and SBA 504 financing to small businesses. The Bank owns equity interests in FAMC and is one of its top originators of secondary market agricultural real estate mortgage loans. The Bank provides finance advisory and corporate trust services for municipalities. The Bank also provides bond transfer, stock transfer, and escrow services nationally in its corporate trust business.
COMPETITION
The Bank operates in a highly competitive environment. The Bank’s most direct competition for loans and deposits comes from other commercial banks, credit unions, and thrifts, including institutions that do not have a physical presence in our market footprint but solicit via the internet and other means. In addition, the Bank competes with finance companies, mutual funds, insurance companies, brokerage firms, securities dealers, investment banking companies, financial technology and other nontraditional lending and banking companies, and a variety of other types of companies. These companies may have fewer regulatory constraints and some have lower cost structures or tax burdens.
The primary factors in competing for business include the quality of service delivered, our local community knowledge, convenience of office locations, online banking functionality and other delivery methods, range of products offered, pricing, and the overall relationship with our clients. The Bank must compete effectively along all of these dimensions to remain successful.
SUPERVISION AND REGULATION
This section describes the material elements of selected laws and regulations applicable to the Bank. The descriptions are not intended to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the statutes and regulations described. Changes in applicable laws or regulations, and in their application by regulatory agencies, cannot be predicted; however, they may have a material effect on the business and results of the Bank.
On September 30, 2018, we completed the merger of Zions Bancorporation, the Bank’s former holding company, with and into Zions Bancorporation, N.A., sometimes referred to herein as the “restructuring.” More information
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about the restructuring and its effects can be found in the proxy statement filed by Zions Bancorporation with the SEC on July 24, 2018. In connection with completing the restructuring, we also received approval of an application filed with the Financial Stability Oversight Council (“FSOC”) seeking a determination that the Bank is not “systemically important” as defined by provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”).
The banking and financial services business in which we engage is highly regulated. Such regulation is intended to improve the stability of banking and financial companies and to protect the interests of customers and taxpayers. These regulations are not, however, generally intended to protect the interests of our shareholders or creditors, and in fact may have the consequence of reducing returns to our shareholders. Banking laws and regulations have given financial regulators expanded powers over many aspects of the financial services industry, which have reduced and may continue to reduce returns earned by shareholders.
Legislative changes to laws governing the financial industry occur frequently; some of this legislation materially affects the manner in which we and other financial institutions operate, including increasing the costs and other burdens of conducting our businesses. In addition, the banking agencies regularly promulgate new regulations or modify existing regulations, which also have significant impact on the financial industry. The content and impact of such regulatory changes cannot presently be determined. The Bank is committed to both satisfying regulatory expectations and providing attractive shareholder returns. However, given the ever-evolving regulatory environment, the results of these efforts cannot yet be known.
General
The Bank is subject to the provisions of the National Bank Act and other statutes governing national banks, as well as the rules and regulations of the OCC, the CFPB, and the FDIC. It is also subject to examination and supervision by the OCC and examination by the CFPB in respect of federal consumer financial regulations. The Bank, as well as some of its subsidiaries, is also subject to regulation by other federal and state agencies. These regulatory agencies may exert considerable influence over our activities through their supervisory and examination roles. Our brokerage and investment advisory subsidiaries are regulated by the SEC, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and/or state securities regulators.
The National Bank Act
Prior to the restructuring, Zions Bancorporation’s corporate affairs were governed by Utah state law and securities law matters were governed by the federal securities laws, including the Securities Act of 1933 (“Securities Act”) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”), as administered by the SEC. Each of these legal regimes is well-developed and used widely by public companies.
Following the restructuring, the Bank’s corporate affairs are governed by the National Bank Act and related regulations administered by the OCC. With respect to securities matters, the Bank is not subject to the Securities Act, but is subject to OCC regulations governing securities offerings. The Bank’s common stock and certain other securities are registered or deemed registered under the Exchange Act, which vests the OCC with the power to administer and enforce certain sections of the Exchange Act applicable to banks such as the Bank, though the Bank continues to make filings required by the Exchange Act with the SEC as a voluntary filer. These statutory and regulatory regimes are not as well developed as the corporate and securities law regimes applicable to many other publicly held corporations. See discussion under “Risk Factors.”
The Dodd-Frank Act
The Dodd-Frank Act and related regulations broadly affect the financial services industry. Among other things, the Dodd-Frank Act involves mandatory divestiture of certain equity investments, increasing regulation of executive and incentive-based compensation, requiring banks to pay increased fees to regulatory agencies, and requiring numerous other provisions aimed at strengthening the sound operation of the financial services sector.
Regulations promulgated under the Dodd-Frank Act require many banks to maintain greater levels of capital and liquid assets than was generally the case prior to the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act and limit the forms of capital
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that such banks rely upon for regulatory purposes. Certain bank holding companies and other financial institutions, known as systemically important financial institutions ("SIFIs") are required to adhere to “enhanced prudential supervision” requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act and the annual Comprehensive Capital Analysis (“CCAR”) process administered by the FRB, which in effect requires SIFIs to maintain capital based on hypothetical scenarios dictated by the FRB. As a result of the restructuring and FSOC approval, the Bank is no longer subject to these requirements. However, the Bank continues to be subject to the OCC’s heightened standard guidelines, which establish enhanced requirements for national banks with assets of $50 billion or more, and other regulatory requirements that reduce its flexibility to return capital to shareholders and respond to market developments and opportunities in such areas as capital raising and acquisitions. Additionally, in May 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, also known as “the Crapo Bill,” was signed into law, reducing regulatory requirements for many banking institutions and exempting the Bank from the capital planning actions as required by the Dodd-Frank Act.
The Dodd-Frank Act’s provisions and related regulations also affect the fees we must pay to regulatory agencies and the pricing of certain products and services, including the following:
•The assessment base for federal deposit insurance was changed to consolidated assets less tangible capital instead of the amount of insured deposits.
•The federal prohibition on the payment of interest on business transaction accounts was repealed.
•The FRB was authorized to issue and did issue regulations governing debit card interchange fees.
The Dodd-Frank Act also created the CFPB, which is responsible for promulgating regulations designed to protect consumers’ financial interests and examining large financial institutions for compliance with, and enforcing, those regulations. The Dodd-Frank Act adds prohibitions on unfair, deceptive or abusive acts and practices to the scope of consumer protection regulations overseen and enforced by the CFPB. The Dodd-Frank Act subjected national banks to the possibility of further regulation by restricting the preemption of state laws by federal laws. Restricting the scope of federal preemption could burden national banks with the requirement that they also comply with certain state laws covering matters already covered by federal law. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act gives greater power to state attorneys general to pursue legal actions against banking organizations for violations of federal law.
The Bank and other companies subject to the Dodd-Frank Act are subject to a number of requirements regarding the time, manner and form of compensation given to its key executives and other personnel receiving incentive compensation, which are being imposed through the supervisory process as well as published guidance and proposed rules. These restrictions imposed by the Dodd-Frank Act include documentation and governance, deferral, risk-balancing, and clawback requirements. Any deficiencies in compensation practices that are identified may be incorporated into the organization’s supervisory ratings, which can affect its ability to make acquisitions or engage in other activities, or could result in regulatory enforcement actions.
During the second quarter of 2016, the U.S. financial regulators, including the FRB and the SEC, proposed revised rules on incentive-based payment arrangements at specified regulated entities having at least $1 billion in total assets (including the Bank). The proposed revised rules would establish general qualitative requirements applicable to all covered entities, additional specific requirements for entities with total consolidated assets of at least $50 billion, such as the Bank, and further, more stringent requirements for those with total consolidated assets of at least $250 billion. The general qualitative requirements include: (i) prohibiting incentive arrangements that encourage inappropriate risks by providing excessive compensation; (ii) prohibiting incentive arrangements that encourage inappropriate risks that could lead to a material financial loss; (iii) establishing requirements for performance measures to appropriately balance risk and reward; (iv) requiring board of director oversight of incentive arrangements; and (v) mandating appropriate record-keeping. For larger financial institutions, including the Bank, the proposed revised regulations would also introduce very prescriptive requirements relating to the types and percentages, the timing of the realization, and the risk of forfeiture of incentive compensation awarded to “senior executive officers” and “significant risk-takers.” The regulators have not yet issued any final rules.
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Capital Standards – Basel Framework
In 2013, the FRB, FDIC and OCC published final rules (the “Basel III capital rules”) establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations. The Basel III capital rules effectively replaced the Basel I capital rules and implemented the Basel Committee’s December 2010 framework, commonly referred to as Basel III, for strengthening international capital standards as well as certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The Basel III capital rules substantially revised the risk-based capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and depository institutions, including the Bank, compared to the Basel I U.S. risk-based capital rules. The Basel III capital rules became effective for the Bank on January 1, 2015 and were subject to phase-in periods for certain of their components. In November 2017, the FRB, FDIC and OCC published a final rule that extended the 2017 transition provisions for certain U.S. Basel III capital rules for nonadvanced approaches banks, such as the Bank. Effective January 1, 2018, the final rule retains the 2017 Basel III transitional treatment of certain DTAs and mortgage servicing assets, among others. As a result, since January 1, 2018, our DTAs and mortgage servicing assets retained their 2017 risk weight treatment until the federal banking regulators revise the extended transitional treatment under the November 2017 transitional rule.
The Basel III capital rules define the components of capital and address other issues affecting the numerator in banking institutions’ regulatory capital ratios. The Basel III capital rules also address risk weights and other issues affecting the denominator in banking institutions’ regulatory capital ratios and replaced the risk-weighting approach derived from Basel I capital accords of the Basel Committee, with a more risk-sensitive approach based, in part, on the standardized approach in the Basel Committee’s 2004 Basel II capital accords. The Basel III capital rules also implemented the requirements of Section 939A of the Dodd-Frank Act to remove references to credit ratings from the federal banking agencies’ rules.
The Basel III capital rules, among other things, (i) introduced a new capital measure called “Common Equity Tier 1” (“CET1”), (ii) specified that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting specified requirements, (iii) applied most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital measures to CET1 and not to the other components of capital, thus potentially requiring higher levels of CET1 in order to meet minimum ratios, and (iv) expanded the scope of the deductions/adjustments from capital, as compared to prior regulations.
Under the Basel III capital rules, the minimum capital ratios are as follows:
•4.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets;
•6.0% Tier 1 capital (i.e., CET1 plus Additional Tier 1) to risk-weighted assets;
•8.0% Total capital (i.e., Tier 1 plus Tier 2) to risk-weighted assets; and
•4.0% Tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets as reported on consolidated financial statements (known as the “leverage ratio”).
As of January 1, 2019, the Basel III capital rules also require the Bank to maintain a 2.5% “capital conservation buffer” designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress, composed entirely of CET1, on top of the minimum risk-weighted asset ratios, effectively resulting in minimum ratios of (i) CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7.0%, (ii) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.5%, and (iii) Total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 10.5%. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the capital conservation buffer face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. The severity of the constraint depends on the amount of the shortfall and the institution’s “eligible retained income” (that is four quarter trailing net income, net of distributions and tax effect not reflected in net income).
The Basel III capital rules also prescribed a standardized approach for calculating risk-weighted assets that expanded the risk-weighting categories from Basel I-derived categories (0%, 20%, 50% and 100%) to a much larger and more risk-sensitive number of categories, depending on the nature of the assets, generally ranging from 0% for U.S. government and agency securities, to 600% for certain equity exposures, to 1,250% for certain securitization exposures, and resulting in higher risk weights for a variety of asset categories. In addition, the Basel III capital rules provided more advantageous risk weights for derivatives and repurchase-style transactions cleared through a
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qualifying central counterparty and increased the scope of eligible guarantors and eligible collateral for purposes of credit risk mitigation.
The Basel III capital rules provided for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1. These include, for example, the requirement that mortgage servicing rights, DTAs dependent upon future taxable income, and significant investments in common equity issued by nonconsolidated financial entities be deducted from CET1 to the extent that any one such category exceeds 10% of CET1 or all such categories in the aggregate exceed 15% of CET1. The application of this part of the rule did not result in any deductions from CET1 for us.
Under prior Basel I capital standards, the effects of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) items included in capital were excluded for purposes of determining regulatory capital and capital ratios. As a “nonadvanced approaches banking organization,” we made a one-time permanent election as of January 1, 2015 to continue to exclude these items, as allowed under the Basel III capital rules.
Basel III also required additional regulatory capital disclosures to be made that are commonly referred to as “Pillar 3” disclosures. These disclosures require the Bank to make prescribed regulatory disclosures on a quarterly basis regarding its capital structure adequacy and risk-weighted assets. The Bank began publishing these Pillar 3 disclosures in 2015, and such disclosures are available on the Bank’s website.
The Basel Committee has issued a series of updates that propose other changes to capital regulations. In one of these, the Basel Committee finalized a revised framework for calculating minimum capital requirements for market risk, which is expected to increase market risk capital requirements for most banking organizations. The Basel Committee has set an effective date for reporting under the revised framework for market risk capital of January 1, 2022. The U.S. federal bank regulatory agencies have not yet proposed rules implementing these revisions for U.S. banking organizations. The Bank met all capital adequacy requirements under the Basel III capital rules as of December 31, 2019.
Capital Planning and Stress Testing
As a result of the successful completion of the restructuring and FSOC approval described elsewhere in this report, and the enactment of the Crapo Bill, the Bank is no longer required to participate in the FRB’s CCAR process or publicly disclose the results of stress testing or the Bank’s proposed capital actions. We continue to utilize stress testing as an important mechanism to inform our decisions on the appropriate level of capital, based upon actual and hypothetically-stressed economic conditions. The stress test results reflect a set of forward-looking stress tests based upon hypothetical economic scenarios. The Bank utilizes a Moody's baseline scenario based on a variety of surveys of baseline forecasts of the U.S. economy. Moody’s Protracted Slump scenario, a downside 4% scenario, is the primary stress scenario considered by the Bank for its internal stress scenario, certain variables of which are adjusted by the Bank to test certain idiosyncrasies that may be unique to the Bank. Detailed disclosure of the Bank’s 2019 internal stress test results can be found on our website. The 2019 results of the stress test indicated that the Bank would maintain capital ratios at levels adequate for its risk profile throughout the nine-quarter horizon for the hypothetical stress test.
Liquidity
Historically, regulation and monitoring of bank liquidity has been addressed as a supervisory matter, both in the United States and internationally, without required formulaic measures. However, in January 2016, the FRB and other banking regulators adopted final rules (“Final Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”) Rule”) implementing a U.S. version of the Basel Committee’s LCR requirement. The LCR is intended to ensure that banks hold sufficient amounts of securities and other liquid assets to cover the anticipated net cash outflows during a hypothetical acute 30-day stress scenario. The Final LCR Rule applies to large, internationally active banking organizations (those with at least $250 billion in total assets or at least $10 billion in on-balance sheet foreign exposure). Although, as a result of the restructuring, the LCR regulation does not apply to Zions Bancorporation, the Bank uses many of the factors embedded in the LCR calculation to determine an appropriate level of highly liquid assets. Furthermore, the Bank utilizes internal liquidity stress tests as its primary tool for establishing and managing liquidity guidelines
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including, but not limited to, holdings of investment securities and other liquid assets, maintaining levels of readily available contingency funding, concentrations of funding sources, and maturity profile of liabilities.
Financial Privacy and Cyber Security
The federal banking regulators have adopted rules that limit the ability of banks and other financial institutions to disclose nonpublic information about consumers to nonaffiliated third parties, including provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act dealing with privacy for nonpublic personal information of individual customers. These limitations require disclosure of privacy policies to consumers and, in some circumstances, allow consumers to prevent disclosure of certain personal information to a nonaffiliated third party. These regulations affect how consumer information is transmitted through diversified financial companies and conveyed to outside vendors. In addition, consumers may also prevent disclosure of certain information among affiliated companies that is assembled or used to determine eligibility for a product or service, such as that shown on consumer credit reports and asset and income information from applications. Consumers also have the option to direct banks and other financial institutions not to share information about transactions and experiences with affiliated companies for the purpose of marketing products or services. Federal law makes it a criminal offense, except in limited circumstances, to obtain or attempt to obtain customer information of a financial nature by fraudulent or deceptive means.
In October 2016, the federal banking regulators jointly issued an advance notice of proposed rulemaking on enhanced cyber risk management standards that are intended to increase the operational resilience of large and interconnected entities under their supervision. The advance notice of proposed rulemaking addressed five categories of cyber standards: (1) cyber risk governance; (2) cyber risk management; (3) internal dependency management; (4) external dependency management; and (5) incident response, cyber resilience, and situational awareness. The comment period expired in February 2017; however, the regulators have not yet issued any revised proposed rules or final rules.
State regulators have been increasingly active in implementing privacy and cybersecurity standards and regulations. Recently, several states have adopted regulations requiring certain financial institutions to implement cybersecurity programs and providing detailed requirements with respect to these programs, including data encryption requirements. Many states have also recently implemented or modified their data breach notification and data privacy requirements. In June 2018, the California legislature passed the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the “CCPA”), which took effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA, which covers businesses that obtain or access personal information on California resident consumers, grants consumers enhanced privacy rights and control over their personal information and imposes significant requirements on covered companies with respect to consumer data privacy rights. Some of the rights afforded to California resident consumers also extend to California employees, though the California legislature exempted certain employee information and employer usage from some of the act’s provisions until at least January 1, 2021. Other states have implemented, or are considering, similar privacy laws. We expect this trend of state-level activity to continue and are continually monitoring developments in the states in which we operate.
In May 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”) established new requirements regarding the handling of personal data. We believe the applicability of the GDPR to us is minimal as we do not offer goods or services to EU residents or monitor their behaviors. Data and cybersecurity laws and regulations are evolving rapidly, remain a focus of state and federal regulators and will continue to have a significant impact on the Bank's risk management practices.
Prompt Corrective Action
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (“FDICIA”) requires each federal banking agency to take prompt corrective action to resolve the problems of insured depository institutions, including but not limited to those that fall below one or more prescribed minimum capital ratios. Pursuant to FDICIA, the FDIC promulgated regulations defining the following five categories in which an insured depository institution will be placed, based on the level of its capital ratios: well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly under-capitalized, and critically under-capitalized. Under the prompt corrective action provisions of FDICIA as modified by the Basel III capital rules, an insured depository institution generally will be classified as well-capitalized if it
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has a CET1 ratio of at least 6.5%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8%, a total capital ratio of at least 10% and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5%. In addition, an insured depository institution generally will be classified as under-capitalized if its CET1 ratio is under 4.5%, its total risk-based capital ratio is less than 8%, its Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio is less than 6%, or its Tier 1 leverage ratio is less than 4%. An institution that, based upon its capital levels, is classified as “well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” or “under-capitalized,” may be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if the appropriate federal banking agency, after notice and opportunity for hearing, determines that an unsafe or unsound condition or an unsafe or unsound practice warrants such treatment. At each successive lower capital category, an insured depository institution is subject to more restrictions and prohibitions, including restrictions on growth, restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, restrictions or prohibitions on payment of dividends and restrictions on the acceptance of brokered deposits. Furthermore, if a bank is classified in one of the under-capitalized categories, it is required to submit a capital restoration plan to the Federal bank regulator.
Other Regulations
The Bank is subject to a wide range of other requirements and restrictions contained in both the laws of the United States and the states in which it and its subsidiaries operate. These regulations include but are not limited to the following:
•Limitations on dividends payable to shareholders. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends on both its common and preferred stock is subject to regulatory restrictions. See Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
•Safety and soundness requirements. Federal law requires that the Bank be operated in a safe and sound manner. We are subject to additional safety and soundness standards prescribed in the FDICIA, including standards related to internal controls, information systems, internal audit, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth and compensation, as well as other operational and management standards deemed appropriate by the federal banking agencies. The safety and soundness requirements give bank regulatory agencies significant latitude in their supervisory authority over us.
•Requirements for approval of acquisitions and activities and restrictions on other activities. The National Bank Act requires regulatory and shareholder approval of all mergers between a national bank and another national or state bank and do not allow for the direct merger into a national bank of a nonaffiliated nonbank. See discussion under “Risk Factors.” Other laws and regulations governing national banks contain similar provisions concerning acquisitions and activities.
•Limits on bank organization activities, which are more limited than activities that can be conducted by bank holding company organizations.
•Limitations on the amount of loans to a borrower and its affiliates.
•Limitations on transactions with affiliates, as expanded by the Dodd-Frank Act.
•Restrictions on the nature and amount of any investments and ability to underwrite certain securities.
•Requirements for opening of branches and the acquisition of other financial entities.
•Fair lending and truth in lending requirements to provide equal access to credit and to protect consumers in credit transactions.
•Broker-dealer and investment advisory regulations. One of our subsidiaries is a broker-dealer that is authorized to engage in securities underwriting and other broker-dealer activities. This company is registered with the SEC and is a member of FINRA. Another subsidiary is a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, and as such is supervised by the SEC. Certain of our subsidiaries are also subject to various U.S. federal and state laws and regulations. These laws and regulations generally grant supervisory agencies broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict the carrying on of business for failure to comply with such laws.
•Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) requirements. The CRA requires banks to help serve the credit needs in their communities, including providing credit to low and moderate income individuals. If the Bank fails to adequately serve its communities, penalties may be imposed including denials of applications to add branches,
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relocate, add subsidiaries and affiliates, and merge with or purchase other financial institutions. A notice of proposed rulemaking (“NPR”), issued jointly by the FDIC and OCC in November 2019, proposes certain amendments to the CRA, including changes in what qualifies for CRA credit, where CRA activity counts, what method should be used to measure CRA activity, and how banks should collect, record and report data. The NPR is subject to a public comment period. Although the NPR proposes to make changes to the CRA regulatory framework, it is too early to predict the content or effects of any final rulemaking that may result from the NPR.
•Anti-money laundering regulations. The Bank Secrecy Act, Title III of the Uniting and Strengthening of America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (“USA Patriot Act”), and other federal laws require financial institutions to assist U.S. government agencies in detecting and preventing money laundering and other illegal acts by maintaining policies, procedures and controls designed to detect and report money laundering, terrorist financing, and other suspicious activity.
The Bank is subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, and other federal and state laws and regulations which address, among other issues, corporate governance, auditing and accounting, executive compensation, and enhanced and timely disclosure of corporate information. The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (“NASDAQ”) has also adopted corporate governance rules, which are intended to allow shareholders and investors to more easily and efficiently monitor the performance of companies and their directors.
The Board of Directors of the Bank has overseen management’s establishment of a comprehensive system of corporate governance and risk practices. This system includes policies and guidelines such as Corporate Governance Guidelines; a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Employees; a Directors Code of Conduct; a Related Party Transaction Policy; Stock Ownership and Retention Guidelines; a Compensation Clawback Policy; an insider trading policy including provisions prohibiting hedging and placing restrictions on the pledging of bank stock by insiders; and charters for the Executive, Audit, Risk Oversight, Compensation, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees. More information on the Bank’s corporate governance practices is available on the Bank’s website at www.zionsbancorporation.com. (The Bank’s website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K).
The Bank has adopted policies, procedures and controls to address compliance with the requirements of the banking, securities, and other laws and regulations described above or otherwise applicable to the Bank. Management monitors these laws and regulations and regularly reviews and updates its policies, procedures and controls in anticipation of industry and regulatory changes.
Regulators, Congress, state legislatures, and international consultative bodies continue to enact rules, laws, and policies to regulate the financial services industry and public companies and to protect consumers and investors. The nature of these laws and regulations and the effect of such policies on future business and earnings of the Bank cannot be predicted.
GOVERNMENT MONETARY POLICIES
The earnings and business of the Bank are affected not only by general economic conditions, but also by policies adopted by various governmental authorities. The Bank is particularly affected by the monetary policies of the FRB, which affect both short-term and long-term interest rates and the national supply of bank credit.
In view of the changing conditions in the economy and the effect of the FRB’s monetary policies, it is difficult to predict future changes in loan demand, deposit levels and interest rates, or their effect on the business and earnings of the Bank. FRB monetary policies have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial banks in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The Bank’s growth strategy is driven by key factors while adhering to defined risk parameters. The key elements of the Bank’s strategy reflect its prudent risk-taking philosophy. The Bank generates revenue by taking prudent and appropriately priced risks. These factors are outlined in the Bank’s Risk Appetite Framework.
The Bank’s Board of Directors has established a Risk Oversight Committee of the Board, approved an Enterprise Risk Management Framework, and appointed an Enterprise Risk Management Committee (“ERMC”) to oversee and implement the Framework. The ERMC is comprised of senior management of the Bank and is chaired by the Chief Risk Officer. The Bank’s most significant risk exposure has traditionally come from the acceptance of credit risk inherent in prudent extension of credit to relationship customers. In addition to credit risk, these committees also monitor the following level one risk areas: market and interest rate risk; liquidity risk; strategic, business and corporate governance risk; operational/technology risk; cyber risk; capital/financial reporting risk; legal/compliance risk (including regulatory risk); and reputational risk as outlined in the bank’s risk taxonomy. Additional governance and oversight includes Board-approved policies and management committees with direct focus on these specific risk categories.
Although not comprehensive, the following describes several risk factors that are significant to the Bank:
Credit Risk
Credit quality has adversely affected us in the past and may adversely affect us in the future.
Credit risk is one of our most significant risks. A decline in the strength of the U.S. economy in general or the local economies in which we conduct operations could result in, among other things, deterioration in credit quality and/or reduced demand for credit, including a resultant adverse effect on the income from our loan portfolio, an increase in charge-offs, and an increase in the allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”).
We have concentrations of risk in our loan portfolio, including loans secured by real estate, leveraged and enterprise value lending, and oil and gas-related lending, which may have unique risk characteristics that may adversely affect our results.
Concentration or counterparty risk could adversely affect the Bank. Concentration risk across our loan and investment portfolios could pose significant additional credit risk to the Bank due to exposures which perform in a similar fashion. Counterparty risk could also pose additional credit risk.
We engage in commercial construction and land acquisition and development lending, as well as commercial term lending, primarily in our Western states footprint. The Bank, as a whole, has relatively larger concentrations of such lending than many other peer institutions. In addition, we have a concentration in oil and gas-related lending, primarily in Texas. Both commercial real estate (“CRE”) and oil and gas-related lending are subject to specific risks, including volatility and potential significant and prolonged declines in collateral-values and activity levels. In addition, our real estate lending is concentrated in the Western states, and values there may behave differently than in other parts of the United States. We may have other unidentified concentrated or correlated risks in our loan portfolio.
Our business is highly correlated to local economic conditions in a specific geographic region of the United States.
The Bank provides a full range of banking and related services through its local management teams and unique brands in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Approximately 76% and 75% of the Bank’s total net interest income relates to our banking operations in Utah, Texas, and California for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. As a result of this geographic concentration, our financial results depend largely upon economic conditions in these market areas. Accordingly, adverse economic conditions affecting these three states in particular could significantly affect our consolidated operations and financial results. For example, our credit risk could be elevated to the extent that our lending practices in these three states focus on borrowers or groups of borrowers with similar economic characteristics, which are similarly affected by the same adverse economic events. At December 31, 2019, loan
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balances associated with our banking operations in Utah, Texas, and California comprised 79% of the Bank’s commercial lending portfolio, 72% of the CRE lending portfolio, and 72% of the consumer lending portfolio.
We could be negatively affected by adverse economic conditions.
Adverse economic conditions negatively affect the Bank’s assets, including its loan and securities portfolios, capital levels, results of operations, and financial condition. The most recent financial crisis resulted in significant regulatory changes that continue to affect the Bank. Although economic conditions have improved since the most recent financial crisis, it is possible that economic conditions may weaken. Economic and fiscal conditions in the United States and other countries may directly or indirectly adversely impact economic and market conditions faced by the Bank and its customers. Any sustained weakness or further weakening in economic conditions would adversely affect the Bank.
Market and Interest Rate Risk
Failure to effectively manage our interest rate risk and prolonged periods of low interest rates could adversely affect us.
Net interest income is the largest component of the Bank’s revenue. A prolonged period of low interest rates can have a materially adverse impact on the Bank's net interest income and result in declining net interest margins. Interest rate risk is managed by the Asset Liability Management Committee, which is established by the Bank’s Board of Directors. Failure to effectively manage our interest rate risk could adversely affect the Bank. Factors beyond the Bank’s control can significantly influence the interest rate environment and increase the Bank’s risk. These factors include competitive pricing pressures for our loans and deposits, adverse shifts in the mix of deposits and other funding sources, and volatile market interest rates resulting from general economic conditions and the policies of governmental and regulatory agencies, in particular the FRB. As interest rates decline our cost of funds may not decline commensurately.
Some components of the Bank’s balance sheet are very sensitive to rising and falling rates. Over the course of the last year, we actively reduced this asset-sensitivity through various strategies, such as entering into rate floor agreements and increasing the use of interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges to synthetically convert floating-rate assets to fixed-rate. We anticipate maintaining a moderately asset-sensitive position in 2020, but the Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”) continues to monitor market developments and may adjust strategies accordingly.
Interest rates on the Bank’s financial instruments might be subject to change based on developments related to LIBOR, which could adversely impact the Bank’s revenue, expenses, and value of those financial instruments.
In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority, the authority regulating the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), along with various other regulatory bodies, announced that LIBOR would likely be discontinued at the end of 2021. LIBOR makes up the most liquid and common interest rate index in the world and is commonly referenced in financial instruments. We have exposure to LIBOR in various aspects through our financial contracts. Instruments that may be impacted include loans, securities, and derivatives, among other financial contracts indexed to LIBOR and that mature after December 31, 2021.
While there is no consensus on what rate or rates may become acceptable alternatives to LIBOR, the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a steering committee comprised of U.S. financial market participants, selected by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, started in May 2018 to publish the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as an alternative to LIBOR. SOFR is a broad measure of the cost of overnight borrowings collateralized by Treasury securities that was selected by the Alternative Reference Rate Committee due to the depth and robustness of the U.S. Treasury repurchase market. At this time, it is impossible to predict whether SOFR will become an accepted alternative to LIBOR.
The market transition away from LIBOR to an alternative reference rate, such as SOFR, is complex and could have a range of adverse effects on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In particular, any such transition could:
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•adversely affect the interest rates paid or received on, the revenue and expenses associate with, and the value of our floating-rate obligations, loans, deposits, derivatives, and other financial instruments tied to LIBOR rates, or other securities or financial arrangements given LIBOR’s role in determining market interest rates globally;
•prompt inquiries or other actions from regulators in respect of our preparation and readiness for the replacement of LIBOR with an alternative reference rate;
•result in disputes, litigation or other actions with counterparties regarding the interpretation and enforceability of certain fallback language in LIBOR-based securities; and
•require the transition to or development of appropriate systems and analytics to effectively transition our risk management processes from LIBOR-based products to those based on the applicable alternative pricing benchmark, such as SOFR.
The manner and impact of this transition, as well as the effect of these developments on our funding costs, loan and investment and trading securities portfolios, asset-liability management, and business, is uncertain.
Liquidity Risk
Changes in sources of liquidity and capital and liquidity requirements may limit our operations and potential growth.
Our primary source of liquidity is our supply of deposits from our customers. The continued availability of this supply depends on customers maintaining those deposits with us. Recently, competition for deposits has increased and interest rates paid on deposits have generally risen. While we make significant efforts to consider and plan for changes in our deposit funding, market-related forces and a wide variety of other events could impact the liquidity value we derive from our deposits.
Liquidity requirements and sources are also subject to the comprehensive, consolidated supervision and regulation of the OCC and the FDIC, including risk-based and leverage capital ratio requirements, as well as Basel III liquidity requirements. Capital needs may rise above normal levels when we experience deteriorating earnings and credit quality, and our banking regulators may increase our capital requirements based on general economic conditions and our particular condition, risk profile and growth plans. For a summary of the capital rules to which we are subject, see “Capital Standards – Basel Framework” on page 9 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We and/or the holders of our securities could be adversely affected by unfavorable rating actions from rating agencies.
Our ability to access the capital markets is important to our overall funding profile. This access is affected by the ratings assigned by rating agencies to us and particular classes of securities that we issue. The rates that we pay on our securities are also influenced by, among other things, the credit ratings that we and/or our securities receive from recognized rating agencies. Ratings downgrades to us or our securities could increase our costs or otherwise have a negative effect on our liquidity position, financial condition or the market prices of our securities.
Strategic, Business and Corporate Governance Risks
Problems encountered by other financial institutions could adversely affect financial markets generally and have indirect adverse effects on us.
The commercial soundness of many financial institutions may be closely interrelated as a result of credit, trading, clearing or other relationships between the institutions. As a result, concerns about, or a default or threatened default by, one institution could lead to significant market-wide liquidity and credit problems, losses or defaults by other institutions. This is sometimes referred to as “systemic risk” and may adversely affect financial intermediaries, such as clearing agencies, clearing houses, banks, securities firms and exchanges, with which we interact on a daily basis, and therefore could adversely affect us. Information security and vendor management processes are in place to actively identify, manage and monitor actual and potential impacts.
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The regulation of incentive compensation under the Dodd-Frank Act may adversely affect our ability to retain our highest performing employees.
The bank regulatory agencies have published guidance and proposed regulations that limit the manner and amount of compensation that banking organizations provide to employees. These regulations and guidance may adversely affect our ability to attract and retain key personnel. If we were to suffer such adverse effects with respect to our employees, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected, perhaps materially.
We have made, and are continuing to make, significant changes to the Bank that include, among other things, organizational restructurings, efficiency initiatives, and replacement or upgrades of certain core technological systems to improve our control environment, and operating efficiency. The ultimate success and completion of these changes, and their effect on the Bank, may vary significantly from initial planning, which could materially adversely affect the Bank.
Over the last several years, the Bank has completed numerous improvement projects, including the merger of its bank holding company into the Bank; combining the legal charters of our seven affiliate banks into one; consolidating 15 loan operations sites into two; replacing our core loan systems; upgrading our accounting systems; installing a credit origination work flow system; streamlining our small business and retail lending, mortgage, wealth management and foreign exchange businesses; and investing in data quality and information security. Ongoing investment continues in a multi-year project to replace our core deposit systems, a collection of customer-facing digital capabilities and a variety of other projects to simplify how we do business. The Bank has taken actions designed to improve efficiencies and reduce and manage operating expenses, in part to address the challenges to net interest income presented by the current low and declining interest rate environment.
These initiatives and changes continue to be implemented; some of the projects are fully completed, and some projects are in their early stages. By their very nature, projections of duration, cost, expected savings, expected efficiencies, and related items are subject to change and significant variability. There can be no certainty that the Bank will achieve the expected benefits or other intended results associated with these projects.
We may encounter significant adverse developments in the completion and implementation of these changes. These may include significant time delays, cost overruns, loss of key people, technological problems, processing failures, vendor reliance issues and other adverse developments. Any or all of these issues could result in disruptions to our systems, processes, control environment, procedures, and employees, which may adversely impact our customers and our ability to conduct business.
We have plans, policies, and procedures designed to prevent or limit the negative effect of these potential adverse developments. However, there can be no assurance that any such adverse developments will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately remediated. The ultimate effect of any adverse development could subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could materially affect the Bank, including its control environment, operating efficiency, and results of operations.
Operational/Technology Risk
Catastrophic events including, but not limited to, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, fires, floods, prolonged drought, and pandemics may adversely affect the general economy, financial and capital markets, specific industries, and the Bank.
The Bank has significant operations and a significant customer base in Utah, Texas, California, and other regions where natural and other disasters may occur. These regions are known for being vulnerable to natural disasters and other risks, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, fires, floods, and prolonged drought. These types of natural catastrophic events at times have disrupted the local economy, the Bank’s business and customers, and have posed physical risks to the Bank’s property. In addition, catastrophic events occurring in other regions of the world may have an impact on the Bank’s customers and in turn on the Bank. Although we have business continuity and disaster recovery programs in place, a significant catastrophic event could materially adversely affect the Bank’s operating results.
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We could be adversely affected by failure in our internal controls.
We have established internal controls over financial reporting and other operations within the Bank. Because of its inherent limitations, internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. A failure in our internal controls could have a significant negative impact not only on our earnings, but also on the perception that customers, regulators and investors may have of the Bank. We continue to devote a significant amount of effort, time and resources to improving our controls and ensuring compliance with complex accounting standards and regulations. These efforts also include the management of controls to mitigate operational risks for programs and processes across the Bank.
We could be adversely affected by financial technology advancements and other nontraditional lending and banking sources.
Financial technology companies, referred to as “FinTechs,” and technology platform companies, continue to emerge and compete with traditional financial institutions across a wide variety of products and services. Consumers have demonstrated a growing willingness to obtain banking services from FinTechs. As a result, our ability to remain competitive is increasingly dependent upon our ability to maintain critical technological capabilities, and to identify and develop new, value-added products for existing and future customers. Failure to do so could impede our time to market, reduce customer satisfaction and product accessibility and adaptation, and weaken our competitive position.
We use models in the management of the Bank. There is risk that these models are incorrect or inaccurate in various ways, which can cause us to make nonoptimal decisions.
We attempt to carefully develop, document, back test and validate the models used in the management of the Bank. For example, we use models in the management of interest rate and liquidity risk, models used in projecting stress losses in various segments of our credit and securities portfolios, and models projecting net revenue under stress. Models are inherently imperfect for a number of reasons and cannot perfectly predict outcomes. Management decisions based in part on such models, therefore, can be suboptimal. In addition, when determining the Bank’s capital needs under stress testing, we attempt to specifically quantify the amounts by which model results could be incorrect.
Cyber Risk
We are subject to a variety of system failure and cyber security risks that could adversely affect our business and financial performance.
The Board and the Risk Committee of the Board have invested significant time on overseeing management's efforts to continue to strengthen our infrastructure, staffing and enhance our controls while improving the client and customer experience. Cyber defense and improving our resiliency against cybersecurity threats remains a key focus at all levels of management within the Bank, and of our Board.
We rely heavily on communications and information systems to conduct our business. We, our customers, and other financial institutions with which we interact, are subject to ongoing, continuous attempts to penetrate key systems by individual hackers, organized criminals, and in some cases, state-sponsored organizations. Information security risks for large financial institutions have increased significantly in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies (e.g., internet and mobile banking to conduct financial transactions) and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists, nation-states, activists and other external third parties. Third parties with whom we or our customers do business also present operational and information security risks to us, including security breaches or failures of their own systems. The possibility of employee error, failure to follow security procedures, or malfeasance also presents these risks.
In addition, to access our products and services, our customers may use personal computers, smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices that are beyond our control environment. Any failure, interruption or breach in security of our information systems could result in failures or disruptions in our customer relationship management; general ledger, deposit, loan and other systems; misappropriation of funds; and theft, disclosure or misuse of proprietary Bank or customer data. While we have significant internal resources, policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the effect of the possible failure, interruption or security breach of our information systems, the Bank has
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experienced security breaches due to cyberattacks in the past and there can be no assurance that any such failure, interruption or security breach will not occur in the future, or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. It is impossible to determine the potential effects of these events with any certainty but any such breach could result in material adverse consequences for the Bank and its customers.
As cyber threats continue to evolve, we will be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our layers of defense or to investigate or remediate any information security vulnerabilities. System enhancements and updates may also create risks associated with implementing new systems and integrating them with existing ones. Due to the complexity and interconnectedness of information technology systems, the process of enhancing our layers of defense can itself create a risk of systems disruptions and security issues. In addition, addressing certain information security vulnerabilities, such as hardware-based vulnerabilities, may affect the performance of our information technology systems. The ability of our hardware and software providers to deliver patches and updates to mitigate vulnerabilities in a timely manner can introduce additional risks, particularly when a vulnerability is being actively exploited by threat actors. The occurrence of any failure, interruption or security breach of our information systems could damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability.
Vendor Risk
We outsource various operations to third party vendors which could adversely impact our business and operational performance.
We rely on various vendors to perform operational activities to conduct our business. We have established operational controls and monitoring through our third party vendor management programs to oversee and manage these vendors to help ensure they adhere to the same business practices that we as a Bank have to either adhere or comply with. We have developed and implemented Service Level Agreements ("SLA") to assist us in that effort and have implemented regular reporting to monitor and manage our third party vendors.
Capital/Financial Reporting Risk
Internal stress testing and capital management, as well as provisions of the National Bank Act and OCC regulations, may limit our ability to increase dividends, repurchase shares of our stock, and access the capital markets.
Although we are no longer subject to the CCAR regime, we are required to submit stress tests to the OCC because the Bank has assets in excess of $10 billion, and we continue to utilize stress testing as an important mechanism to inform our decisions on the appropriate level of capital, based upon actual and hypothetically-stressed economic conditions. The stress testing and other applicable regulatory requirements may, among other things, require us to increase our capital levels, limit our dividends or other capital distributions to shareholders, modify our business strategies, or decrease our exposure to various asset classes.
Under the National Bank Act and OCC regulations, certain capital transaction may be subject to the approval of the OCC. These requirements may limit our ability to respond to and take advantage of market developments.
Economic and other circumstances may require us to raise capital at times or in amounts that are unfavorable to the Bank.
The Bank must maintain certain risk-based and leverage capital ratios, as required by its banking regulators, which can change depending upon general economic conditions, as well as the particular conditions, risk profiles and growth plans of the Bank. Compliance with capital requirements may limit the Bank’s ability to expand and has required, and may require, the Bank or its subsidiaries to raise additional capital. These uncertainties and risks, including those created by legislative and regulatory uncertainties, may increase the Bank’s cost of capital and other financing costs.
We could be adversely affected by accounting, financial reporting, and regulatory/compliance risk.
The Bank is exposed to accounting, financial reporting, and regulatory/compliance risk. The Bank uses a number of complex financial products and services for its own capital, funding, investment and risk management needs, in
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addition to providing them to its customers. Estimates, judgments, and interpretations of complex and changing accounting and regulatory policies are required in order to provide and account for these products and services. Changes in our accounting policies or in accounting standards could materially affect how we report our financial results and conditions. The level of regulatory/compliance oversight has been heightened in recent periods as a result of rapid changes in regulations that affect financial institutions. The administration of some of these regulations and related changes has required the Bank to comply before their formal adoption. Therefore, identification, interpretation and implementation of complex and changing accounting standards as well as compliance with regulatory requirements pose an ongoing risk.
The value of our goodwill may decline in the future.
As of December 31, 2019, the Bank had $1 billion of goodwill that was allocated to Amegy Bank (“Amegy”), California Bank & Trust (“CB&T”) and Zions Bank. If the fair value of a reporting unit is determined to be less than its carrying value, the Bank may have to take a charge related to the impairment of its goodwill. Such a charge would occur if the Bank were to experience increases in the book value of a reporting unit in excess of the increase in the fair value of equity of a reporting unit. A significant decline in the Bank’s expected future cash flows, a significant adverse change in the business climate, slower economic growth or a significant and sustained decline in the price of the Bank’s common stock, any or all of which could be materially impacted by many of the risk factors discussed herein, may necessitate the Bank taking charges in the future related to the impairment of its goodwill. If the Bank was to conclude in the future that a write-down of its goodwill is necessary, it would record the appropriate charge, which could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s results of operations.
The Bank may not be able to utilize the DTA recorded on its balance sheet.
The Bank’s balance sheet includes a DTA. We had net DTAs of $37 million at December 31, 2019, compared with $130 million at December 31, 2018. The largest component of this asset results from additions to our ALLL for purposes of GAAP in excess of loan losses actually taken for tax purposes. Our ability to continue to record this DTA is dependent on the Bank’s ability to realize its value through net operating loss carrybacks or future projected earnings. Loss of part or all of this asset would adversely impact tangible capital. In addition, inclusion of this asset in determining regulatory capital is subject to certain limitations. Currently, no DTAs are disallowed for regulatory purposes at the Bank.
Legal/Compliance Risk
Laws and regulations applicable to the Bank and the financial services industry impose significant limitations on our business activities and subjects us to increased regulation and additional costs.
The Bank and the entire financial services industry have incurred, and will continue to incur, substantial personnel, systems, consulting, and other costs in order to comply with banking regulations, including those promulgated under the Dodd-Frank Act. See “Supervision and Regulation” on page 6 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information about the regulations applicable to the Bank and the financial services industry generally.
Bank regulatory agencies and international regulatory consultative bodies have proposed or are considering new regulations and requirements, some of which may be imposed without formal promulgation. Our deposits are insured by the FDIC up to legal limits. Accordingly, we are subject to FDIC insurance assessments.
There can be no assurance that any or all of these regulatory changes or actions will ultimately be adopted. However, if adopted, some of these proposals could adversely affect the Bank by, among other things: impacting after-tax returns earned by financial services firms in general; limiting the Bank’s ability to grow; increasing taxes or fees on some of the Bank’s funding or activities; limiting the range of products and services that the Bank could offer; and requiring the Bank to raise capital at inopportune times.
Political developments may also result in substantial changes in tax, international trade, immigration, and other policies. The extent and timing of any such changes are uncertain, as are the potential direct and indirect impacts, whether beneficial or adverse. Regulations and laws may be modified or repealed, and new legislation may be enacted that will affect us and our subsidiaries.
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The ultimate impact of these proposals cannot be predicted as it is unclear which, if any, may be adopted.
We could be adversely affected by legal and governmental proceedings.
We are subject to risks associated with legal claims, litigation, and regulatory and other government proceedings. The Bank’s exposure to these proceedings has increased and may further increase as a result of stresses on customers, counterparties and others arising from the past or current economic environments, new regulations promulgated under recently adopted statutes, the creation of new examination and enforcement bodies, and enforcement and legal actions against banking organizations. Any such matters may result in material adverse consequences to our results of operations, financial condition or ability to conduct our business, including adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties (e.g., civil money penalties under applicable banking laws), injunctions, restrictions on our business activities, or other relief. Our involvement in any such matters, even if the matters are ultimately determined in our favor, could also cause significant harm to our reputation and divert management attention from the operation of our business. In general, the amounts paid by financial institutions in settlement of proceedings or investigations, including those relating to anti-money laundering matters, have been increasing dramatically. In addition, any enforcement matters could impact our supervisory and CRA ratings, which may restrict or limit our activities.
The corporate and securities laws applicable to the Bank are not as well-developed as those applicable to a state-chartered corporation, which may impact the ability of the Bank to effect corporate transactions in an efficient and optimal manner.
Prior to the restructuring, the corporate affairs of the Bank’s holding company were governed by Utah state law, and securities law matters were governed by the federal securities laws, including the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as administered by the SEC. Each of these legal regimes is well-developed and used widely by public companies.
Post-restructuring, the Bank’s corporate affairs are governed by the National Bank Act and related regulations administered by the OCC. With respect to securities matters, the Bank is not subject to the Securities Act, but rather to OCC regulations governing securities offerings. The Bank’s common stock and certain other securities are registered or deemed registered under the Exchange Act, which vests the OCC with the power to administer and enforce certain sections of the Exchange Act applicable to banks such as the Bank (though the Bank currently makes and intends to continue to make filings required by the Exchange Act with the SEC as a “voluntary filer”). These OCC statutory and regulatory regimes have been used by publicly-traded banking organizations relatively rarely and are not as well-developed as the corporate and securities law regimes applicable to corporations. While certain specific risks associated with operating under these regimes are discussed below, unless and until these regimes are further developed and established over time, the uncertainty of how these regimes might apply to any given corporate or securities matters may prevent us from effecting transactions in an efficient and optimal manner or perhaps at all.
Differences between the National Bank Act and state law requirements in respect of mergers could result in the Bank not being able to execute acquisitions as efficiently and advantageously as bank holding companies or other financial institutions.
Unlike state corporate law, the National Bank Act requires shareholder approval of all mergers between a national bank and another national or state bank and does not allow for exceptions in the case of various “minor” mergers, such as a parent company’s merger with a subsidiary or an acquirer’s merger with an unaffiliated entity in which the shares issued by the acquirer do not exceed a designated percentage. The National Bank Act and related regulations may also complicate the structuring of certain nonbank acquisitions.
These differences could adversely affect the ability of the Bank and other banks registered under the National Bank Act to efficiently consummate acquisition transactions. In addition, such differences could make the Bank less competitive as a potential acquirer in certain circumstances given that the Bank’s acquisition proposal may be conditioned on Bank shareholder approval while the Bank’s competitors’ proposals will not have such a condition.
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Differences between the National Bank Act and state law could result in the Bank’s capacity to pay dividends and repurchase shares at any given time being different from the capacity that existed for Zions Bancorporation prior to the restructuring.
The regulations and limitations applicable to the Bank relating to the payment of dividends and repurchases or redemptions of outstanding common and preferred shares differ from the limitations and considerations that applied to the Bank’s holding company prior to the recent restructuring. While the Bank does not believe this change in legal restrictions resulting from the restructuring will constrain the Bank from executing any capital plans that are currently contemplated or otherwise reasonably foreseeable in the near term, there can be no assurance that the change in legal restrictions will not have an adverse effect on the Bank’s ability to pay dividends and repurchase or redeem stock in the future.
Shares of common stock of a national bank are assessable, which may cause investors to view the Bank’s common stock less favorably than that of Zions Bancorporation prior to the restructuring.
The National Bank Act provides that under certain circumstances the common stock of a national bank is assessable, i.e., holders may be subject to a levy for more funds if so determined by the OCC. In contrast, the common stock of state corporations is not subject to assessment. However, the OCC has confirmed that under the applicable provisions of the National Bank Act, assessability is limited to the par value of a national bank’s stock. The Bank’s common stock has a par value of $0.001. Moreover, according to the OCC, it has not exercised its authority to levy assessments since 1933 and views the assessability authority as a mechanism for addressing capital deficiency that has long been overtaken by developments in statute and regulation, including robust capital standards, prompt corrective action requirements and supervisory and enforcement authorities requiring an institution to maintain capital at a particular level. Nonetheless, potential investors may be unfamiliar with the concept of assessment and, as a result, view the Bank less favorably as an investment.
The ability of investors to access financial and other reports filed by the Bank readily could be adversely affected if such reports were not able to be made available publicly through the SEC or a system operated by the OCC comparable to that of the SEC.
The Bank has been permitted and currently makes its Exchange Act filings as a “voluntary filer” with the SEC. However, there can be no assurance that the OCC or SEC will continue to allow the Bank to make filings as a voluntary filer or that the OCC will develop a comparable system for making Exchange Act filings publicly available. If the Bank’s Exchange Act filings ceased to be as readily available as those of bank holding companies, investors could view the Bank less favorably.
The Bank’s ability to issue securities in an optimal manner may be adversely affected by the fact that the OCC’s securities offering regulations and organizational structure are less well developed than those of the SEC, which applied to the Bank’s holding company prior to the restructuring.
The SEC maintains a well-developed regulatory regime and well-staffed organization relating to securities offerings under or exempt from the Securities Act. For example, the SEC has developed integrated disclosure rules, which allow Exchange Act filings to be incorporated by reference into prospectuses distributed as required by the Securities Act. In addition, under the SEC’s rules seasoned issuers who are timely in their filings are permitted to use “automatic shelf registration,” allowing them to offer securities under a registration statement that is automatically effective upon filing. The OCC maintains its own securities offering regime applicable to national banks and their securities offerings, with which the Bank will need to comply in order to access the public capital markets. Similar to the SEC’s offering rules, the OCC’s regime requires that registration statements be reviewed and declared or become effective. However, given that there are currently no other nationally-charted banks whose common stock has been issued under the OCC’s securities offering regime, it is unknown at this point whether and how the OCC staff would review registration statements. It's also unclear whether the OCC would apply the same mechanics for automatic shelf registration filings used by SEC-filers, or how, more generally, the OCC will function as a securities regulator. Given the extent to and manner in which the Bank has accessed capital markets historically, or to which it currently contemplates accessing such markets, the Bank does not believe there will be a material adverse impact on the Bank’s ability to access capital markets effectively, although there can be no assurance that this will be the case. It is possible that operating under the OCC’s securities offering regime could
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impede the Bank’s ability to sell securities at the most advantageous times or to achieve optimum pricing in offerings.
The Bank is subject to restrictions on permissible activities that would limit the types of business it may conduct and that may make acquisitions of other financial companies more challenging.
Under applicable laws and regulations, bank holding companies and banks are generally limited to business activities and investments that are related to banking or are financial in nature. The range of permissible financial activities is set forth in the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and is more limited for banks than for bank holding company organizations. The differences relate mainly to insurance underwriting (but not insurance agency activities) and merchant banking (but not broker-dealer and investment advisory activities). Loss of the bank holding company status, as a result of the restructuring, could make future acquisitions of financial institutions with such operations more challenging.
The Bank’s common stock is not an insured deposit.
Shares of the Bank’s common stock are not a bank deposit and, therefore, losses in value are not insured by the FDIC, any other deposit insurance fund, or by any other public or private entity. Investment in shares of the Bank’s common stock is inherently risky and is subject to the same market forces and investment risks that affect the price of common stock in any other company, including the possible loss of some or all principal invested.
Reputational Risk
The Bank is presented with various reputational risk issues that could stem from operational, regulatory/compliance and legal risks.
A Reputational Risk Council was established to monitor, manage and develop strategies to effectively manage reputational risk which includes, but is not limited to, addressing communication logistics, legal and regulatory issues.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
There are no unresolved written comments that were received from the SEC’s or OCC’s staff 180 days or more before the end of the Bank’s fiscal year relating to its periodic or current reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
At December 31, 2019, the Bank operated 434 branches, of which 280 are owned and 154 are leased. The Bank also leases its headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah. Other operations facilities are either owned or leased. The annual rentals under long-term leases for leased premises are determined under various formulas and factors, including operating costs, maintenance and taxes. For additional information regarding leases and rental payments, see Note 8 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The information contained in Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements is incorporated by reference herein.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
PREFERRED STOCK
We have 4.4 million authorized shares of preferred stock without par value and with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share. As of December 31, 2019, 66,139, 138,391, 126,221, 98,555, and 136,368 of preferred shares series A, G, H, I, and J respectively, are outstanding. See Note 14 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the Bank’s preferred stock. On December 31, 2019, the Bank switched the listing of the preferred stock series A, G, & H to the NASDAQ Global Select Market from the New York Stock Exchange.
COMMON STOCK
Market Information
The Bank’s common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “ZION.” The last reported sale price of the common stock on NASDAQ on February 6, 2020 was $47.01 per share.
Common Stock Warrants
As of December 31, 2019, 29.3 million common stock warrants (NASDAQ: ZIONW) with an exercise price of $33.91 were outstanding. These warrants expire on May 22, 2020. The exercise of the common stock warrants is cashless as the warrants are settled on a net share basis, and will increase average basic shares. The impact of the common stock warrants is already considered in the average dilutive shares. See Capital Risk Management and Note 14 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about the warrants.
Equity Capital and Dividends
As of February 6, 2020, there were 4,260 holders of record of the Bank’s common stock. In February 2020, the Bank’s Board of Directors approved a dividend of $0.34 per common share payable on February 20, 2020 to shareholders of record on February 13, 2020. The Bank expects to continue its policy of paying regular cash dividends on a quarterly basis, although there is no assurance as to future dividends because they may be influenced by future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, and regulatory approvals.
Share Repurchases
The Bank continued its common stock repurchase program during 2019 and repurchased 23.5 million shares of common shares outstanding, which is equivalent to 13% of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2018, with a fair value of $1.1 billion at an average price of $46.80 per share. In February 2020, the Bank announced that the Board approved a plan to repurchase $75 million of common stock during the first quarter of 2020. During 2018, the Bank repurchased 12.9 million shares of common stock for $670 million at an average price of $51.77. During 2017, the Bank repurchased 7.0 million shares for $320 million at an average price of $45.66 per share. The following schedule summarizes the Bank’s share repurchases for the fourth quarter of 2019:
Fourth Quarter of 2019 Share Repurchases
| Period | Total number of shares repurchased 1 | Average price paid per share | Shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs | Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the share repurchase plan (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| October | 1,073,155 | $ | 48.92 | 1,073,020 | $ | 223 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| November | 4,456,121 | 49.96 | 4,453,415 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fourth quarter | 5,529,276 | 49.76 | 5,526,435 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Represents common shares acquired under previously reported share repurchase plans and common shares acquired in connection with our stock compensation plan. Shares were acquired from employees to pay for their payroll taxes and stock option exercise cost upon the exercise of stock options under provisions of an employee share-based compensation plan.
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Performance Graph
The following stock performance graph compares the five-year cumulative total return of the Bank's common stock with the Standard and Poor’s (S&P) 500 Index and the Keefe, Bruyette & Woods Inc. (“KBW”) Regional Bank Index (“KRX”). The KRX is a modified market capitalization-weighted regional bank and thrift stock index developed and published by KBW, a nationally recognized brokerage and investment banking firm specializing in bank stocks. The index is composed of 50 geographically diverse stocks representing regional banks or thrifts. The stock performance graph is based upon an initial investment of $100 on December 31, 2014 and assumes reinvestment of dividends.
PERFORMANCE GRAPH FOR ZIONS BANCORPORATION, N.A.
INDEXED COMPARISON OF 5-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN 
| 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zions Bancorporation, N.A. | 100.0 | 96.5 | 153.6 | 183.2 | 149.8 | 196.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| KRX Regional Bank Index | 100.0 | 106.0 | 147.5 | 150.1 | 123.9 | 153.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| S&P 500 | 100.0 | 101.4 | 113.5 | 138.3 | 132.2 | 173.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS
The information contained in Item 12 of this Form 10-K is incorporated by reference herein.
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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
| (Dollar amounts in millions, except per share amounts) | 2019/2018 Change | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| For the Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | +2 | % | $ | 2,272 | $ | 2,230 | $ | 2,065 | $ | 1,867 | $ | 1,715 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest income | +2 | % | 562 | 552 | 544 | 516 | 357 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | +2 | % | 2,834 | 2,782 | 2,609 | 2,383 | 2,072 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | NM | 39 | (40) | 17 | 83 | 34 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest expense | +4 | % | 1,742 | 1,679 | 1,656 | 1,585 | 1,581 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | -8 | % | 1,053 | 1,143 | 936 | 705 | 451 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income taxes | -8 | % | 237 | 259 | 344 | 236 | 142 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | -8 | % | 816 | 884 | 592 | 469 | 309 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings applicable to common shareholders | -8 | % | 782 | 850 | 550 | 411 | 247 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Per Common Share | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings – diluted | +2 | % | 4.16 | 4.08 | 2.60 | 1.99 | 1.20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings – basic | +1 | % | 4.41 | 4.36 | 2.71 | 2.00 | 1.20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends declared | +23 | % | 1.28 | 1.04 | 0.44 | 0.28 | 0.22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Book value at year-end | +10 | % | 41.12 | 37.39 | 36.01 | 34.10 | 32.67 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Market price – end | +27 | % | 51.92 | 40.74 | 50.83 | 43.04 | 27.30 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Market price – high | -12 | % | 52.08 | 59.19 | 52.20 | 44.15 | 33.03 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Market price – low | +3 | % | 39.11 | 38.08 | 38.43 | 19.65 | 23.72 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At Year-End | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets | +1 | % | 69,172 | 68,746 | 66,288 | 63,239 | 59,665 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loans and leases | +4 | % | 48,709 | 46,714 | 44,780 | 42,649 | 40,650 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deposits | +6 | % | 57,085 | 54,101 | 52,621 | 53,236 | 50,374 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | +138 | % | 1,723 | 724 | 383 | 535 | 812 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Federal funds and other short-term borrowings | -64 | % | 2,053 | 5,653 | 4,976 | 827 | 347 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred equity | — | % | 566 | 566 | 566 | 710 | 829 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common equity | -3 | % | 6,787 | 7,012 | 7,113 | 6,924 | 6,679 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Performance Ratios | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return on average assets | 1.17 | % | 1.33 | % | 0.91 | % | 0.78 | % | 0.53 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return on average common equity | 11.2 | % | 12.1 | % | 7.7 | % | 6.0 | % | 3.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return on average tangible common equity | 13.1 | % | 14.2 | % | 9.0 | % | 7.1 | % | 4.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest margin | 3.54 | % | 3.61 | % | 3.45 | % | 3.37 | % | 3.19 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital Ratios at Year End | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity to assets | 10.6 | % | 11.0 | % | 11.6 | % | 12.1 | % | 12.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common equity tier 1 (Basel III), tier 1 common (Basel I) 1 | 10.2 | % | 11.7 | % | 12.1 | % | 12.1 | % | 12.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tier 1 leverage 1 | 9.2 | % | 10.3 | % | 10.5 | % | 11.1 | % | 11.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tier 1 risk-based capital 1 | 11.2 | % | 12.7 | % | 13.2 | % | 13.5 | % | 14.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total risk-based capital 1 | 13.2 | % | 13.9 | % | 14.8 | % | 15.2 | % | 16.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tangible common equity | 8.5 | % | 8.9 | % | 9.3 | % | 9.5 | % | 9.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tangible equity | 9.3 | % | 9.7 | % | 10.2 | % | 10.6 | % | 11.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selected Information | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding (in thousands) | -10 | % | 186,504 | 206,501 | 209,653 | 204,269 | 203,698 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bank common shares repurchased - from publicly announced plans (in thousands) | +82 | % | 23,505 | 12,943 | 7,009 | 2,889 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common dividend payout ratio 1 | 29.0 | % | 23.8 | % | 16.1 | % | 14.0 | % | 18.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital distributed as a percentage of net earnings applicable to common shareholders 2 | 170 | % | 103 | % | 74 | % | 36 | % | 18 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Full-time equivalent employees | — | % | 10,188 | 10,201 | 10,083 | 10,057 | 10,200 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Branches | — | % | 434 | 433 | 433 | 436 | 450 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1The common dividend payout ratio is equal to common dividends paid divided by net earnings applicable to common shareholders.
2 This ratio is the common dividends paid plus share repurchases for the year, divided by net earnings applicable to common shareholders.
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
GAAP to NON-GAAP RECONCILIATIONS
This Form 10-K presents non-GAAP financial measures, in addition to GAAP financial measures, to provide investors with additional information. The adjustments to reconcile from the applicable GAAP financial measures to the non-GAAP financial measures are presented in the following schedules. The Bank considers these adjustments to be relevant to ongoing operating results and provide a meaningful base for period-to-period and company-to-company comparisons. These non-GAAP financial measures are used by management to assess the performance and financial position of the Bank and for presentations of Bank performance to investors. The Bank further believes that presenting these non-GAAP financial measures will permit investors to assess the performance of the Bank on the same basis as applied by management.
Non-GAAP financial measures have inherent limitations and are not required to be uniformly applied by individual entities. Although non-GAAP financial measures are frequently used by stakeholders to evaluate a company, they have limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of results reported under GAAP. The following are the non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Form 10-K and a discussion of the reasons for which management and investors use these non-GAAP measures.
Return on Average Tangible Common Equity (“ROTCE”) – this schedule also includes “net earnings applicable to common shareholders, excluding the effects of the adjustments, net of tax” and “average tangible common equity.” ROTCE is a non-GAAP financial measure that management believes provides useful information to management and others about the Bank’s use of shareholders’ equity. Management believes the use of ratios that utilize tangible equity provides additional useful information about performance because they present measures of those assets that can generate income.
Schedule 1
RETURN ON AVERAGE TANGIBLE COMMON EQUITY (NON-GAAP)
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings applicable to common shareholders (GAAP) | $ | 782 | $ | 850 | $ | 550 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of core deposit and other intangibles, net of tax | — | 1 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings applicable to common shareholders, excluding amortization of core deposits and intangibles, net of tax (non-GAAP) | (a) | $ | 782 | $ | 851 | $ | 554 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average common equity (GAAP) | $ | 6,965 | $ | 7,024 | $ | 7,148 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average goodwill and intangibles | (1,014) | (1,015) | (1,019) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | (b) | $ | 5,951 | $ | 6,009 | $ | 6,129 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | (a/b) | 13.1 | % | 14.2 | % | 9.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tangible Equity Ratio, Tangible Common Equity Ratio, and Tangible Book Value per Common Share – this schedule also includes “tangible equity,” “tangible common equity,” and “tangible assets.” Tangible equity ratio, tangible common equity ratio and tangible book value per common share are non-GAAP financial measures that management believes provide additional useful information about the levels of tangible assets and tangible equity in relation to outstanding shares of common stock. Management believes the use of ratios that utilize tangible equity provides additional useful information to management and others about capital adequacy because they present measures of those assets that can generate income.
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Schedule 2
TANGIBLE EQUITY RATIO, TANGIBLE COMMON EQUITY RATIO, AND TANGIBLE BOOK VALUE PER COMMON SHARE (ALL NON-GAAP MEASURES)
| (Dollar amounts in millions, except per share amounts) | December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total shareholders’ equity (GAAP) | $ | 7,353 | $ | 7,578 | $ | 7,679 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and intangibles | (1,014) | (1,015) | (1,016) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tangible equity (non-GAAP) | (a) | 6,339 | 6,563 | 6,663 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred stock | (566) | (566) | (566) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | (b) | $ | 5,773 | $ | 5,997 | $ | 6,097 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets (GAAP) | $ | 69,172 | $ | 68,746 | $ | 66,288 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and intangibles | (1,014) | (1,015) | (1,016) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tangible assets (non-GAAP) | (c) | $ | 68,158 | $ | 67,731 | $ | 65,272 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common shares outstanding (thousands) | (d) | 165,057 | 187,554 | 197,532 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tangible equity ratio (non-GAAP) | (a/c) | 9.3 | % | 9.7 | % | 10.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tangible common equity ratio (non-GAAP) | (b/c) | 8.5 | % | 8.9 | % | 9.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tangible book value per common share (non-GAAP) | (b/d) | $34.98 | $31.97 | $30.87 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Efficiency Ratio and Adjusted Pre-provision Net Revenue – this schedule also includes “adjusted noninterest expense,” “taxable-equivalent net interest income,” “adjusted taxable-equivalent revenue,” “pre-provision net revenue (“PPNR”), and “adjusted PPNR.” The methodology of determining the efficiency ratio may differ among companies. Management makes adjustments to exclude certain items as identified in the subsequent schedule which it believes allows for more consistent comparability among periods. Management believes the efficiency ratio provides useful information regarding the cost of generating revenue. Adjusted noninterest expense provides a measure as to how well the Bank is managing its expenses, and adjusted PPNR enables management and others to assess the Bank’s ability to generate capital to cover credit losses through a credit cycle. Taxable-equivalent net interest income allows management to assess the comparability of revenue arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources.
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Schedule 3
EFFICIENCY RATIO (NON-GAAP) AND ADJUSTED PRE-PROVISION NET REVENUE (NON-GAAP)
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest expense (GAAP) | (a) | $ | 1,742 | $ | 1,679 | $ | 1,656 | |||||||||||||
| Adjustments: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Severance costs | 25 | 3 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other real estate expense, net | (3) | 1 | (1) | |||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of core deposit and other intangibles | 1 | 1 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 15 | 2 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||
| Pension termination-related expense | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Total adjustments | (b) | 38 | 7 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted noninterest expense (non-GAAP) | (a-b)=(c) | $ | 1,704 | $ | 1,672 | $ | 1,640 | |||||||||||||
| Net interest income (GAAP) | (d) | $ | 2,272 | $ | 2,230 | $ | 2,065 | |||||||||||||
| Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments | (e) | 26 | 22 | 35 | ||||||||||||||||
| Taxable-equivalent net interest income (non-GAAP) | (d+e)=(f) | 2,298 | 2,252 | 2,100 | ||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest income (GAAP) | (g) | 562 | 552 | 544 | ||||||||||||||||
| Combined income (non-GAAP) | (f+g)=(h) | 2,860 | 2,804 | 2,644 | ||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value and nonhedge derivative loss | (9) | (1) | (2) | |||||||||||||||||
| Securities gains, net | 3 | 1 | 14 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total adjustments | (i) | (6) | — | 12 | ||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted taxable-equivalent revenue (non-GAAP) | (h-i)=(j) | $ | 2,866 | $ | 2,804 | $ | 2,632 | |||||||||||||
| Pre-provision net revenue (non-GAAP) | (h)-(a) | $ | 1,118 | $ | 1,125 | $ | 988 | |||||||||||||
| Adjusted pre-provision net revenue (non-GAAP) | (j-c) | 1,162 | 1,132 | 992 | ||||||||||||||||
| Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) | (c/j) | 59.5 | % | 59.6 | % | 62.3 | % | |||||||||||||
Bank Overview
Zions Bancorporation, National Association and its subsidiaries (collectively “Zions Bancorporation, N.A.,” “the Bank,” “we,” “our,” “us”) together comprise a bank headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah with assets of $69 billion, net revenue (net interest income and noninterest income) exceeding $2.5 billion. We operate as a collection of great community banks that emphasizes local authority and responsibility for results. We are focused on the communities in our footprint and banking businesses and their owners and executives in those communities, where relationships are particularly important. Our experienced bankers develop long-lasting relationships with our customers by providing valuable advice and award-winning service; such relationships are further enhanced by digital products our customers desire. Building such relationships is essential to maintaining our deposit franchise, which currently provides us with one of the lowest costs of deposits in the industry, and to maintaining an overall high customer satisfaction relative to peers. We are a consistent national and state-wide leader of customer survey awards in small and middle-market banking, as well as a national leader in SBA lending and public finance advisory services.
While we serve several important customer segments in our markets, our strategy is especially focused on four key areas: Small Business, Commercial, Affluent, and Capital Markets. Small Business and Commercial are segments where our local operating model is very impactful and valued by our customers, and we continue to invest in the capabilities that differentiate us from our competitors. We are making strategic investments in Affluent and Capital Markets to deepen our relationships with our core customers, while also improving noninterest income contribution.
To enable the execution of our strategy, we are investing in five key areas:
•Our employees and building their capabilities
•Technologies that customers value most and that will make us efficient
•Simplifying how we do business at all levels of the company
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•Maintaining effective risk management practices to ensure judicious risk taking
•Advanced enterprise data and analytics to support local execution
Our strategic objectives include:
•Achieving revenue growth that is competitive with the industry without incurring excessive risk while maintaining a cost structure that results in an efficiency ratio that is competitive with our peers. This includes improving our profitability ratios relative to peers and over the long term driving superior PPNR growth.
◦We are focused on revenue initiatives, including simplifying underwriting processes, simplified and fast account opening, and superior digital product delivery to enable faster and safe small business customer growth. We are developing our capabilities in capital markets, wealth management, mortgage and retail banking to increase noninterest income.
◦We are committed to expense control and are simplifying our operations in a continual and systematic way. As operations are simplified, many such processes can be automated and as such we are investing significantly in technology that is expected to reduce delivery costs over time.
•Competing effectively against the largest banks with a combination of technology and service.
◦We have developed, and continue to develop, our digital delivery capabilities.
◦We are consolidating our multiple core operating systems onto a single operating system for commercial loans, certain retail loans, and all deposits, referred to as our “Core Transformation Project.” We believe this will give us an advantage over other large regional banks by allowing us to more quickly adopt emerging digital products.
◦We continue to invest in high-impact areas to maintain customer satisfaction results that are superior to peers. We are embarking on an initiative to provide even greater levels of service by increasing our investment in our business bankers and branch staff. This investment is expected to result in a key differentiator between our bank and other large banks, especially for small business customers who report that two of the top three key factors in determining the bank they use are (1) the convenience of the location of the branch and (2) access to an account officer.
•We believe that our long-term success depends upon the success of the local communities we serve. We strive to make significant, long-term, business and philanthropic investments that will benefit our communities.
•We strive to maintain a strong risk management profile to be a positive outlier (i.e., superior performance relative to peers) in the event of an economic downturn.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Executive Summary
Net Earnings Applicable to Common Shareholders (in millions) | Diluted EPS | Adjusted PPNR (in millions) | Efficiency ratio | |||||||||||||||||
| The decline in net earnings applicable to common shareholders from 2018 to 2019 was primarily due to a negative provision for 2018 that did not recur in 2019, and an increase in noninterest expense. | Although earnings for 2019 were lower when compared with 2018, diluted EPS increased as a result of the Bank repurchasing $1.1 billion, or 23.5 million shares, which was 12.5% of outstanding shares as of December 31, 2018. | The increase in adjusted PPNR was primarily the result of increased interest income due to loan growth and limiting growth of noninterest expense. | We continue to strive for improvements to our efficiency ratio. | |||||||||||||||||
In addition to the metrics shown above, the Bank’s net interest margin (“NIM”) decreased 7 basis points (“bps”) for the full year of 2019 versus 2018, which was largely attributable to the low interest rate environment (see “Interest-Earning Assets, Interest-Bearing Liabilities and Net Interest Margin” for more information on the NIM).
Asset quality remained relatively stable in 2019. Total criticized and classified loans increased $217 million, or 19%, and $105 million, or 15%, respectively, from historically low levels in 2018, while nonaccrual loans decreased $9 million, or 4%, during this same period. Net loan and lease charge-offs, expressed as a percentage of average loans held for investment, was 0.08% in 2019, compared with net recoveries of 0.04% in 2018.
Specifically, the financial performance of 2019 relative to 2018 reflects:
•Moderate net interest income growth resulting from loan growth;
•A reduction in the overnight federal funds rate by 75 bps, which resulted in net interest margin compression;
•Modest noninterest income growth due to continued focus on this source of revenue; we experienced notable successes such as generating strong growth in capital markets and foreign exchange fees related to arranging interest rate hedges for our loan customers, loan syndication arrangement fees, and foreign exchange fees. Wealth management and trust fees increased as a result of increased corporate and personal trust revenue;
•Excluding the severance and restructuring charges of $37 million in the fourth quarter of 2019, a slight increase in noninterest expense while we remain focused on expense controls and continue to invest in technology and simplification initiatives. We delivered on our commitment to limit adjusted noninterest expense growth in 2019 to only a slight increase relative to our 2018 results. Adjusted noninterest expense increased $32 million, or 2%, to $1.7 billion in 2019;
•An increase in the provision for credit losses to $39 million in 2019 from $(40) million in 2018. The 2019 provision increased due to loan growth, stabilizing credit quality, and increased net charge-offs (mainly due to a few larger isolated charge-offs). During 2018, strong improvements in credit quality and net recoveries resulted in a negative provision;
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•Average deposit growth of $1.9 billion, or 4%, was very strong during the second half of 2019, which accounted for over 90% of the annual growth.
Although net earnings applicable to common shareholders decreased by 8% over the prior year, earnings per diluted share increased by 2% due to the repurchase of $1.1 billion, or 23.5 million shares, of Bank common stock during 2019.
Areas Experiencing Challenges in 2019
While 2017 and 2018 experienced increases in short-term interest rates, 2019 experienced a declining interest rate environment. The relatively flat yield curve and low interest rate environment put pressure on our NIM. For the last several years we have been focused on achieving positive operating leverage and improving our profitability; however, in a period of falling interest rates, our ability to achieve these objectives becomes more difficult.
Although loan growth was generally consistent with the targeted levels we had established for 2019, we continued to experience a high level of competition during the year. Some of this competition came from nonbank financial institutions such as debt funds, debt capital markets, and covenant-light structures.
Average loan growth of $2.8 billion, or 6%, exceeded average deposit growth of $1.9 billion, or 4%. Consequently, on an average basis throughout 2019, we relied more on wholesale funding to finance incremental balance sheet growth, increasing our funding cost.
Noninterest income from customer-related fees increased 3% in 2019, compared with 2018. While we experienced strength in capital markets and foreign exchange fees and wealth management and trust fees, our other customer-related fees declined or were relatively flat.
Focus for 2020
In 2020, we are focused on the ongoing initiatives related to Bank profitability and returns on- and of-equity. Major areas of emphasis include the following:
•Manage our interest rate risk profile to move toward a more neutral interest-rate sensitive position and to protect net income against further declines in interest rates;
•Achieve broad-based loan growth (i.e., a low- to mid-single digit growth rate) within acceptable concentration limits;
•Achieve similar, or improve upon, growth rates in noninterest income, emphasizing customer-related fee income;
•Maintain adjusted noninterest expense at 2019 levels or lower while continuing to invest in enabling technologies, which will help ensure long-term success in an increasingly competitive marketplace;
•Manage noninterest expense growth linked to revenue growth, profitability and digital delivery strategies.
•Implement technology upgrades and digital strategies to enhance automation and simplification of front, middle and back office processes; and
•Maintain top quartile credit risk profile and superior risk management posture leading to increasing returns of capital.
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Schedule 4
KEY DRIVERS OF PERFORMANCE
| Driver | 2019 | 2018 | Change better/(worse) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In billions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average net loans and leases | $ | 48.3 | $ | 45.4 | 6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Average money market investments | 1.3 | 1.4 | (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average total securities | 15.2 | 15.6 | (2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average noninterest-bearing deposits | 23.4 | 23.8 | (2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average total deposits | 55.1 | 53.2 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | $ | 2,272 | $ | 2,230 | 2 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 39 | (40) | NM | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest income | 562 | 552 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer-related fee income | 525 | 508 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest expense | 1,742 | 1,679 | (4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest margin | 3.54 | % | 3.61 | % | -7 bps | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nonaccrual loans 1 | $ | 243 | $ | 252 | 4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of net charge-offs to average loans and leases | 0.08 | % | (0.04) | % | -12 bps | |||||||||||||||||||||
Ratio of nonperforming assets to loans and leases and other real estate owned 1 | 0.51 | % | 0.55 | % | 4 bps | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of total allowance for credit losses to loans and leases outstanding | 1.14 | % | 1.18 | % | 4 bps | |||||||||||||||||||||
1Includes loans held for sale.
Net Interest Income
Net interest income is the difference between interest earned on interest-earning assets and interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities and is more than three-quarters of our revenue. Net interest income is derived from both the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and their respective yields/rates.
Net interest income was $2.3 billion during 2019, an improvement of $42 million, or 2%, compared with $2.2 billion during 2018. For both 2019 and 2018, taxable-equivalent net interest income was $2.3 billion, compared with $2.1 billion in 2017. The tax rate used for calculating all taxable-equivalent adjustments was 21% for both 2019 and 2018, and 35% for 2017. The slight increase in net interest income is due to loan growth, noninterest-bearing deposit stability and disciplined deposit pricing, partially offset by decreases in benchmark interest rates. We are not assuming any further changes in benchmark rates in our forecasts. However, because of lower overnight benchmark federal funds rates, which decreased several times during 2019, partially offset by loan growth and the benefit of our noninterest-bearing deposits, we expect net interest income to decrease at a moderate pace in 2020 when compared with 2019, if current conditions persist.
Schedule 5
INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS, INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES AND NET INTEREST MARGIN
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Average balance | Amount of interest 1 | Average rate | Average balance | Amount of interest 1 | Average rate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest-earning assets | $ | 64,942 | $ | 2,709 | 4.17 | % | $ | 62,440 | $ | 2,503 | 4.01 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest-bearing liabilities | 37,675 | 411 | 1.09 | 34,453 | 251 | 0.73 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impact of net noninterest-bearing sources of funds | 0.46 | 0.33 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest margin | $ | 2,298 | 3.54 | % | $ | 2,252 | 3.61 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The NIM was 3.54% and 3.61% for 2019 and 2018, respectively. When comparing 2019 with 2018, higher interest rates and a greater concentration of loans in the earning asset mix led to an increase in earning asset yield, which was more than offset by an increase in deposit rates and a modestly greater reliance on higher-cost borrowed funds.
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Funding loan growth with wholesale borrowings negatively impacted the NIM relative to deposit funding, although it was accretive to net interest income.
Noninterest-bearing demand deposit accounts are a significant benefit to NIM. The net impact of noninterest-bearing sources of funds on the NIM increased to 0.46% in 2019, compared with 0.33% in 2018.
Average interest-earning assets increased $2.5 billion from 2018, with average rates improving 16 bps. Average interest-bearing liabilities increased $3.2 billion while average rates increased 36 bps over the same period.
Our average lending portfolio increased $2.8 billion to $48.3 billion, an increase of 6%. The average balance of our investment securities portfolio decreased $0.4 billion, while the year-end balance decreased $1.1 billion. The loan growth was funded through a mix of deposits, securities run-off and wholesale borrowings.
Interest expense increased $160 million, compared with 2018 results, attributable to both an increase in the cost and quantity of deposits and wholesale funding. Interest expense on deposits increased $119 million on $31.7 billion of average interest-bearing deposits.
Average loans increased $2.8 billion due to widespread growth in essentially all loans categories, with average commercial loans accounting for over half of the growth. Yields on average balances increased by 7 bps, 16 bps, and 18 bps in the commercial, CRE and consumer portfolios, respectively. The commercial loan growth was in municipal, commercial and industrial, and owner-occupied loans, where our yields are generally lower than commercial real estate ("CRE"), but higher than consumer. The federal funds target rate decreased three times in 2019 after increasing four times in 2018. A portion of our variable-rate loans were not affected by these changes primarily due to longer reset frequency, or because a substantial portion of our variable-rate interest-earning assets are tied to longer-term rate indices, which rates were impacted by a relatively flat yield curve for much of 2018 and 2019. Also, our earning assets generally reprice more quickly than our funding sources. We expect moderate loan growth during 2020, which may not be as strong as we experienced in 2019.
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Average noninterest-bearing demand deposits provided us with low-cost funding and comprised 42% of average total deposits, which totaled $55.1 billion in 2019, compared with 45% of average total deposits, which totaled $53.2 billion, for 2018. Average interest-bearing deposits increased 8% in 2019, compared with 2018. During 2019 the Federal Reserve decreased the overnight benchmark federal funds rate by 75 bps, while the rate paid on the Bank’s interest-bearing deposits increased 34 bps.
We are actively monitoring and managing deposits, and have been reducing deposit rates since mid-2019, as benchmark federal funds interest rates have decreased. Our cost of total deposits during 2019 increased 21 bps relative to 2018, and we expect the cost of deposits to decline in 2020 due to ongoing efforts to better align deposit costs with lower market rates, assuming no further benchmark interest rate increases.
Although we consider a wide variety of sources when determining our funding needs, we benefit from access to deposits from a significant number of small to mid-sized business customers, which provide us with a low cost of funds and have a positive impact on our NIM. Including wholesale borrowings, the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities increased 36 bps.
The average balance of long-term debt increased $701 million compared with 2018, while the average rate decreased 152 bps. During 2019 the Bank issued $500 million of senior notes with an interest rate of 3.35% and $500 million of subordinated notes with an interest rate of 3.25%. Overall interest expense on long-term debt increased $18 million. The Bank has used short-term Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) borrowings to fund some of its balance sheet growth during the past couple of years. Average short-term debt grew $0.2 billion and the rate paid increased 43 bps. Further changes in short-term borrowings will be primarily driven by loan growth, deposit growth and the level of long term debt as we do not expect significant decreases in investment security balances.
The spread on average interest-bearing funds was 3.08% in 2019 and 3.28% in 2018, respectively. The spread on average interest-bearing funds for these periods was affected by the same factors that had an impact on the NIM. Interest rate spreads and margin are impacted by the mix of assets we hold, the composition of our loan and securities portfolios and the type of funding used.
Our estimates of the Bank’s interest rate risk position are highly dependent upon a number of assumptions regarding the repricing behavior of various deposit and loan types in response to changes in both short-term and long-term interest rates, balance sheet composition, and other modeling assumptions, as well as the actions of competitors and customers in response to those changes. Further detail on interest rate risk is discussed in “Interest Rate and Market
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Risk Management” on page 64. Refer to the “Liquidity Risk Management” section beginning on page 69 for more information on how we manage liquidity risk.
Schedule 6
Net Interest Margin and Interest Rate Spreads in 2018 vs. 2017
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Average balance | Amount of interest 1 | Average rate | Average balance | Amount of interest 1 | Average rate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest-earning assets | $ | 62,440 | $ | 2,503 | 4.01 | % | $ | 60,874 | $ | 2,227 | 3.65 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest-bearing liabilities | 34,453 | 251 | 0.73 | 32,932 | 127 | 0.38 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impact of net noninterest-bearing sources of funds | 0.33 | 0.18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest margin | $ | 2,252 | 3.61 | % | $ | 2,100 | 3.45 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The NIM was 3.61% and 3.45% for 2018 and 2017, respectively. When comparing 2018 with 2017, changes in asset mix resulted in higher average loans, lower average securities and money market investments, and higher average interest-bearing deposits and wholesale borrowings balances to fund overall balance sheet growth. The expansion of NIM reflected a higher loan yield with only a moderate increase in funding costs. Average interest-earning assets increased $1.6 billion from 2017, with average rates improving 36 bps. Average interest-bearing liabilities increased $1.5 billion and average rates increased 35 bps over the same period.
Our average lending portfolio increased $1.9 billion to $45.4 billion, an increase of 4%. The average balance of our investment securities portfolio decreased $0.1 billion, while year-end balances decreased $0.5 billion. The net earning asset growth was funded through a mix of deposits and wholesale borrowings.
Interest expense increased $124 million compared to 2017 results, mainly due to both an increase in the cost and quantity of deposits and wholesale funding. Interest expense on deposits increased $76 million on $29.4 billion of average interest-bearing deposits.
The increase in the average loan portfolio was due to growth in 1-4 family residential, commercial and industrial, and municipal lending. Yields on average balances increased by 43 bps, 45 bps, and 20 bps in the commercial, CRE
36
and consumer portfolios, respectively. Much of the consumer growth was in consumer 1-4 family residential, where our yields are generally lower than on commercial loans.
Average noninterest-bearing demand deposits comprised 45% of average total deposits, which totaled $53.2 billion in 2018, compared with 46% of average total deposits, which totaled $52.2 billion, for 2017. Average interest-bearing deposits increased 3% in 2018, compared with 2017. During 2018 the Federal Reserve increased the overnight benchmark federal funds rate by 100 bps, while the rate paid on the Bank’s interest-bearing deposits increased 25 bps, implying a deposit beta of 25%. Including wholesale borrowings, the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities increased 35 bps.
The average balance of long-term debt increased $118 million compared with 2017, while the average rate decreased 58 bps. During 2018, the Bank issued $500 million of senior notes with an interest rate of 3.5%. Overall interest expense on long-term debt increased $4 million. Average short-term debt grew $466 million and the rate paid increased 88 bps.
The spread on average interest-bearing funds was 3.28% in 2018 and 3.27% in 2017, respectively. The spread on average interest-bearing funds for these periods was affected by the same factors that had an impact on the NIM. Refer to the “Liquidity Risk Management” section beginning on page 69 for more information on how we manage liquidity risk.
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Schedule 7
AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS, YIELDS AND RATES
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Average balance | Amount of interest 1 | Average rate | Average balance | Amount of interest 1 | Average rate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market investments | $ | 1,346 | $ | 32 | 2.41 | % | $ | 1,360 | $ | 29 | 2.12 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity | 706 | 26 | 3.69 | 781 | 28 | 3.56 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | 14,389 | 340 | 2.36 | 14,712 | 328 | 2.23 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trading account | 147 | 6 | 4.45 | 109 | 4 | 3.97 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total securities | 15,242 | 372 | 2.45 | 15,602 | 360 | 2.31 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans held for sale | 89 | 3 | 2.90 | 53 | 2 | 4.63 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Loans and leases 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial | 24,990 | 1,215 | 4.86 | 23,333 | 1,118 | 4.79 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | 11,675 | 597 | 5.11 | 11,079 | 549 | 4.95 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer | 11,600 | 490 | 4.22 | 11,013 | 445 | 4.04 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Loans and leases | 48,265 | 2,302 | 4.77 | 45,425 | 2,112 | 4.65 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest-earning assets | 64,942 | 2,709 | 4.17 | 62,440 | 2,503 | 4.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and due from banks | 610 | 549 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for loan losses | (501) | (495) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and intangibles | 1,014 | 1,015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other assets | 3,506 | 3,060 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 69,571 | $ | 66,569 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest-bearing deposits: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Saving and money market | $ | 26,852 | $ | 160 | 0.60 | % | $ | 25,480 | $ | 81 | 0.32 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time | 4,868 | 94 | 1.94 | 3,876 | 54 | 1.38 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest-bearing deposits | 31,720 | 254 | 0.80 | 29,356 | 135 | 0.46 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Borrowed funds: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings | 4,719 | 111 | 2.36 | 4,562 | 88 | 1.93 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | 1,236 | 46 | 3.69 | 535 | 28 | 5.21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total borrowed funds | 5,955 | 157 | 2.64 | 5,097 | 116 | 2.27 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest-bearing liabilities | 37,675 | 411 | 1.09 | 34,453 | 251 | 0.73 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest-bearing deposits | 23,361 | 23,827 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total deposits and interest-bearing liabilities | 61,036 | 411 | 0.67 | 58,280 | 251 | 0.43 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | 1,004 | 699 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | 62,040 | 58,979 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shareholders’ equity: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred equity | 566 | 566 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common equity | 6,965 | 7,024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total shareholders’ equity | 7,531 | 7,590 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 69,571 | $ | 66,569 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spread on average interest-bearing funds | 3.08 | 3.28 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impact of net noninterest-bearing sources of funds | 0.46 | 0.33 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest margin | $ | 2,298 | 3.54 | $ | 2,252 | 3.61 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Memo: total cost of deposits | 0.46 | 0.25 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Taxable-equivalent rates used where applicable. See “GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliations” on page 27 for more information regarding taxable-equivalent net interest income.
2 Net of unearned income and fees, net of related costs. Loans include nonaccrual and restructured loans.
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| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average balance | Amount of interest 1 | Average rate | Average balance | Amount of interest 1 | Average rate | Average balance | Amount of interest 1 | Average rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 1,539 | $ | 19 | 1.23 | % | $ | 3,664 | $ | 21 | 0.59 | % | $ | 8,252 | $ | 23 | 0.28 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 776 | 31 | 3.95 | 675 | 30 | 4.40 | 581 | 30 | 5.08 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 14,907 | 313 | 2.10 | 9,546 | 184 | 1.93 | 5,181 | 100 | 1.93 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 64 | 2 | 3.75 | 83 | 3 | 3.76 | 64 | 2 | 3.46 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 15,747 | 346 | 2.20 | 10,304 | 217 | 2.11 | 5,826 | 132 | 2.26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 87 | 3 | 3.56 | 140 | 5 | 3.36 | 125 | 5 | 3.61 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 22,116 | 964 | 4.36 | 21,748 | 913 | 4.20 | 21,419 | 903 | 4.22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 11,184 | 504 | 4.50 | 11,131 | 472 | 4.24 | 10,178 | 454 | 4.46 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10,201 | 391 | 3.84 | 9,183 | 351 | 3.83 | 8,574 | 334 | 3.91 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 43,501 | 1,859 | 4.27 | 42,062 | 1,736 | 4.13 | 40,171 | 1,691 | 4.21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 60,874 | 2,227 | 3.65 | 56,170 | 1,979 | 3.53 | 54,374 | 1,851 | 3.40 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 786 | 675 | 642 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (548) | (601) | (607) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1,019 | 1,027 | 1,035 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2,985 | 2,779 | 2,601 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 65,116 | $ | 60,050 | $ | 58,045 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 25,453 | $ | 39 | 0.15 | % | $ | 25,672 | $ | 37 | 0.15 | % | $ | 24,619 | $ | 38 | 0.16 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2,966 | 20 | 0.69 | 2,333 | 12 | 0.49 | 2,274 | 10 | 0.43 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| — | — | — | 128 | — | 0.28 | 379 | 1 | 0.18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 28,419 | 59 | 0.21 | 28,133 | 49 | 0.18 | 27,272 | 49 | 0.18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4,096 | 44 | 1.05 | 456 | 1 | 0.27 | 235 | — | 0.14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 417 | 24 | 5.79 | 703 | 37 | 5.18 | 1,016 | 69 | 6.75 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4,513 | 68 | 1.49 | 1,159 | 38 | 3.25 | 1,251 | 69 | 5.51 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32,932 | 127 | 0.38 | 29,292 | 87 | 0.30 | 28,523 | 118 | 0.41 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 23,781 | 22,462 | 21,366 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 56,713 | 127 | 0.22 | 51,754 | 87 | 0.14 | 49,889 | 118 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 624 | 625 | 592 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 57,337 | 52,379 | 50,481 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 631 | 756 | 983 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7,148 | 6,915 | 6,581 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7,779 | 7,671 | 7,564 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 65,116 | $ | 60,050 | $ | 58,045 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.27 | 3.23 | 2.99 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 2,100 | 3.45 | $ | 1,892 | 3.37 | $ | 1,733 | 3.19 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
39
Schedule 8 analyzes the year-to-year changes in net interest income on a fully taxable-equivalent basis for the years indicated. For purposes of calculating the yields in these schedules, the average loan balances also include the principal amounts of nonaccrual and restructured loans. However, interest received on nonaccrual loans is included in income only to the extent that cash payments have been received and not applied to principal reductions. In addition, interest on restructured loans is generally accrued at reduced rates.
Schedule 8
ANALYSIS OF INTEREST CHANGES DUE TO VOLUME AND RATE
| 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Changes due to | Total changes | Changes due to | Total changes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Volume | Rate1 | Volume | Rate1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market investments | $ | — | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | (2) | $ | 12 | $ | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity | (3) | 1 | (2) | — | (3) | (3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | (7) | 19 | 12 | (4) | 19 | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trading account | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | — | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total securities | (9) | 21 | 12 | (2) | 16 | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans held for sale | 1 | — | 1 | (1) | — | (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Loans and leases2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial | 81 | 16 | 97 | 55 | 99 | 154 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial Real Estate | 30 | 18 | 48 | (5) | 50 | 45 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer | 25 | 20 | 45 | 32 | 22 | 54 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total loans and leases | 136 | 54 | 190 | 82 | 171 | 253 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest-earning assets | 128 | 78 | 206 | 77 | 199 | 276 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest-bearing deposits: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Saving and money market | 5 | 74 | 79 | (1) | 43 | 42 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time | 15 | 25 | 40 | 8 | 26 | 34 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest-bearing deposits | 20 | 99 | 119 | 7 | 69 | 76 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Borrowed funds: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings | 3 | 20 | 23 | 4 | 40 | 44 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | 26 | (8) | 18 | 6 | (2) | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total borrowed funds | 29 | 12 | 41 | 10 | 38 | 48 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest-bearing liabilities | 49 | 111 | 160 | 17 | 107 | 124 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in taxable-equivalent net interest income | $ | 79 | $ | (33) | $ | 46 | $ | 60 | $ | 92 | $ | 152 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Taxable-equivalent rates used where applicable.
2 Net of unearned income and fees, net of related costs. Loans include nonaccrual and restructured loans.
In the analysis of interest changes due to volume and rate, changes due to the volume/rate variance are allocated to volume with the following exceptions: when volume and rate both increase, the variance is allocated proportionately to both volume and rate; when the rate increases and volume decreases, the variance is allocated to rate.
40
Provision for Credit Losses
Schedule 9
TOTAL ALLOWANCE AND PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES
| (In millions) | December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | Amount Change | Percent Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| At year end: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for loan and lease losses | $ | 495 | $ | 495 | $ | — | — | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Reserve for unfunded lending commitments | 59 | 57 | 2 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 554 | $ | 552 | $ | 2 | — | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| For the year ended: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for loan losses | $ | 37 | $ | (39) | $ | 76 | NM | |||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for unfunded lending commitments | 2 | (1) | 3 | NM | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total provision for credit losses | $ | 39 | $ | (40) | $ | 79 | NM | |||||||||||||||||||
The allowance for credit losses ("ACL") is the combination of both the ALLL and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments ("RULC"). The ALLL represents the estimated probable losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The RULC represents the estimated reserve for potential losses associated with off-balance sheet commitments. Changes in the ALLL and RULC, including changes in net charge-offs, are recorded in the provision for loan and lease losses and the provision for unfunded lending commitments in the income statement, respectively.
The ACL increased $2 million to $554 million at December 31, 2019, compared with $552 million at December 31, 2018. The slight increase in the ACL from the prior year period is primarily due to loan growth, partially offset by recent default and loss rates that are lower than long-term averages.
The provision for credit losses, which is the combination of both the provision for loan losses and the provision for unfunded lending commitments, was $39 million in 2019, compared with $(40) million in 2018. The provision for unfunded lending commitments may be subject to sizable fluctuations due to changes in the timing and volume of loan commitments, originations, fundings and changes in credit quality.
See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and “Credit Risk Management” on page 54 for more information on how we determine the appropriate level for the ALLL and the RULC.
On January 1, 2020, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, and its subsequent updates, often referred to as the Current Expected Credit Loss ("CECL") model. Upon adoption of the ASU, Zions recorded the full amount of the ACL for loans and leases of $526 million, compared with $554 million at December 31, 2019, resulting in an after-tax increase to retained earnings of $20 million. The impact of the adoption of CECL for our securities portfolio was less than $1 million. As a result of this new accounting standard, we expect our allowance for credit losses will become more volatile primarily because, under the new process, the allowance is subject to economic forecasts that may change materially from period to period. For more information see "Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates" on page 75.
Noninterest Income
Noninterest income represents revenues we earn for products and services that have no associated interest rate or yield. Growing noninterest income is a key strategic priority, and several strategic initiatives are underway to support this effort. Specifically, we are working to leverage our focus on commercial and small business customers to accelerate sales of capital markets products and wealth advisory services. Noninterest income accounted for 20% of net revenue during both 2019 and 2018. For 2019, noninterest income was $562 million, compared with $552 million in 2018 and $544 million in 2017. During 2019, we experienced strong growth in capital markets and
41
foreign exchange fees driven by income from customer interest rate swap activity, loan syndication arrangement fees and foreign exchange fees, followed by growth in our wealth management and trust fees, while experiencing declines in commercial account fees.
We believe a subtotal of customer-related fees provides a better view of income over which we have more direct near-term control. It excludes items such as dividends, insurance-related income, mark-to-market adjustments on certain derivatives, and securities gains and losses.
Schedule 10 presents a comparison of the major components of noninterest income for the past three years.
Schedule 10
NONINTEREST INCOME
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | 2019 | Amount change | Percent change | 2018 | Amount change | Percent change | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial account fees | $ | 121 | $ | (1) | (1) | % | $ | 122 | $ | (4) | (3) | % | $ | 126 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Card fees | 92 | (2) | (2) | 94 | (2) | (2) | 96 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retail and business banking fees | 78 | — | — | 78 | — | — | 78 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loan-related fees and income | 75 | 1 | 1 | 74 | 2 | 3 | 72 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital markets and foreign exchange fees | 78 | 20 | 34 | 58 | 9 | 18 | 49 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wealth management and trust fees | 60 | 5 | 9 | 55 | 8 | 17 | 47 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other customer-related fees | 21 | (6) | (22) | 27 | 5 | 23 | 22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer-related fees | 525 | 17 | 3 | 508 | 18 | 4 | 490 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends and other income | 34 | (9) | (21) | 43 | 3 | 8 | 40 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities gains, net | 3 | 2 | 200 | 1 | (13) | (93) | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total noninterest income | $ | 562 | $ | 10 | 2 | % | $ | 552 | $ | 8 | 1 | % | $ | 544 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Customer-related fees increased by $17 million, or 3%, from 2018 to 2019. Capital markets and foreign exchange fees increased by $20 million as a result of an $11 million increase in income from arranging interest rate hedges for our loan customers, a $4 million increase in loan syndication arrangement fees and a $3 million increase in foreign exchange fees. Wealth management and trust fees increased by $5 million, or 9%, as a result of increased corporate and personal trust revenue. Other customer-related fees decreased by $6 million, or 22%, primarily as a result of the sale of a minor business in the first quarter of 2019.
Dividends and other income decreased by $9 million primarily due to valuation adjustments on client-related interest rate swaps during 2019. As a result of the decline in interest rates during 2019 and increased client activity during the year, these client-related interest rate swaps significantly increased in value, resulting in the Bank having a larger exposure to the clients and a $9 million valuation adjustment in 2019, compared with a valuation adjustment of $1 million in 2018. Dividends and other income also decreased during 2019 due to a $3 million gain on venture capital investments in 2018 that did not recur in 2019 and a $3 million decrease in dividends from the Federal Reserve resulting from a decline in our Federal Reserve stock held and a decline in the 10-year Treasury, partially offset by a $3 million increase in other miscellaneous income.
Noninterest Expense
Noninterest expense increased by $63 million, or 4%, from 2018 to 2019. Adjusted noninterest expense increased by $32 million, or 2%, over the same period. This 2% increase is within our previously communicated growth rate of low single-digit percentage range relative to the prior year. See “GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliations” on page 27 for more information regarding the calculation of adjusted noninterest expense.
We have developed a culture that continually seeks to streamline and make more simple and efficient processes required to operate the Bank. As part of our focus on noninterest expenses, in October 2019, we announced a 5% workforce reduction that occurred in the fourth quarter of 2019. We also announced the closure of multiple branches beginning in the fourth quarter of 2019, including 12 branches scheduled to close during 2020. As a result of this reduction in staffing, we recognized $22 million of severance and $15 million of other restructuring-related costs
42
primarily related to centralizing our office space in Utah and the closure of certain branches across our footprint. In 2018 we successfully completed the merger of the holding company with, and into, the bank subsidiary. The consolidation of the holding company into the bank reduced duplicative regulatory examinations and certain regulatory requirements. We remain focused on expense control efforts, while continuing to invest in technology initiatives.
Schedule 11 presents a comparison of the major components of noninterest expense for the past three years.
Schedule 11
NONINTEREST EXPENSE
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | 2019 | Amount change | Percent change | 2018 | Amount change | Percent change | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Salaries and employee benefits | $ | 1,141 | $ | 71 | 7 | % | $ | 1,070 | $ | 64 | 6 | % | $ | 1,006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Occupancy, net | 133 | 1 | 1 | 132 | 3 | 2 | 129 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Furniture, equipment and software, net | 135 | 9 | 7 | 126 | (4) | (3) | 130 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other real estate expense, net | (3) | (4) | (400) | 1 | 2 | (200) | (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Credit-related expense | 20 | (5) | (20) | 25 | (4) | (14) | 29 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Professional and legal services | 47 | (5) | (10) | 52 | (5) | (9) | 57 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Advertising | 19 | (7) | (27) | 26 | 4 | 18 | 22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FDIC premiums | 25 | (25) | (50) | 50 | (3) | (6) | 53 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 225 | 28 | 14 | 197 | (34) | (15) | 231 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total noninterest expense | $ | 1,742 | $ | 63 | 4 | $ | 1,679 | $ | 23 | 1 | $ | 1,656 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted noninterest expense | $ | 1,704 | $ | 32 | 2 | % | $ | 1,672 | $ | 32 | 2 | % | $ | 1,640 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Schedule 12
SALARIES AND EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | 2019 | Amount/quantity change | Percent change | 2018 | Amount/quantity change | Percent change | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Salaries and bonuses | $ | 953 | $ | 58 | 6 | % | $ | 895 | $ | 46 | 5 | % | $ | 849 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Employee benefits: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Employee health and insurance | 83 | 6 | 8 | 77 | 8 | 12 | 69 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retirement | 49 | 4 | 9 | 45 | 7 | 18 | 38 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Payroll taxes and other | 56 | 3 | 6 | 53 | 3 | 6 | 50 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total benefits | 188 | 13 | 7 | 175 | 18 | 11 | 157 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total salaries and employee benefits | $ | 1,141 | $ | 71 | 7 | % | $ | 1,070 | $ | 64 | 6 | % | $ | 1,006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Full-time equivalent employees at December 31 | 10,188 | (13) | — | 10,201 | 118 | 1 | 10,083 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Salaries and employee benefits increased by $71 million, or 7%, in 2019, compared with 2018. Salaries and employee benefits increased due to a $33 million increase in base salaries resulting from salary merit increases, a $22 million increase in severance expenses primarily from the previously announced reduction in staffing levels, a $6 million increase in employee medical costs, and a $4 million increase in retirement expenses. These increases were partially offset by a $7 million decrease in incentive compensation.
Salaries and employee benefits increased by $64 million, or 6%, in 2018, compared with 2017. Salaries and employee benefits increased in 2018 primarily due to a $29 million increase in base salaries resulting from salary increases related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, merit increases and increased headcount, and a $19 million increase in incentive compensation, of which $7 million relates to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The remaining $16 million increase was primarily a result of an $8 million increase in the Bank’s medical plans and a $7 million increase in the Bank’s contribution to the employee 401(k) plan, as a result of improved financial performance.
Furniture and equipment expense increased $9 million, or 7%, in 2019, primarily from increased amortization expense related to capitalized technology costs from the successful implementation of our commercial and
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consumer loan systems. Furniture and equipment expense decreased by $4 million in 2018, primarily due to decreased software maintenance expense, partially offset by increased amortization of capitalized software.
Professional and legal services decreased $5 million from 2018 to $47 million in 2019. The decrease was primarily a result of lower consulting fees related to our simplification and technology initiatives. The $5 million decrease in 2018 from 2017 was for the same reason.
Advertising expense decreased by $7 million to $19 million for 2019. This decrease was mainly due to lower sponsorships. Advertising expense in 2018 was $4 million higher compared with 2017, primarily due to increased media expense.
FDIC premiums were $25 million in 2019, compared with $50 million in 2018. This decrease was primarily due to the elimination of the FDIC surcharge for large banks because the required Deposit Insurance Fund reserve ratio had been met and the Bank issuing unsecured debt which results in lower FDIC premiums.
Other noninterest expense increased $28 million to $225 million in 2019, compared with $197 million in 2018. This increase was due to a $13 million impairment related to centralizing our office space in Utah and the closure of certain branches across our footprint, and $10 million of customer reimbursements made by the Bank to remedy a self-identified operational issue. Other noninterest expense decreased $34 million from 2017 to 2018 as a result of a one-time $12 million charitable contribution made at the end of 2017 and a decrease in employee and operational expenses resulting from the Bank’s simplification and efficiencies initiatives.
In October 2018, we announced the termination of the defined benefit pension plan subject to obtaining necessary regulatory approval. Completion of this termination is expected in 2020. Plan participant benefits will choose to receive an annuity or a lump-sum payment. The elimination of the plan is expected to result in a onetime charge of approximately $10 million to $15 million, likely toward the middle of 2020, in addition to the reclassification of an approximate $17 million loss out of AOCI into earnings. The current estimate of this expense is subject to change depending upon a number of factors including plan performance, participant elections between lump-sum distribution options and an annuity option, and market competitiveness in the annuity bid process.
Branch closing costs and other efficiency-related cost accelerations will be recognized in the next several quarters. Excluding the severance, branch closing, and other efficiency-related cost acceleration expenses, adjusted noninterest expense for 2019 experienced a 2% increase relative to the prior year. We expect 2020 expenses to be the same as, or slightly reduced from, 2019 results, excluding the expected pension termination expense, severance and other restructuring expenses.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense was $237 million in 2019, $259 million in 2018, and $344 million in 2017. Our effective income tax rates were 22.5% in 2019, 22.7% in 2018, and 36.8% in 2017. The income tax rates for all tax years were reduced by nontaxable municipal interest income and nontaxable income from certain bank-owned life insurance ("BOLI"). The income tax rates for 2019 and 2018 were positively impacted by the decrease in the corporate federal income tax rate to 21% from 35% due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was effective January 1, 2018. This rate benefit was partially reduced by the nondeductibility of FDIC premiums, certain executive compensation and other fringe benefits as enacted by the new tax law.
The tax rate for 2017 was impacted by a one-time $18 million benefit to tax expense related to the reevaluation of state tax positions, an excess tax benefit of $9 million from the implementation of a new accounting guidance related to share-based compensation, and a net DTA write-off of $47 million through income tax expense associated with the decrease in the federal income tax rate from the passage of new legislation.
The Bank continued to invest in technology initiatives, low-income housing and municipal securities during 2019, 2018 and 2017, generating tax credits and nontaxable income that benefited the tax rate each year.
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We had a net DTA balance of $37 million at December 31, 2019 compared with $130 million at December 31, 2018. The decrease in the net DTA resulted primarily from the decrease in unrealized losses in OCI related to securities, an increase in deferred loan fees and accelerated tax deductions on certain technology initiatives and depreciable property during 2019. We did not record any valuation allowance for GAAP purposes as of December 31, 2019. Note 20 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements discloses information about the Bank’s evaluation of its DTA, including any potential additional valuation allowances.
Preferred Stock Dividends and Redemption
Preferred stock dividends were $34 million during both 2019 and 2018, which was a $6 million decrease from $40 million in 2017. Preferred stock dividends decreased beginning in 2018 as a result of the completion of a tender offer on our $144 million of Series F preferred stock during 2017. Preferred dividends are expected to continue at $34 million for 2020. See further details in Note 14 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
BUSINESS SEGMENT RESULTS
We manage our operations and prepare management reports and other information with a primary focus on geographical area. Our banking operations are managed under their own individual brand names, including Zions Bank, Amegy Bank ("Amegy"), California Bank & Trust (“CB&T”), National Bank of Arizona (“NBAZ”), Nevada State Bank (“NSB”), Vectra Bank Colorado (“Vectra”), and The Commerce Bank of Washington (“TCBW”). Performance assessment and resource allocation are based upon this geographical structure. Most of the lending and other decisions affecting customers are made at the local level. The accounting policies of the individual segments are the same as those of the Bank. We allocate the cost of centrally provided services to the business segments based upon estimated or actual usage of those services. We also use an internal Funds Transfer Pricing (“FTP”) allocation system to report results of operations for business segments. This process is continually refined. The operating segment identified as “Other” includes certain nonbank financial service subsidiaries, centralized back-office functions, and eliminations of transactions between segments. See Note 22 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the Other segment, and more performance information including net interest income, noninterest income, and noninterest expense by segment..
During 2019, our banking operations experienced improved financial performance when compared with 2018. Common areas of financial performance experienced at various levels of the segments include:
• Increased loan balances across all geographies;
•Continued strong or improvements in credit quality; and
•Growth in customer deposit balances across almost all segments.
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Schedule 13 shows selected financial information for our business segments. Ratios are calculated based on amounts in thousands.
Schedule 13
SELECTED SEGMENT INFORMATION
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Zions Bank | Amegy | CB&T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| KEY FINANCIAL INFORMATION | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total average loans | $ | 13,109 | $ | 12,643 | $ | 12,481 | $ | 12,235 | $ | 11,358 | $ | 11,021 | $ | 10,763 | $ | 10,033 | $ | 9,539 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total average deposits | 15,870 | 15,410 | 15,986 | 11,627 | 11,160 | 11,096 | 11,522 | 11,268 | 11,030 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 364 | 353 | 301 | 282 | 353 | 209 | 287 | 272 | 236 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CREDIT QUALITY | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | $ | 18 | $ | 8 | $ | 20 | $ | 9 | $ | (80) | $ | 20 | $ | 7 | $ | 15 | $ | (5) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loan and lease charge-offs | 9 | 1 | 35 | 19 | (17) | 40 | 10 | 4 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of net charge-offs to average loans and leases | 0.07 | % | 0.01 | % | 0.28 | % | 0.16 | % | (0.15) | % | 0.36 | % | 0.09 | % | 0.04 | % | 0.01 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses | $ | 144 | $ | 136 | $ | 130 | $ | 182 | $ | 189 | $ | 247 | $ | 75 | $ | 79 | $ | 69 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of allowance for loan losses to net loans and leases, at year-end | 1.10 | % | 1.08 | % | 1.04 | % | 1.49 | % | 1.66 | % | 2.24 | % | 0.70 | % | 0.79 | % | 0.72 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nonperforming lending-related assets | $ | 86 | $ | 68 | $ | 83 | $ | 60 | $ | 79 | $ | 236 | $ | 49 | $ | 48 | $ | 47 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of nonperforming lending-related assets to net loans and leases and other real estate owned | 0.65 | % | 0.52 | % | 0.67 | % | 0.49 | % | 0.69 | % | 2.07 | % | 0.45 | % | 0.45 | % | 0.47 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accruing loans past due 90 days or more | $ | 2 | $ | 11 | $ | 10 | $ | 2 | $ | 1 | $ | 7 | $ | 5 | $ | 9 | $ | 19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of accruing loans past due 90 days or more to net loans and leases | 0.02 | % | 0.09 | % | 0.08 | % | 0.02 | % | 0.01 | % | 0.06 | % | 0.05 | % | 0.09 | % | 0.20 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | NBAZ | NSB | Vectra | TCBW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| KEY FINANCIAL INFORMATION | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total average loans | $ | 4,774 | $ | 4,608 | $ | 4,267 | $ | 2,630 | $ | 2,394 | $ | 2,357 | $ | 3,109 | $ | 2,924 | $ | 2,644 | $ | 1,194 | $ | 1,118 | $ | 926 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total average deposits | 5,002 | 4,931 | 4,762 | 4,512 | 4,286 | 4,254 | 2,853 | 2,761 | 2,756 | 1,094 | 1,092 | 1,107 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 111 | 97 | 90 | 52 | 41 | 35 | 52 | 44 | 44 | 38 | 34 | 27 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CREDIT QUALITY | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | $ | 2 | $ | 8 | $ | (8) | $ | (1) | $ | 1 | $ | (11) | $ | 3 | $ | 6 | $ | 1 | $ | (1) | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loan and lease charge-offs | — | — | (1) | (3) | (4) | (3) | 2 | — | 2 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of net charge-offs to average loans and leases | — | % | — | % | (0.02) | % | (0.11) | % | (0.17) | % | (0.13) | % | 0.06 | % | — | % | 0.08 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses | $ | 37 | $ | 35 | $ | 28 | $ | 16 | $ | 15 | $ | 11 | $ | 30 | $ | 29 | $ | 24 | $ | 9 | $ | 11 | $ | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of allowance for loan losses to net loans and leases, at year-end | 0.78 | % | 0.76 | % | 0.66 | % | 0.61 | % | 0.63 | % | 0.47 | % | 0.96 | % | 0.99 | % | 0.91 | % | 0.75 | % | 0.98 | % | 0.97 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nonperforming lending-related assets | $ | 14 | $ | 18 | $ | 17 | $ | 27 | $ | 18 | $ | 17 | $ | 11 | $ | 20 | $ | 10 | $ | 4 | $ | 4 | $ | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of nonperforming lending-related assets to net loans and leases and other real estate owned | 0.29 | % | 0.39 | % | 0.38 | % | 1.00 | % | 0.72 | % | 0.72 | % | 0.35 | % | 0.66 | % | 0.36 | % | 0.33 | % | 0.37 | % | 0.58 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accruing loans past due 90 days or more | $ | — | $ | 1 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of accruing loans past due 90 days or more to net loans and leases | — | % | 0.02 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | 0.03 | % | — | % | 0.01 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Zions Bank
Zions Bank is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and is primarily responsible for conducting operations in Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming. If it were a separately chartered bank, it would be the largest full-service commercial bank in Utah and the 4th largest in Idaho, as measured by domestic deposits in these states.
Zions Bank’s income before income taxes increased by $11 million, or 3%, during 2019. Net interest income increased by $30 million, which was partially offset by a $10 million increase in the provision for credit losses and a $9 million increase in noninterest expense. The loan portfolio increased by $178 million during 2019, which consisted of increases of $72 million and $115 million in commercial and CRE loans, respectively, and a decrease of $9 million in consumer loans. The ratio of allowance for loan losses to net loans and leases increased slightly to 1.10% at December 31, 2019 from 1.08% at December 31, 2018. Nonperforming lending-related assets increased $18 million, or 26%, from the prior year. Deposits increased by 7% from 2018 to 2019.
Amegy Bank
Amegy Bank is headquartered in Houston, Texas. If it were a separately chartered bank, it would be the 8th largest full-service commercial bank in Texas as measured by domestic deposits in the state.
Amegy’s income before income taxes decreased by $71 million, or 20%, during 2019. The decrease in income before income taxes is mainly due to a $89 million increase in the provision for credit losses, partially offset by increases of $6 million and $8 million in net interest income and noninterest income, respectively. The credit quality of Amegy’s loan portfolio improved during 2018, mainly due to improvements in the oil and gas-related portfolio, which led to $80 million negative provision for credit losses in 2018. Credit quality remained strong in 2019. The ratio of the ALLL to net loans and leases decreased to 1.49% at December 31, 2019 from 1.66% a year earlier. During 2019, nonperforming lending-related assets decreased $19 million, or 24%. Amegy has been able to achieve strong loan portfolio growth, resulting in a $770 million increase from the prior year. During 2019, commercial, consumer, and CRE loans increased by $474 million, $235 million and $61 million, respectively. Deposits increased by 2% from 2018 to 2019.
California Bank & Trust
California Bank & Trust is headquartered in San Diego, California. If it were a separately chartered bank, it would be the 16th largest full-service commercial bank in California as measured by domestic deposits. Its core business is built on relationship banking by providing commercial, real estate and consumer lending, depository services, international banking, cash management, and community development services.
CB&T’s income before income taxes increased by $15 million, or 6%, during 2019 primarily from an increase in net interest income due to loan growth. CB&T’s loan portfolio increased by $310 million in 2019 from the prior year. During 2019, commercial, CRE and consumer loans increased by $156 million, $93 million and $61 million, respectively. The credit quality of CB&T’s loan portfolio continues to be strong, as the ratio of the ALLL to net loans for 2019 was 0.70%. Deposits increased by 5% from 2018 to 2019.
National Bank of Arizona
National Bank of Arizona is headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona. If it were a separately chartered bank, it would be the 7th largest full-service commercial bank in Arizona as measured by domestic deposits in the state.
NBAZ’s income before income taxes increased by $14 million, or 14%, during 2019 due to increased net interest income from loan growth and improved fee revenue. The loan portfolio increased during 2019 by $117 million, composed of increases in CRE and consumer loans of $110 million and $38 million, respectively, and a decrease in commercial loans of $31 million. The credit quality of NBAZ’s loan portfolio remained strong during 2019. The ratio of ALLL to net loans and leases was 0.78% at December 31, 2019. Deposits increased by 4% from 2018 to 2019.
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Nevada State Bank
Nevada State Bank is headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada. If it were a separately chartered bank, it would be the 5th largest full-service commercial bank in Nevada as measured by domestic deposits in the state. NSB focuses on serving small and mid-sized businesses as well as retail consumers, with an emphasis on relationship banking.
In 2019, NSB’s income before in taxes increased by $11 million, or 27% due to improvement in net interest income from loan growth. NSB’s loans increased by $205 million during 2019, including increases of $200 million in commercial loans and $32 million in CRE loans, while consumer loans decreased by $27 million. The credit quality of NSB’s loan portfolio remained stable during 2019. Nonperforming lending-related assets increased $9 million, or 50%, from the prior year. The ratio of the ALLL to net loans and leases decreased to 0.61% at December 31, 2019. Deposits increased by 11% from 2018 to 2019.
Vectra Bank Colorado
Vectra Bank Colorado is headquartered in Denver, Colorado. If it were a separately chartered bank, it would be the 13th largest full-service commercial bank in Colorado as measured by domestic deposits in the state.
In 2019, Vectra’s income before income taxes increased by $8 million, or 18%. During 2019, total loans increased by $101 million, including $57 million in commercial loans, $26 million in CRE loans, and $18 million in consumer loans. The credit quality of Vectra’s loan portfolio was strong, and the ratio of ALLL to net loans and leases was 0.96% at December 31, 2019. Deposits increased by 8% from 2018 to 2019.
The Commerce Bank of Washington
The Commerce Bank of Washington is headquartered in Seattle, Washington. It operates in Washington under The Commerce Bank of Washington name and in Portland, Oregon, under The Commerce Bank of Oregon name. Its business strategy focuses on serving the financial needs of commercial businesses, including professional services firms. TCBW has been successful in serving the greater Seattle/Puget Sound and Portland regions without requiring extensive investments in a traditional branch network. It has been innovative in effectively utilizing couriers, bank by mail, remote deposit image capture, and other technologies.
TCBW’s income before income taxes increased $4 million, or 12%, during 2019. The loan portfolio increased by $134 million, including increases of $134 million in commercial loans and $7 million in consumer loans, offset by a decrease of $7 million in CRE loans. Deposits increased by 5% from 2018 to 2019.
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS
Interest-Earning Assets
Interest-earning assets are those assets that have interest rates or yields associated with them. One of our goals is to maintain a high level of interest-earning assets relative to total assets while keeping nonearning assets at a minimum. Interest-earning assets consist of money market investments, securities, loans, and leases.
Schedule 7, which we referenced in our discussion of net interest income, includes the average balances of our interest-earning assets, the amount of revenue generated by them, and their respective yields. Another goal is to maintain a higher-yielding mix of interest-earning assets, such as loans, relative to lower-yielding assets, while maintaining adequate levels of highly liquid assets. As a result of this goal we redeployed funds from lower-yielding money market investments, in addition to using wholesale borrowings, to purchase agency securities.
Average interest-earning assets were $64.9 billion in 2019, compared with $62.4 billion in the previous year. Average interest-earning assets as a percentage of total average assets were 93% and 94% in 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Average loans were $48.3 billion in 2019 and $45.4 billion in 2018. Average loans as a percentage of total average assets were 69% in 2019, compared with 68% in 2018.
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Average money market investments, consisting of interest-bearing deposits and federal funds sold and security resell agreements, decreased by 1% from 2018. Average securities decreased by 2% from 2018. Average total deposits increased by 4%; average total loans also increased by 6% in 2019 when compared with 2018.
AVERAGE OUTSTANDING LOANS AND DEPOSITS
(at December 31)
Investment Securities Portfolio
We invest in securities to actively manage liquidity and interest rate risk, in addition to generating revenue for the Bank. Refer to the “Liquidity Risk Management” section on page 69 for additional information on management of liquidity and funding. The following schedule presents a profile of our investment securities portfolio. The amortized cost amounts represent the original cost of the investments, adjusted for related accumulated amortization or accretion of any yield adjustments, and for impairment losses, including credit-related impairment. The estimated fair value measurement levels and methodology are discussed in Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Schedule 14
INVESTMENT SECURITIES PORTFOLIO
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Par Value | Amortized cost | Estimated fair value | Par Value | Amortized cost | Estimated fair value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | $ | 592 | $ | 592 | $ | 597 | $ | 774 | $ | 774 | $ | 767 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | 25 | 25 | 25 | 40 | 40 | 40 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Government agencies and corporations: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency securities | 1,301 | 1,301 | 1,302 | 1,395 | 1,394 | 1,375 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities | 9,406 | 9,518 | 9,559 | 10,093 | 10,236 | 10,014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Small Business Administration loan-backed securities | 1,414 | 1,535 | 1,495 | 1,871 | 2,042 | 1,996 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | 1,175 | 1,282 | 1,319 | 1,178 | 1,303 | 1,291 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total available-for-sale debt securities | 13,346 | 13,686 | 13,725 | 14,602 | 15,040 | 14,737 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market mutual funds and other | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total available-for-sale | 13,346 | 13,686 | 13,725 | 14,602 | 15,040 | 14,737 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investment securities | $ | 13,938 | $ | 14,278 | $ | 14,322 | $ | 15,376 | $ | 15,814 | $ | 15,504 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The amortized cost of investment securities at December 31, 2019 decreased by 10% from the balance at December 31, 2018.
The investment securities portfolio includes $340 million of net premium as of December 31, 2019, down from $438 million in the prior year, that is distributed across various asset classes as illustrated in the preceding schedule. Premium amortization for 2019 was approximately $120 million, compared with approximately $129 million in 2018. For more information on the accounting for premiums and discounts for investment securities see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
As of December 31, 2019, under the GAAP fair value accounting hierarchy, 0.2% of the $13.7 billion fair value of the AFS securities portfolio was valued at Level 1, 99.8% was valued at Level 2, and there were no Level 3 AFS securities. At December 31, 2018, 0.3% of the $14.7 billion fair value of AFS securities portfolio was valued at Level 1, 99.7% was valued at Level 2, and there were no Level 3 AFS securities. See Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of fair value accounting.
Schedule 15 presents the maturities of the different types of investments that we owned, using contractual maturities, and the corresponding average yields as of December 31, 2019 based on amortized cost. See “Liquidity Risk Management” on page 69 and Notes 1, 5 and 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about our investment securities and their management.
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Schedule 15
MATURITIES AND AVERAGE YIELDS ON SECURITIES
At December 31, 2019
| Total securities | Within one year | After one but within five years | After five but within ten years | After ten years | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Amount | Yield1 | Amount | Yield1 | Amount | Yield1 | Amount | Yield1 | Amount | Yield1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | $ | 592 | 3.7 | % | $ | 101 | 3.2 | % | $ | 215 | 3.3 | % | $ | 156 | 4.3 | % | $ | 120 | 4.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | 25 | 1.5 | 25 | 1.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Government agencies and corporations: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency securities | 1,301 | 2.6 | 21 | 2.8 | 97 | 2.4 | 442 | 2.6 | 741 | 2.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities | 9,518 | 2.4 | — | — | 66 | 1.6 | 1,235 | 1.8 | 8,217 | 2.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Small Business Administration loan-backed securities | 1,535 | 3.0 | — | — | 21 | 2.4 | 178 | 2.7 | 1,336 | 3.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | 1,282 | 2.6 | 76 | 2.0 | 534 | 2.2 | 569 | 2.8 | 103 | 3.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 25 | 6.7 | — | — | — | — | 10 | 9.5 | 15 | 4.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total available-for-sale | 13,686 | 2.5 | 122 | 2.0 | 718 | 2.2 | 2,434 | 2.3 | 10,412 | 2.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investment securities | $ | 14,278 | 2.5 | % | $ | 223 | 2.6 | % | $ | 933 | 2.4 | % | $ | 2,590 | 2.4 | % | $ | 10,532 | 2.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Taxable-equivalent rates used where applicable.
Exposure to State and Local Governments
We provide multiple products and services to state and local governments (referred to collectively as “municipalities”), including deposit services, loans, and investment banking services, and we invest in securities issued by the municipalities.
Schedule 16 summarizes our exposure to state and local municipalities:
Schedule 16
MUNICIPALITIES
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||
| Loans and leases | $ | 2,393 | $ | 1,661 | |||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity – municipal securities | 592 | 774 | |||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale – municipal securities | 1,319 | 1,291 | |||||||||||||||
| Trading account – municipal securities | 107 | 89 | |||||||||||||||
| Unfunded lending commitments | 200 | 144 | |||||||||||||||
| Total direct exposure to municipalities | $ | 4,611 | $ | 3,959 | |||||||||||||
At December 31, 2019, no municipal loans were on nonaccrual. A significant amount of the municipal loan and lease portfolio is secured by real estate and equipment, or is a general obligation of a municipal entity. See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about the credit quality of these municipal loans.
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Foreign Exposure and Operations
Our credit exposure to foreign sovereign risks and total foreign credit exposure is not significant. We also do not have significant foreign exposure to derivative counterparties. We had no foreign deposits at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale were $129 million at December 31, 2019, compared with $93 million at December 31, 2018, and are generally commercial loans and consumer mortgage and small business loans to be sold in the secondary market. As of December 31, 2019, the majority of the loans held for sale consisted primarily of consumer mortgage loans.
Loan Portfolio
As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, net loans and leases accounted for 70% and 68% of total assets, respectively. Schedule 17 presents our loans outstanding by type of loan as of the five most recent year-ends. The schedule also includes a maturity profile for the loans that were outstanding as of December 31, 2019. However, while this schedule reflects the contractual maturity and repricing characteristics of these loans, in a small number of cases, we have hedged the repricing characteristics of our variable-rate loans as more fully described in “Interest Rate Risk” on page 64.
Schedule 17
LOAN AND LEASE PORTFOLIO BY TYPE AND MATURITY
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | One year or less | One year through five years | Over five years | Total | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | 3,280 | $ | 8,967 | $ | 2,513 | $ | 14,760 | $ | 14,513 | $ | 14,003 | $ | 13,452 | $ | 13,211 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing | 24 | 202 | 108 | 334 | 327 | 364 | 423 | 442 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 335 | 1,378 | 6,188 | 7,901 | 7,661 | 7,288 | 6,962 | 7,150 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal | 118 | 337 | 1,938 | 2,393 | 1,661 | 1,271 | 778 | 676 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 3,757 | 10,884 | 10,747 | 25,388 | 24,162 | 22,926 | 21,615 | 21,479 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | 753 | 1,327 | 131 | 2,211 | 2,186 | 2,021 | 2,019 | 1,842 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | 1,568 | 4,062 | 3,714 | 9,344 | 8,939 | 9,103 | 9,322 | 8,514 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 2,321 | 5,389 | 3,845 | 11,555 | 11,125 | 11,124 | 11,341 | 10,356 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | 40 | 86 | 2,791 | 2,917 | 2,937 | 2,777 | 2,645 | 2,417 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | 3 | 69 | 7,496 | 7,568 | 7,176 | 6,662 | 5,891 | 5,382 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | — | 4 | 620 | 624 | 643 | 597 | 486 | 385 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bankcard and other revolving plans | 281 | 85 | 136 | 502 | 491 | 509 | 481 | 444 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 5 | 109 | 41 | 155 | 180 | 185 | 190 | 187 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer | 329 | 353 | 11,084 | 11,766 | 11,427 | 10,730 | 9,693 | 8,815 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total net loans and leases | $ | 6,407 | $ | 16,626 | $ | 25,676 | $ | 48,709 | $ | 46,714 | $ | 44,780 | $ | 42,649 | $ | 40,650 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans maturing: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| With fixed interest rates | $ | 692 | $ | 3,507 | $ | 6,279 | $ | 10,478 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| With variable interest rates | 5,715 | 13,119 | 19,397 | 38,231 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 6,407 | $ | 16,626 | $ | 25,676 | $ | 48,709 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
52
As of December 31, 2019, net loans and leases were $49 billion, reflecting a 4% increase from the prior year. The increase is primarily attributable to new loan originations.
Loan portfolio growth during 2019 was widespread across loan products and geographies. Of the significant increases within the portfolio, municipal loans increased $732 million, term CRE increased $405 million, consumer 1-4 family residential loans increased $392 million, commercial and industrial loans increased $247 million, and commercial owner-occupied loans increased $240 million. The growth in the overall loan portfolio was primarily at Amegy and CB&T.
We expect moderate total loan and lease growth during 2020, primarily in municipal, consumer 1-4 family residential, commercial and industrial, and commercial owner-occupied. We expect stable to moderate growth in oil and gas and CRE loans, partially offset by a moderate decline in the National Real Estate (“NRE”) loan portfolio.
Loans serviced for the benefit of others decreased to $3.5 billion during 2019 from $3.9 billion in 2018.
Other Noninterest-Bearing Investments
During 2019, the Bank decreased its short-term borrowings with the FHLB by $3.5 billion. This decrease required a reduced investment in FHLB activity stock, which consequently decreased by $140 million during the year. Aside from this decrease, other noninterest-bearing investments remained relatively stable as set forth in the following schedule. Schedule 18 summarizes our other noninterest-bearing investments.
Schedule 18
OTHER NONINTEREST-BEARING INVESTMENTS
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||
| Bank-owned life insurance | $ | 525 | $ | 516 | |||||||||||||
| Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 50 | 190 | |||||||||||||||
| Federal Reserve stock | 107 | 139 | |||||||||||||||
| Farmer Mac stock | 47 | 54 | |||||||||||||||
| SBIC investments | 154 | 132 | |||||||||||||||
| Non-SBIC investment funds | 12 | 12 | |||||||||||||||
| Other | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||
| Total other noninterest-bearing investments | $ | 898 | $ | 1,046 | |||||||||||||
Premises, Equipment and Software, Net
Net premises, equipment and software increased $18 million, or 1.6%, during 2019. In 2017, we implemented the first phase of our core lending and deposit systems replacement project, which replaced the Bank’s primary consumer lending systems. During the first quarter of 2019, we successfully implemented the second phase of this project by replacing the Bank's primary commercial and CRE lending systems. With this milestone reached, we now have substantially all our in-scope retail, commercial and CRE loans on a new modern core platform. We are well underway with the project to convert our deposit servicing system by 2022. The total core replacement project spend amount is comprised of both capitalized amounts and amounts that are expensed as incurred. The useful life for most of the capitalized costs is 10 years. The following schedule shows the total amount of costs capitalized, less accumulated depreciation, by phase for the core replacement project.
Schedule 19
CAPITALIZED COSTS FOR THE CORE REPLACEMENT PROJECT
| December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total amount capitalized, less accumulated depreciation | $ | 54 | $ | 83 | $ | 61 | $ | 198 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Deposits
Deposits, both interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing, are a primary source of funding for the Bank. Average total deposits increased by 4% during 2019, compared with 2018, with average interest-bearing deposits increasing by 8% and average noninterest-bearing deposits decreasing by 2.0%. The average interest rate paid for interest-bearing deposits was 34 bps higher in 2019 compared with 2018.
Demand, savings, and money market deposits were 91.7% and 92.0% of total deposits at December 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, respectively. At December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, total deposits included $2.3 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively, of brokered deposits.
See Notes 12 and 13 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and “Liquidity Risk Management” on page 69 for additional information on funding and borrowed funds.
RISK ELEMENTS
Since risk is inherent in substantially all of the Bank’s operations, management of risk is an integral part of its operations and is also a key determinant of its overall performance. The Board of Directors has appointed a Risk Oversight Committee (“ROC”) that consists of appointed Board members who oversee the Bank’s risk management processes. The ROC meets on a regular basis to monitor and review Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) policies and activities. As required by its charter, the ROC performs oversight for various ERM activities and approves ERM policies and activities as detailed in the ROC charter.
Management applies various strategies to reduce the risks to which the Bank’s operations are exposed, including credit, interest rate and market, liquidity, and operational risks. These risks are overseen by the various management committees of which the Enterprise Risk Management Committee is the focal point for the monitoring and review of enterprise risk.
Credit Risk Management
Credit risk is the possibility of loss from the failure of a borrower, guarantor, or another obligor to fully perform under the terms of a credit-related contract. Credit risk arises primarily from our lending activities, as well as from off-balance sheet credit instruments.
The Board of Directors, through the ROC, is responsible for approving the overall credit policies relating to the management of the credit risk of the Bank. In addition, the ROC oversees and monitors adherence to key credit policies and the credit risk appetite as defined in the Risk Appetite Framework. Additionally, the Board has established the Credit Risk Committee, chaired by the Chief Credit Officer and consisting of members of management, to which it has delegated the responsibility for managing credit risk for the Bank and approving changes to the Bank’s credit policies.
Centralized oversight of credit risk is provided through credit policies, credit risk management, and credit examination functions. Our credit policies place emphasis on strong underwriting standards and early detection of potential problem credits in order to develop and implement action plans on a timely basis to mitigate any potential losses. These formal credit policies and procedures provide the Bank with a framework for consistent underwriting and a basis for sound credit decisions at the local banking affiliate level. Credit examinations related to the ACL are reported to both the Audit Committee and the ROC.
Our credit risk management function is separate from the lending function and strengthens control over, and the independent evaluation of, credit activities. In addition, we have a well-defined set of standards for evaluating our loan portfolio, and we utilize a comprehensive loan risk-grading system to determine the risk potential in the portfolio. Furthermore, the internal credit examination department, which is independent of the lending function, periodically conducts examinations of the Bank’s lending departments and credit activities. These examinations are designed to review credit quality, adequacy of documentation, appropriate loan risk-grading administration, and compliance with credit policies. New, expanded, or modified products and services, as well as new lines of business, are approved by the New Initiative Review Committee.
54
Our credit risk management strategy includes diversification of our loan portfolio. We attempt to avoid the risk of an undue concentration of credits in a particular industry or collateral type or with an individual customer or counterparty. Generally, our loan portfolio is well diversified; however, due to the nature of our geographical footprint, there are certain significant concentrations primarily in CRE and oil and gas-related lending. We have adopted and adhere to concentration limits on leveraged lending, municipal lending, oil and gas-related lending, and various types of CRE lending, particularly construction and land development lending. All of these limits are continually monitored and revised as necessary. Our business activity is primarily with customers located within the geographical footprint of our banking affiliates.
As we continue to monitor our concentration risk, the composition of our loan portfolio remained relatively unchanged from the prior year. Total commercial loans remained at 52% of the total portfolio at December 31, 2019 and 2018. CRE loans remained at 24% of the total portfolio at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Consumer loans also remained at 24% of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2019 and 2018.
Schedule 20
LOAN AND LEASE PORTFOLIO DIVERSIFICATION
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Amount | % of total loans | Amount | % of total loans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | 14,760 | 30.3 | % | $ | 14,513 | 31.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing | 334 | 0.7 | 327 | 0.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 7,901 | 16.2 | 7,661 | 16.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal | 2,393 | 4.9 | 1,661 | 3.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 25,388 | 52.1 | 24,162 | 51.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | 2,211 | 4.5 | 2,186 | 4.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | 9,344 | 19.2 | 8,939 | 19.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 11,555 | 23.7 | 11,125 | 23.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | 2,917 | 6.0 | 2,937 | 6.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | 7,568 | 15.6 | 7,176 | 15.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | 624 | 1.3 | 643 | 1.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bankcard and other revolving plans | 502 | 1.0 | 491 | 1.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 155 | 0.3 | 180 | 0.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer | 11,766 | 24.2 | 11,427 | 24.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total net loans and leases | $ | 48,709 | 100.0 | % | $ | 46,714 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Government Agency Guaranteed Loans
We participate in various guaranteed lending programs sponsored by U.S. government agencies, such as the SBA, Federal Housing Authority, Veterans’ Administration, Export-Import Bank of the U.S. and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. As of December 31, 2019, the principal balance of these loans was $580 million, and the guaranteed portion of these loans was $433 million. Most of these loans were guaranteed by the SBA.
55
The following schedule presents the composition of U.S. government agency guaranteed loans.
Schedule 21
U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCY GUARANTEES
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | December 31, 2019 | Percent guaranteed | December 31, 2018 | Percent guaranteed | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial | $ | 555 | 74 | % | $ | 537 | 75 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | 18 | 78 | 14 | 79 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer | 7 | 100 | 9 | 100 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total loans | $ | 580 | 75 | % | $ | 560 | 76 | % | |||||||||||||||
Commercial Lending
The following schedule provides selected information regarding lending concentrations to certain industries in our commercial lending portfolio.
Schedule 22
COMMERCIAL LENDING BY INDUSTRY GROUP
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Amount | Percent | Amount | Percent | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retail trade | $ | 2,606 | 10.3 | % | $ | 2,434 | 10.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Real estate, rental and leasing | 2,401 | 9.5 | 2,636 | 10.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Manufacturing | 2,160 | 8.5 | 2,145 | 8.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Healthcare and social assistance | 1,916 | 7.5 | 1,695 | 7.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance and insurance | 1,837 | 7.2 | 2,036 | 8.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wholesale trade | 1,639 | 6.4 | 1,527 | 6.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transportation and warehousing | 1,454 | 5.7 | 1,328 | 5.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction | 1,429 | 5.6 | 1,206 | 5.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Utilities 1 | 1,411 | 5.6 | 1,163 | 4.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Public administration | 1,189 | 4.7 | 806 | 3.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction | 1,158 | 4.6 | 1,194 | 4.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hospitality and food services | 983 | 3.9 | 1,005 | 4.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Professional, scientific, and technical services | 950 | 3.7 | 859 | 3.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other services (except Public Administration) | 890 | 3.5 | 887 | 3.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other 2 | 3,365 | 13.3 | 3,241 | 13.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 25,388 | 100.0 | % | 24,162 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Includes primarily utilities, power, and renewable energy.
2No other industry group exceeds 3.5%.
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Commercial Real Estate Loans
Selected information indicative of credit quality regarding our CRE loan portfolio is presented in the following schedule.
Schedule 23
COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE PORTFOLIO BY LOAN TYPE AND COLLATERAL LOCATION
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Collateral Location | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loan type | As of date | Arizona | California | Colorado | Nevada | Texas | Utah/ Idaho | Wash-ington/Oregon | Other 1 | Total | % of total CRE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial term | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance outstanding | 12/31/2019 | $ | 1,211 | $ | 2,995 | $ | 545 | $ | 659 | $ | 1,580 | $ | 1,411 | $ | 428 | $ | 515 | $ | 9,344 | 80.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of loan type | 13.0 | % | 32.0 | % | 5.8 | % | 7.1 | % | 16.9 | % | 15.1 | % | 4.6 | % | 5.5 | % | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Delinquency rates: 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 30-89 days | 12/31/2019 | 0.1 | % | 0.1 | % | — | % | 0.2 | % | — | % | 0.1 | % | — | % | 0.2 | % | 0.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/2018 | — | % | — | % | — | % | 0.2 | % | — | % | 0.1 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ≥ 90 days | 12/31/2019 | — | % | 0.1 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | 0.2 | % | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/2018 | — | % | 0.1 | % | 0.2 | % | — | % | 0.4 | % | 0.1 | % | — | % | — | % | 0.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accruing loans past due 90 days or more | 12/31/2019 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/2018 | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nonaccrual loans | 12/31/2019 | — | 3 | — | — | 3 | 6 | — | 4 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/2018 | 2 | 8 | — | 1 | 8 | 6 | — | 13 | 38 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential construction and land development | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance outstanding | 12/31/2019 | $ | 67 | $ | 260 | $ | 58 | $ | — | $ | 196 | $ | 146 | $ | 11 | $ | 22 | $ | 760 | 6.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of loan type | 8.8 | % | 34.2 | % | 7.6 | % | — | % | 25.8 | % | 19.2 | % | 1.5 | % | 2.9 | % | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Delinquency rates: 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 30-89 days | 12/31/2019 | — | % | 1.2 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | 0.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/2018 | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ≥ 90 days | 12/31/2019 | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/2018 | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accruing loans past due 90 days or more | 12/31/2019 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/2018 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nonaccrual loans | 12/31/2019 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/2018 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial construction and land development | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance outstanding | 12/31/2019 | $ | 147 | $ | 271 | $ | 51 | $ | 98 | $ | 279 | $ | 413 | $ | 146 | $ | 46 | $ | 1,451 | 12.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of loan type | 10.1 | % | 18.7 | % | 3.5 | % | 6.7 | % | 19.2 | % | 28.5 | % | 10.1 | % | 3.2 | % | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Delinquency rates: 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 30-89 days | 12/31/2019 | — | % | 0.4 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | 0.2 | % | — | % | — | % | 0.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/2018 | — | % | 0.4 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | 0.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ≥ 90 days | 12/31/2019 | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/2018 | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accruing loans past due 90 days or more | 12/31/2019 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/2018 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nonaccrual loans | 12/31/2019 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/2018 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total construction and land development | 12/31/2019 | $ | 214 | $ | 531 | $ | 109 | $ | 98 | $ | 475 | $ | 559 | $ | 157 | $ | 68 | $ | 2,211 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 12/31/2019 | $ | 1,425 | $ | 3,526 | $ | 654 | $ | 757 | $ | 2,055 | $ | 1,970 | $ | 585 | $ | 583 | $ | 11,555 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1No other geography exceeds $79 million for all three loan types.
2Delinquency rates include nonaccrual loans.
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Approximately 9% of the CRE term loans consist of mini-perm loans as of December 31, 2019. For such loans, construction has been completed and the project has stabilized to a level that supports the granting of a mini-perm loan in accordance with our underwriting standards. Mini-perm loans generally have initial maturities of three to five years. The remaining 91% of CRE loans are term loans with initial maturities generally of 5 to 20 years. The stabilization criteria for a project to qualify for a term loan differ by product type and include criteria related to the cash flow generated by the project, loan-to-value ratio, and occupancy rates.
Approximately $158 million, or 7%, of the commercial construction and land development portfolio at December 31, 2019 consists of acquisition and development loans. Most of these acquisition and development loans are secured by specific retail, apartment, office, or other projects.
Underwriting on commercial properties is primarily based on the economic viability of the project with heavy consideration given to the creditworthiness and experience of the sponsor. We generally require that the owner’s equity be injected prior to bank advances. Remargining requirements (required equity infusions upon a decline in value or cash flow of the collateral) are often included in the loan agreement along with guarantees of the sponsor. Recognizing that debt is paid via cash flow, the projected cash flows of the project are critical in the underwriting because these determine the ultimate value of the property and its ability to service debt. Therefore, in most projects (with the exception of multi-family and hospitality construction projects), we require substantial pre-leasing/leasing in our underwriting and we generally require a minimum projected stabilized debt service coverage ratio of 1.20 or higher, depending on the project asset class.
Within the residential construction and development sector, many of the requirements previously mentioned, such as creditworthiness and experience of the developer, up-front injection of the developer’s equity, principal curtailment requirements, and the viability of the project are also important in underwriting a residential development loan. Significant consideration is given to the forecasted market acceptance of the product, location, strength of the developer, and the ability of the developer to stay within budget. Progress inspections by qualified independent inspectors are routinely performed before disbursements are made.
Real estate appraisals are ordered in accordance with regulatory guidelines and are validated independently of the loan officer and the borrower, generally by our internal appraisal review function, which is staffed by licensed appraisers. In some cases, reports from automated valuation services are used or internal evaluations are performed. A new appraisal or evaluation is required when a loan deteriorates to a certain level of credit weakness.
Advance rates (i.e., loan commitments) will vary based on the viability of the project and the creditworthiness of the sponsor, but our guidelines generally limit advances to 50% for raw land, 65% for land development, 65% for finished commercial lots, 75% for finished residential lots, 80% for pre-sold homes, 75% for models and homes not under contract, and 75% for commercial properties. Exceptions may be granted on a case-by-case basis.
Loan agreements require regular financial information on the project and the sponsor in addition to lease schedules, rent rolls and, on construction projects, independent progress inspection reports. The receipt of this financial information is monitored, and calculations are made to determine adherence to the covenants set forth in the loan agreement.
The existence of a guarantee that improves the likelihood of repayment is taken into consideration when analyzing CRE loans for impairment. If the support of the guarantor is quantifiable and documented, it is included in the potential cash flows and liquidity available for debt repayment, and our impairment methodology takes this repayment source into consideration.
When we modify or extend a loan, we also give consideration to whether the borrower is in financial difficulty, and whether we have granted a concession. In determining if an interest rate concession has been granted, we consider whether the interest rate on the modified loan is equivalent to current market rates for new debt with similar risk characteristics. If the rate in the modification is less than current market rates, it may indicate that a concession was granted and impairment exists. However, if additional collateral is obtained, or if a guarantor exists who has the
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capacity and willingness to support the loan on an extended basis, we also consider the nature and amount of the additional collateral and guarantees in the ultimate determination of whether a concession has been granted.
In general, we obtain and consider updated financial information for the guarantor as part of our determination to extend a loan. The quality and frequency of financial reporting collected and analyzed varies depending on the contractual requirements for reporting, the size of the transaction, and the strength of the guarantor.
Complete underwriting of the guarantor includes, but is not limited to, an analysis of the guarantor’s current financial statements, leverage, liquidity, global cash flow, global debt service coverage, contingent liabilities, etc. The assessment also includes a qualitative analysis of the guarantor’s willingness to perform in the event of a problem and demonstrated history of performing in similar situations. Additional analysis may include personal financial statements, tax returns, liquidity (brokerage) confirmations, and other reports, as appropriate.
A qualitative assessment is performed on a case-by-case basis to evaluate the guarantor’s experience, performance track record, reputation, and willingness to work with us. We also utilize market information sources, rating, and scoring services in our assessment. This qualitative analysis coupled with a documented quantitative ability to support the loan may result in a higher-quality internal loan grade, which may reduce the level of allowance we estimate. Previous documentation of the guarantor’s financial ability to support the loan is discounted if there is any indication of a lack of willingness by the guarantor to support the loan.
In the event of default, we evaluate the pursuit of any and all appropriate potential sources of repayment, which may come from multiple sources, including the guarantee. A number of factors are considered when deciding whether or not to pursue a guarantor, including, but not limited to, the value and liquidity of other sources of repayment (collateral), the financial strength and liquidity of the guarantor, possible statutory limitations (e.g., single action rule on real estate) and the overall cost of pursuing a guarantee compared with the ultimate amount we may be able to recover. In other instances, the guarantor may voluntarily support a loan without any formal pursuit of remedies.
Consumer Loans
We have mainly been an originator of first and second mortgages, generally considered to be of prime quality. We generally hold variable-rate loans in our portfolio and sell “conforming” fixed-rate loans to third parties, including Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, for which we make representations and warranties that the loans meet certain underwriting and collateral documentation standards.
We are engaged in Home Equity Credit Line (“HECL”) lending. At both December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, our HECL portfolio totaled $2.9 billion. The following schedule describes the composition of our HECL portfolio by lien status.
Schedule 24
HECL PORTFOLIO BY LIEN STATUS
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||
| Secured by first deeds of trust | $ | 1,392 | $ | 1,458 | |||||||||||||
| Secured by second (or junior) liens | 1,525 | 1,479 | |||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,917 | $ | 2,937 | |||||||||||||
At December 31, 2019, loans representing less than 1% of the outstanding balance in the HECL portfolio were estimated to have combined loan-to-value ratios (“CLTV”) above 100%. An estimated CLTV ratio is the ratio of our loan plus any prior lien amounts divided by the estimated current collateral-value. At origination, underwriting standards for the HECL portfolio generally include a maximum 80% CLTV with high credit scores at origination.
Approximately 89% of our HECL portfolio is still in the draw period, and approximately 18% of those loans are scheduled to begin amortizing within the next five years. We regularly analyze the risk of borrower default in the event of a loan becoming fully amortizing and the risk of higher interest rates. The analysis indicates that the risk of loss from this factor is minimal in the current economic environment. The ratio of net charge-offs to average
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balances at year-end 2019 and 2018 was 0.02% and (0.02)%, respectively. See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the credit quality of this portfolio.
Nonperforming Assets
Nonperforming assets as a percentage of loans and leases and other real estate owned (“OREO”) decreased to 0.51% at December 31, 2019, compared with 0.55% at December 31, 2018.
Total nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2019 decreased to $243 million from $252 million at December 31, 2018, primarily in the term CRE loan portfolio. The largest total decrease in nonaccrual loans occurred at Amegy.
The balance of nonaccrual loans can decrease due to paydowns, charge-offs, and the return of loans to accrual status under certain conditions. If a nonaccrual loan is refinanced or restructured, the new note is immediately placed on nonaccrual. If a restructured loan performs under the new terms for at least a period of six months, the loan can be considered for return to accrual status. See “Restructured Loans” and Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on nonaccrual loans.
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The following schedule presents our nonperforming assets:
Schedule 25
NONPERFORMING ASSETS
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nonaccrual loans: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans held for sale | $ | — | $ | 6 | $ | 12 | $ | 40 | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | 110 | 82 | 195 | 354 | 164 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing | — | 2 | 8 | 14 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 65 | 67 | 90 | 74 | 74 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal | — | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | — | — | 4 | 7 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | 16 | 38 | 36 | 29 | 40 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Real estate | 52 | 55 | 68 | 49 | 59 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | 1 | — | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nonaccrual loans | 243 | 252 | 414 | 569 | 350 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial properties | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developed land | 1 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Land | 1 | — | — | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developed land | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Land | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned | 8 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total nonperforming assets | $ | 251 | $ | 256 | $ | 418 | $ | 573 | $ | 357 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ratio of nonperforming assets to net loans and leases1 and other real estate owned | 0.51 | % | 0.55 | % | 0.93 | % | 1.34 | % | 0.87 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accruing loans past due 90 days or more: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial | $ | 9 | $ | 7 | $ | 17 | $ | 18 | $ | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | — | 1 | 2 | 13 | 22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 10 | $ | 10 | $ | 22 | $ | 36 | $ | 32 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ratio of accruing loans past due 90 days or more to net loans and leases1 | 0.02 | % | 0.02 | % | 0.05 | % | 0.08 | % | 0.08 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Includes loans held for sale.
Restructured Loans
Troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) are loans that have been modified to accommodate a borrower who is experiencing financial difficulties, and for whom we have granted a concession that we would not otherwise consider. TDRs decreased $49 million, or 24%, during 2019, primarily due to payments and payoffs. Commercial loans may be modified to provide the borrower more time to complete the project, to achieve a higher lease-up percentage, to sell the property, or for other reasons. Consumer loan TDRs represent loan modifications in which a concession has been granted to the borrower who is unable to refinance the loan with another lender, or who is experiencing economic hardship. Such consumer loan TDRs may include residential mortgage loans and home equity loans.
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If a nonaccruing restructured loan performs for at least six months according to the modified terms, and an analysis of the customer’s financial condition indicates that we are reasonably assured of repayment of the modified principal and interest, the loan may be returned to accrual status. The borrower’s payment performance prior to, and following, the restructuring is taken into account to determine whether a loan should be returned to accrual status.
Schedule 26
ACCRUING AND NONACCRUING TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURED LOANS
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||
| Restructured loans – accruing | $ | 78 | $ | 112 | |||||||||||||
| Restructured loans – nonaccruing | 75 | 90 | |||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 153 | $ | 202 | |||||||||||||
In the periods following the calendar year in which a loan was restructured, a loan may no longer be reported as a TDR if it is on accrual, is in compliance with its modified terms, and yields a market rate (as determined and documented at the time of the modification or restructure). See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding TDRs.
Schedule 27
TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURED LOANS ROLLFORWARD
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 202 | $ | 226 | |||||||
| New identified troubled debt restructuring and principal increases | 48 | 142 | |||||||||
| Payments and payoffs | (84) | (131) | |||||||||
| Charge-offs | (10) | (7) | |||||||||
| No longer reported as troubled debt restructuring | — | (20) | |||||||||
| Sales and other | (3) | (8) | |||||||||
| Balance at end of year | $ | 153 | $ | 202 | |||||||
Allowance for Credit Losses
In analyzing the adequacy of the ALLL, we utilize a comprehensive loan grading system to determine the risk potential in the portfolio and also consider the results of independent internal credit reviews. To determine the adequacy of the allowance, our loan and lease portfolio is broken into segments based on loan type.
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The following schedule shows the changes in the allowance for loan losses and a summary of loan loss experience:
Schedule 28
SUMMARY OF LOAN LOSS EXPERIENCE
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans and leases outstanding (net of unearned income) | $ | 48,709 | $ | 46,714 | $ | 44,780 | $ | 42,649 | $ | 40,650 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average loans and leases outstanding, (net of unearned income) | $ | 48,265 | $ | 45,425 | $ | 43,501 | $ | 42,062 | $ | 40,171 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for loan losses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 495 | $ | 518 | $ | 567 | $ | 606 | $ | 605 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision charged to earnings | 37 | (39) | 24 | 93 | 40 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Charge-offs: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial | 57 | 46 | 118 | 170 | 111 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | 4 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer | 17 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 78 | 69 | 144 | 198 | 139 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recoveries: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial | 25 | 68 | 46 | 43 | 55 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | 6 | 9 | 14 | 14 | 35 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer | 10 | 8 | 11 | 9 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 41 | 85 | 71 | 66 | 100 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loan and lease charge-offs | 37 | (16) | 73 | 132 | 39 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of year | $ | 495 | $ | 495 | $ | 518 | $ | 567 | $ | 606 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of net charge-offs to average loans and leases | 0.08 | % | (0.04) | % | 0.17 | % | 0.31 | % | 0.10 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of allowance for loan losses to net loans and leases, on December 31, | 1.02 | % | 1.06 | % | 1.16 | % | 1.33 | % | 1.49 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans, on December 31, | 204 | % | 201 | % | 129 | % | 107 | % | 173 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratio of allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans and accruing loans past due 90 days or more, on December 31, | 196 | % | 193 | % | 122 | % | 101 | % | 159 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Schedule 29
ALLOCATION OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES
At December 31,
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | % of total loans | Allocation of allowance | % of total loans | Allocation of allowance | % of total loans | Allocation of allowance | % of total loans | Allocation of allowance | % of total loans | Allocation of allowance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loan segment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial | 52.1 | % | $ | 341 | 51.7 | % | $ | 331 | 51.2 | % | $ | 371 | 50.6 | % | $ | 420 | 52.9 | % | $ | 454 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | 23.7 | 101 | 23.8 | 110 | 24.8 | 103 | 26.6 | 116 | 25.5 | 114 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer | 24.2 | 53 | 24.5 | 54 | 24.0 | 44 | 22.8 | 31 | 21.6 | 38 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 100.0 | % | $ | 495 | 100.0 | % | $ | 495 | 100.0 | % | $ | 518 | 100.0 | % | $ | 567 | 100.0 | % | $ | 606 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The total ALLL remained stable during 2019, primarily as a result of loan growth, offset by recent default and loss rates that are lower than long-term averages.
The RULC represents a reserve for potential losses associated with off-balance sheet commitments and standby letters of credit. The reserve is separately shown in the balance sheet and any related increases or decreases in the reserve are shown separately in the statement of income. At December 31, 2019, the reserve increased by $2 million, compared with December 31, 2018, for reasons described previously for the change in the ALLL.
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See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to the ACL and credit trends experienced in each portfolio segment.
Interest Rate and Market Risk Management
Interest rate and market risk are managed centrally. Interest rate risk is the potential for reduced net interest income and other rate-sensitive income resulting from adverse changes in the level of interest rates. Market risk is the potential for loss arising from adverse changes in the fair value of fixed-income securities, equity securities, other earning assets, and derivative financial instruments as a result of changes in interest rates or other factors. As a financial institution that engages in transactions involving an array of financial products, we are exposed to both interest rate risk and market risk.
The Bank’s Board of Directors is responsible for approving the overall policies relating to the management of the financial risk of the Bank, including interest rate and market risk management. The Board has established the Asset Liability Committee (“ALCO”) consisting of members of management, to which it has delegated the responsibility of managing interest rate and market risk for the Bank. ALCO establishes and periodically revises policy limits and reviews with the ROC the limits and limit exceptions reported by management.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is one of the most significant risks to which we are regularly exposed. In general, our goal in managing interest rate risk is to manage balance sheet sensitivity to reduce net income volatility due to changes in interest rates.
Over the course of the last several years, we have actively reduced the level of asset sensitivity through the purchase of short-to-medium duration agency pass-through securities and funding these purchases by reducing money market investments and increasing short-term borrowings. This repositioning of the investment portfolio has increased current net interest income while dampening the impact of lower rates on net interest income contraction. We anticipate moderately lower net interest income in a falling rate environment as our assets reprice more quickly than our liabilities.
Additionally, during 2019 we've expanded our use of interest rate derivatives to further reduce asset sensitivity through purchased interest rate floors (which were subsequently rolled into receive-fixed interest rate swaps) and additional receive-fixed interest rate swaps, designated as cash flow hedges of pools of floating-rate loans. We also use receive-fixed interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges of fixed-rate debt to further manage our interest rate risk profile. For more information on derivatives designated as qualifying cash flow and fair value hedges, see Note 7 – Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.
The schedule below presents all derivatives utilized in our asset liability management ("ALM") activities that are designated in qualifying hedging relationships as defined by GAAP as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The schedule includes the notional amount, fair value, and the weighted-average strike rate for each category of interest rate derivatives, shown by maturity for the next five years.
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Schedule 30
ASSET LIABILITY MANAGEMENT DERIVATIVE POSITIONS
| December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contractual Maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Total Active | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | Thereafter | Matured in 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flow hedges | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net fair value1 | $ | 47 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 27 | $ | 8 | $ | 13 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total notional amount | 3,588 | 438 | 50 | 2,400 | 300 | 400 | — | 200 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average fixed-rate | 2.05 | % | 1.56 | % | 1.81 | % | 2.06 | % | 2.35 | % | 2.35 | % | — | % | 1.62 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value hedges | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Receive-fixed interest rate swaps | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net fair value1 | $ | 10 | $ | — | $ | 10 | $ | 9 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (10) | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total notional amount | 1,500 | — | 500 | 500 | — | — | 500 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average fixed-rate | 2.39 | % | — | % | 2.99 | % | 2.46 | % | — | % | — | % | 1.70 | % | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total ALM interest rate derivatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net fair value1 | $ | 57 | $ | — | $ | 11 | $ | 36 | $ | 8 | $ | 13 | $ | (10) | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total notional amount | 5,088 | 438 | 550 | 2,900 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 200 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contractual Maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Total Active | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | Thereafter | Matured in 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flow hedges | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net fair value1 | $ | (8) | $ | (1) | $ | (6) | $ | (1) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total notional amount | 688 | 200 | 438 | 50 | — | — | — | — | 450 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average fixed-rate | 1.59 | % | 1.62 | % | 1.56 | % | 1.81 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | 1.20 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value hedges | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Receive-fixed interest rate swaps | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net fair value1 | $ | 5 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 5 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total notional amount | 500 | — | — | 500 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average fixed-rate | 2.99 | % | — | % | — | % | 2.99 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total ALM interest rate derivatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net fair value1 | $ | (3) | $ | (1) | $ | (6) | $ | 4 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total notional amount | 1,188 | 200 | 438 | 550 | — | — | — | — | 450 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Fair Values shown in the schedule above are presented net, with both positive and negative fair values reported in a single amount for each line. Values exclude the effects of collateral settlements for centrally cleared derivatives.
Interest Rate Risk Measurement
We monitor interest rate risk through the use of two complementary measurement methods: net interest income simulation, or Earnings at Risk (“EaR”), and Economic Value of Equity at Risk (“EVE”). EaR analyzes the expected change in near term (one year) net interest income in response to changes in interest rates. In the EVE method, we measure the expected changes in the fair value of equity in response to changes in interest rates.
EaR is an estimate of the change in total net interest income that would be recognized under different interest rate environments over a one-year period. This simulated impact to net interest income due to a change in rates uses as its base a modeled net interest income that is not necessarily the same as the most recent quarter's or year's reported
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net interest income. Rather, EaR employs estimated net interest income under an unchanged interest rate scenario as the basis for comparison. The EaR process then simulates changes to the base net interest income under several interest rate scenarios, including parallel and nonparallel interest rate shifts across the yield curve, taking into account deposit repricing assumptions and estimates of the possible exercise of embedded options within the portfolio (e.g., a borrower’s ability to refinance a loan under a lower-rate environment). The EaR model does not contemplate changes in fee income that are amortized into interest income (e.g. premiums, discounts, origination points and costs, etc). Our policy contains a trigger for a 10% decline in rate-sensitive income as well as a risk capacity of a 13% decline if rates were to immediately rise or fall in parallel by 200 bps. As of December 31, 2018 the EaR declined by 12% for a 200 bps decline in rates. This trigger violation informed our decision to move to a less asset-sensitive position throughout 2019. As of December 31, 2019 the EaR declined by 9% for a 200 bps decline in rates.
EVE is calculated as the fair value of all assets minus the fair value of liabilities. We measure changes in the dollar amount of EVE for parallel shifts in interest rates. Due to embedded optionality and asymmetric rate risk, changes in EVE can be useful in quantifying risks not apparent for small rate changes. Examples of such risks may include out-of-the-money interest rate caps (or limits) on loans, which have little effect under small rate movements but may become important if large rate changes were to occur, or substantial prepayment deceleration for low-rate mortgages in a higher-rate environment. Our policy contains a trigger for an 8% decline in EVE as well as a risk capacity of a 10% decline if rates were to immediately rise or fall in parallel by 200 bps. Exceptions to the EVE limits are subject to notification and approval by the ROC.
Estimating the impact on net interest income and EVE requires that we assess a number of variables and make various assumptions in managing our exposure to changes in interest rates. The assessments address deposit withdrawals and deposit product migration (e.g., customers moving money from checking accounts to certificates of deposit), competitive pricing (e.g., existing loans and deposits are assumed to roll into new loans and deposits at similar spreads relative to benchmark interest rates), loan and security prepayments, and the effects of other similar embedded options. As a result of uncertainty about the maturity and repricing characteristics of both deposits and loans, we also calculate the sensitivity of EaR and EVE results to key assumptions. As most of our liabilities are comprised of indeterminate maturity and managed rate deposits, the modeled results are highly sensitive to the assumptions used for these deposits, such as checking, savings and money market accounts, and also to prepayment assumptions used for loans with prepayment options. We use historical regression analysis as a guide for setting such assumptions; however, due to the current low interest rate environment, which has little historical precedent, estimated deposit behavior may not reflect actual future results. Additionally, competition for funding in the marketplace has and may again result in changes to deposit pricing on interest-bearing accounts that are greater or less than changes in benchmark interest rates such as LIBOR or the federal funds rate.
Under most rising interest rate environments, we would expect some customers to move balances from demand deposits to interest-bearing accounts such as money market, savings, or certificates of deposit. The models are particularly sensitive to the assumption about the rate of such migration.
In addition, we assume certain correlation rates, often referred to as a “deposit beta,” of interest-bearing deposits, wherein the rates paid to customers change at a different pace when compared with changes in average benchmark interest rates. Generally, certificates of deposit are assumed to have a high correlation rate, while interest-on-checking accounts are assumed to have a lower correlation rate. Actual results may differ materially due to factors including the shape of the yield curve, competitive pricing, money supply, credit worthiness of the Bank, and so forth; however, we use our historical experience as well as industry data to inform our assumptions.
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The aforementioned migration and correlation assumptions result in deposit durations presented in the following schedule.
Schedule 31
DEPOSIT ASSUMPTIONS
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Product | Effective duration (unchanged) | Effective duration (+200 bps) | Effective duration (unchanged) | Effective duration (+200 bps) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Demand deposits | 3.2 | % | 3.0 | % | 3.6 | % | 3.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market | 2.1 | % | 1.7 | % | 1.6 | % | 1.5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Savings and interest-on-checking | 2.6 | % | 2.2 | % | 2.8 | % | 2.5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
As of the dates indicated and incorporating the assumptions previously described, the following schedule shows EaR, or percentage change in net interest income, based on a static balance sheet size, in the first year after the interest rate change if interest rates were to sustain immediate parallel changes ranging from -100 bps to +300 bps.
Schedule 32
INCOME SIMULATION – CHANGE IN NET INTEREST INCOME
| December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parallel shift in rates (in bps)1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repricing scenario | -100 | 0 | +100 | +200 | +300 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings at Risk | (4.6) | % | — | % | 3.0 | % | 6.0 | % | 8.9 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Assumes rates cannot go below zero in the negative rate shift.
For nonmaturity interest-bearing deposits, the weighted average modeled beta is 32%. If the weighted average deposit beta were to decline to 28%, the EaR in the -100bps shock would change from -4.6% to -5.1%.
For comparative purposes, the December 31, 2018 measures are presented in the following schedule.
| December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parallel shift in rates (in bps)1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repricing scenario | -100 | 0 | +100 | +200 | +300 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings at Risk | (5.3) | % | — | % | 3.4 | % | 5.1 | % | 10.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Assumes rates cannot go below zero in the negative rate shift.
The asset sensitivity as measured by EaR decreased slightly since December 31, 2018, due to changes in the investment securities and funding compositions.
The EaR analysis focuses on parallel rate shocks across the term structure of rates. The yield curve typically does not move in a parallel manner. If we consider a steepening rate shock where the short-term rate moves -200bps but the ten-year rate only moves -30bps, the earnings decline is 15% less severe over 12 months compared with the parallel -200bps rate shock.
As of the dates indicated, the following schedule shows our estimated percentage change in EVE under parallel interest rate changes ranging from -100 bps to +300 bps. For nonmaturity interest-bearing deposits, the weighted average modeled beta is 32%. If the weighted average deposit beta were to decrease to 28% it would change the EVE in the -100bps shock from 8.0% to 7.9%. The decrease in EVE in the down rate shock is a result of the fact that in a very low rate environment the discount to par on deposits is floored at zero.
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Schedule 33
CHANGES IN ECONOMIC VALUE OF EQUITY
| December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parallel shift in rates (in bps)1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repricing scenario | -100 | 0 | +100 | +200 | +300 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Economic Value of Equity | 8.0 | % | — | % | 1.1 | % | 0.4 | % | (0.6) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Assumes rates cannot go below zero in the negative rate shift.
| December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parallel shift in rates (in bps)1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repricing scenario | -100 | 0 | +100 | +200 | +300 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Economic Value of Equity | (2.5) | % | — | % | (2.1) | % | (5.6) | % | (5.4) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Assumes rates cannot go below zero in the negative rate shift.
The changes in EVE measures from December 31, 2018 are primarily driven by the behavior of the deposit models. For nonmaturity deposits, the deposit premium (or discount below par value) is floored at zero in a low-rate environment. With term rates significantly lower on December 31, 2019 than on December 31, 2018 (e.g., 5 year LIBOR swap is approximately 110bps lower), deposit premium valuations have approached the floor resulting in minimal downward change in the -100bps rate shock. Furthermore, during 2019 some deposit model parameters were updated, which made the premium valuation closer to zero and the negative rate shock less comparable to the December 31, 2018 value. The positive rate shocks were less impacted by these model updates.
Our focus on business banking also plays a significant role in determining the nature of the Bank’s asset-liability management posture. At December 31, 2019, $21 billion of the Bank’s commercial lending and CRE loan balances were scheduled to reprice in the next three months. Of these variable-rate loans approximately 98% are tied to either the prime rate or LIBOR. For these variable-rate loans we have executed $3.6 billion of cash flow hedges by receiving fixed rates on interest rate swaps or through purchased interest rate floors. Additionally, asset sensitivity is reduced due to $237 million of variable-rate loans being priced at floored rates at December 31, 2019, which were above the “index plus spread” rate by an average of 43 bps. At December 31, 2019, we also had $3.3 billion of variable-rate consumer loans scheduled to reprice in the next three months. Of these variable-rate consumer loans approximately $65 million were priced at floored rates, which were above the “index plus spread” rate by an average of 17 bps. See Notes 3 and 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding derivative instruments.
In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority, the authority regulating LIBOR, along with various other regulatory bodies, announced that LIBOR would likely be discontinued at the end of 2021. For more information on the transition from LIBOR see Risk Factors on page 15. We are actively working to address any impacted contracts but realize that amending certain contracts indexed to LIBOR may require consent from the counterparties which could be difficult and costly to obtain in certain limited circumstances. Interest rate and market risk are managed centrally.
Market Risk – Fixed Income
We engage in the underwriting and trading of municipal securities. This trading activity exposes us to a risk of loss arising from adverse changes in the prices of these fixed-income securities.
At December 31, 2019, we had a relatively small amount, $182 million, of trading assets and $66 million of securities sold, not yet purchased, compared with $106 million and $85 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018.
We are exposed to market risk through changes in fair value. We are also exposed to market risk for interest rate swaps used to hedge interest rate risk. Changes in the fair value of AFS securities and in interest rate swaps that qualify as cash flow hedges are included in AOCI for each financial reporting period. During 2019, the after-tax change in AOCI attributable to AFS securities increased by $257 million, due largely to changes in the interest rate environment, compared with a $114 million decrease in the same prior year period.
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Market Risk – Equity Investments
Through our equity investment activities, we own equity securities that are publicly traded. In addition, we own equity securities in companies and governmental entities, e.g., Federal Reserve Bank and an FHLB, that are not publicly traded. The accounting for equity investments may use the cost, fair value, equity, or full consolidation methods of accounting, depending on our ownership position and degree of involvement in influencing the investees’ affairs. Regardless of the accounting method, the value of our investment is subject to fluctuation. Because the fair value of these securities may fall below our investment costs, we are exposed to the possibility of loss. Equity investments in private and public companies are approved, monitored, and evaluated by the Bank’s Equity Investments Committee consisting of members of management.
We hold both direct and indirect investments in predominantly pre-public companies, primarily through various SBIC venture capital funds. Our equity exposure to these investments was approximately $154 million and $132 million at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. On occasion, some of the companies within our SBIC investments may issue an initial public offering. In this case, the fund is generally subject to a lockout period before liquidating the investment, which can introduce additional market risk.
Liquidity Risk Management
Overview
Liquidity refers to our capacity to meet our cash and collateral obligations and to manage both expected and unexpected cash flows without adversely impacting the operations or financial strength of the Bank. Sources of liquidity include both traditional forms of funding, such as deposits, borrowings, and equity and unencumbered assets, such as marketable loans and securities.
Since liquidity risk is closely linked to both credit risk and market risk, many of the previously discussed risk control mechanisms also apply to the monitoring and management of liquidity risk. We manage our liquidity to provide adequate funds for our customers’ credit needs, capital plan actions, anticipated financial and contractual obligations, which include withdrawals by depositors, debt and capital service requirements, and lease obligations.
Overseeing liquidity management is the responsibility of ALCO, which implements a Board-approved corporate Liquidity and Funding Policy. This policy addresses monitoring and maintaining adequate liquidity, diversifying funding positions, and anticipating future funding needs. The policy also includes liquidity ratio guidelines, such as a 30-day liquidity coverage ratio, that are used to monitor the liquidity positions of the Bank as well as various stress test and liquid asset measurements for the Bank. The Bank continues to perform liquidity stress tests and assess its portfolio of highly liquid assets (sufficient to cover 30-day funding needs under stress scenarios). At December 31 2019, our investment securities portfolio of $14 billion and cash and money market investments of $2 billion collectively comprised 24% of total assets.
The management of liquidity and funding is performed by the Treasury Department under the direction of the Corporate Treasurer, with oversight by ALCO. The Treasurer is responsible for recommending changes to existing funding plans, as well as to the Bank’s Liquidity Policy. These recommendations must be submitted for approval to ALCO, and changes to the Policy also must be approved by the Bank’s ERMC and the Board of Directors. The Bank has adopted policy limits that govern liquidity risk. The policy requires the Bank to maintain a buffer of highly liquid assets sufficient to cover cash outflows in the event of a severe liquidity crisis. Throughout 2019 and as of December 31, 2019, the Bank complied with this policy.
Liquidity Regulation
Upon passage of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act, the Bank is no longer subject to the Enhanced Prudential Standards for liquidity management (Reg. YY). However, the Bank continues to perform liquidity stress tests and assess its portfolio of highly liquid assets (sufficient to cover 30-day funding needs under the stress scenarios). Although the Bank is no longer subject to the regulations of the Final LCR Rule, it exceeds the regulatory requirements that mandates a buffer of securities and other liquid assets to cover 70% of 30-day cash outflows under the assumptions mandated therein.
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Liquidity Management Actions
The Bank’s consolidated cash, interest-bearing deposits held as investments, and security resell agreements were $1.8 billion at December 31, 2019, compared with $2.4 billion at December 31, 2018, a decrease of $0.6 billion. During 2019 the uses of cash were primarily from (1) a net decrease in short-term borrowings, (2) net loan originations, (3) repurchases of our common stock, and (4) dividends on common and preferred stock. The sources of cash during this same period were primarily from (1) a net increase in deposits, (2) a net decrease in investment securities, (3) the issuance of long-term debt, and (4) net cash provided by operating activities.
The Bank’s core deposits, consisting of noninterest-bearing demand deposits, savings and money market deposits, and time deposits under $250,000, were $54.8 billion at December 31, 2019, compared with $51.2 billion at December 31, 2018. Total deposits were $57.1 billion at December 31, 2019, compared with $54.1 billion at December 31, 2018. The $3.0 billion increase during 2019 was primarily a result of a $2.6 billion and $0.4 billion increase in savings and money market deposits and time deposits, respectively.
During 2019, the Bank issued $500 million of senior notes with an interest rate of 3.35% and a maturity date of March 4, 2022 and $500 million of subordinated notes with an interest rate of 3.25% and a maturity date of October 29, 2029. The Bank subsequently entered into receive-fixed interest rate swaps for the notes. The notes and swaps constitute qualifying fair value hedging relationships. For more information on derivatives designated as qualifying cash flow and fair value hedges, see Note 7 – Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities. At December 31, 2019, maturities of our long-term senior and subordinated debt ranged from August 2021 to October 2029.
The Bank’s cash payments for interest, reflected in operating expenses, increased to $401 million during 2019 from $237 million during 2018 primarily due to an increase in deposits and long-term debt and an increase in the rate paid on borrowed funds. Additionally, the Bank paid approximately $260 million of total dividends on preferred stock and common stock during 2019, compared with $236 million during 2018. Dividends paid per common share have increased gradually from $0.20 in the first quarter of 2018 to $0.34 in the fourth quarter of 2019. In February 2020, the Board approved a quarterly common dividend of $0.34 per share.
General financial market and economic conditions impact our access to and cost of external financing. Access to funding markets for the Bank is also directly affected by the credit ratings received from various rating agencies. The ratings not only influence the costs associated with the borrowings, but can also influence the sources of the borrowings. All of the credit rating agencies rate the Bank’s debt at an investment-grade level. The Bank’s credit ratings improved slightly during 2019 and are presented in the following schedule.
Schedule 34
CREDIT RATINGS
| as of December 31, 2019: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rating agency | Outlook | Long-term issuer/senior debt rating | Subordinated debt rating | Short-term debt rating | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kroll | Stable | A- | BBB+ | K2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| S&P | Stable | BBB+ | BBB | NR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fitch | Stable | BBB+ | BBB | F1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Moody's | Stable | Baa2 | NR | NR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The FHLB system and Federal Reserve Banks have been and are a source of back-up liquidity and a significant source of funding. Zions Bancorporation, N.A. is a member of the FHLB of Des Moines. The FHLB allows member banks to borrow against their eligible loans and securities to satisfy liquidity and funding requirements. The Bank is required to invest in FHLB and Federal Reserve stock to maintain their borrowing capacity.
At December 31, 2019, the amount available for additional FHLB and Federal Reserve borrowings was approximately $15.3 billion, compared with $13.8 billion at December 31, 2018. Loans with a carrying value of approximately $21.5 billion at December 31, 2019 have been pledged at the FHLB of Des Moines and the Federal Reserve as collateral for current and potential borrowings compared with $22.6 million at December 31, 2018. At
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December 31, 2019, we had $1.0 billion of short-term FHLB borrowings outstanding and no long-term FHLB or Federal Reserve borrowings outstanding, compared with $4.5 billion of short-term FHLB borrowings and no long-term FHLB or Federal Reserve borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2019, our total investment in FHLB and Federal Reserve stock was $50 million and $107 million, respectively, compared with $190 million and $139 million at December 31, 2018.
Our AFS investment securities are primarily held as a source of contingent liquidity. We target securities that can be easily turned into cash through sale or repurchase agreements and whose value remains relatively stable during market disruptions. We regularly manage our short-term funding needs through secured borrowing with the securities pledged as collateral. Interest rate risk management is another consideration for selection of investment securities. Our AFS securities balances decreased by $1.0 billion during 2019.
The Bank’s loan to total deposit ratio has remained consistent and was 85% at December 31, 2019, compared with 86% at December 31, 2018, indicating higher deposit growth than loan growth during 2019. In recent years loan growth has generally outpaced deposit growth. If our operating and investing activities, including deposit activity, do not provide the loan funding required, the Bank will rely on more expensive wholesale funding for a portion of its loan growth. Our use of average borrowed funds (both short- and long-term) increased by $858 million during 2019 as our average deposit growth, decrease in AFS securities, and operating activities only partially funded loan growth over the period. During 2019, we paid income taxes of $233 million, compared with $207 million during 2018.
We may also, from time to time, issue additional preferred stock, senior or subordinated notes or other forms of capital or debt instruments, depending on our capital, funding, asset-liability management or other needs as market conditions warrant and subject to any required regulatory approvals. Management believes that the sources of available liquidity are adequate to meet all reasonably foreseeable short-term and intermediate-term demands.
Contractual Obligations
Schedule 35 summarizes our contractual obligations at December 31, 2019.
Schedule 35
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
| (In millions) | One year or less | Over one year through three years | Over three years through five years | Over five years | Indeterminable maturity 1 | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deposits | $ | 4,050 | $ | 556 | $ | 113 | $ | — | $ | 52,366 | $ | 57,085 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net unfunded commitments to extend credit | 6,303 | 6,873 | 3,517 | 6,406 | — | 23,099 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Standby letters of credit: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial | 471 | 150 | 3 | 7 | — | 631 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Performance | 171 | 19 | 2 | — | — | 192 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial letters of credit | 5 | — | — | — | — | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commitments to make venture and other noninterest-bearing investments 2 | — | — | — | — | 47 | 47 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Federal funds and other short-term borrowings | 2,053 | — | — | — | — | 2,053 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Long-term debt 3 | — | 997 | 131 | 585 | — | 1,713 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating leases, net of subleases | 50 | 84 | 56 | 99 | — | 289 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total contractual obligations | $ | 13,103 | $ | 8,679 | $ | 3,822 | $ | 7,097 | $ | 52,413 | $ | 85,114 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1Indeterminable maturity deposits include noninterest-bearing demand, savings and money market.
2Commitments to make venture and other noninterest-bearing investments do not have defined maturity dates. They are due upon demand and may be drawn immediately, or as late as after five years. Therefore, these commitments are shown as having indeterminable maturities.
3The maturities on long-term debt do not include the associated hedges.
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In addition to the commitments specifically noted in Schedule 35, we enter into a number of contractual commitments in the ordinary course of business. These include software licensing and maintenance, telecommunications services, facilities maintenance and equipment servicing, supplies purchasing, and other goods and services used in the operation of our business. Some of these contracts are renewable or cancellable at least annually, and in certain cases, to secure favorable pricing concessions, we have committed to contracts that may extend to several years.
We also enter into derivative contracts under which we are required either to receive or pay cash, depending on changes in interest rates. These contracts are carried at fair value on the balance sheet with the fair value representing the net present value of the expected future cash receipts and payments based on market rates of interest. The fair value of the contracts changes daily as interest rates change. See Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on derivative contracts.
Operational Risk Management
Operational risk is the risk to current or anticipated earnings or capital arising from inadequate or failed internal processes or systems, human errors or misconduct, or adverse external events. In our ongoing efforts to identify and manage operational risk, we have an ERM department whose responsibility is to help employees, management and the Board of Directors to assess, understand, measure, manage, and monitor risk in accordance with our Risk Appetite Framework. We have documented both controls and the Control Self-Assessment related to financial reporting under the 2013 framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and the FDICIA.
To manage and minimize our operational risk, we have in place transactional documentation requirements; systems and procedures to monitor transactions and positions; systems and procedures to detect and mitigate attempts to commit fraud, penetrate our systems or telecommunications, access customer data, and/or deny normal access to those systems to our legitimate customers; regulatory compliance reviews; and periodic reviews by the Bank’s Compliance Risk Management, Internal Audit and Credit Examination departments. Reconciliation procedures have been established to ensure that data processing systems consistently and accurately capture critical data. In addition, the Data Governance department has key governance surrounding data integrity and availability oversight. Further, we have key programs and procedures to maintain contingency and business continuity plans for operational support in the event of natural or other disasters. We also mitigate certain operational risks through the purchase of insurance, including errors and omissions and professional liability insurance.
We are continually improving our oversight of operational risk, including enhancement of risk identification, risk and control self-assessments, and antifraud measures, which are reported on a regular basis to enterprise management committees. The Operational Risk Management Committee reports to the ERMC, which reports to the ROC. Key measures have been established in line with our Risk Management Framework to increase oversight by ERM and Operational Risk Management through the strengthening of new initiative reviews, and enhancements to the Enterprise Procurement and Third Party Risk Management. We also continue to enhance and strengthen the Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery programs, Enterprise Security programs, Fraud Risk Oversight, Incident Response Oversight and Technology reporting.
Significant enhancements have also been made to governance, technology and reporting, including the establishment of Policy and Committee Governance programs, the implementation of a governance, risk and control solution, and the creation of an Enterprise Risk Profile and Operational Risk Profile. In addition, the establishment of an Enterprise Examination Management department has standardized our response and reporting, and increased our effectiveness and efficiencies with regulatory examination, communications and issues management.
The number and sophistication of attempts to disrupt or penetrate our systems, sometimes referred to as hacking, cyber fraud, cyberattacks, or other similar names continues to grow. To combat the ever increasing sophistication of cyberattacks, we have upgraded key detection software and expanded the number of staff and expertise to monitor and manage cyberattacks. In addition, we have elevated our oversight, internal reporting to the Board and respective
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committees. We have also implemented an advisory group made up of cyber industry and academic experts to assist us in better managing this critical risk.
CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Overview
The Board of Directors is responsible for approving the policies associated with capital management. The Board has established the Capital Management Committee (“CMC”), chaired by the Chief Financial Officer and consisting of members of management, whose primary responsibility is to recommend and administer the approved capital policies that govern the capital management of the Bank. Other major CMC responsibilities include:
•Setting overall capital targets within the Board-approved capital policy, monitoring performance compared with the Bank’s Capital Policy limits, and recommending changes to capital including dividends, common stock issuances and repurchases, subordinated debt, and changes in major strategies to maintain the Bank at well-capitalized levels;
•Maintaining an adequate capital cushion to withstand adverse stress events while continuing to meet the borrowing needs of its customers, and to provide reasonable assurance of continued access to wholesale funding, consistent with fiduciary responsibilities to depositors and bondholders; and
•Reviewing agency ratings of the Bank.
The Bank has a fundamental financial objective to consistently produce superior risk-adjusted returns on its shareholders’ capital. We believe that a strong capital position is vital to continued profitability and to promoting depositor and investor confidence. Specifically, it is the policy of the Bank to:
•Maintain sufficient capital to support current needs;
•Maintain an adequate capital cushion to withstand future adverse stress events while continuing to meet borrowing needs of its customers; and
•Meet fiduciary responsibilities to depositors and bondholders while managing capital distributions to shareholders through dividends and repurchases of common stock so as to be consistent with Federal Reserve guidelines SR 09-04 and 12 U.S.C §§ 56 and 60.
Merger of Bank Holding Company into Bank
On September 30, 2018, the Bank completed the merger of Zions Bancorporation, its former bank holding company, with, and into the Bank, formerly known as ZB, N.A. in order to reduce organizational complexity. The restructuring eliminated the bank holding company structure and associated regulatory framework, and resulted in ZB, N.A. being renamed Zions Bancorporation, National Association, and becoming the top-level entity within our corporate structure. The Bank’s primary regulator is now the OCC. The Bank continues to be subject to examinations by the CFPB with respect to consumer financial regulations. Under the National Bank Act and OCC regulations, certain capital transactions may be subject to the approval of the OCC.
Stress Testing
As a result of the Financial Stability Oversight Council’s action on September 12, 2018 and the merger of the holding company into the Bank, the Bank is no longer considered a systemically important financial institution under the Dodd-Frank Act. The Bank has experienced greater flexibility in the active management of shareholders’ equity. The Bank continues to utilize stress testing as the primary mechanism to inform its decisions on the appropriate level of capital and capital actions, based upon actual and hypothetically-stressed economic conditions. The results of our internal stress tests are publicly available on the Bank's website. The timing and amount of capital actions will be subject to various factors, including the Bank's financial performance, business needs, prevailing and anticipated economic conditions, and OCC approval.
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Common Stock and Common Stock Repurchases
Common stock and additional paid-in capital decreased $1.1 billion, or 28%, from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019, primarily due to $1.1 billion of Bank common stock repurchases of 23.5 million shares from publicly announced plans at an average price of $46.80 per share.
The level of common stock repurchases we executed during 2019 will moderate in the near term as we approach our target capital amounts and ratios. The Bank expects to maintain the appropriate amount of capital to cover inherent risk, while distributing excess capital to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. The timing and amount of additional common share repurchases will be subject to various factors, including the Bank's financial performance, business needs, prevailing economic conditions, and OCC approval. The magnitude, timing and form of capital return will be determined by the Board. Shares may be repurchased occasionally in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions, utilizing Rule 10b5-1 plans or otherwise. In February 2020, the Bank announced that the Board approved a plan to repurchase $75 million of common stock during the first quarter of 2020.
Schedule 36
CAPITAL DISTRIBUTIONS
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Common dividends paid | $ | 226 | $ | 202 | $ | 89 | |||||||||||
| Bank common stock repurchased – from publicly announced plans | 1,100 | 670 | 320 | ||||||||||||||
| Total capital distributed to common shareholders | $ | 1,326 | $ | 872 | $ | 409 | |||||||||||
| Capital distributed as a percentage of net earnings applicable to common shareholders | 170 | % | 103 | % | 74 | % | |||||||||||
The Bank paid common dividends of $226 million, or $1.28 per share, during 2019, compared with $202 million, or$1.04 per share, during 2018. In February 2020, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of 0.34 per common share payable on February 20, 2020 to shareholders of record on February 13, 2020. We paid dividends on preferred stock of $34 million during both 2019 and 2018. See Note 14 for additional detail about capital management transactions during 2019.
Total shareholders’ equity decreased slightly and was $7.4 billion at December 31, 2019, compared with $7.6 billion at December 31, 2018. This decrease was primarily a result of $1.1 billion from repurchases of Bank common stock and $260 million from common and preferred dividends paid. These decreases were partially offset by net income of $816 million and $293 million from an increase in the fair value of our AFS securities due largely to changes in the interest rate environment
During 2017 through 2019, the market price of our common stock was higher than the exercise price of common stock warrants on our common stock and had a dilutive effect upon earnings per share. The exercise of the common stock warrants is cashless as the warrants are settled on a net share basis, and will increase average basic shares. The impact of the common stock warrants is already considered in the average dilutive shares. As of December 31, 2019, the Bank had 29.3 million ZIONW warrants outstanding with an exercise price of $33.91 which expire on May 22, 2020. During 2018, 1.8 million shares of common stock were issued from the cashless exercise of 5.8 million ZIONZ common stock warrants which expired on November 14, 2018.
The following schedule presents the diluted shares from the remaining common stock warrants at various Zions Bancorporation, N.A. common stock market prices as of December 31, 2019, excluding the effect of changes in exercise cost and warrant share multiplier from the future payment of common stock dividends.
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Schedule 37
IMPACT OF COMMON STOCK WARRANTS
| Assumed Zions Bancorporation, N.A. Common Stock Market Price | Diluted Shares (000s) | |||||||
| $ | 30.00 | — | ||||||
| 35.00 | 3,251 | |||||||
| 40.00 | 6,794 | |||||||
| 45.00 | 9,549 | |||||||
| 50.00 | 11,754 | |||||||
| 55.00 | 13,557 | |||||||
| 60.00 | 15,060 | |||||||
| 65.00 | 16,332 | |||||||
See Note 14 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on our common stock warrants.
Basel III
The Bank is subject to Basel III capital requirements to maintain adequate levels of capital as measured by several regulatory capital ratios. We met all capital adequacy requirements under the Basel III Capital Rules as of December 31, 2019. The following schedule presents the Bank’s capital and performance ratios as of December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The Supervision and Regulation section of the 2019 Form 10-K on page 6 and Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contain more detail information about Basel III capital requirements and the Bank's compliance.
Schedule 38
CAPITAL AND PERFORMANCE RATIOS
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||
Tangible common equity ratio1 | 8.5 | % | 8.9 | % | 9.3 | % | |||||||||||
Tangible equity ratio1 | 9.3 | % | 9.7 | % | 10.2 | % | |||||||||||
| Average equity to average assets | 10.8 | % | 11.4 | % | 12.0 | % | |||||||||||
Basel III risk-based capital ratios2: | |||||||||||||||||
| Common equity tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 10.2 | % | 11.7 | % | 12.1 | % | |||||||||||
| Tier 1 capital (to average assets, or Tier 1 leverage) | 9.2 | % | 10.3 | % | 10.5 | % | |||||||||||
| Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 11.2 | % | 12.7 | % | 13.2 | % | |||||||||||
| Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 13.2 | % | 13.9 | % | 14.8 | % | |||||||||||
| Return on average common equity | 11.2 | % | 12.1 | % | 7.7 | % | |||||||||||
Return on average tangible common equity1 | 13.1 | % | 14.2 | % | 9.0 | % | |||||||||||
1See “GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliations” on page 27 for more information regarding these ratios.
2Based on the applicable phase-in periods.
At December 31, 2019, Basel III regulatory tier 1 risk-based capital and total risk-based capital was $6.3 billion and $7.4 billion, respectively, compared with $6.8 billion and $7.4 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2018.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND SIGNIFICANT ESTIMATES
Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contains a summary of the Bank’s significant accounting policies. Discussed below are certain significant accounting policies that we consider critical to the Bank’s financial statements. These critical accounting policies were selected because the amounts affected by them are significant to the financial statements. Any changes to these amounts, including changes in estimates, may also be significant to the financial statements. We believe that an understanding of these policies, along with the related estimates we are required to make in recording the financial transactions of the Bank, is important to have a complete picture of the
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Bank’s financial condition. In addition, in arriving at these estimates, we are required to make complex and subjective judgments, many of which include a high degree of uncertainty. The following discussion of these critical accounting policies includes the significant estimates related to these policies. We have discussed each of these accounting policies and the related estimates with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
We have included, where applicable in this document, sensitivity schedules and other examples to demonstrate the impact of the changes in estimates made for various financial transactions. The sensitivities in these schedules and examples are hypothetical and should be viewed with caution. Changes in estimates are based on variations in assumptions and are not subject to simple extrapolation, as the relationship of the change in the assumption to the change in the amount of the estimate may not be linear. In addition, the effect of a variation in one assumption is in reality likely to cause changes in other assumptions, which could potentially magnify or counteract the sensitivities.
Fair Value Estimates
We measure or monitor many of our assets and liabilities on a fair value basis. Fair value is the price that could be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. To increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements, GAAP has established a three-level hierarchy to prioritize the valuation inputs among (1) observable inputs that reflect quoted prices in active markets, (2) inputs other than quoted prices with observable market data, and (3) unobservable data such as the Bank’s own data or single dealer nonbinding pricing quotes.
When observable market prices are not available, fair value is estimated using modeling techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis. These modeling techniques use assumptions that market participants would consider in pricing the asset or the liability, including assumptions about the risk inherent in a particular valuation technique, the effect of a restriction on the sale or use of an asset, the life of the asset and applicable growth rate, the risk of nonperformance, and other related assumptions.
The selection and weighting of the various fair value techniques may result in a fair value higher or lower than the carrying value of the item being valued. Considerable judgment may be involved in determining the amount that is most representative of fair value.
For assets and liabilities recorded at fair value, the Bank’s policy is to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when developing fair value measurements for those items where there is an active market. In certain cases, when market observable inputs for model-based valuation techniques may not be readily available, the Bank is required to make judgments about the assumptions market participants would use in estimating the fair value of the financial instrument. The models used to determine fair value adjustments are regularly evaluated by management for relevance under current facts and circumstances.
Changes in market conditions may reduce the availability of quoted prices or observable data. For example, reduced liquidity in the capital markets or changes in secondary market activities could result in observable market inputs becoming unavailable. When market data is not available, the Bank uses valuation techniques requiring more management judgment to estimate the appropriate fair value.
Fair value is used on a recurring basis for certain assets and liabilities in which fair value is the primary measure of accounting. Fair value is used on a nonrecurring basis to measure certain assets or liabilities (including HTM securities, loans held for sale, and OREO) for impairment or for disclosure purposes in accordance with current accounting guidance.
Impairment analysis also relates to long-lived assets, goodwill, and core deposit and other intangible assets. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of the asset is not likely to be recoverable and exceeds its fair value. In determining the fair value, management uses models and applies the techniques and assumptions previously discussed.
Investment securities are valued using several methodologies, which depend on the nature of the security, availability of current market information, and other factors. Investment securities in an unrealized loss position are
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formally reviewed on a quarterly basis for the presence of other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”). OTTI is considered to have occurred if the instrument’s fair value is below its amortized cost and (1) we intend to sell the security, (2) it is “more likely than not” we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, or (3) the present value of expected cash flows is not sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis. The “more likely than not” criterion is a lower threshold than the “probable” criterion.
Notes 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and the “Investment Securities Portfolio” on page 49 contain further information regarding the use of fair value estimates.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The ACL includes the ALLL and the RULC. The ALLL represents management’s estimate of probable losses believed to be inherent in the loan portfolio. The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance is based on periodic evaluations of the portfolios. This process includes both quantitative and qualitative analyses, as well as a qualitative review of the results. The qualitative review requires a significant amount of judgment, and is described in more detail in Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
The RULC provides for potential losses associated with off-balance sheet lending commitments and standby letters of credit. The reserve is estimated using the same procedures and methodologies as for the ALLL, plus assumptions regarding the probability and amount of unfunded commitments being drawn.
Although we believe that our processes for determining an appropriate level for the allowance adequately address the various components that could potentially result in credit losses, the processes and their elements include features that may be susceptible to significant change. Any unfavorable differences between the actual outcome of credit-related events and our estimates could require an additional provision for credit losses. As an example, if the probability of default risk grade for all pass-graded loans was immediately downgraded one grade on our internal risk-grading scale, the quantitatively determined amount of the ALLL at December 31, 2019 would increase by approximately $90 million. This sensitivity analysis is hypothetical and has been provided only to indicate the potential impact that changes in risk grades may have on the allowance estimate.
Although the qualitative process is subjective, it represents the Bank’s best estimate of qualitative factors impacting the determination of the ACL. We believe that given the procedures we follow in determining the ACL, the various components used in the current estimation processes are appropriate. Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and “Credit Risk Management” on page 54 contains further information and more specific descriptions of the processes and methodologies used to estimate the ACL.
On January 1, 2020, we adopted CECL and recorded an ACL for loans and leases of $526 million, resulting in an after-tax increase to retained earnings of $20 million. The impact of the adoption of CECL for our securities portfolio was less than $1 million. The ACL, as calculated under CECL, is influenced by the portfolio composition, credit quality, macroeconomic conditions, and forecasts at that time, as well as other management judgments. See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements on page 93 for more information on this guidance and its impact on the Bank.
Accounting for Goodwill
Goodwill is initially recorded at fair value in the financial statements of a reporting unit at the time of its acquisition and is subsequently evaluated at least annually for impairment in accordance with current accounting guidance. We perform this test at the beginning of the fourth quarter annually, or more often if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of any of our reporting units, inclusive of goodwill, is less than fair value. The goodwill impairment test for a given reporting unit compares its fair value with its carrying value. If the carrying amount, inclusive of goodwill, is more likely than not to exceed its fair value, additional quantitative analysis must be performed to determine the amount, if any, of goodwill impairment. Our reporting units with goodwill are Amegy, CB&T, and Zions Bank.
To determine the fair value of a reporting unit, we historically have used a combination of up to three separate quantitative methods: comparable publicly-traded commercial banks in the Western and Southwestern states
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(“Market Value”); where applicable, comparable acquisitions of commercial banks in the Western and Southwestern states (“Transaction Value”); and the discounted present value of management’s estimates of future cash flows. Critical assumptions that are used as part of these calculations include:
•Selection of comparable publicly-traded companies based on location, size, and business focus and composition;
•Selection of market comparable acquisition transactions based on location, size, business focus and composition, and date of the transaction;
•The discount rate, which is based on the Bank’s estimate of its cost of equity capital;
•The projections of future earnings and cash flows of the reporting unit;
•The relative weight given to the valuations derived by the three methods described; and
•The control premium associated with reporting units.
We apply a control premium in the Market Value approach to determine the reporting units’ equity values. Control premiums represent the ability of a controlling shareholder to change how the Bank is managed and can cause the fair value of a reporting unit as a whole to exceed its market capitalization. Based on a review of historical bank acquisition transactions within the Bank’s geographic footprint, and a comparison of the target banks’ market values 30 days prior to the announced transaction to the deal value, we have determined that a control premium ranging from 0% to 15% for the reporting units was appropriate.
Since estimates are an integral part of the impairment computations, changes in these estimates could have a significant impact on any calculated impairment amount. Estimates include economic conditions, which impact the assumptions related to interest and growth rates, loss rates, and imputed cost of equity capital. The fair value estimates for each reporting unit incorporate current economic and market conditions, including Federal Reserve monetary policy expectations and the impact of legislative and regulatory changes. Additional factors that may significantly affect the estimates include, among others, competitive forces, customer behaviors and attrition, loan losses, changes in growth trends, cost structures and technology, changes in equity market values and merger and acquisition valuations, and changes in industry conditions.
Weakening in the economic environment, a decline in the performance of the reporting units, or other factors could cause the fair value of one or more of the reporting units to fall below carrying value, resulting in a goodwill impairment charge. Additionally, new legislative or regulatory changes not anticipated in management’s expectations may cause the fair value of one or more of the reporting units to fall below the carrying value, resulting in a goodwill impairment charge. Any impairment charge would not affect the Bank’s regulatory capital ratios, tangible common equity ratio, or liquidity position.
During the fourth quarter of 2017, we performed a full quantitative analysis of the reporting units’ fair value as described above. Our evaluation process determined that the fair values of Amegy, CB&T, and Zions Bank exceeded their carrying values by 35%, 54%, and 78%, respectively. Additionally, we performed a hypothetical sensitivity analysis on the discount rate assumption to evaluate the impact of an adverse change to this assumption. If the discount rate applied to future earnings was increased by 100 bps, the fair values of Amegy, CB&T, and Zions Bank would exceed their carrying values by 33%, 52%, and 72%, respectively.
During the fourth quarter of 2019, we performed our annual goodwill impairment evaluation, effective October 1, 2019. The Bank elected to perform a qualitative analysis to determine if the quantitative analysis performed in prior years as described above was required. The Bank’s qualitative analysis assessed factors related to each reporting unit to determine if it was more likely than not that the carrying value of any reporting unit was greater than the unit’s fair value. The qualitative factors considered in our assessment for each reporting unit included (1) economic, industry and market conditions, (2) regulatory or political developments that could negatively impact operating costs and overall financial performance of any of our specific reporting units, and (3) any changes in management, key personnel, strategy, customers, and any new or evolving litigation.
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None of the factors considered in our qualitative assessment gave any indication that the reporting units’ fair values decreased during the 2019 fiscal year. Additionally, as evidenced in the Business Segment Analysis section of the MD&A, each reporting unit’s key performance metrics remained materially unchanged or improved in 2019, compared with 2017. Considering the improved performance of each reporting unit and the lack of any significant concerns being identified in our qualitative assessment, we concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit continues to be greater than its carry amount making further quantitative impairment testing unnecessary. As a result, none of our reporting units were subject to goodwill impairment during 2019 or were determined to be at risk for a potential goodwill impairment in the near future based on information known at this time.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS
Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements discusses recently issued accounting pronouncements that we will be required to adopt. Also discussed is our expectation of the impact these new accounting pronouncements will have, to the extent they are material, on our financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Information required by this Item is included in “Interest Rate and Market Risk Management” in MD&A beginning on page 64 and is hereby incorporated by reference.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
REPORT ON MANAGEMENT’S ASSESSMENT OF INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
The management of Zions Bancorporation, National Association and subsidiaries (“the Bank”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Bank as defined by Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Although any system of internal control can be compromised by human error or intentional circumvention of required procedures, we believe our system provides reasonable assurance that financial transactions are recorded and reported properly, providing an adequate basis for reliable financial statements.
The Bank’s management has used the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013 framework) issued by the COSO to evaluate the effectiveness of the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting.
The Bank’s management has assessed the effectiveness of the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 and has concluded that such internal control over financial reporting is effective. There are no material weaknesses in the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting that have been identified by the Bank’s management.
Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the consolidated financial statements of the Bank for the year ended December 31, 2019 and has also issued an attestation report, which is included herein, on internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”).
79
REPORTS OF ERNST & YOUNG LLP, INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Zions Bancorporation, National Association and Subsidiaries
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Zions Bancorporation, National Association and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Zions Bancorporation, National Association and subsidiaries' (the Bank) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the 2019 consolidated financial statements of the Bank and our report dated February 25, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Bank’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Report on Management’s Assessment of Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Bank in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Salt Lake City, Utah
February 25, 2020
80
REPORT ON CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Zions Bancorporation, National Association and Subsidiaries
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Zions Bancorporation, National Association and subsidiaries (“the Bank”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Bank at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control–Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 25, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Bank’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Bank’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Bank in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgements. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical matter or on the account and the disclosures to which it relates.
81
Allowance for loan losses
| Description of the Matter | As of December 31, 2019, the Bank's commercial and commercial real estate (CRE) loan portfolio totaled $36.9 billion and represented 76% of the total loan portfolio, and the associated allowance for loan and lease losses (ALLL) was $450 million and represented 91% of the total ALLL. As more fully described in Note 6 to the Consolidated financial statements, the ALLL represented the Bank's estimate of probable and estimable losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Management's commercial and CRE allowance model includes quantitative calculations supplemented with qualitative and environmental factors ("qualitative factor adjustments") that the models quantitative calculations may not incorporate. There is significant amount of judgement required by management when reviewing the qualitative factor adjustments and the resulting qualitative estimate for the commercial and CRE loan portfolios. | ||||
| Auditing management's estimate of the ALLL is complex due to the judgmental nature of the commercial and CRE qualitative factor adjustments used in the ALLL calculation. Management's identification and measurement of the qualitative estimate is highly judgmental and could have a significant effect on the ALL. | |||||
| How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls that address the risk of material misstatement of the qualitative estimate. We tested controls over the Bank's allowance governance process, the data utilized in the qualitative factor adjustments, and management's identification of and review of the qualitative estimate which included observing key management meetings where the estimate is reviewed and approved. | ||||
| To test the reasonableness of the Bank's qualitative factor adjustments, our procedures, included, among others, evaluating management's ALLL estimate by obtaining an understanding of any changes in underlying qualitative factor adjustments and evaluating the methodology. We assessed the qualitative factor adjustments considered by management related to changes in lending policies and procedures; national, regional and local economic and business conditions; nature and volume of the portfolio: lending staff experience; asset quality trends; internal loan review risk identification; collateral values; the existence and effects of concentrations; the effect of other external factors and we assessed the basis for concluding whether qualitative factor adjustments were warranted. We evaluated the accuracy of management's inputs into the qualitative factor adjustments by comparing the inputs to the Bank's historical loan performance data, third-party macroeconomic data and peer bank data. | |||||
| Further, we assessed whether the total amount of the qualitative estimate was consistent with the Bank's historical loss information, credit quality statistics, and publicly observable indicators of macoreconomic financial conditions and whether the total ALLL amount was reflective of losses incurred in the loan portfolio as of the consolidated balance sheet date. | |||||
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Bank’s auditor since 2000.
Salt Lake City, Utah
February 25, 2020
82
ZIONS BANCORPORATION, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
| (In millions, shares in thousands) | December 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash and due from banks | $ | 705 | $ | 614 | |||||||||||||
| Money market investments: | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest-bearing deposits | 743 | 619 | |||||||||||||||
| Federal funds sold and security resell agreements | 484 | 1,461 | |||||||||||||||
| Investment securities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (approximate fair value $597 and $767) | 592 | 774 | |||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale, at fair value | 13,725 | 14,737 | |||||||||||||||
| Trading account, at fair value | 182 | 106 | |||||||||||||||
| Total investment securities | 14,499 | 15,617 | |||||||||||||||
| Loans held for sale | 129 | 93 | |||||||||||||||
| Loans and leases, net of unearned income and fees | 48,709 | 46,714 | |||||||||||||||
| Less allowance for loan losses | 495 | 495 | |||||||||||||||
| Loans, net of allowance | 48,214 | 46,219 | |||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest-bearing investments | 898 | 1,046 | |||||||||||||||
| Premises, equipment and software, net | 1,142 | 1,124 | |||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and intangibles | 1,014 | 1,015 | |||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned | 8 | 4 | |||||||||||||||
| Other assets | 1,336 | 934 | |||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 69,172 | $ | 68,746 | |||||||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | |||||||||||||||||
| Deposits: | |||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 23,576 | $ | 23,645 | |||||||||||||
| Interest-bearing: | |||||||||||||||||
| Savings and money market | 28,790 | 26,120 | |||||||||||||||
| Time | 4,719 | 4,336 | |||||||||||||||
| Total deposits | 57,085 | 54,101 | |||||||||||||||
| Federal funds and other short-term borrowings | 2,053 | 5,653 | |||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | 1,723 | 724 | |||||||||||||||
| Reserve for unfunded lending commitments | 59 | 57 | |||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | 899 | 633 | |||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | 61,819 | 61,168 | |||||||||||||||
| Shareholders’ equity: | |||||||||||||||||
| Preferred stock, without par value; authorized 4,400 shares | 566 | 566 | |||||||||||||||
| Common stock ($0.001 par value; authorized 350,000 shares; issued and outstanding 165,057 and 187,554 shares and additional paid-in capital | 2,735 | 3,806 | |||||||||||||||
| Retained earnings | 4,009 | 3,456 | |||||||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 43 | (250) | |||||||||||||||
| Total shareholders’ equity | 7,353 | 7,578 | |||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 69,172 | $ | 68,746 | |||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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ZIONS BANCORPORATION, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
| (In millions, except shares and per share amounts) | Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest and fees on loans | $ | 2,289 | $ | 2,102 | $ | 1,847 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest on money market investments | 32 | 29 | 19 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest on securities | 362 | 350 | 326 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest income | 2,683 | 2,481 | 2,192 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest on deposits | 254 | 135 | 59 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest on short- and long-term borrowings | 157 | 116 | 68 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest expense | 411 | 251 | 127 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | 2,272 | 2,230 | 2,065 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for loan losses | 37 | (39) | 24 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for unfunded lending commitments | 2 | (1) | (7) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total provision for credit losses | 39 | (40) | 17 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 2,233 | 2,270 | 2,048 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest income: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial account fees | 121 | 122 | 126 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Card fees | 92 | 94 | 96 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retail and business banking fees | 78 | 78 | 78 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loan-related fees and income | 75 | 74 | 72 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital markets and foreign exchange fees | 78 | 58 | 49 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wealth management and trust fees | 60 | 55 | 47 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other customer-related fees | 21 | 27 | 22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer-related fees | 525 | 508 | 490 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends and other income | 34 | 43 | 40 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities gains, net | 3 | 1 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total noninterest income | 562 | 552 | 544 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest expense: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Salaries and employee benefits | 1,141 | 1,070 | 1,006 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Occupancy, net | 133 | 132 | 129 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Furniture, equipment and software, net | 135 | 126 | 130 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other real estate expense, net | (3) | 1 | (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Credit-related expense | 20 | 25 | 29 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Professional and legal services | 47 | 52 | 57 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Advertising | 19 | 26 | 22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FDIC premiums | 25 | 50 | 53 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 225 | 197 | 231 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total noninterest expense | 1,742 | 1,679 | 1,656 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 1,053 | 1,143 | 936 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income taxes | 237 | 259 | 344 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | 816 | 884 | 592 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred stock dividends | (34) | (34) | (40) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred stock redemption | — | — | (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings applicable to common shareholders | $ | 782 | $ | 850 | $ | 550 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average common shares outstanding during the year: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic shares (in thousands) | 175,984 | 193,589 | 200,776 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted shares (in thousands) | 186,504 | 206,501 | 209,653 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings per common share: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | 4.41 | $ | 4.36 | $ | 2.71 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | 4.16 | 4.08 | 2.60 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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ZIONS BANCORPORATION, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
| (In millions) | Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 816 | $ | 884 | $ | 592 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net unrealized holding gains (losses) on investment securities | 257 | (113) | (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net unrealized gains (losses) on other noninterest-bearing investments | (9) | 2 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net unrealized holding gains (losses) on derivative instruments | 33 | (4) | (3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustment for decrease (increase) in interest income recognized in earnings on derivative instruments | 5 | 3 | (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension and postretirement | 7 | 1 | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of new tax rates from Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 | — | — | (25) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | 293 | (111) | (17) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income | $ | 1,109 | $ | 773 | $ | 575 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
85
ZIONS BANCORPORATION, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
| (In millions, except shares and per share amounts) | Preferred stock | Common stock | Accumulated paid-in capital | Retained earnings | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | Total shareholders’ equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares (in thousands) | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | 710 | 203,085 | $ | 4,725 | $ | — | $ | 2,321 | $ | (122) | $ | 7,634 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | 592 | 592 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income, net of tax | 8 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred stock redemption | (144) | 2 | (2) | (144) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bank common stock repurchased | (7,044) | (321) | (321) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net activity under employee plans and related tax benefits | 1,491 | 39 | 39 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends on preferred stock | (40) | (40) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends on common stock, $0.44 per share | (89) | (89) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of new tax rates from Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 | 25 | (25) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | 566 | 197,532 | 4,445 | — | 2,807 | (139) | 7,679 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | 884 | 884 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Merger of Bank Holding Company into Bank | (4,052) | 4,052 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cumulative effect adjustment, adoption of ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (111) | (111) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bank common stock repurchased | (12,984) | (422) | (250) | (672) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net shares issued from stock warrant exercises | 1,770 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net activity under employee plans and related tax benefits | 1,236 | 29 | 4 | 33 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends on preferred stock | (34) | (34) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends on common stock, $1.04 per share | (202) | (202) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | 566 | 187,554 | — | 3,806 | 3,456 | (250) | 7,578 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | 816 | 816 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cumulative effect adjustment, adoption of ASU 2017-08, Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities | (3) | (3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income, net of tax | 293 | 293 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bank common stock repurchased | (23,531) | (1,102) | (1,102) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net shares issued from stock warrant exercises | 8 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net activity under employee plans and related tax benefits | 1,026 | 31 | 31 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends on preferred stock | (34) | (34) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends on common stock, $1.28 per share | (226) | (226) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 566 | 165,057 | $ | — | $ | 2,735 | $ | 4,009 | $ | 43 | $ | 7,353 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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ZIONS BANCORPORATION, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
| (In millions) | Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 816 | $ | 884 | $ | 592 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 39 | (40) | 17 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 188 | 193 | 179 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 27 | 26 | 25 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred income tax expense (benefit) | (2) | — | 154 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net decrease (increase) in trading securities | (76) | 42 | (33) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net decrease (increase) in loans held for sale | (84) | 9 | 97 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in other liabilities | (14) | 74 | 29 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in other assets | (179) | 14 | (89) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other, net | (18) | (26) | (43) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 697 | 1,176 | 928 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net decrease (increase) in money market investments | 852 | (784) | 683 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of investment securities held-to-maturity | 391 | 361 | 314 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of investment securities held-to-maturity | (209) | (365) | (216) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from sales, maturities, and paydowns of investment securities available-for-sale | 3,105 | 3,061 | 2,412 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of investment securities available-for-sale | (1,864) | (2,927) | (4,719) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net change in loans and leases | (1,957) | (1,943) | (2,135) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases and sales of other noninterest-bearing investments | 172 | 14 | (105) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of premises and equipment | (117) | (129) | (169) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other, net | 2 | 6 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 375 | (2,706) | (3,919) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in deposits | 2,984 | 1,484 | (614) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net change in short-term funds borrowed | (3,600) | 2,677 | 2,149 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from debt over 90 days and up to one year | — | — | 5,100 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repayments of debt over 90 days and up to one year | — | (2,000) | (3,100) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for preferred stock redemptions | — | — | (144) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repayments of long-term debt | — | (162) | (153) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt | 992 | 497 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bank common stock repurchased | (1,102) | (672) | (321) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from the issuance of common stock | 14 | 20 | 25 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends paid on common and preferred stock | (260) | (236) | (129) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other, net | (9) | (12) | (11) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (981) | 1,596 | 2,802 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and due from banks | 91 | 66 | (189) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and due from banks at beginning of year | 614 | 548 | 737 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and due from banks at end of year | $ | 705 | $ | 614 | $ | 548 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for interest | $ | 401 | $ | 237 | $ | 118 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash paid for income taxes | 233 | 207 | 246 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noncash activities are summarized as follows: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans held for investment transferred to other real estate owned | 12 | 8 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans held for investment reclassified to loans held for sale, net | 85 | 111 | 25 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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ZIONS BANCORPORATION, N.A. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019
1.SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Business
Zions Bancorporation, National Association, (“Zions Bancorporation, N.A.”, “the Bank,” “we,” “our,” “us”) is a national commercial bank headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Bank provides a full range of banking and related services in 11 Western and Southwestern states through seven separately managed and branded units as follows: Zions Bank, in Utah, Idaho and Wyoming; California Bank & Trust (“CB&T”); Amegy Bank (“Amegy”), in Texas; National Bank of Arizona (“NBAZ”); Nevada State Bank (“NSB”); Vectra Bank Colorado (“Vectra”), in Colorado and New Mexico; and The Commerce Bank of Washington (“TCBW”) which operates under that name in Washington and under the name The Commerce Bank of Oregon (“TCBO”) in Oregon.
Basis of Financial Statement Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Bank and its majority-owned subsidiaries. Unconsolidated investments where we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the respective investee are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Assets held in an agency or fiduciary capacity are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States (“U.S.”) generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and prevailing practices within the financial services industry. References to GAAP, including standards promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), are made according to sections of the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). Changes to the ASC are made with Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) that include consensus issues of the Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”). In certain cases, ASUs are issued jointly with International Financial Reporting Standards.
In preparing the consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation. These reclassifications did not affect net income or shareholders’ equity.
Variable Interest Entities
A variable interest entity (“VIE”) is consolidated when a company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. Current accounting guidance requires continuous analysis on a qualitative rather than a quantitative basis to determine the primary beneficiary of a VIE. At the commencement of our involvement, and periodically thereafter, we consider our consolidation conclusions for all entities with which we are involved. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, zero VIEs have been consolidated in the Bank’s financial statements.
Statement of Cash Flows
For purposes of presentation in the consolidated statements of cash flows, “cash and cash equivalents” are defined as those amounts included in cash and due from banks in the consolidated balance sheets.
Fair Value Estimates
We measure many of our assets and liabilities on a fair value basis. Fair value is the price that could be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. To improve consistency and comparability in fair value measurements, GAAP has established a hierarchy to prioritize the valuation inputs among three levels. The Bank prioritizes quoted prices in active markets and minimizes reliance on unobservable inputs when possible. When observable market prices are not available, fair value is estimated using modeling techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis. These modeling techniques use assumptions that market
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participants would consider in pricing the asset or the liability, including assumptions about the risk inherent in a particular valuation technique, the effect of a restriction on the sale or use of an asset, the life of the asset and applicable growth rate, the risk of nonperformance, and other related assumptions. Changes in market conditions may reduce the availability of quoted prices or observable data. When market data is not available, the Bank uses valuation techniques requiring professional judgment to estimate the appropriate fair value. See Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the use of fair value estimates.
Security Resell Agreements
Security resell agreements represent overnight and term agreements with the majority maturing within 30 days. These agreements are generally treated as collateralized financing transactions and are carried at amounts at which the securities were acquired plus accrued interest. Either the Bank, or in some instances third parties on its behalf, take possession of the underlying securities. The fair value of such securities is monitored throughout the contract term to ensure that asset values remain sufficient to protect against counterparty default. We are permitted by contract to sell or repledge certain securities that we accept as collateral for security resell agreements. If sold, our obligation to return the collateral is recorded as “securities sold, not yet purchased” and included as a liability in “Federal funds and other short-term borrowings.” At December 31, 2019, we held $0.3 billion of securities for which we were permitted by contract to sell or repledge. Security resell agreements averaged $0.6 billion during 2019, and the maximum amount outstanding at any month-end during 2019 was $1.0 billion.
Investment Securities
We classify our investment securities according to their purpose and holding period. Gains or losses on the sale of securities are recognized using the specific identification method and recorded in noninterest income.
Held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities are carried at amortized cost with purchase discounts or premiums accreted or amortized into interest income over the contractual life of the security. The Bank has the intent and ability to hold such securities until maturity.
Available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities are stated at fair value and generally consist of debt securities held for investment. Unrealized gains and losses of AFS securities, after applicable taxes, are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”).
We review quarterly our investment securities portfolio for any declines in value that are considered to be other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”). The process, methodology, and factors considered to evaluate securities for OTTI are discussed further in Note 5.
Trading securities are stated at fair value and consist of securities acquired for short-term appreciation or other trading purposes. Realized and unrealized gains and losses are recorded in trading income, which is included in “Capital markets and foreign exchange.”
The fair values of investment securities, as estimated under current accounting guidance, are discussed in Note 3.
Leases
As a lessee when we enter a lease contract we classify and account for the lease as either a finance lease or an operating lease, depending on the terms and conditions of the lease. A finance lease is recorded as an asset and a liability, and the asset is generally depreciated over the lease term. The lease liability is reduced as lease payments are made. An operating lease is recorded as a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and operating lease liability. These balance sheet items are reduced as lease payments are made. Lease payments are expensed over the lease term; they are recorded as rent expense and are recognized on a straight-line basis. Lease-related assets are reviewed for impairment on an on-going basis.
The lease term is the noncancelable period that we have the right to use the leased asset. This term begins on the commencement date of the lease and incorporates options to extend or renew the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise these options.
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Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
Loans are reported at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned income, unamortized purchase premiums and discounts, and net deferred loan fees and costs, which are amortized to interest income over the life of the loan using the interest method. Interest income is recognized on an accrual basis.
At the time of origination, we determine whether loans will be held for investment or held for sale. We may subsequently change our intent to hold loans for investment and reclassify them as held for sale. Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value. A valuation allowance is recorded when cost exceeds fair value based on reviews at the time of reclassification and periodically thereafter. Gains and losses are recorded in noninterest income based on the difference between sales proceeds and carrying value.
We evaluate loans throughout their lives for signs of credit deterioration, which may impact the loan’s status, and potentially impact our accounting for that loan. Loan status categories include past due as to contractual payments, nonaccrual, impaired, and restructured, including troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). Our accounting policies for these loan statuses and our estimation of the related allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) are discussed further in Note 6.
In the ordinary course of business, we transfer portions of loans under participation agreements to manage credit risk and our portfolio concentration. We evaluate the loan participations to determine if they meet the appropriate accounting guidance to qualify as sales. Certain purchased loans require separate accounting procedures that are also discussed in Note 6.
The allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) includes the ALLL and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments (“RULC”) and represents our estimate of losses inherent in the loan portfolio that may be recognized from loans and lending commitments that are not recoverable. Further discussion of our estimation process for the ACL is included in Note 6.
On January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU 2016-13, Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, and its subsequent updates, often referred to as the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) model. CECL changes how the ACL is measured for loans and for additional financial assets, including HTM securities. Under CECL, the ACL will represent our estimate of current expected credit losses over the contractual term of the loan and lease portfolio and unfunded lending commitments as of the balance sheet date. The ACL for debt securities is estimated separately from loans.
Other Noninterest-Bearing Investments
These investments include investments in private equity funds– referred to in this document as private equity investments (“PEIs”) – venture capital securities, securities acquired for various debt and regulatory requirements, bank-owned life insurance ("BOLI"), and certain other noninterest-bearing investments. See further discussion in Note 3.
Certain PEIs and venture capital securities are accounted for under the equity method and reported at fair value. Changes in fair value and gains and losses from sales are recognized in noninterest income. The values assigned to the securities where no market quotations exist are based upon available information and may not necessarily represent amounts that will ultimately be realized. Such estimated amounts depend on future circumstances and will not be realized until the individual securities are liquidated.
BOLI is accounted for at fair value based on the cash surrender values (“CSVs”) of the general account insurance policies. A third-party service provides these values.
Other PEIs, and those acquired for various debt and regulatory requirements, are accounted for at cost less impairment (if any), plus or minus observable price changes from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer, with such changes recognized in income. Periodic reviews are conducted for impairment by comparing carrying values with estimates of fair value determined according to the previous discussion.
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Premises, Equipment and Software, Net
Premises, equipment and software are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation, computed primarily on the straight-line method, is charged to operations over the estimated useful lives of the properties, generally 25 to 40 years for buildings, 3 to 10 years for furniture and equipment, and 3 to 10 years for software, including capitalized costs related to the Bank’s technology initiatives. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the terms of the respective leases or the estimated useful lives of the improvements (including any extension options that are reasonably certain to be exercised), whichever is shorter. Premises, equipment and software are evaluated for impairment on a periodic basis.
Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets
Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized. We subject these assets to annual specified impairment tests as of the beginning of the fourth quarter and more frequently if changing conditions warrant. Core deposit assets and other intangibles with finite useful lives are generally amortized on an accelerated basis using an estimated useful life of up to 12 years.
Business Combinations
Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. Upon initially obtaining control, we recognize 100% of all acquired assets and all assumed liabilities regardless of the percentage owned. The assets and liabilities are recorded at their estimated fair values, with goodwill being recorded when such fair values are less than the cost of acquisition. Certain transaction and restructuring costs are expensed as incurred. Changes to estimated fair values from a business combination are recognized as an adjustment to goodwill over the measurement period, which cannot exceed one year from the acquisition date. Results of operations of the acquired business are included in our statement of income from the date of acquisition.
Other Real Estate Owned
Other real estate owned (“OREO”) consists principally of commercial and residential real estate obtained in partial or total satisfaction of loan obligations. Amounts are recorded initially at fair value (less any selling costs) based on property appraisals at the time of transfer and subsequently at the lower of cost or fair value (less any selling costs).
Derivative Instruments
We use derivative instruments, including interest rate swaps and purchased and sold options such as floors and basis swaps, as part of our overall interest rate risk management strategy. Derivatives are an important tool used in managing our overall asset and liability sensitivities to remain within management’s stated interest rate risk thresholds. Their use allows us to adjust and align our naturally occurring mix of fixed and floating-rate assets and liabilities to manage interest income volatility by synthetically converting variable-rate assets to fixed-rate, or synthetically converting fixed-rate funding instruments to floating rates.
We also execute both interest rate and short-term foreign currency derivative instruments with our commercial banking customers to facilitate their risk management strategies. These derivatives are immediately hedged by offsetting derivatives with third parties such that we minimize our net risk exposure as a result of such transactions. We record all derivatives at fair value in the balance sheet as either other assets or other liabilities. The accounting for the change in value of a derivative depends on whether or not the transaction has been designated and qualifies for hedge accounting. Derivatives that are not designated as hedges are reported and measured at fair value through earnings. See Note 7 for more information.
Derivatives in Designated Accounting Hedge
We apply hedge accounting to certain derivatives executed for risk management purposes, primarily interest rate risk. To qualify for hedge accounting, a derivative must be highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged and the hedging relationship must be formally documented. We primarily use regression analysis to assess the effectiveness of each hedging relationship, unless the hedge qualifies for other methods of assessing effectiveness (e.g. shortcut or critical terms match), both at inception and on an ongoing basis. We designate derivatives as fair value and cash flow hedges for accounting purposes and these hedges can be a
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significant aspect of the Bank’s overall interest risk sensitivity management. The Bank may add additional hedging strategies and apply hedge accounting to the strategies as it deems necessary. See Note 7 for more information regarding the accounting for derivatives designated as hedging instruments.
Commitments and Letters of Credit
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into commitments to extend credit, commercial letters of credit, and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the financial statements when they become payable. The credit risk associated with these commitments is evaluated in a manner similar to the ALLL. The RULC is presented separately in the balance sheet.
Revenue Recognition
Service charges and fees on deposit accounts are recognized in accordance with published deposit account agreements for customer accounts or contractual agreements for commercial accounts. Other service charges, commissions and fees include interchange fees, bank services and other fees, which are generally recognized at the time of transaction or as the services are performed.
Share-Based Compensation
Share-based compensation generally includes grants of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and other awards to employees and nonemployee directors. We recognize compensation expense in the statement of income based on the grant-date value of the associated share-based awards. See further discussion in Note 19.
Income Taxes
Deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between financial statement asset and liability amounts and their respective tax basis and are measured using enacted tax laws and rates. The effect on DTAs and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. DTAs are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is more likely than not. Unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions relate primarily to tax credits on technology initiatives. See further discussion in Note 20.
Net Earnings Per Common Share
Net earnings per common share is based on net earnings applicable to common shareholders, which is net of preferred stock dividends. Basic net earnings per common share is based on the weighted average outstanding common shares during each year. Unvested share-based awards with rights to receive nonforfeitable dividends are considered participating securities and included in the computation of basic earnings per share. Diluted net earnings per common share is based on the weighted average outstanding common shares during each year, including common stock equivalents. Stock options, restricted stock, RSUs, and stock warrants are converted to common stock equivalents using the more dilutive of the treasury stock method or the two-class method. Diluted net earnings per common share excludes common stock equivalents whose effect is antidilutive. See further discussion in Note 21.
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2. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
| Accounting Standard Updates | Description | Date of adoption | Effect on the financial statements or other significant matters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Updates not yet adopted by the Bank during 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ASU 2016-13, Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments and subsequent related ASUs | This ASU, and subsequent updates, significantly changes how entities will measure credit losses for virtually all financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income that have the contractual right to receive cash. The update replaces today’s “incurred loss” approach with a current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model for instruments such as loans and held-to-maturity (“HTM”) securities that are measured at amortized cost. The ASU requires credit losses relating to available-for sale (“AFS”) debt securities to be recorded through an allowance for credit loss (“ACL”) rather than a reduction of the carrying amount and replaces the historically required other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) analysis. It also changes the accounting for purchased credit-impaired debt securities and loans. The ASU retains many of the current disclosure requirements in U.S. GAAP and expands other disclosure requirements. The new guidance is effective for calendar year-end public companies beginning January 1, 2020. | January 1, 2020 | During 2019, we ran several parallel runs of the CECL model. Additionally, we implemented a set of controls, including management review controls; implementation controls; and data, model and forecasting controls. The ACL, as calculated under CECL, is influenced by the portfolio composition, credit quality, macroeconomic conditions, and forecasts at that time, as well as other management judgments. We adopted ASU 2016-13 and its subsequent updates on January 1, 2020; the impact upon adoption was not significant. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment | This ASU removes the requirements in step two of the current goodwill impairment model, eliminating the requirement to calculate and compare the implied fair value of the reporting entity with the carrying amount of that entity, including goodwill, to measure any impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount of goodwill over its implied fair value of goodwill (i.e., measure the charge based on step one of the current guidance). The ASU also continues to allow entities to perform an optional qualitative goodwill impairment assessment before determining whether to proceed to the quantitative step one. The update is effective for the Bank as of January 1, 2020. Early adoption is allowed for any goodwill impairment test performed after January 1, 2017. | January 1, 2020 | We adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2020, and there was no significant impact on the Bank's financial statements upon adoption. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Accounting Standard Updates | Description | Date of adoption | Effect on the financial statements or other significant matters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Updates adopted by the Bank during 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequent related ASUs | Although lessor accounting was left materially unchanged by ASU 2016-02 (and all related ASUs which together have been codified in ASC 842), ASC 842 requires that all lessees recognize a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and an offsetting lease liability for all leases with a term greater than 12 months. As the lessee, we adopted an accounting policy election, by class of underlying asset, to not recognize lease assets or liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less. The recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease will depend primarily on its classification as a finance or operating lease. ASC 842 requires additional disclosures to provide financial statement users a better understanding of the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. These new quantitative and qualitative disclosure requirements are detailed further in Note 8. | January 1, 2019 | The Bank adopted ASC 842 as of January 1, 2019 using the second of two permitted modified retrospective approaches for initial adoption. Under this method, the Bank recorded a right-of use asset of approximately $225 million and a lease liability of approximately $242 million. There was no impact to retained earnings upon adoption. See Note 8 for additional details on the financial statement impact of completing the adoption of ASC 842. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ASU 2017-08, Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20). Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities | The amendments in this ASU shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. The ASU requires the premium of qualifying debt securities to be amortized to the earliest call date. The update does not change the accounting for callable debt securities held at a discount. | January 1, 2019 | We adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2019 using a modified retrospective transition approach. There was no significant impact on the Bank's financial statements upon adoption. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement | The purpose of this ASU is to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. This update removes, modifies, and makes certain additions to the disclosure requirements for fair value measurement. The mandatory adoption date of the guidance in this ASU is for the first fiscal period beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. | January 1, 2019 | We early adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2019. This update will be applied prospectively. The changes to the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements are not significant to the financial statements and can be found in Note 3. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ASU 2018-15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other-Internal- Use Software (Topic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Cost Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract | This ASU aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs associated with Cloud Computing Arrangements that meet the definition of a service contract with requirements already provided for costs associated with internal-use software. Additionally, it clarifies that: -The amortization period for capitalized amounts will be the noncancelable hosting contract term plus any expected renewal periods; -Entities in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract must provide certain qualitative and quantitative disclosures; and -Transition for those not already following the provisions of this ASU can be applied either retrospectively or prospectively. | January 1, 2019 | We early adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2019. The Bank has historically been applying the guidance as clarified in this ASU. Consequently, the adoption of the ASU did not have a significant impact on the Bank’s financial statements. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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3. FAIR VALUE
Fair Value Measurement
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. To measure fair value, a hierarchy has been established that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. This hierarchy uses three levels of inputs to measure the fair value of assets and liabilities as follows:
Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Bank has the ability to access;
Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in less active markets, observable inputs other than quoted prices that are used in the valuation of an asset or liability, and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means; and
Level 3 – Unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity for financial instruments whose value is determined by pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.
The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is classified is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Market activity is presumed to be orderly in the absence of evidence of forced or disorderly sales, although such sales may still be indicative of fair value. Applicable accounting guidance precludes the use of blockage factors or liquidity adjustments due to the quantity of securities held by an entity.
We use fair value to measure certain assets and liabilities on a recurring basis when fair value is the primary measure for accounting. Fair value is used on a nonrecurring basis to measure certain assets when adjusting carrying values, such as the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting, including recognition of impairment on assets. Fair value is also used when providing required disclosures for certain financial instruments.
Fair Value Policies and Procedures
We have various policies, processes and controls in place to ensure that fair values are reasonably developed, reviewed and approved for use. These include a Securities Valuation Committee, comprised of executive management, that reviews and approves on a quarterly basis the key components of fair value estimation, including critical valuation assumptions for Level 3 modeling. A Model Risk Management Group conducts model validations, including internal models, and sets policies and procedures for revalidation, including the timing of revalidation.
Third-party Service Providers
We use a third party pricing service to measure fair value for approximately 94% of our AFS Level 2 securities. Fair value measurements for other AFS Level 2 securities generally use certain inputs corroborated by market data and include standard discounted cash flow analysis.
For Level 2 securities, the third party pricing service provides documentation on an ongoing basis that presents market corroborative data, including detailed pricing information and market reference data. The documentation includes benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data, including information from the vendor trading platform. We review, test and validate this information as appropriate. Absent observable trade data, we do not adjust prices from our third-party sources.
The following describes the hierarchy designations, valuation methodologies and key inputs to measure fair value on a recurring basis for designated financial instruments:
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Available-for-Sale
U.S. Treasury, Agencies and Corporations
U.S. Treasury securities are measured under Level 1 using quoted market prices when available. U.S. agencies and corporations are measured under Level 2 generally using the previously discussed third-party pricing service.
Municipal Securities
Municipal securities are measured under Level 2 using the third party pricing service.
Money Market Mutual Funds and Other
Money market mutual funds and other securities are measured under Level 1 or Level 2. For Level 1, quoted market prices are used which may include net asset values (“NAVs”) or their equivalents. Level 2 valuations generally use quoted prices for similar securities. With the adoption of ASU 2016-01, as of January 1, 2018 our money market mutual funds are no longer classified as AFS and are now recognized in trading.
Trading Account
Securities in the trading account are generally measured under Level 2 using third-party pricing service providers as described previously.
Held-to-Maturity
HTM securities are carried at amortized cost, but for disclosure purposes are measured at fair value using a third party pricing service or an internal model. The internal model utilizes observable market yields as inputs.
Bank-owned Life Insurance
BOLI is measured under Level 2 according to CSVs of the insurance policies that are provided by a third party service. Nearly all policies are general account policies with CSVs based on the Bank’s claims on the assets of the insurance companies. The insurance companies’ investments include predominantly fixed-income securities consisting of investment-grade corporate bonds and various types of mortgage instruments. Management regularly reviews its BOLI investment performance, including concentrations among insurance providers.
Private Equity Investments
PEIs are generally measured under Level 3. The majority of these PEIs are held in the Bank’s Small Business Investment Company (“SBIC”) and are early-stage venture investments. The fair value measurements of these investments are reviewed at least on a quarterly basis, including whenever a new round of financing occurs. Certain of these investments may be measured using multiples of operating performance. The fair value measurements of PEIs are reviewed on a quarterly basis by the Securities Valuation Committee. The Equity Investments Committee, consisting of executives familiar with the investments, reviews periodic financial information, including audited financial statements when available.
Certain valuation analytics may be employed that include current and projected financial performance, recent financing activities, economic and market conditions, market comparables, market liquidity, sales restrictions, and other factors. A significant change in the expected performance of the individual investment would result in a change in the fair value measurement of the investment. The amount of unfunded commitments to invest is disclosed in Note 16. Certain restrictions apply for the redemption of these investments and certain investments are prohibited by the Volcker Rule. See discussions in Notes 5 and 16.
Agriculture Loan Servicing
This asset results from our servicing of agriculture loans approved and funded by Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“FAMC”). We provide this servicing under an agreement with FAMC for loans they own. The asset’s fair value represents our projection of the present value of future cash flows measured under Level 3 using discounted cash flow methodologies.
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Interest-only Strips
Interest-only strips are created as a by-product of the securitization process. When the guaranteed portions of Small Business Administration (“SBA”) 7(a) loans are pooled, interest-only strips may be created in the pooling process. The asset’s fair value represents our projection of the present value of future cash flows measured under Level 3 using discounted cash flow methodologies.
Deferred Compensation Plan Assets and Obligations
Invested assets in the deferred compensation plan consist of shares of registered investment companies. These mutual funds are valued under Level 1 at quoted market prices, which represents the NAV of shares held by the plan at the end of the period.
Derivatives
Derivatives are measured according to their classification as either exchange-traded or over-the-counter. Exchange-traded derivatives consist of foreign currency exchange contracts measured under Level 1 because they are traded in active markets. Over-the-counter derivatives, including those for customers, consist of interest rate swaps and options. These derivatives are measured under Level 2 using third party services. Observable market inputs include yield curves –the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) swap curve and relevant overnight index swap curves– foreign exchange rates, commodity prices, option volatilities, counterparty credit risk, and other related data. Credit valuation adjustments are required to reflect nonperformance risk for both the Bank and the respective counterparty. These adjustments are determined generally by applying a credit spread to the total expected exposure of the derivative.
Securities Sold, Not Yet Purchased
Securities sold, not yet purchased, included in “Federal funds and other short-term borrowings” on the balance sheet, are measured under Level 1 using quoted market prices. If not available, quoted prices under Level 2 for similar securities are used.
Loans
Loans are generally carried at amortized cost, but for disclosure purposes are measured at fair value under Level 3 according to their status as nonimpaired or impaired. For nonimpaired loans, fair value is estimated by discounting future cash flows using the LIBOR yield curve adjusted by a factor which reflects the credit, interest rate risk and liquidity inherent in the loan. These future cash flows are then reduced by the estimated “life-of-the-loan” aggregate credit losses in the loan portfolio. These adjustments for lifetime future credit losses are derived from the methods used to estimate the ALLL for our loan portfolio and are adjusted quarterly as necessary to reflect the most recent loss experience. Impaired loans that are collateral-dependent are already considered to be held at fair value. Impaired loans that are not collateral-dependent have future cash flows reduced by the estimated “life-of-the-loan” credit loss derived from methods used to estimate the ALLL for these loans. See Impaired Loans in Note 6 for details on the impairment measurement method for impaired loans. Loans, other than those held for sale, are not normally purchased and sold by the Bank, and there are no active trading markets for most of this portfolio.
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Quantitative Disclosure by Fair Value Hierarchy
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value by class on a recurring basis are summarized as follows:
| (In millions) | December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury, agencies and corporations | $ | 25 | $ | 12,356 | $ | — | $ | 12,381 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | 1,319 | 1,319 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other debt securities | 25 | 25 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Available-for-sale | 25 | 13,700 | — | 13,725 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trading account | 65 | 117 | 182 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest-bearing investments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bank-owned life insurance | 525 | 525 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Private equity investments1 | 9 | 107 | 116 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agriculture loan servicing and interest-only strips | 18 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred compensation plan assets | 113 | 113 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives not designated as hedges: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer-facing interest rate | 146 | 146 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other interest rate | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Assets | $ | 216 | $ | 14,491 | $ | 125 | $ | 14,832 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| LIABILITIES | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities sold, not yet purchased | $ | 66 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 66 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred compensation plan obligations | 113 | 113 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives not designated as hedges: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer-facing interest rate | 14 | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other interest rate | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Liabilities | $ | 183 | $ | 15 | $ | — | $ | 198 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 The level 1 PEIs amount relates to the portion of our SBIC investments that are now publicly traded.
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| (In millions) | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury, agencies and corporations | $ | 40 | $ | 13,385 | $ | — | $ | 13,425 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | 1,291 | 1,291 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other debt securities | 21 | 21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Available-for-sale | 40 | 14,697 | — | 14,737 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trading account | 14 | 92 | 106 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest-bearing investments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bank-owned life insurance | 516 | 516 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Private equity investments | 102 | 102 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agriculture loan servicing and interest-only strips | 18 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred compensation plan assets | 95 | 95 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives not designated as hedges: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer-facing interest rate | 40 | 40 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other interest rate | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Assets | $ | 153 | $ | 15,346 | $ | 120 | $ | 15,619 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| LIABILITIES | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities sold, not yet purchased | $ | 85 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 85 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred compensation plan obligations | 95 | 95 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives not designated as hedges: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer-facing interest rate | 36 | 36 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other interest rate | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Liabilities | $ | 182 | $ | 37 | $ | — | $ | 219 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reconciliation of Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
The following reconciles the beginning and ending balances of assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value by class on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs:
| Level 3 Instruments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Private equity investments | Ag loan svcg and int-only strips | Private equity investments | Ag loan svcg and int-only strips | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 102 | $ | 18 | $ | 95 | $ | 18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities gains, net | 2 | — | 2 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest income | — | 1 | — | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases | 10 | — | 11 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Redemptions and paydowns | — | (1) | (6) | (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Transfers out1 | (7) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of year | $ | 107 | $ | 18 | $ | 102 | $ | 18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 This represents the value of a private equity investment at the beginning of the quarter during which it became publicly traded.
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During the third quarter of 2019 one of our PEIs became publicly traded and was transferred from Level 3 to Level 1. No transfers of assets or liabilities occurred among Levels 1, 2 or 3 for 2018.
The reconciliation of Level 3 instruments includes the following realized gains and losses in the statement of income:
| (In millions) | Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
| Securities gains (losses), net | $ | (9) | $ | (1) | |||||||||||||
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
Included in the balance sheet amounts are the following amounts of assets that had fair value changes measured on a nonrecurring basis:
| (In millions) | Fair value at December 31, 2019 | Gains (losses) from fair value changes Year Ended December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Private equity investments, carried at cost | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1 | $ | 1 | $ | (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impaired loans | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned | — | — | — | — | (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1 | $ | 1 | $ | (2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Fair value at December 31, 2018 | Gains (losses) from fair value changes Year Ended December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Private equity investments, carried at cost | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1 | $ | 1 | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impaired loans | — | 32 | — | 32 | (13) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned | — | — | — | — | (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | — | $ | 32 | $ | 1 | $ | 33 | $ | (14) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The previous fair values may not be current as of the dates indicated, but rather as of the date the fair value change occurred, such as a charge for impairment. Accordingly, carrying values may not equal the current fair value.
We recognized net gains of $3 million in 2019 and $1 million in 2018 from the sale of OREO properties that had a carrying value at the time of sale of approximately $5 million in 2019 and $4 million in 2018. Previous to their sale in these years, we recognized an insignificant amount of impairment on these properties in 2019 and 2018.
PEIs carried at cost were measured at fair value for impairment purposes according to the methodology previously discussed for these investments. Amounts of PEIs carried at cost were $8 million at December 31, 2019 and $10 million at December 31, 2018. Amounts of other noninterest-bearing investments carried at cost were $157 million and $329 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which were comprised of Federal Reserve and Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock. PEIs accounted for using the equity method were $45 million and $35 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Impaired (or nonperforming) loans that are collateral-dependent were measured at fair value based on the fair value of the collateral. OREO was measured initially at fair value based on collateral appraisals at the time of transfer and subsequently at the lower of cost or fair value.
Measurement of fair value for collateral-dependent loans and OREO was based on third party appraisals that utilize one or more valuation techniques (income, market and/or cost approaches). Any adjustments to calculated fair value were made based on recently completed and validated third-party appraisals, third party appraisal services,
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automated valuation services, or our informed judgment. Evaluations were made to determine that the appraisal process met the relevant concepts and requirements of applicable accounting guidance.
Automated valuation services may be used primarily for residential properties when values from any of the previous methods were not available within 90 days of the balance sheet date. These services use models based on market, economic, and demographic values. The use of these models has only occurred in very few instances and the related property valuations have not been sufficiently significant to consider disclosure under Level 3 rather than Level 2.
Impaired loans that are not collateral-dependent were measured based on the present value of future cash flows discounted at the expected coupon rates over the lives of the loans. Because the loans were not discounted at market interest rates, the valuations do not represent fair value and have been excluded from the nonrecurring fair value balance in the preceding schedules.
Fair Value of Certain Financial Instruments
Following is a summary of the carrying values and estimated fair values of certain financial instruments:
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Carrying value | Estimated fair value | Level | Carrying value | Estimated fair value | Level | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity investment securities | $ | 592 | $ | 597 | 2 | $ | 774 | $ | 767 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans and leases (including loans held for sale), net of allowance | 48,343 | 47,958 | 3 | 46,312 | 45,251 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time deposits | 4,719 | 4,725 | 2 | 4,336 | 4,319 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | 1,723 | 1,751 | 2 | 724 | 727 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This summary excludes financial assets and liabilities for which carrying value approximates fair value and financial instruments that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Financial instruments for which carrying values approximate fair value include cash and due from banks, money market investments, demand, savings and money market deposits, federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings, and security repurchase agreements. The estimated fair value of demand, savings and money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. Carrying value is used because the accounts have no stated maturity and the customer has the ability to withdraw funds immediately. Time and foreign deposits, and any other short-term borrowings, are measured at fair value by discounting future cash flows using the LIBOR yield curve to the given maturity dates. Long-term debt is measured at fair value based on actual market trades (i.e., an asset value) when available, or discounting cash flows to maturity using the LIBOR yield curve adjusted for credit spreads. The methods used to measure fair value for HTM securities and loans were previously described in this footnote.
These fair value disclosures represent our best estimates based on relevant market information and information about the financial instruments. Fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding current economic conditions, future expected loss experience, risk characteristics of the various instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature, involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment, and cannot be determined with precision. Changes in these methodologies and assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.
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4. OFFSETTING ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
Gross and net information for selected financial instruments in the balance sheet is as follows:
| December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Gross amounts recognized | Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet | Net amounts presented in the balance sheet | Financial instruments | Cash collateral received/pledged | Net amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Federal funds sold and security resell agreements | $ | 694 | $ | (210) | $ | 484 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 484 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives (included in other assets) | 153 | — | 153 | (6) | — | 147 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 847 | $ | (210) | $ | 637 | $ | (6) | $ | — | $ | 631 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Federal funds and other short-term borrowings | $ | 2,263 | $ | (210) | $ | 2,053 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 2,053 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives (included in other liabilities) | 19 | — | 19 | (6) | (10) | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | $ | 2,282 | $ | (210) | $ | 2,072 | $ | (6) | $ | (10) | $ | 2,056 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Gross amounts recognized | Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet | Net amounts presented in the balance sheet | Financial instruments | Cash collateral received/pledged | Net amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Federal funds sold and security resell agreements | $ | 1,461 | $ | — | $ | 1,461 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,461 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives (included in other assets) | 45 | — | 45 | (35) | (3) | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 1,506 | $ | — | $ | 1,506 | $ | (35) | $ | (3) | $ | 1,468 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Federal funds and other short-term borrowings | $ | 5,653 | $ | — | $ | 5,653 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 5,653 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives (included in other liabilities) | 39 | — | 39 | (35) | (1) | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | $ | 5,692 | $ | — | $ | 5,692 | $ | (35) | $ | (1) | $ | 5,656 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Security repurchase and reverse repurchase (“resell”) agreements are offset, when applicable, in the balance sheet according to master netting agreements. Security repurchase agreements are included with “Federal funds and other short-term borrowings.” Derivative instruments may be offset under their master netting agreements; however, for accounting purposes, we present these items on a gross basis in the Bank’s balance sheet. See Note 7 for further information regarding derivative instruments.
5. INVESTMENTS
Investment Securities
Securities are classified as HTM, AFS or trading. HTM securities, which management has the intent and ability to hold until maturity, are carried at amortized cost. AFS securities are carried at fair value and unrealized gains and losses are reported as net increases or decreases to accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). Trading securities are carried at fair value with gains and losses recognized in current period earnings. The purchase premiums for callable debt securities classified as HTM or AFS are amortized at a constant effective yield to the
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earliest call date. The purchase premiums and discounts for all other HTM and AFS securities are amortized and accreted at a constant effective yield to the contractual maturity date and no assumption is made concerning prepayments. As principal prepayments occur, the portion of the unamortized premium or discount associated with the principal reduction is recognized in interest income in the period the principal is reduced. Note 3 discusses the process to estimate fair value for investment securities.
| December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Amortized cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Estimated fair value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | $ | 592 | $ | 5 | $ | — | $ | 597 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | 25 | — | — | 25 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Government agencies and corporations: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency securities | 1,301 | 5 | 4 | 1,302 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities | 9,518 | 83 | 42 | 9,559 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Small Business Administration loan-backed securities | 1,535 | 1 | 41 | 1,495 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | 1,282 | 37 | — | 1,319 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other debt securities | 25 | — | — | 25 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total available-for-sale | 13,686 | 126 | 87 | 13,725 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investment securities | $ | 14,278 | $ | 131 | $ | 87 | $ | 14,322 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Amortized cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Estimated fair value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | $ | 774 | $ | 4 | $ | 11 | $ | 767 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | 40 | — | — | 40 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Government agencies and corporations: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency securities | 1,394 | — | 19 | 1,375 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities | 10,236 | 18 | 240 | 10,014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Small Business Administration loan-backed securities | 2,042 | 1 | 47 | 1,996 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | 1,303 | 4 | 16 | 1,291 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other debt securities | 25 | — | 4 | 21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total available-for-sale | 15,040 | 23 | 326 | 14,737 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investment securities | $ | 15,814 | $ | 27 | $ | 337 | $ | 15,504 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maturities
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment debt securities are shown subsequently as of December 31, 2019 by contractual maturity of principal payments. Actual principal payments may differ from contractual or expected principal payments because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
| Held-to-maturity | Available-for-sale | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Amortized cost | Estimated fair value | Amortized cost | Estimated fair value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Due in one year or less | $ | 101 | $ | 102 | $ | 122 | $ | 122 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Due after one year through five years | 215 | 216 | 718 | 726 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Due after five years through ten years | 156 | 159 | 2,434 | 2,450 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Due after ten years | 120 | 120 | 10,412 | 10,427 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 592 | $ | 597 | $ | 13,686 | $ | 13,725 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The following is a summary of the amount of gross unrealized losses for debt securities and the estimated fair value by length of time the securities have been in an unrealized loss position:
| December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less than 12 months | 12 months or more | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Gross unrealized losses | Estimated fair value | Gross unrealized losses | Estimated fair value | Gross unrealized losses | Estimated fair value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | $ | — | $ | 73 | $ | — | $ | 45 | $ | — | $ | 118 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Government agencies and corporations: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency securities | 2 | 222 | 2 | 359 | 4 | 581 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities | 4 | 1,173 | 38 | 3,215 | 42 | 4,388 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Small Business Administration loan-backed securities | 1 | 172 | 40 | 1,215 | 41 | 1,387 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | — | 50 | — | 5 | — | 55 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total available-for-sale | 7 | 1,617 | 80 | 4,794 | 87 | 6,411 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 7 | $ | 1,690 | $ | 80 | $ | 4,839 | $ | 87 | $ | 6,529 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less than 12 months | 12 months or more | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Gross unrealized losses | Estimated fair value | Gross unrealized losses | Estimated fair value | Gross unrealized losses | Estimated fair value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | $ | 1 | $ | 86 | $ | 10 | $ | 438 | $ | 11 | $ | 524 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Government agencies and corporations: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency securities | 2 | 245 | 17 | 913 | 19 | 1,158 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities | 16 | 1,081 | 224 | 6,661 | 240 | 7,742 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Small Business Administration loan-backed securities | 19 | 1,180 | 28 | 711 | 47 | 1,891 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | 2 | 266 | 14 | 641 | 16 | 907 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | 4 | 11 | 4 | 11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total available-for-sale | 39 | 2,772 | 287 | 8,937 | 326 | 11,709 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 40 | $ | 2,858 | $ | 297 | $ | 9,375 | $ | 337 | $ | 12,233 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, 146 and 606 HTM and 849 and 2,588 AFS investment securities were in an unrealized loss position.
Other-Than-Temporary Impairment
Ongoing Policy
We review investment securities on a quarterly basis for the presence of OTTI. We assess whether OTTI is present when the fair value of a debt security is less than its amortized cost basis at the balance sheet date. When we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of a security then the decline in fair value is considered to be other-than-temporary. OTTI is considered to have occurred for debt securities in unrealized loss positions if we have formed a documented intent to sell identified securities or initiated such sales or it is “more likely than not” we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. In these scenarios the impairment loss is equal to the full difference between the amortized cost basis and the fair value of the securities. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position that we have the intent and ability to hold, the expected cash flows to be received from the securities are evaluated to determine if a credit loss exists. In the event of a credit loss, only the amount of the impairment associated with the credit loss is recognized in income. Unrealized losses relating to factors other than credit losses are recorded in OCI.
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Our OTTI evaluation process takes into consideration current market conditions; fair value in relationship to cost; extent and nature of change in fair value; severity and duration of the impairment; recent events specific to the issuer or industry; our assessment of the creditworthiness of the issuer, including external credit ratings, changes, recent downgrades, and trends; the cash flow priority position of the instrument that we hold in the case of structured securities; volatility of earnings and trends; current analysts’ evaluations; all available information relevant to the collectability of debt securities; and other key measures. In addition, for AFS securities with fair values below amortized cost, we must determine if we intend to sell the securities or if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. For HTM securities, we must determine we have the ability to hold the securities to maturity. We consider any other relevant factors before concluding our evaluation for the existence of OTTI in our securities portfolio.
Other-Than-Temporary Impairment Conclusions
The Bank did not recognize any OTTI on its investment securities portfolio during 2019 or 2018. Unrealized losses relate to changes in interest rates subsequent to purchase and are not attributable to credit. At December 31, 2019, we did not have an intent to sell identified securities with unrealized losses or initiate such sales, and we believe it is more likely than not we would be required to sell such securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis.
To determine the credit component of OTTI for all security types, we utilize projected cash flows. These cash flows are credit adjusted using, among other things, assumptions for default probability and loss severity. Certain other unobservable inputs such as prepayment rate assumptions are also utilized. In addition, certain internal models may be utilized. See Note 3 for further discussion. To determine the credit-related portion of OTTI in accordance with applicable accounting guidance, we use the security-specific effective interest rate when estimating the present value of cash flows.
Securities gains and losses recognized in income
The following summarizes gains and losses that were recognized in the statement of income:
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Gross gains | Gross losses | Gross gains | Gross losses | Gross gains | Gross losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest-bearing investments | $ | 20 | $ | 17 | $ | 17 | $ | 16 | $ | 22 | $ | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net gains | $ | 3 | $ | 1 | $ | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest income by security type is as follows:
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxable | Nontaxable | Total | Taxable | Nontaxable | Total | Taxable | Nontaxable | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity | $ | 9 | $ | 13 | $ | 22 | $ | 10 | $ | 14 | $ | 24 | $ | 10 | $ | 13 | $ | 23 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | 308 | 25 | 333 | 295 | 26 | 321 | 277 | 24 | 301 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trading | 1 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 5 | — | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 318 | $ | 44 | $ | 362 | $ | 306 | $ | 44 | $ | 350 | $ | 287 | $ | 39 | $ | 326 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment securities with a carrying value of approximately $2.0 billion and $2.6 billion at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were pledged to secure public and trust deposits, advances, and for other purposes as required by law. Securities are also pledged as collateral for security repurchase agreements.
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6. LOANS, LEASES, AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
Loans, Leases, and Loans Held for Sale
Loans and leases are summarized as follows according to major portfolio segment and specific class:
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||
| Loans held for sale | $ | 129 | $ | 93 | |||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | 14,760 | $ | 14,513 | |||||||||||||
| Leasing | 334 | 327 | |||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 7,901 | 7,661 | |||||||||||||||
| Municipal | 2,393 | 1,661 | |||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 25,388 | 24,162 | |||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | 2,211 | 2,186 | |||||||||||||||
| Term | 9,344 | 8,939 | |||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 11,555 | 11,125 | |||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | 2,917 | 2,937 | |||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | 7,568 | 7,176 | |||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | 624 | 643 | |||||||||||||||
| Bankcard and other revolving plans | 502 | 491 | |||||||||||||||
| Other | 155 | 180 | |||||||||||||||
| Total consumer | 11,766 | 11,427 | |||||||||||||||
Total loans and leases 1 | $ | 48,709 | $ | 46,714 | |||||||||||||
1Loans and leases are presented net of unearned income, unamortized purchase premiums and discounts, and net deferred loan fees and costs totaling $48 million and $50 million at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
Municipal loans generally include loans to municipalities with the debt service being repaid from general funds or pledged revenues of the municipal entity, or to private commercial entities or 501(c)(3) not-for-profit entities utilizing a pass-through municipal entity to achieve favorable tax treatment.
Land development loans included in the construction and land development loan class were $158 million at December 31, 2019, and $237 million at December 31, 2018.
Loans with a carrying value of approximately $21.5 billion at December 31, 2019, and $22.6 billion at December 31, 2018, have been pledged at the Federal Reserve and the FHLB of Des Moines as collateral for current and potential borrowings.
We sold loans totaling $0.9 billion in 2019, $0.6 billion in 2018, and $0.9 billion in 2017, that were classified as loans held for sale. The sold loans were derecognized from the balance sheet. Loans classified as loans held for sale primarily consist of conforming residential mortgages and the guaranteed portion of SBA loans. The loans are mainly sold to U.S. government agencies or participated to third parties. At times, we have continuing involvement in the transferred loans in the form of servicing rights or a guarantee from the respective issuer. Amounts added to loans held for sale during these same periods were $0.9 billion, $0.8 billion, and $0.8 billion, respectively.
The principal balance of sold loans for which we retain servicing was approximately $1.7 billion at December 31, 2019, $2.2 billion at December 31, 2018, and $2.2 billion at December 31, 2017. Income from loans sold, excluding servicing, was $18 million in 2019, $12 million in 2018, and $13 million in 2017.
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Allowance for Credit Losses
The ACL consists of the ALLL and the RULC.
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
The ALLL represents our estimate of probable and estimable losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Losses are charged to the ALLL when recognized. Generally, commercial and industrial and commercial real estate (“CRE”) loans are charged off or charged down when they are determined to be uncollectible in whole or in part, or when 180 days past due, unless the loan is well secured and in process of collection. Consumer loans are either charged off or charged down to net realizable value no later than the month in which they become 180 days past due. Closed-end consumer loans that are not secured by residential real estate are either charged off or charged down to net realizable value no later than the month in which they become 120 days past due. We establish the amount of the ALLL by analyzing the portfolio at least quarterly, and we adjust the provision for loan losses so the ALLL is at an appropriate level at the balance sheet date.
We determine our ALLL as the best estimate within a range of estimated losses. The methodologies we use to estimate the ALLL depend upon the impairment status and loan portfolio. The methodology for impaired loans is discussed subsequently. For commercial and CRE loans with commitments greater than $1 million, we assign internal risk grades using a comprehensive loan grading system based on financial and statistical models, individual credit analysis, and loan officer experience and judgment. The credit quality indicators discussed subsequently are based on this grading system. Estimated losses for these commercial and CRE loans are derived from a statistical analysis of our historical default and loss given default experience over the period of January 2008 through the most recent full quarter.
For consumer and small commercial and CRE loans with commitments less than or equal to $1 million, we primarily use roll rate models to forecast probable inherent losses. Roll rate models measure the rate at which these loans migrate from one delinquency category to the next worst delinquency category, and eventually to loss. We estimate roll rates for these loans using recent delinquency and loss experience by segmenting our loan portfolios into separate pools based on common risk characteristics and separately calculating historical delinquency and loss experience for each pool. These roll rates are then applied to current delinquency levels to estimate probable inherent losses.
The current status and historical changes in qualitative and environmental factors may not be reflected in our quantitative models. Thus, after applying historical loss experience, as described above, we review the quantitatively derived level of ALLL for each segment using qualitative criteria, then use those criteria to determine our qualitative estimate. We monitor various risk factors that influence our judgment regarding the level of the ALLL across the portfolio segments. These factors primarily include:
•Changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices;
•Changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions;
•Changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and in the terms of loans;
•Changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff;
•Changes in the volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of nonaccrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans;
•Changes in the quality of the loan review system;
•Changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans;
•The existence and effect of any concentration of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations;
•The effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements;
The magnitude of the impact of these factors on our qualitative assessment of the ALLL changes from quarter to quarter according to changes made by management in its assessment of these factors, the extent these factors are
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already reflected in historical loss rates, and the extent changes in these factors diverge from one to another. We also consider the uncertainty inherent in the estimation process when evaluating the ALLL.
Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments
The RULC represents our estimated reserve for potential losses associated with off-balance sheet commitments, including standby letters of credit. We estimate the RULC using the same procedures and methodologies that we use for the ALLL. The loss factors and qualitative adjustments used in the RULC are the same as the loss factors and qualitative adjustments used in the ALLL. We adjust the Bank’s unfunded lending commitments that are not unconditionally cancelable to an outstanding amount equivalent using credit conversion factors, and we apply the loss factors to the outstanding equivalents.
Changes in the allowance for credit losses are summarized as follows:
| December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In millions) | Commercial | Commercial real estate | Consumer | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for loan losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 331 | $ | 110 | $ | 54 | $ | 495 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for loan losses | 42 | (11) | 6 | 37 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross loan and lease charge-offs | 57 | 4 | 17 | 78 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recoveries | 25 | 6 | 10 | 41 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loan and lease charge-offs (recoveries) | 32 | (2) | 7 | 37 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of year | $ | 341 | $ | 101 | $ | 53 | $ | 495 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reserve for unfunded lending commitments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 40 | $ | 17 | $ | — | $ | 57 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for unfunded lending commitments | (1) | 3 | — | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of year | $ | 39 | $ | 20 | $ | — | $ | 59 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total allowance for credit losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for loan losses | $ | 341 | $ | 101 | $ | 53 | $ | 495 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reserve for unfunded lending commitments | 39 | 20 | — | 59 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 380 | $ | 121 | $ | 53 | $ | 554 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Commercial | Commercial real estate | Consumer | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for loan losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 371 | $ | 103 | $ | 44 | $ | 518 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for loan losses | (62) | 3 | 20 | (39) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross loan and lease charge-offs | 46 | 5 | 18 | 69 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recoveries | 68 | 9 | 8 | 85 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loan and lease charge-offs (recoveries) | (22) | (4) | 10 | (16) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of year | $ | 331 | $ | 110 | $ | 54 | $ | 495 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reserve for unfunded lending commitments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 48 | $ | 10 | $ | — | $ | 58 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for unfunded lending commitments | (8) | 7 | — | (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of year | $ | 40 | $ | 17 | $ | — | $ | 57 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total allowance for credit losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for loan losses | $ | 331 | $ | 110 | $ | 54 | $ | 495 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reserve for unfunded lending commitments | 40 | 17 | — | 57 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 371 | $ | 127 | $ | 54 | $ | 552 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The ALLL and outstanding loan balances according to the Bank’s impairment method are summarized as follows:
| December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Commercial | Commercial real estate | Consumer | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for loan losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 8 | $ | 1 | $ | 2 | $ | 11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collectively evaluated for impairment | 333 | 100 | 51 | 484 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 341 | $ | 101 | $ | 53 | $ | 495 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding loan balances | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 168 | $ | 30 | $ | 58 | $ | 256 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collectively evaluated for impairment | 25,220 | 11,525 | 11,708 | 48,453 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 25,388 | $ | 11,555 | $ | 11,766 | $ | 48,709 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Commercial | Commercial real estate | Consumer | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for loan losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 6 | $ | 1 | $ | 2 | $ | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collectively evaluated for impairment | 325 | 109 | 52 | 486 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 331 | $ | 110 | $ | 54 | $ | 495 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding loan balances | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 164 | $ | 55 | $ | 72 | $ | 291 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collectively evaluated for impairment | 23,998 | 11,070 | 11,355 | 46,423 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 24,162 | $ | 11,125 | $ | 11,427 | $ | 46,714 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans
Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when payment in full of principal and interest is not expected, or the loan is 90 days or more past due as to principal or interest, unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. Factors we consider in determining whether a loan is placed on nonaccrual include delinquency status, collateral-value, borrower or guarantor financial statement information, bankruptcy status, and other information that would indicate the full and timely collection of interest and principal is uncertain.
A nonaccrual loan may be returned to accrual status when all delinquent interest and principal become current in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement; the loan, if secured, is well secured; the borrower has paid according to the contractual terms for a minimum of six months; and analysis of the borrower indicates a reasonable assurance of the ability and willingness to maintain payments. Payments received on nonaccrual loans are applied as a reduction to the principal outstanding.
Closed-end loans with payments scheduled monthly are reported as past due when the borrower is in arrears for 2 or more monthly payments. Similarly, open-end credits, such as charge-card plans and other revolving credit plans, are reported as past due when the minimum payment has not been made for 2 or more billing cycles. Other multi-payment obligations (i.e., quarterly, semi-annual, etc.), single payment, and demand notes, are reported as past due when either principal or interest is due and unpaid for a period of 30 days or more.
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Nonaccrual loans are summarized as follows:
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||
| Loans held for sale | $ | — | $ | 6 | |||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | 110 | $ | 82 | |||||||||||||
| Leasing | — | 2 | |||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 65 | 67 | |||||||||||||||
| Municipal | — | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 175 | 152 | |||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| Term | 16 | 38 | |||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 16 | 38 | |||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | 12 | 13 | |||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | 40 | 42 | |||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| Bankcard and other revolving plans | — | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| Total consumer loans | 52 | 56 | |||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 243 | $ | 246 | |||||||||||||
Past-due loans (accruing and nonaccruing) are summarized as follows:
| December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Current | 30-89 days past due | 90+ days past due | Total past due | Total loans | Accruing loans 90+ days past due | Nonaccrual loans that are current1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans held for sale | $ | 129 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 129 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | 14,665 | $ | 57 | $ | 38 | $ | 95 | $ | 14,760 | $ | 8 | $ | 54 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing | 334 | — | — | — | 334 | 1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 7,862 | 20 | 19 | 39 | 7,901 | — | 44 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal | 2,393 | — | — | — | 2,393 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 25,254 | 77 | 57 | 134 | 25,388 | 9 | 98 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | 2,206 | 5 | — | 5 | 2,211 | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | 9,333 | 8 | 3 | 11 | 9,344 | — | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 11,539 | 13 | 3 | 16 | 11,555 | — | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | 2,908 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 2,917 | — | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | 7,532 | 12 | 24 | 36 | 7,568 | — | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | 624 | — | — | — | 624 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bankcard and other revolving plans | 499 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 502 | 1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 154 | 1 | — | 1 | 155 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer loans | 11,717 | 21 | 28 | 49 | 11,766 | 1 | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 48,510 | $ | 111 | $ | 88 | $ | 199 | $ | 48,709 | $ | 10 | $ | 129 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Current | 30-89 days past due | 90+ days past due | Total past due | Total loans | Accruing loans 90+ days past due | Nonaccrual loans that are current1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans held for sale | $ | 89 | $ | — | $ | 4 | $ | 4 | $ | 93 | $ | — | $ | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | 14,445 | $ | 37 | $ | 31 | $ | 68 | $ | 14,513 | $ | 4 | $ | 46 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing | 325 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 327 | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 7,621 | 23 | 17 | 40 | 7,661 | 3 | 48 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal | 1,661 | — | — | — | 1,661 | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 24,052 | 61 | 49 | 110 | 24,162 | 7 | 96 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | 2,185 | 1 | — | 1 | 2,186 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | 8,924 | 4 | 11 | 15 | 8,939 | 1 | 26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 11,109 | 5 | 11 | 16 | 11,125 | 1 | 26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | 2,927 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 2,937 | — | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | 7,143 | 15 | 18 | 33 | 7,176 | — | 19 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | 642 | 1 | — | 1 | 643 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bankcard and other revolving plans | 487 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 491 | 2 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 179 | 1 | — | 1 | 180 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer loans | 11,378 | 23 | 26 | 49 | 11,427 | 2 | 23 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 46,539 | $ | 89 | $ | 86 | $ | 175 | $ | 46,714 | $ | 10 | $ | 145 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Represents nonaccrual loans that are not past due more than 30 days; however, full payment of principal and interest is still not expected.
Credit Quality Indicators
In addition to the past-due and nonaccrual criteria, we also analyze loans using loan risk-grading systems, which vary based on the size and type of credit risk exposure. The internal risk grades assigned to loans follow our definitions of Pass, Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful, which are consistent with published definitions of regulatory risk classifications.
Definitions of Pass, Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful are summarized as follows:
Pass – A Pass asset is higher quality and does not fit any of the other categories described below. The likelihood of loss is considered low.
Special Mention – A Special Mention asset has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Bank’s credit position at some future date.
Substandard – A Substandard asset is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets so classified have well-defined weaknesses and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank may sustain some loss if deficiencies are not corrected.
Doubtful – A Doubtful asset has all the weaknesses inherent in a Substandard asset with the added characteristics that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable.
We generally assign internal risk grades to commercial and CRE loans with commitments greater than $1 million based on financial and statistical models, individual credit analysis, and loan officer experience and judgment. For these larger loans, we assign one of multiple grades within the Pass classification or one of the following four grades: Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful, and Loss. Loss indicates that the outstanding balance has been charged off. We confirm our internal risk grades quarterly, or as soon as we identify information that affects the credit risk of the loan.
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For consumer loans and certain small commercial and CRE loans with commitments less than or equal to $1 million, we generally assign internal risk grades similar to those described previously based on automated rules that depend on refreshed credit scores, payment performance, and other risk indicators. These are generally assigned either a Pass or Substandard grade and are reviewed as we identify information that might warrant a grade change.
Outstanding loan balances (accruing and nonaccruing) categorized by these credit quality classifications are summarized as follows:
| December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Pass | Special mention | Sub- standard | Doubtful | Total loans | Total allowance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | 13,950 | $ | 394 | $ | 416 | $ | — | $ | 14,760 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing | 312 | 20 | 2 | — | 334 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 7,587 | 68 | 246 | — | 7,901 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal | 2,390 | — | 3 | — | 2,393 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 24,239 | 482 | 667 | — | 25,388 | $ | 341 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | 2,193 | 15 | 3 | — | 2,211 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | 9,234 | 42 | 68 | — | 9,344 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 11,427 | 57 | 71 | — | 11,555 | 101 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | 2,902 | — | 15 | — | 2,917 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | 7,523 | — | 45 | — | 7,568 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | 623 | — | 1 | — | 624 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bankcard and other revolving plans | 498 | — | 4 | — | 502 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 155 | — | — | — | 155 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer loans | 11,701 | — | 65 | — | 11,766 | 53 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 47,367 | $ | 539 | $ | 803 | $ | — | $ | 48,709 | $ | 495 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Pass | Special mention | Sub- standard | Doubtful | Total loans | Total allowance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | 13,891 | $ | 322 | $ | 300 | $ | — | $ | 14,513 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing | 313 | 10 | 4 | — | 327 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 7,369 | 72 | 220 | — | 7,661 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal | 1,632 | 2 | 27 | — | 1,661 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 23,205 | 406 | 551 | — | 24,162 | $ | 331 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | 2,174 | 11 | 1 | — | 2,186 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | 8,853 | 10 | 76 | — | 8,939 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 11,027 | 21 | 77 | — | 11,125 | 110 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | 2,920 | — | 17 | — | 2,937 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | 7,129 | — | 47 | — | 7,176 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | 641 | — | 2 | — | 643 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bankcard and other revolving plans | 488 | — | 3 | — | 491 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 179 | — | 1 | — | 180 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer loans | 11,357 | — | 70 | — | 11,427 | 54 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 45,589 | $ | 427 | $ | 698 | $ | — | $ | 46,714 | $ | 495 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Impaired Loans
Loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement, including scheduled interest payments. If a nonaccrual loan has a balance greater than $1 million, or if a loan is a TDR, including TDRs that subsequently default, or if the loan is no longer reported as a TDR, we individually evaluate the loan for impairment and estimate a specific reserve for the loan for all portfolio segments under applicable accounting guidance. Smaller nonaccrual loans are pooled for ALLL estimation purposes.
When a loan is impaired, we estimate a specific reserve for the loan based on the projected present value of the loan’s future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the observable market price of the loan, or the fair value of the loan’s underlying collateral. The process of estimating future cash flows also incorporates the same determining factors discussed previously under nonaccrual loans. When we base the impairment amount on the fair value of the loan’s underlying collateral, we generally charge-off the portion of the balance that is impaired, such that these loans do not have a specific reserve in the ALLL. Payments received on impaired loans that are accruing are recognized in interest income, according to the contractual loan agreement. Payments received on impaired loans that are on nonaccrual are not recognized in interest income, but are applied as a reduction to the principal outstanding. The amount of interest income recognized on a cash basis during the time the loans were impaired within the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was not significant.
Information on impaired loans individually evaluated is summarized as follows, including the average recorded investment and interest income recognized for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
| December 31, 2019 | Year Ended December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Unpaid principal balance | Recorded investment | Total recorded investment | Related allowance | Average recorded investment | Interest income recognized | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| with no allowance | with allowance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | 132 | $ | 48 | $ | 56 | $ | 104 | $ | 7 | $ | 103 | $ | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 53 | 27 | 24 | 51 | 1 | 61 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 185 | 75 | 80 | 155 | 8 | 164 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | 18 | 15 | 2 | 17 | — | 34 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 18 | 15 | 2 | 17 | — | 34 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | 14 | 10 | 3 | 13 | — | 15 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | 52 | 26 | 18 | 44 | 2 | 56 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer loans | 66 | 36 | 21 | 57 | 2 | 74 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 269 | $ | 126 | $ | 103 | $ | 229 | $ | 10 | $ | 272 | $ | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| December 31, 2018 | Year Ended December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Unpaid principal balance | Recorded investment | Total recorded investment | Related allowance | Average recorded investment | Interest income recognized | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| with no allowance | with allowance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | 112 | $ | 52 | $ | 36 | $ | 88 | $ | 4 | $ | 83 | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 67 | 31 | 29 | 60 | 2 | 47 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal | 1 | 1 | — | 1 | — | 1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 180 | 84 | 65 | 149 | 6 | 131 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | 1 | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | 44 | 37 | 3 | 40 | — | 41 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 45 | 37 | 3 | 40 | — | 42 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | 15 | 12 | 2 | 14 | — | 13 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | 69 | 32 | 25 | 57 | 2 | 51 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | 1 | 1 | — | 1 | — | 1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer loans | 85 | 45 | 27 | 72 | 2 | 65 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 310 | $ | 166 | $ | 95 | $ | 261 | $ | 8 | $ | 238 | $ | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Modified and Restructured Loans
Loans may be modified in the normal course of business for competitive reasons or to strengthen the Bank’s position. Loan modifications and restructurings may also occur when the borrower experiences financial difficulty and needs temporary or permanent relief from the original contractual terms of the loan. Loans that have been modified to accommodate a borrower who is experiencing financial difficulties, and for which the Bank has granted a concession that it would not otherwise consider, are considered TDRs.
We consider many factors in determining whether to agree to a loan modification involving concessions, and we seek a solution that will both minimize potential loss to the Bank and attempt to help the borrower. We evaluate borrowers’ current and forecasted future cash flows, their ability and willingness to make current contractual or proposed modified payments, the value of the underlying collateral (if applicable), the possibility of obtaining additional security or guarantees, and the potential costs related to a repossession or foreclosure and the subsequent sale of the collateral.
TDRs are classified as either accrual or nonaccrual loans. A loan on nonaccrual and restructured as a TDR will remain on nonaccrual status until the borrower has proven the ability to perform under the modified structure for a minimum of 6 months, and there is evidence that such payments can and are likely to continue as agreed. Performance prior to the restructuring, or significant events that coincide with the restructuring, are included in assessing whether the borrower can meet the new terms and may result in the loan being returned to accrual at the time of restructuring or after a shorter performance period. If the borrower’s ability to meet the revised payment schedule is uncertain, the loan remains classified as a nonaccrual loan. A TDR loan that specifies an interest rate that at the time of the restructuring is greater than or equal to the rate the Bank is willing to accept for a new loan with comparable risk may not be reported as a TDR or an impaired loan in the calendar years subsequent to the restructuring if it is in compliance with its modified terms.
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Selected information on TDRs at year-end that includes the recorded investment on an accruing and nonaccruing basis by loan class and modification type is summarized in the following schedules:
| December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recorded investment resulting from the following modification types: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate below market | Maturity or term extension | Principal forgiveness | Payment deferral | Other1 | Multiple modification types2 | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accruing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | 1 | $ | 2 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 8 | $ | 5 | $ | 16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 3 | 1 | — | — | 4 | 7 | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 4 | 3 | — | — | 12 | 12 | 31 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | 2 | — | — | 1 | — | 3 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 2 | — | — | 1 | — | 3 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | — | 2 | 7 | — | — | 2 | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | 1 | 1 | 4 | — | 1 | 22 | 29 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer loans | 1 | 4 | 11 | — | 1 | 24 | 41 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total accruing | $ | 7 | $ | 7 | $ | 11 | $ | 1 | $ | 13 | $ | 39 | $ | 78 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nonaccruing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | — | $ | 4 | $ | — | $ | 20 | $ | 4 | $ | 22 | $ | 50 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 5 | — | — | — | 1 | 4 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 5 | 4 | — | 20 | 5 | 26 | 60 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | 1 | — | — | — | 3 | 3 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 1 | — | — | — | 3 | 3 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | — | — | 2 | — | — | — | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | — | — | 1 | — | 1 | 4 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer loans | — | — | 3 | — | 1 | 4 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total nonaccruing | 6 | 4 | 3 | 20 | 9 | 33 | 75 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 13 | $ | 11 | $ | 14 | $ | 21 | $ | 22 | $ | 72 | $ | 153 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Includes TDRs that resulted from other modification types including, but not limited to, a legal judgment awarded on different terms, a bankruptcy plan confirmed on different terms, a settlement that includes the delivery of collateral in exchange for debt reduction, etc.
2Includes TDRs that resulted from a combination of any of the previous modification types.
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| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recorded investment resulting from the following modification types: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Interest rate below market | Maturity or term extension | Principal forgiveness | Payment deferral | Other1 | Multiple modification types2 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accruing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | 2 | $ | 4 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 15 | $ | 7 | $ | 28 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 3 | 2 | — | — | 2 | 14 | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 5 | 6 | — | — | 17 | 21 | 49 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | 2 | 2 | — | 1 | — | 6 | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 2 | 2 | — | 1 | — | 6 | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | — | 1 | 8 | — | — | 3 | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | 1 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 28 | 39 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer loans | 1 | 3 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 32 | 52 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total accruing | $ | 8 | $ | 11 | $ | 14 | $ | 2 | $ | 18 | $ | 59 | $ | 112 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nonaccruing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | 1 | $ | 6 | $ | — | $ | 1 | $ | 10 | $ | 27 | $ | 45 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | 6 | — | — | 1 | 2 | 5 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | 7 | 6 | — | 2 | 12 | 33 | 60 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and land development | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | 3 | — | — | 2 | 14 | 1 | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 3 | — | — | 2 | 14 | 1 | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity credit line | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | — | — | 1 | — | 1 | 7 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction and other consumer real estate | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer loans | — | — | 2 | — | 1 | 7 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total nonaccruing | 10 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 27 | 41 | 90 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 18 | $ | 17 | $ | 16 | $ | 6 | $ | 45 | $ | 100 | $ | 202 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Includes TDRs that resulted from other modification types including, but not limited to, a legal judgment awarded on different terms, a bankruptcy plan confirmed on different terms, a settlement that includes the delivery of collateral in exchange for debt reduction, etc.
2Includes TDRs that resulted from a combination of any of the previous modification types.
Unfunded lending commitments on TDRs amounted to approximately $5 million at December 31, 2019, and $11 million at December 31, 2018.
The total recorded investment of all TDRs in which interest rates were modified below market was $73 million at December 31, 2019, and $88 million at December 31, 2018, respectively. These loans are included in the previous schedule in the columns for interest rate below market and multiple modification types.
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The net financial impact on interest income due to interest rate modifications below market for accruing TDRs is summarized in the following schedule:
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||
| Consumer: | |||||||||||
| 1-4 family residential | $ | — | $ | (1) | |||||||
| Total consumer loans | — | (1) | |||||||||
Total decrease to interest income 1 | $ | — | $ | (1) | |||||||
1Calculated based on the difference between the modified rate and the premodified rate applied to the recorded investment.
On an ongoing basis, we monitor the performance of all TDRs according to their restructured terms. Subsequent payment default is defined in terms of delinquency, when principal or interest payments are past due 90 days or more for commercial loans, or 60 days or more for consumer loans.
The recorded investment of accruing and nonaccruing TDRs that had a payment default during the period listed below (and are still in default at year-end) and are within 12 months or less of being modified as TDRs is as follows:
| (In millions) | December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accruing | Nonaccruing | Total | Accruing | Nonaccruing | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 5 | $ | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner-occupied | — | 1 | 1 | — | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial | — | 1 | 1 | — | 6 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | — | — | — | — | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | — | — | — | — | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | — | $ | 1 | $ | 1 | $ | — | $ | 8 | $ | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: Total loans modified as TDRs during the 12 months previous to December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $40 million and $105 million, respectively.
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the amount of foreclosed residential real estate property held by the Bank was less than $1 million and $2 million, respectively. The recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that are in the process of foreclosure was $8 million and $10 million for the same periods, respectively.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Credit risk is the possibility of loss from the failure of a borrower, guarantor, or another obligor to fully perform under the terms of a credit-related contract. Credit risks (whether on- or off-balance sheet) may occur when individual borrowers, groups of borrowers, or counterparties have similar economic characteristics, including industries, geographies, collateral types, sponsors, etc., and are similarly affected by changes in economic or other conditions. Credit risk also includes the loss that would be recognized subsequent to the reporting date if counterparties failed to perform as contracted. See Note 7 for a discussion of counterparty risk associated with the Bank’s derivative transactions.
We perform an ongoing analysis of our loan portfolio to evaluate whether there is any significant exposure to any concentrations of credit risk. Based on this analysis, we believe that the loan portfolio is generally well diversified; however, there are certain significant concentrations in CRE and oil and gas-related lending. Further, we cannot guarantee that we have fully understood or mitigated all risk concentrations or correlated risks. We have adopted and adhere to concentration limits on various types of CRE lending, particularly construction and land development lending, leveraged and enterprise value lending, municipal lending, and oil and gas-related lending. All of these limits are continually monitored and revised as necessary.
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7. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
Objectives
The Bank maintains an overall interest rate risk management strategy that actively incorporates the use of interest rate derivatives that include unleveraged interest rate swaps, purchased options, combinations of options, and may include futures and other forward interest rate contracts. The Bank’s objective for using derivatives is to manage risks, primarily interest rate risk. The Bank uses derivatives to manage volatility in interest income, interest expense, earnings, and capital by adjusting our interest rate sensitivity to minimize the impact of fluctuations in interest rates. Derivatives are used to stabilize forecasted interest receipts from variable-rate assets and to modify the coupon or the duration of fixed-rate financial assets or liabilities as we consider advisable.
We also provide certain borrowers access to over-the-counter interest rate derivatives by selling interest rate derivatives to our customers, which we generally offset with interest rate derivatives executed with other dealers or central clearing houses. The Bank also provides commercial clients with short-term foreign currency spot trades or forward contracts with a maturity of, generally, 90 days or less that are also largely offset by foreign currency trades with closely mirroring terms executed with other dealer counterparties or central clearing houses.
When we use derivatives as hedges, either for economic or accounting purposes, it is done only to manage identified risks. We apply hedge accounting to certain derivatives executed for risk management purposes as subsequently described in more detail. However, we do not apply hedge accounting to all the derivatives involved in our risk management activities. Derivatives not designated as accounting hedges are not speculative and are used to economically manage our exposure to interest rate movements, including offsetting customer-facing derivatives. These derivatives either do not require the use of hedge accounting for their economic impact to be accurately reflected in our financial statements or they do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements.
Accounting
We record all derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at fair value in Other Assets or Other Liabilities regardless of the accounting designation of each derivative. The Bank enters into International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) master netting agreements, or similar agreements, with substantially all derivative counterparties. See Note 4, “Offsetting Assets and Liabilities” for more information. Where legally enforceable, these master netting agreements give the Bank, in the event of default or the triggering of other specified contingent events by the counterparty, the right to use cash or liquidate securities held as collateral and to offset receivables and payables with the same counterparty. For purposes of the Consolidated Balance Sheet, the Bank does not offset derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral held with the same counterparty where it has a legally enforceable master netting agreement and reports all derivatives on a gross fair value basis. Note 3 discusses the process to estimate fair value for derivatives. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative and the resulting accounting designation. Derivatives used to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of assets, liabilities, or firm commitments attributable to interest rates or other eligible risks, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives used to hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are not part of designated fair value or cash flow hedging relationships are recorded in current period earnings.
Fair Value Hedges - For derivatives designated as fair value hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative are recognized in earnings together with the change in the fair value of the hedged item due to the risk being hedged. The Bank reports the earnings effect of the hedging instrument in the same Consolidated Income Statement line item in which the earnings effect of the hedged item is reported, generally interest income or expense for hedges of interest rate risk of an interest-bearing financial asset or liability. The amounts from the derivative and hedged item for active fair value hedges and the location where they are recorded are detailed in the schedules below.
As of December 31, 2019, the Bank had an aggregate notional amount of $1.5 billion of interest rate swaps designated in qualifying fair value hedge relationships. The hedging instruments used are receive-fixed interest rate swaps converting the interest on our fixed-rate debt to floating. These hedges are designated as fair values hedges of
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the change in fair value of the LIBOR benchmark swap rate component of the contractual coupon cash flows of our fixed-rate debt. The swaps are structured to match the critical terms of the hedged notes, resulting in the expectation that the swaps will be highly effective as hedging instruments. All interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges were highly effective and met all other requirements to remain designated and part of qualifying hedge accounting relationships as of the balance sheet date. The Bank has no remaining debt basis adjustments from previously designated fair value hedges, as such, there is no scheduled amortization for previously terminated fair value hedges that will impact the Bank’s financial statements for the foreseeable future.
Cash flow hedges - For derivatives designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges, ineffectiveness is not measured or separately disclosed. Rather, as long as the hedging relationship continues to qualify for hedge accounting, the entire change in the fair value of the hedging instrument is deferred in OCI until the hedged transaction affects earnings, at which point amounts deferred in OCI are reclassified to earnings and reported in the same income statement line item used to present the earnings effect of the hedged item or forecasted transactions. We may use interest rate swaps, options, or a combination of options in our cash flow hedging strategy to eliminate or reduce the variable cash flows associated primarily with interest receipts on floating-rate commercial loans due to changes in any separately identifiable and reliably measurable contractual interest rate index.
As of December 31, 2019, the Bank had receive-fixed interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $3.6 billion designated as cash flow hedges of the variability of interest receipts on floating-rate commercial loans due to changes in the LIBOR swap rate. During 2019, the Bank purchased interest rate floors with an aggregate notional amount of $7 billion that were designated as cash flow hedges of floating rate commercial loans. Prior to year-end 2019, the purchased floors were terminated and replaced with receive-fixed interest rate swaps with a total notional amount of $2 billion. As of December 31, 2019, the Bank had gains deferred in OCI of $18.4 million from active receive-fixed interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges and $23.5 million from the terminated interest rate floors. Amounts deferred in OCI from cash flow hedges are expected to be fully reclassified to interest income by the second quarter of 2024.
Hedge effectiveness - We assess the effectiveness of each hedging relationship by comparing the changes in fair value or cash flows on the derivative hedging instrument with the changes in fair value or cash flows on the designated hedged item or transactions for the risk being hedged. If a hedging relationship ceases to qualify for hedge accounting, the relationship is discontinued and future changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument are recognized in current period earnings. For a discontinued or terminated fair value hedging relationship, all remaining basis adjustments to the carrying amount of the hedged item are amortized to interest income or expense over the remaining life of the hedged item consistent with the amortization of other discounts or premiums. Previous balances deferred in AOCI from discontinued or terminated cash flow hedges are reclassified to interest income or expense as the hedged transactions affect earnings or over the originally specified term of the hedging relationship.
Collateral and Credit Risk
Exposure to credit risk arises from the possibility of nonperformance by counterparties. No significant losses on derivative instruments have occurred as a result of counterparty nonperformance. Financial institutions which are well-capitalized and well-established are the counterparties for those derivatives entered into for asset-liability management and used to offset derivatives sold to our customers. The Bank reduces its counterparty exposure for derivative contracts by centrally clearing all eligible derivatives.
For those derivatives that are not centrally cleared, the counterparties are typically financial institutions or customers of the Bank. For those that are financial institutions, as noted above, we manage our credit exposure through the use of a Credit Support Annex (“CSA”) to an ISDA master agreement with each counterparty. Eligible collateral types are documented by the CSA and controlled under the Bank’s general credit policies. Collateral balances are typically monitored on a daily basis. A valuation haircut policy reflects the fact that collateral may fall in value between the date the collateral is called and the date of liquidation or enforcement. In practice, all of the Bank’s collateral held as credit risk mitigation under a CSA is cash.
We offer interest rate swaps to our customers to assist them in managing their exposure to changing interest rates. Upon issuance, all of these customer swaps are immediately offset through closely matching derivative contracts,
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such that the Bank minimizes its interest rate risk exposure resulting from such transactions. Most of these customers do not have the capability for centralized clearing. Therefore, we manage the credit risk through loan underwriting that includes a credit risk exposure formula for the swap, the same collateral and guarantee protection applicable to the loan and credit approvals, limits, and monitoring procedures. Fee income from customer swaps is included in other service charges, commissions and fees. Nevertheless, the related credit risk is considered and measured when and where appropriate. See Notes 6 and 16 for further discussion of our underwriting, collateral requirements, and other procedures used to address credit risk.
Our noncustomer facing derivative contracts generally require us to pledge collateral for derivatives that are in a net liability position. Certain of these derivative contracts contain credit-risk-related contingent features that include the requirement to maintain a minimum debt credit rating. We may be required to pledge additional collateral if a credit-risk-related feature were triggered, such as a downgrade of our credit rating. However, in past situations, not all counterparties have demanded that additional collateral be pledged when provided for under their contracts. At December 31, 2019, the fair value of our noncleared (bilateral) derivative liabilities was $167 million, for which we were required to pledge cash collateral of approximately $106 million in the normal course of business. If our credit rating were downgraded one notch by either Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s at December 31, 2019, there would likely be $2 million additional collateral required to be pledged. As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, all newly eligible derivatives entered into are cleared through a central clearinghouse. Derivatives that are centrally cleared do not have credit-risk-related features that require additional collateral if our credit rating were downgraded.
Derivative Amounts
Selected information with respect to notional amounts and recorded gross fair values at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related gain (loss) of derivative instruments for the years then ended is summarized as follows:
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Notional amount | Fair value | Notional amount | Fair value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Other assets | Other liabilities | Other assets | Other liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flow hedges: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchased interest rate floors | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Receive-fixed interest rate swaps | 3,588 | — | — | 687 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value hedges: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Receive-fixed interest rate swaps | 1,500 | — | — | 500 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments | 5,088 | — | — | 1,187 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Customer-facing interest rate derivatives 1, 2 | 4,409 | 146 | 5 | 2,826 | 37 | 33 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Offsetting interest rate derivatives 2 | 4,422 | 5 | 157 | 2,826 | 33 | 40 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other interest rate derivatives | 726 | 3 | 1 | 300 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange derivatives | 385 | 4 | 4 | 389 | 4 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | 9,942 | 158 | 167 | 6,341 | 75 | 76 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total derivatives | $ | 15,030 | $ | 158 | $ | 167 | $ | 7,528 | $ | 75 | $ | 76 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Customer-facing interest rate derivatives in an asset position include an $11 million and $3 million net credit valuation adjustment reducing the fair value amounts as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. There was no debit valuation adjustment for derivative liabilities. These adjustments are required to reflect both our nonperformance risk and that of the respective counterparty.
2 The fair value amounts for these derivatives do not include the settlement amounts for those trades that are cleared. Once the settlement amounts with the clearing houses are included the derivative fair values would be the following:
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Other assets | Other liabilities | Other assets | Other liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer-facing interest rate derivatives | $ | 141 | $ | 5 | $ | 7 | $ | 33 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Offsetting interest rate derivatives | 5 | 9 | 33 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The amount of derivative gains (losses) from cash flow and fair value hedges that was deferred in OCI or recognized in earnings is as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Effective portion of derivative gain/(loss) deferred in OCI | Excluded components deferred in OCI (amortization approach) | Amount of gain/(loss) reclassified from AOCI into income | Interest on fair value hedges | Hedge ineffectiveness / AOCI reclass due to failed forecast | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash flow hedges of floating-rate assets1: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchased interest rate floors | $ | — | $ | 27 | $ | 3 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swaps | 47 | — | (7) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value hedges of fixed-rate debt: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Receive-fixed interest rate swaps | — | — | — | 3 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments | $ | 47 | $ | 27 | $ | (4) | $ | 3 | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Effective portion of derivative gain/(loss) deferred in OCI | Excluded components deferred in OCI (amortization approach) | Amount of gain/(loss) reclassified from AOCI into income | Interest on fair value hedges | Hedge ineffectiveness / AOCI reclass due to failed forecast | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash flow hedges of floating-rate assets1: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchased interest rate floors | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swaps | (5) | — | (2) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value hedges of fixed-rate debt: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Receive-fixed interest rate swaps | — | — | — | 1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments | $ | (5) | $ | — | $ | (2) | $ | 1 | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: These schedules are not intended to present at any given time the Bank’s long/short position with respect to its derivative contracts.
1 Amounts recognized in OCI and reclassified from AOCI represent the effective portion of the derivative gain (loss). For the 12 months following December 31, 2019, we estimate that $13 million will be reclassified from AOCI into interest income.
The amount of derivative gains (losses) recognized from derivatives not designated in accounting hedges is as follows:
| Noninterest (Other) Income/(Expense) | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||
| Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: | |||||||||||||||||
| Customer-facing interest rate derivatives | $ | 146 | $ | 7 | |||||||||||||
| Offsetting interest rate derivatives | (129) | 11 | |||||||||||||||
| Other interest rate derivatives | 1 | (1) | |||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange derivatives | 22 | 18 | |||||||||||||||
| Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | $ | 40 | $ | 35 | |||||||||||||
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The following schedule presents derivatives used in fair value hedge accounting relationships, as well as pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on such derivatives and the related hedged items for the periods presented.
| Gain/(loss) recorded in income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2019 | Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Derivatives2 | Hedged items | Total income statement impact | Derivatives2 | Hedged items | Total income statement impact | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps1 | $ | 5 | $ | (5) | $ | — | $ | 5 | $ | (5) | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Consists of hedges of benchmark interest rate risk of fixed-rate long-term debt. Gains and losses were recorded in net interest expense.
2The income for the derivative does not reflect interest income/expense to be consistent with the presentation of the gains/(losses) on the hedged items.
The following schedule provides selected information regarding the long-term debt in the statement of financial position in which the hedged item is included.
| Carrying amount of the hedged assets/(liabilities) | Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustment included in the carrying amount of the hedged assets/(liabilities) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | $ | (1,510) | $ | (505) | $ | (10) | $ | (5) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8. LEASES
Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“Topic 842”), to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring the recognition of ROU assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet. Most prominent among the changes in the standard is the recognition of ROU assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases. Under the standard, disclosures are required to meet the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases.
Upon adoption the Bank has elected to use the following optional exemptions that are permitted under Topic 842, which have been applied consistently:
•The Bank elected the optional transition method and there was no impact to retained earnings from recognizing the appropriate amount of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet as of the adoption date of the standard. Prior period financial statements were not restated.
•The Bank elected the expedient package to not reassess (1) whether any existing or expired contracts are or contain leases, (2) lease classification for any existing or expired leases, and (3) initial direct costs for any existing leases.
•The Bank elected to not separate lease components from nonlease components for all classes of underlying assets for lessee or lessor transactions.
We determine if a contract is a lease or contains a lease at inception. The right to use leased assets for the lease term are considered ROU assets. Operating lease assets are included in “Other assets” while finance lease assets are included in “Premises, equipment and software, net.” Lease liabilities for operating leases are included in “Other liabilities” while finance leases are included in “Long-term debt” on our consolidated balance sheet.
Lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. Because most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The lease ROU asset also incorporates any amortization incurred,
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including initial direct costs, and excludes lease incentives received. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease, and the lease term incorporates these when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise these options. The Bank enters into certain lease agreements with both lease and nonlease components, which are not separated out for lessees and lessors on a relative standalone basis.
We have operating and finance leases for branches, corporate offices, and data centers. Our equipment leases are not material. At December 31, 2019, we had 434 branches, of which 280 are owned and 154 are leased. We lease our headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, and other office or data centers are either owned or leased.
The Bank may enter into certain lease arrangements with a term of 12 months or less, and we have elected to exclude these from capitalization. The length of our commitments for leases ranges from 2020 to 2063, some of which include options to extend or terminate the leases.
As of December 31, 2019, assets recorded under operating leases were $218 million, while assets recorded under finance leases were $4 million. We utilized a secured incremental borrowing rate based on the remaining term of the lease as of the effective date for the discount rate to determine our lease ROU assets and liabilities. The following schedule presents lease-related assets and liabilities, their weighted average remaining life, and the weighted average discount rate.
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||
| Operating assets and liabilities | |||||||||||
| Operating right-of-use assets, net of amortization | $ | 218 | |||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 246 | ||||||||||
| Weighted average remaining lease term (years) | |||||||||||
| Operating leases | 9.1 | ||||||||||
| Finance leases | 20.2 | ||||||||||
| Weighted average discount rate | |||||||||||
| Operating leases | 3.2 | % | |||||||||
| Finance leases | 3.1 | % | |||||||||
The components of lease expense for 2019 are as follows:
| (In millions) | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease costs | $ | 48 | |||||||||||||||
| Variable lease costs | 53 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total lease cost | $ | 101 | |||||||||||||||
Supplemental cash flow information for 2019 related to leases is as follows:
| (In millions) | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for amounts in the measurement of lease liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating cash disbursements from operating leases | $ | 50 | |||||||||||||||
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities for 2019 is as follows:
| (In millions) | |||||||||||||||||
| New operating lease liabilities | $ | 10 | |||||||||||||||
| New finance lease liabilities | 6 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 16 | |||||||||||||||
Maturities analysis for operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2019 is as follows (contractual undiscounted lease payments):
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| (In millions) | |||||
| 2020 | $ | 50 | |||
| 2021 | 44 | ||||
| 2022 | 40 | ||||
| 2023 | 33 | ||||
| 2024 | 23 | ||||
| Thereafter | 99 | ||||
| Total | $ | 289 | |||
The Bank enters into certain lease agreements where it is the lessor of real estate. Real estate leases are made from bank-owned and subleased property to generate cash flow from the property, including from leasing vacant suites in which the Bank occupies portions of the building. Operating lease income was $12 million and $11 million for the years ending 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The Bank also has a lending division that makes equipment leases, considered to be sales-type leases or direct financing leases, totaling $334 million and $327 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Bank uses leasing of equipment as a venue for customers to access equipment without purchasing upfront. The Bank recorded income of $14 million for both the years ending 2019 and 2018.
9. PREMISES, EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE, NET
Premises, equipment and software, net are summarized as follows:
| (In millions) | December 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
| Land | $ | 235 | $ | 238 | |||||||||||||
| Buildings | 747 | 736 | |||||||||||||||
| Furniture and equipment | 442 | 427 | |||||||||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 164 | 145 | |||||||||||||||
| Software | 507 | 449 | |||||||||||||||
Total 1 | 2,095 | 1,995 | |||||||||||||||
| Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | 953 | 871 | |||||||||||||||
| Net book value | $ | 1,142 | $ | 1,124 | |||||||||||||
1Amounts include $105 million at December 31, 2019, and $147 million at December 31, 2018, of costs that have been capitalized but are not yet depreciating because the respective assets have not been placed in service.
10. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Core deposit and other intangible assets and related accumulated amortization are as follows at December 31:
| Gross carrying amount | Accumulated amortization | Net carrying amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Core deposit intangibles | $ | 167 | $ | 167 | $ | (167) | $ | (166) | $ | — | $ | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer relationships and other intangibles | 28 | 28 | (28) | (28) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 195 | $ | 195 | $ | (195) | $ | (194) | $ | — | $ | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for operating segments with goodwill are as follows:
| (In millions) | Zions Bank | CB&T | Amegy | Consolidated Bank | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 20 | $ | 379 | $ | 615 | $ | 1,014 | |||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | 20 | 379 | 615 | 1,014 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 20 | $ | 379 | $ | 615 | $ | 1,014 | |||||||||||||||
A bank-wide annual impairment test is conducted as of October 1 of each year and updated on a more frequent basis when events or circumstances indicate that impairment could have taken place. Results of the testing for 2019 and 2018 concluded that 0 impairment was present in any of the operating segments.
11. DEPOSITS
At December 31, 2019, the scheduled maturities of all time deposits were as follows:
| (In millions) | |||||
| 2020 | $ | 4,050 | |||
| 2021 | 480 | ||||
| 2022 | 76 | ||||
| 2023 | 60 | ||||
| 2024 | 53 | ||||
| Thereafter | — | ||||
| Total | $ | 4,719 | |||
The contractual maturities of time deposits with a denomination of $100,000 and over were as follows:
| (In millions) | December 31, 2019 | ||||
| Three months or less | $ | 438 | |||
| After three months through six months | 300 | ||||
| After six months through twelve months | 576 | ||||
| After twelve months | 255 | ||||
| Total | $ | 1,569 | |||
Nonbrokered time deposits in denominations that exceed the current Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limit of $250,000 were $885 million and $683 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Nonbrokered time deposits at or under $250,000 were $1.6 billion and $1.5 billion at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Deposit overdrafts reclassified as loan balances were $10 million and $12 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
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12. SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS
Selected information for FHLB advances and other short-term borrowings is as follows:
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Federal Home Loan Bank advances | |||||||||||||||||
| Average amount outstanding | $ | 3,149 | $ | 2,971 | $ | 2,657 | |||||||||||
| Average rate | 2.50 | % | 2.01 | % | 1.13 | % | |||||||||||
| Highest month-end balance | $ | 4,950 | $ | 5,400 | $ | 3,750 | |||||||||||
| Year-end balance | 1,000 | 4,500 | 3,600 | ||||||||||||||
| Average rate on outstandings at year-end | 1.73 | % | 2.61 | % | 1.44 | % | |||||||||||
| Other short-term borrowings, year-end balances | |||||||||||||||||
| Federal funds purchased | $ | 472 | $ | 541 | $ | 927 | |||||||||||
| Security repurchase agreements | 515 | 527 | 354 | ||||||||||||||
| Securities sold, not yet purchased | 66 | 85 | 95 | ||||||||||||||
| Total Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other short-term borrowings | $ | 2,053 | $ | 5,653 | $ | 4,976 | |||||||||||
The Bank may borrow from the FHLB under their lines of credit that are secured under blanket pledge arrangements. The Bank maintained unencumbered collateral with carrying amounts adjusted for the types of collateral pledged, equal to at least 100% of the outstanding advances. At December 31, 2019, the amount available for FHLB advances was approximately $11.1 billion. The Bank may also borrow from the Federal Reserve based on the amount of collateral pledged to a Federal Reserve Bank. At December 31, 2019, the amount available for Federal Reserve borrowings was approximately $4.2 billion.
Federal funds purchased and security repurchase agreements generally mature in less than 30 days. Our participation in security repurchase agreements is on an overnight or term basis (e.g., 30 or 60 days). The Bank executes overnight repurchase agreements with sweep accounts in conjunction with a master repurchase agreement. When this occurs, securities under the Bank’s control are pledged and interest is paid on the collected balance of the customers’ accounts. For the nonsweep overnight and term repurchase agreements, securities are transferred to the applicable counterparty. The counterparty, in certain instances, is contractually entitled to sell or repledge securities accepted as collateral. Of the total security repurchase agreements at December 31, 2019, $469 million were overnight and $46 million were term.
13. LONG-TERM DEBT
Long-term debt is summarized as follows:
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||
| Subordinated notes | $ | 572 | $ | 87 | |||||||||||||
| Senior notes | 1,147 | 637 | |||||||||||||||
| Finance lease obligations | 4 | — | |||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,723 | $ | 724 | |||||||||||||
The preceding carrying values represent the par value of the debt adjusted for any unamortized premium or discount, unamortized debt issuance costs, and basis adjustments for interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges.
During 2019, the Bank issued $500 million of subordinated notes with a coupon rate of 3.25% and $500 million of senior notes with a coupon rate of 3.35% (see the subsequent Subordinated Notes and Senior Notes schedules). The Bank subsequently entered into receive-fixed interest rate swaps on the notes. For more information on derivatives designated as qualifying hedges, see Note 7 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.
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Subordinated Notes
Subordinated notes issued by the Bank consist of the following at December 31, 2019:
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Subordinated notes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Coupon rate | Balance | Par amount | Maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6.95% | $ | 87 | $ | 88 | September 2028 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.25% | 485 | 500 | October 2029 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 572 | $ | 588 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
The 6.95% subordinated notes are unsecured and interest is payable quarterly. The earliest possible redemption date on the 6.95% subordinated notes is September 15, 2023, after which the interest rate changes to an annual floating rate equal to 3mL+3.89%. The 3.25% subordinated notes are unsecured, interest is payable semi-annually, and the earliest possible redemption date is July 29, 2029.
Senior Notes
Senior notes issued by the Bank consist of the following at December 31, 2019:
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Senior notes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Coupon rate | Balance | Par amount | Maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.50% | $ | 131 | $ | 136 | June 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.50% | 509 | 500 | August 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.35% | 507 | 500 | March 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,147 | $ | 1,136 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
These notes are unsecured and interest is payable semi-annually. The notes were issued under a shelf registration filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The notes are not redeemable prior to maturity.
Maturities of Long-term Debt
Maturities of long-term debt are as follows for the years succeeding December 31, 2019:
| (In millions) | |||||
| 2020 | $ | — | |||
| 2021 | 499 | ||||
| 2022 | 498 | ||||
| 2023 | 131 | ||||
| 2024 | — | ||||
| Thereafter | 585 | ||||
| Total | $ | 1,713 | |||
These maturities do not include the basis adjustments for interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges.
14. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred Stock
We have 4.4 million authorized shares of preferred stock without par value and with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share, or $25 per depositary share. Except for Series I and J, all preferred shares were issued in the form of depositary shares, with each depositary share representing a 1/40th ownership interest in a share of the preferred stock. All preferred shares are registered with the SEC. In addition, Series A, G, and H preferred stock are listed and traded on the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (“NASDAQ”) Global Select Market.
In general, preferred shareholders may receive asset distributions before common shareholders; however, preferred shareholders have only limited voting rights generally with respect to certain provisions of the preferred stock, the issuance of senior preferred stock, and the election of directors. Preferred stock dividends reduce earnings applicable to common shareholders and are paid on the 15th day of the months indicated in the following schedule. Dividends are approved by the Board of Directors.
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Redemption of the preferred stock is at the Bank’s option after the expiration of any applicable redemption restrictions and the redemption amount is computed at the per share liquidation preference plus any declared but unpaid dividends. Redemptions are subject to certain regulatory provisions and maintaining well-capitalized minimum requirements.
Preferred stock is summarized as follows:
| Shares at December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Carrying value at December 31, | Authorized | Outstanding | Dividends payable | Earliest redemption date | Rate following earliest redemption date | Dividends payable after rate change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | (thousands) | (thousands) | Rate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (when applicable) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Series A | $ | 67 | $ | 67 | 140,000 | 66,139 | > of 4.0% or 3mL+0.52% | Qtrly Mar,Jun,Sep,Dec | Dec 15, 2011 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Series G | 138 | 138 | 200,000 | 138,391 | 6.3% | Qtrly Mar,Jun,Sep,Dec | Mar 15, 2023 | annual float-ing rate = 3mL+4.24% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Series H | 126 | 126 | 126,221 | 126,221 | 5.75% | Qtrly Mar,Jun,Sep,Dec | Jun 15, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Series I | 99 | 99 | 300,893 | 98,555 | 5.8% | Semi-annually Jun,Dec | Jun 15, 2023 | annual float-ing rate = 3mL+3.8% | Qtrly Mar,Jun,Sep,Dec | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Series J | 136 | 136 | 195,152 | 136,368 | 7.2% | Semi-annually Mar,Sep | Sep 15, 2023 | annual float-ing rate = 3mL+4.44% | Qtrly Mar,Jun,Sep,Dec | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 566 | $ | 566 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common Stock
The Bank’s common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. As of December 31, 2019, there were 165.1 million shares of $0.001 par common stock outstanding. The balance of common stock and additional paid-in-capital was $2.7 billion at December 31, 2019, and decreased $1.1 billion, or 28%, from December 31, 2018, from Bank common stock repurchases.
The Bank continued its common stock repurchase program during 2019 and repurchased 23.5 million shares of common shares outstanding with a fair value of $1.1 billion at an average price of $46.80 per share. In February 2020, the Bank announced that the Board approved a plan to repurchase up to $75 million of common stock during the first quarter of 2020.
During 2018 the Bank repurchased 12.9 million shares of common shares outstanding with a fair value of $670 million at an average price of $51.77 per share.
Common Stock Warrants
As of December 31, 2019, 29.3 million common stock warrants (NASDAQ: ZIONW) with an exercise price of $33.91 were outstanding, and each common stock warrant was convertible into 1.08 common shares. The exercise of the common stock warrants is cashless as the warrants are settled on a net share basis.
These warrants expire on May 22, 2020. During 2018, 1.8 million shares of common stock were issued from the cashless exercise of 5.8 million common stock warrants (NASDAQ: ZIONZ), which expired on November 14, 2018.
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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) was $43 million at December 31, 2019, compared with $(250) million at December 31, 2018. Changes in AOCI by component are as follows:
| (In millions) | Net unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities | Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives and other | Pension and post-retirement | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | (228) | $ | (1) | $ | (21) | $ | (250) | |||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income before reclassifications, net of tax | 257 | 24 | 6 | 287 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax | — | 5 | 1 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | 257 | 29 | 7 | 293 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 29 | $ | 28 | $ | (14) | $ | 43 | |||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense included in other comprehensive income | $ | 84 | $ | 10 | $ | 2 | $ | 96 | |||||||||||||||
| 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | (114) | $ | (3) | $ | (22) | $ | (139) | |||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of tax | (114) | (1) | (1) | (116) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax | — | 3 | 2 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | (114) | 2 | 1 | (111) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | (228) | $ | (1) | $ | (21) | $ | (250) | |||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense (benefit) included in other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (37) | $ | 1 | $ | — | $ | (36) | |||||||||||||||
| Statement of Income (SI) Balance Sheet (BS) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Amounts reclassified from AOCI 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Details about AOCI components | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | Affected line item | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments | $ | (6) | $ | (4) | $ | 4 | SI | Interest and fees on loans | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense (benefit) | (1) | (1) | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | (5) | $ | (3) | $ | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of net actuarial loss | $ | (2) | $ | (3) | $ | (7) | SI | Salaries and employee benefits | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | (1) | (1) | (3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | (1) | $ | (2) | $ | (4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Negative reclassification amounts indicate decreases to earnings in the statement of income and increases to balance sheet assets. The opposite applies to positive reclassification amounts.
Deferred Compensation
Deferred compensation consists of invested assets, including the Bank’s common stock, which are held in rabbi trusts for certain employees and directors. The cost of the common stock included in retained earnings was approximately $13 million at both December 31, 2019 and 2018. We consolidate the fair value trust invested assets along with the total obligations and include them in other assets and other liabilities in the balance sheet. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, total invested assets were approximately $113 million and $93 million and total obligations were approximately $126 million and $107 million, respectively.
15. REGULATORY MATTERS
We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory – and possibly additional discretionary – actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our financial statements. Under capital
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adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Required capital levels are also subject to judgmental review by regulators.
In 2013, the FRB, FDIC, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) published final rules (the “Basel III Capital Rules”) establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations that implemented the Basel Committee’s December 2010 framework, commonly referred to as Basel III, for strengthening international capital standards as well as certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The Basel III capital rules became effective for the Bank on January 1, 2015 and were subject to phase-in periods for certain of their components. In November 2017, the FRB, FDIC and OCC published a final rule for nonadvanced approaches banks that extends the regulatory capital treatment applicable during 2017 under the regulatory capital rules for certain items. We met all capital adequacy requirements under the Basel III Capital Rules as of December 31, 2019.
Under prior Basel I capital standards, the effects of AOCI items included in capital were excluded for purposes of determining regulatory capital and capital ratios. As a “nonadvanced approaches banking organization,” we made a one-time permanent election as of January 1, 2015 to continue to exclude these items, as allowed under the Basel III Capital Rules.
Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require us to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Total and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined), and of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined). “Well-capitalized” levels are also published as a guideline to evaluate capital positions. As of December 31, 2019, all capital ratios of the Bank exceeded the “well-capitalized” levels under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action.
Dividends declared by the Bank in any calendar year may not, without the approval of the appropriate federal regulators, exceed specified criteria. When determining dividends, the Bank considers current and historical earning levels, retained earnings, and risk-based and other regulatory capital requirements and limitations.
Bank-run stress tests seek to comprehensively measure all risks to which the institution is exposed, including credit, liquidity, market, operating and other risks, the losses that could result from those risk exposures under adverse scenarios, and the institution’s resulting capital levels. These stress tests have both a qualitative and a quantitative component. The qualitative component evaluates the robustness of the Bank’s risk identification, stress risk modeling, policies, capital planning, governance processes, and other components of a Capital Adequacy Process. The quantitative process subjects the Bank’s balance sheet and other risk characteristics to stress testing by using its own models.
The actual capital amounts and ratios at December 31, 2019 and 2018 for the Bank under Basel III are as follows:
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | December 31, 2019 | To be well-capitalized | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amount | Ratio | Amount | Ratio | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basel III Regulatory Capital Amounts and Ratios | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 7,411 | 13.2 | % | $ | 5,604 | 10.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 6,285 | 11.2 | 4,483 | 8.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common equity tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 5,719 | 10.2 | 3,643 | 6.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tier 1 capital (to average assets) | 6,285 | 9.2 | 3,426 | 5.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| December 31, 2018 | To be well-capitalized | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in millions) | Amount | Ratio | Amount | Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basel III Regulatory Capital Amounts and Ratios | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 7,450 | 13.9 | % | $ | 5,359 | 10.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 6,811 | 12.7 | 4,287 | 8.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common equity tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 6,245 | 11.7 | 3,483 | 6.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tier 1 capital (to average assets) | 6,811 | 10.3 | 3,317 | 5.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Bank is also subject to “capital conservation buffer” regulatory requirements. At December 31, 2019, the Basel III capital rules also require the Bank to maintain a 2.5% “capital conservation buffer” designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress, composed entirely of Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”), on top of the minimum risk-weighted asset ratios, effectively resulting in minimum ratios of (i) CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7.0%, (ii) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.5%, and (iii) Total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 10.5%. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the capital conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. The implementation of the capital conservation buffer began on January 1, 2016 at the 0.625% level and progressively increased over time. The Bank’s triggers and limits under actual conditions and baseline projections are more restrictive than the capital conservation buffer requirements.
The schedule below presents the Bank’s actual capital ratios in comparison to minimum capital ratios and capital ratios in excess of minimum capital requirements plus minimum capital conservation buffer requirements.
| December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Actual Capital Ratio | Minimum Capital Ratio | Capital Conservation Buffer Ratio | Capital Ratio in Excess of Minimum Capital Ratio plus Capital Conservation Buffer Requirement | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 13.2 | % | 8.0 | % | 2.5 | % | 2.7 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 11.2 | 6.0 | 2.5 | 2.7 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Common equity tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 10.2 | 4.5 | 2.5 | 3.2 | |||||||||||||||||||
16. COMMITMENTS, GUARANTEES, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES, AND RELATED PARTIES
Commitments and Guarantees
We use certain financial instruments, including derivative instruments, in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers, to reduce our own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, and to make a market in U.S. government, agency, corporate, and municipal securities. These financial instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit, liquidity, and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the balance sheet. Derivative instruments are discussed in Notes 7 and 3.
Contractual amounts of the off-balance sheet financial instruments used to meet the financing needs of our customers are as follows:
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||
Net unfunded commitments to extend credit 1 | $ | 23,099 | $ | 21,454 | |||||||||||||
| Standby letters of credit: | |||||||||||||||||
| Financial | 631 | 655 | |||||||||||||||
| Performance | 192 | 199 | |||||||||||||||
| Commercial letters of credit | 5 | 18 | |||||||||||||||
| Total unfunded lending commitments | $ | 23,927 | $ | 22,326 | |||||||||||||
1Net of participations
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Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by us upon extension of credit, is based on our initial credit evaluation of the counterparty. Types of collateral vary, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and income-producing properties.
While establishing commitments to extend credit creates credit risk, a significant portion of such commitments is expected to expire without being drawn upon. As of December 31, 2019, $6.3 billion of commitments expire in 2020. We use the same credit policies and procedures in making commitments to extend credit and conditional obligations as we do for on-balance sheet instruments. These policies and procedures include credit approvals, limits, and monitoring.
We issue standby and commercial letters of credit as conditional commitments generally to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, including commercial paper, bond financing, and similar transactions. Standby letters of credit include remaining commitments of $642 million expiring in 2020 and $181 million expiring thereafter through 2026. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. We generally hold marketable securities and cash equivalents as collateral when necessary. At December 31, 2019, the Bank recorded $4 million as a liability for these guarantees, which consisted of $1 million attributable to the RULC and $3 million of deferred commitment fees.
Certain mortgage loans sold have limited recourse provisions for periods ranging from three months to one year. The amount of losses resulting from the exercise of these provisions has not been significant.
The contractual or notional amount of financial instruments indicates a level of activity associated with a particular financial instrument class and is not a reflection of the actual level of risk. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the regulatory risk-weighted values assigned to all off-balance sheet financial instruments and derivative instruments described herein were $8.3 billion and $7.6 billion, respectively.
At December 31, 2019, we were required to maintain cash balances of $389 million with the Federal Reserve Bank to meet minimum balance requirements in accordance with FRB regulations.
Legal Matters
We are subject to litigation in court and arbitral proceedings, as well as proceedings, investigations, examinations and other actions brought or considered by governmental and self-regulatory agencies. Litigation may relate to lending, deposit and other customer relationships, vendor and contractual issues, employee matters, intellectual property matters, personal injuries and torts, regulatory and legal compliance, and other matters. While most matters relate to individual claims, we are also subject to putative class action claims and similar broader claims. Proceedings, investigations, examinations and other actions brought or considered by governmental and self-regulatory agencies may relate to our banking, investment advisory, trust, securities, and other products and services; our customers’ involvement in money laundering, fraud, securities violations and other illicit activities or our policies and practices relating to such customer activities; and our compliance with the broad range of banking, securities and other laws and regulations applicable to us. At any given time, we may be in the process of responding to subpoenas, requests for documents, data and testimony relating to such matters and engaging in discussions to resolve the matters.
As of December 31, 2019, we were subject to the following material litigation or governmental inquiries:
•a civil suit, JTS Communities, Inc. et. al v. CB&T, Jun Enkoji and Dawn Satow, brought against us in the Superior Court for Sacramento County, California in June 2017. In this case four investors in our former customer, International Manufacturing Group (“IMG”) seek to hold us liable for losses arising from their investments in that company, alleging that we conspired with and knowingly assisted IMG and its principal in furtherance of an alleged Ponzi scheme. This case is in the discovery phase with dispositive motion practice underway and to be scheduled for hearing in the first quarter of 2020. Trial is scheduled for May 2020.
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•a civil class action lawsuit, Evans v. CB&T, brought against us in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California in May 2017. This case was filed on behalf of a class of up to 50 investors in IMG and seeks to hold us liable for losses of class members arising from their investments in IMG, alleging that we conspired with and knowingly assisted IMG and its principal in furtherance of an alleged Ponzi scheme. In December 2017, the District Court dismissed all claims against the Bank. In January 2018, the plaintiff filed an appeal with the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The appeal was heard in early April 2019 with the Court of Appeals reversing the trial court’s dismissal. This case is in the pleadings phase and as a result, trial will not occur for a substantial period of time.
•two civil cases, Lifescan Inc. and Johnson & Johnson Health Care Services v. Jeffrey Smith, et. al., brought against us in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey in December 2017, and Roche Diagnostics and Roche Diabetes Care Inc. v. Jeffrey C. Smith, et. al., brought against us in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey in March 2019. In these cases, certain manufacturers and distributors of medical products seek to hold us liable for allegedly fraudulent practices of a borrower of the Bank who filed for bankruptcy protection in 2017. The cases are in early phases, with initial motion practice and discovery underway in the Lifescan case. Trial has not been scheduled in either case.
•a civil class action lawsuit, Gregory, et. al. v. Zions Bancorporation, brought against us in the United States District Court in Utah in January 2019. This case was filed on behalf of investors in Rust Rare Coin, Inc., alleging that we aided and abetted a Ponzi scheme fraud perpetrated by Rust Rare Coin, a Zions Bank customer. The case follows civil actions and the establishment of a receivership for Rust Rare Coin by The Commodities Futures Trading Commission and the Utah Division of Securities in November 2018, as well as a separate suit brought by the SEC against Rust Rare Coin and its principal, Gaylen Rust. The matter is in the early motion practice state and initial phase discovery has commenced. During the second quarter of 2019, we filed a motion to dismiss. Trial has not been scheduled.
At least quarterly, we review outstanding and new legal matters, utilizing then available information. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, if we determine that a loss from a matter is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we establish an accrual for the loss. In the absence of such a determination, no accrual is made. Once established, accruals are adjusted to reflect developments relating to the matters.
In our review, we also assess whether we can determine the range of reasonably possible losses for significant matters in which we are unable to determine that the likelihood of a loss is remote. Because of the difficulty of predicting the outcome of legal matters, discussed subsequently, we are able to meaningfully estimate such a range only for a limited number of matters. Based on information available as of December 31, 2019, we estimated that the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses for those matters to be from $0 million to approximately $35 million in excess of amounts accrued. The matters underlying the estimated range will change from time to time, and actual results may vary significantly from this estimate. Those matters for which a meaningful estimate is not possible are not included within this estimated range and, therefore, this estimated range does not represent our maximum loss exposure.
Based on our current knowledge, we believe that our current estimated liability for litigation and other legal actions and claims, reflected in our accruals and determined in accordance with applicable accounting guidance, is adequate and that liabilities in excess of the amounts currently accrued, if any, arising from litigation and other legal actions and claims for which an estimate as previously described is possible, will not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. However, in light of the significant uncertainties involved in these matters, and the very large or indeterminate damages sought in some of these matters, an adverse outcome in one or more of these matters could be material to our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows for any given reporting period.
Any estimate or determination relating to the future resolution of litigation, arbitration, governmental or self-regulatory examinations, investigations or actions or similar matters is inherently uncertain and involves significant judgment. This is particularly true in the early stages of a legal matter, when legal issues and facts have not been well articulated, reviewed, analyzed, and vetted through discovery, preparation for trial or hearings, substantive and
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productive mediation or settlement discussions, or other actions. It is also particularly true with respect to class action and similar claims involving multiple defendants, matters with complex procedural requirements or substantive issues or novel legal theories, and examinations, investigations and other actions conducted or brought by governmental and self-regulatory agencies, in which the normal adjudicative process is not applicable. Accordingly, we usually are unable to determine whether a favorable or unfavorable outcome is remote, reasonably likely, or probable, or to estimate the amount or range of a probable or reasonably likely loss, until relatively late in the course of a legal matter, sometimes not until a number of years have elapsed. Accordingly, our judgments and estimates relating to claims will change from time to time in light of developments and actual outcomes will differ from our estimates. These differences may be material.
Related Party Transactions
We have no material related party transactions requiring disclosure. In the ordinary course of business, the Bank extends credit to related parties, including executive officers, directors, principal shareholders, and their associates and related interests. These related party loans are made in compliance with applicable banking regulations.
17. REVENUE RECOGNITION
Adoption of ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”
On January 1, 2018, we adopted the accounting guidance in ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“Topic 606”) using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts with customers for which the performance obligations were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting under Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition.” Upon adoption, the Bank has elected to use the following optional exemptions that are permitted under the Topic 606, which have been applied consistently to all contracts within all reporting periods presented:
•The Bank recognizes the incremental cost of obtaining a contract as an expense, when incurred, if the amortization period of the asset that the Bank would have recognized is one year or less.
•For performance obligations satisfied over time, if the Bank has a right to consideration from a customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the Bank’s performance completed to date, the Bank will generally recognize revenue in the amount to which the Bank has a right to invoice.
•The Bank does not generally disclose information about its remaining performance obligations for those performance obligations that have an original expected duration of one year or less, or where the Bank recognizes revenue in the amount to which the Bank has a right to invoice.
Revenue Recognition
We derive our revenue primarily from interest income on loans and securities, which was more than three-quarters of our revenue for 2019, and is out of scope of ASC 606. Only noninterest income is considered to be revenue from contracts with customers in scope of ASC 606. Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The following is a description of revenue from contracts with customers:
Commercial account fees
Commercial account fee income is comprised of account analysis fees, merchant fees, and payroll services income. Revenue is recognized as the services are rendered or upon completion of services.
Card fees
The Bank’s card fee income includes interchange income from credit and debit cards, net fees earned from processing card transactions for merchants, and automated teller machine (“ATM”) services. Card income is recognized as earned. Reward program costs are recorded when the rewards are earned by the customer and presented as a reduction to interchange income.
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Retail and business banking fees
Retail and business banking fees typically consist of fees charged for providing customers with deposit services. These fees are primarily comprised of insufficient funds fees, noncustomer ATM charges, and other various fees on deposit accounts. Service charges on deposit accounts include fees earned in lieu of compensating balances, and fees earned for performing cash management services and other deposit account services. Service charges on deposit accounts in this revenue category are recognized over the period in which the related service is provided. Treasury Management fees are billed monthly based on services rendered for the month.
Loan-related fees and income
Loan-related fees and income consists of servicing and sales income on loan accounts as well as other miscellaneous loan-related fees. Service charges on loan accounts are recognized over the period in which the related service is provided, when the service is rendered, or upon completion of the service.
Capital markets and foreign exchange fees
Capital markets and foreign exchange fees primarily consist of mutual fund distribution fees, municipal advisory services, customer swap fees, loan syndication fees, and foreign exchange services provided to customers. Revenue is recognized as the services are rendered or upon completion of services.
Wealth management and trust fees
Wealth management and trust fees is primarily comprised of personal trust income and wealth management commissions, but also is made up of other products such as corporate trust income, portfolio services, and advisory services. Revenue is recognized as the services are rendered or upon completion of services. Financial planning and estate services typically have performance obligations that are greater than 12 months, although the amount of future performance obligations are not significant.
Other customer-related fees
Other customer-related fees consist of miscellaneous income streams, including claims and inventory management services for certain customers. Revenue is recognized as the services are rendered or upon completion of services.
Disaggregation of Revenue
We provide services across different geographical areas, primarily in 11 Western U.S. States, under banking operations that have their own individual brand names, including Zions Bank, Amegy Bank, California Bank & Trust, National Bank of Arizona, Nevada State Bank, Vectra Bank Colorado, and The Commerce Bank of Washington. The operating segment listed as “Other” includes certain nonbank financial services subsidiaries, centralized back-office functions, and eliminations of transactions between the segments.
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In accordance with ASC 606, noninterest income and net revenue by operating segments for 2019 and 2018 are summarized as follows:
| Zions Bank | Amegy | CB&T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial account fees | $ | 42 | $ | 42 | $ | 34 | $ | 34 | $ | 23 | $ | 22 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Card fees | 51 | 50 | 28 | 29 | 16 | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retail and business banking fees | 23 | 24 | 17 | 16 | 13 | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital markets and foreign exchange fees | 6 | 6 | 16 | 14 | 5 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wealth management and trust fees | 17 | 16 | 11 | 10 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other customer-related fees | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total noninterest income from contracts with customers (ASC 606) | 142 | 141 | 108 | 104 | 63 | 61 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest income (Non-ASC 606 customer related) | 7 | 8 | 30 | 22 | 23 | 19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total customer-related fees | 149 | 149 | 138 | 126 | 86 | 80 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest income (noncustomer related) | 1 | 1 | — | — | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total noninterest income | 150 | 150 | 138 | 126 | 88 | 82 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned income | 3 | 1 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | 703 | 673 | 497 | 491 | 522 | 513 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total income less interest expense | $ | 856 | $ | 824 | $ | 635 | $ | 617 | $ | 610 | $ | 595 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NBAZ | NSB | Vectra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial account fees | $ | 7 | $ | 7 | $ | 8 | $ | 9 | $ | 6 | $ | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Card fees | 11 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 6 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retail and business banking fees | 8 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital markets and foreign exchange fees | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wealth management and trust fees | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other customer-related fees | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total noninterest income from contracts with customers (ASC 606) | 29 | 30 | 36 | 35 | 19 | 19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest income (Non-ASC 606 customer related) | 12 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total customer-related fees | 41 | 39 | 43 | 41 | 26 | 24 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest income (noncustomer related) | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total noninterest income | 42 | 39 | 43 | 41 | 26 | 24 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned income | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | 227 | 218 | 153 | 144 | 137 | 131 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total income less interest expense | $ | 269 | $ | 257 | $ | 197 | $ | 185 | $ | 163 | $ | 155 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| TCBW | Other | Consolidated Bank | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial account fees | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | $ | (1) | $ | — | $ | 121 | $ | 122 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Card fees | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 127 | 125 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retail and business banking fees | — | — | 2 | 1 | 78 | 78 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital markets and foreign exchange fees | — | — | 4 | 3 | 34 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wealth management and trust fees | 1 | — | 18 | 14 | 57 | 51 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other customer-related fees | — | — | 9 | 16 | 18 | 24 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total noninterest income from contracts with customers (ASC 606) | 4 | 4 | 34 | 36 | 435 | 430 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest income (Non-ASC 606 customer related) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 90 | 78 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total customer-related fees | 5 | 5 | 37 | 44 | 525 | 508 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest income (noncustomer related) | — | — | 33 | 41 | 37 | 44 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total noninterest income | 5 | 5 | 70 | 85 | 562 | 552 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned income | — | — | — | — | 4 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | 54 | 53 | (21) | 7 | 2,272 | 2,230 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total income less interest expense | $ | 59 | $ | 58 | $ | 49 | $ | 92 | $ | 2,838 | $ | 2,783 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, noninterest income and net revenue by operating segments for 2017 are summarized as follows:
| Zions Bank | Amegy | CB&T | |||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Commercial account fees | $ | 46 | $ | 33 | $ | 22 | |||||||||||
| Card fees | 27 | 19 | 10 | ||||||||||||||
| Retail and business banking fees | 25 | 16 | 14 | ||||||||||||||
| Loan-related fees and income | 21 | 23 | 12 | ||||||||||||||
| Capital markets and foreign exchange fees | 8 | 16 | 10 | ||||||||||||||
| Wealth management and trust fees | 15 | 9 | 3 | ||||||||||||||
| Other customer-related fees | 4 | — | 3 | ||||||||||||||
| Total customer-related fees | 146 | 116 | 74 | ||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest income | 2 | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| Total noninterest income | 148 | 116 | 75 | ||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned income (loss) | — | — | (1) | ||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | 605 | 453 | 455 | ||||||||||||||
| Total income less interest expense | $ | 753 | $ | 569 | $ | 529 | |||||||||||
| NBAZ | NSB | Vectra | |||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Commercial account fees | $ | 8 | $ | 9 | $ | 6 | |||||||||||
| Card fees | 11 | 13 | 6 | ||||||||||||||
| Retail and business banking fees | 9 | 10 | 4 | ||||||||||||||
| Loan-related fees and income | 4 | 3 | 4 | ||||||||||||||
| Capital markets and foreign exchange fees | 3 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||
| Wealth management and trust fees | 2 | 3 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| Other customer-related fees | 2 | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| Total customer-related fees | 39 | 39 | 24 | ||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest income | — | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| Total noninterest income | 39 | 39 | 25 | ||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned income (loss) | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | 191 | 123 | 121 | ||||||||||||||
| Total income less interest expense | $ | 230 | $ | 162 | $ | 146 | |||||||||||
| TCBW | Other | Consolidated Bank | |||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Commercial account fees | $ | 2 | $ | — | $ | 126 | |||||||||||
| Card fees | 2 | 8 | 96 | ||||||||||||||
| Retail and business banking fees | — | — | 78 | ||||||||||||||
| Loan-related fees and income | — | 5 | 72 | ||||||||||||||
| Capital markets and foreign exchange fees | 1 | 8 | 49 | ||||||||||||||
| Wealth management and trust fees | — | 14 | 47 | ||||||||||||||
| Other customer-related fees | — | 12 | 22 | ||||||||||||||
| Total customer-related fees | 5 | 47 | 490 | ||||||||||||||
| Other noninterest income | — | 50 | 54 | ||||||||||||||
| Total noninterest income | 5 | 97 | 544 | ||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned income (loss) | — | — | (1) | ||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | 44 | 73 | 2,065 | ||||||||||||||
| Total income less interest expense | $ | 49 | $ | 170 | $ | 2,608 | |||||||||||
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Revenue from contracts with customers did not generate significant contract assets and liabilities. Contract receivables are included in Other Assets. Payment terms vary by services offered, and the timing between completion of performance obligations and payment is typically not significant.
18. RETIREMENT PLANS
Defined Benefit Plans
Pension – This qualified noncontributory defined benefit plan is frozen to new participation. No service-related benefits have been accrued since July 1, 2013. All participants in the Plan are currently 100% vested in their benefits. For 2019 plan assets consist principally of fixed-income investments and cash instruments. For 2018 plan assets consist principally of corporate equity securities, mutual fund investments, real estate, and fixed-income investments. Plan benefits are paid as a lump-sum cash value or an annuity at retirement age. Contributions to the plan are based on actuarial recommendation and pension regulations. There was no minimum regulatory contribution required in 2019 and 2018. Currently, it is expected that no minimum regulatory contributions will be required in 2020.
In October 2018, we announced the termination of the pension plan subject to obtaining necessary regulatory approval. Completion of this termination is expected in mid-2020.
Supplemental Retirement – These unfunded, nonqualified plans are for certain current and former employees. Each year, Bank contributions to these plans are made in amounts sufficient to meet benefit payments to plan participants.
Postretirement Medical/Life – This unfunded health care and life insurance plan provides postretirement medical benefits to certain full-time employees who meet minimum age and service requirements. The plan also provides specified life insurance benefits to certain employees. The plan is contributory with retiree contributions adjusted annually, and contains other cost-sharing features such as deductibles and coinsurance. Plan coverage is provided by self-funding or health maintenance organization options. Our contribution toward the retiree medical premium has been permanently frozen at an amount that does not increase in any future year. Retirees pay the difference between the full premium rates and our capped contribution.
Because our contribution rate is capped, there is no effect on the postretirement plan from assumed increases or decreases in health care cost trends. Each year, Bank contributions to the plan are made in amounts sufficient to meet the portion of the premiums that are the Bank’s responsibility.
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The following presents the change in benefit obligation, change in fair value of plan assets, and funded status, of the plans and amounts recognized in the balance sheet as of the measurement date of December 31:
| Pension | Supplemental Retirement | Postretirement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in benefit obligation: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit obligation at beginning of year | $ | 138 | $ | 154 | $ | 9 | $ | 10 | $ | 1 | $ | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest cost | 5 | 6 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Actuarial loss (gain) | 8 | (10) | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefits paid | (11) | (12) | (1) | (1) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit obligation at end of year | 140 | 138 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of plan assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | 157 | 168 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Actual return on plan assets | 25 | 1 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Employer contributions | — | — | 1 | 1 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefits paid | (11) | (12) | (1) | (1) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets at end of year | 171 | 157 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Funded status | $ | 31 | $ | 19 | $ | (8) | $ | (9) | $ | (1) | $ | (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts recognized in balance sheet: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset (liability) for pension/postretirement benefits | $ | 31 | $ | 19 | $ | (8) | $ | (9) | $ | (1) | $ | (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (17) | (27) | (2) | (2) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The pension asset and the liability for supplement retirement/postretirement benefits are included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the balance sheet. The accumulated benefit obligation is the same as the benefit obligation shown in the preceding schedule.
The amounts in AOCI (loss) at December 31, 2019 expected to be recognized as an expense component of net periodic benefit cost in 2020 for the plans are estimated as follows:
| (In millions) | Pension | Supplemental Retirement | Postretirement | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (17) | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||
The following presents the components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) for the plans:
| Pension | Supplemental Retirement | Postretirement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest cost | $ | 5 | $ | 6 | $ | 6 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expected return on plan assets | (9) | (11) | (11) | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of net actuarial loss | — | 1 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Settlement loss | 1 | 1 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net periodic benefit cost | $ | (3) | $ | (3) | $ | 2 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Weighted average assumptions based on the pension plan are the same where applicable for each of the plans and are as follows:
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Used to determine benefit obligation at year-end: | |||||||||||||||||
| Discount rate | 3.20 | % | 4.20 | % | 3.50 | % | |||||||||||
| Used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31: | |||||||||||||||||
| Discount rate | 4.20 | 3.50 | 4.10 | ||||||||||||||
| Expected long-term return on plan assets | 5.25 | 5.75 | 7.25 | ||||||||||||||
The discount rate reflects the yields available on long-term, high-quality fixed-income debt instruments with cash flows similar to the obligations of the pension plan, and is reset annually on the measurement date. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on a review of the target asset allocation of the plan. This rate is
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intended to approximate the long-term rate of return that we anticipate receiving on the plan’s investments, considering the mix of the assets that the plan holds as investments, the expected return on these underlying investments, the diversification of these investments, and the rebalancing strategies employed. An expected long-term rate of return is assumed for each asset class and an underlying inflation rate assumption is determined.
Benefit payments to the plans’ participants are estimated in the following schedule for the years succeeding December 31, 2019. If the necessary regulatory approvals are obtained, and the pension plan is terminated, there would not be payments made by the Bank to plan participants after termination of the plan.
| (In millions) | Pension | Supplemental Retirement | Postretirement | ||||||||||||||
| 2020 | $ | 10 | $ | 2 | $ | — | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 9 | 1 | — | ||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 9 | 1 | — | ||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 9 | 1 | — | ||||||||||||||
| 2024 | 9 | 1 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Years 2025 – 2029 | 39 | 2 | — | ||||||||||||||
We are also obligated under other supplemental retirement plans for certain current and former employees. Our liability for these plans were $5 million during both December 31, 2019 and 2018.
For the pension plan, the investment strategy is predicated on its investment objectives and the risk and return expectations of asset classes appropriate for the plan. Investment objectives have been established by considering the plan’s liquidity needs and time horizon and the fiduciary standards under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. The asset allocation strategy is developed to meet the plan’s upcoming settlement needs, in connection with the plan's termination, in a manner designed to control volatility and to reflect risk tolerance. As of December 31, 2019, the plan is entirely invested in fixed income and cash instruments, in a strategy designed to reasonably track the duration of the investments with that of the liability.
The following presents the fair values of pension plan investments according to the fair value hierarchy described in Note 3, and the weighted average allocations:
| (In millions) | December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bank common stock | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 10 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mutual funds: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Guaranteed deposit account | — | — | $ | 5 | 5 | — | — | $ | 12 | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In addition to the investments listed in the previous schedule, as of December 31, 2019, pension plan investments valued using NAV as the practical expedient for fair value consist of $166 million in debt investments in pooled separate accounts. As of December 31, 2018, pension plan investments valued using NAV as the practical expedient for fair value consist of $15 million in equity investments, and $116 million in debt investments, which are in pooled separate accounts, as well as $4 million in limited partnerships.
No transfers of assets occurred among Levels 1, 2 or 3 during 2019 or 2018.
The following describes the pension plan investments and the valuation methodologies used to measure their fair value:
Bank common stock – Shares of the Bank’s common stock are valued at the last reported sales price on the last business day of the plan year in the active market where individual securities are traded.
Mutual funds – These funds are valued at quoted market prices which represent the NAVs of shares held by the plan at year-end.
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Insurance company pooled separate accounts – These funds are invested in by more than one investor. They are offered through separate accounts of the trustee’s insurance company and managed by internal and professional advisors. Participation units in these accounts are valued at the NAV as the practical expedient for fair value as determined by the insurance company.
Guaranteed deposit account – This account is a group annuity product issued by the trustee’s insurance company with guaranteed crediting rates established at the beginning of each calendar year. The account balance is stated at fair value as estimated by the trustee. The account is credited with deposits made, plus earnings at guaranteed crediting rates, less withdrawals and administrative expenses. The underlying investments generally include investment-grade public and privately traded debt securities, mortgage loans and, to a lesser extent, real estate and other equity investments. Market value adjustments are applied at the time of redemption if certain withdrawal limits are exceeded.
Additional fair value quantitative information for the guaranteed deposit account is as follows:
| Principal valuation techniques | Significant unobservable inputs | Range (weighted average) of significant input values | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| For the underlying investments – reported fair values when available for market traded investments; when not applicable, discounted cash flows under an income approach using U.S. Treasury rates and spreads based on cash flow timing and quality of assets. | Earnings at guaranteed crediting rate | Gross guaranteed crediting rate must be greater than or equal to contractual minimum crediting rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Composite market value factor | At December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 1.017905 - 1.053874 (actual = 1.049618) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 0.962521 - 1.005471 (actual = 0.994488) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Limited partnerships – These partnerships invest in limited partnerships, limited liability companies, or similar investment vehicles that consist of PEIs in a wide variety of investment types, including venture and growth capital, real estate, energy and natural resources, and other private investments. The plan’s investments are valued by the limited partnerships at NAV as the practical expedient for fair value. The estimation process takes into account the plan’s proportional interests credited with realized and unrealized earnings from the underlying investments and charged for operating expenses and distributions.
The Bank’s Benefits Committee evaluates the methodology and factors used, including review of the contract, economic conditions, industry and market developments, and overall credit ratings of the underlying investments.
The following presents additional information as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 for the pooled separate accounts and limited partnerships whose fair values under Levels 2 and 3 are based on NAV per share:
| Investment | Unfunded commitments (in millions, approximately) | Redemption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Frequency | Notice period | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pooled separate accounts | na | Daily | < $1 million, 1 day >= $1 million, 3 days | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Limited partnerships | $ | — | Investments in these limited partnerships are illiquid and voluntary withdrawal is prohibited. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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The following reconciles the beginning and ending balances of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs:
| Guaranteed deposit account | |||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 12 | $ | 9 | |||||||||||||
| Purchases | 4 | 15 | |||||||||||||||
| Sales | (11) | (12) | |||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of year | $ | 5 | $ | 12 | |||||||||||||
Shares of Bank common stock were 0 at December 31, 2019, and 233,849 at December 31, 2018. Dividends received by the plan were not significant in 2019 and 2018.
Defined Contribution Plan
The Bank offers a 401(k) and employee stock ownership plan under which employees select from several investment alternatives. Employees can contribute up to 80% of their earnings subject to the annual maximum allowed contribution. The Bank matches 100% of the first 3% of employee contributions and 50% of the next 3% of employee contributions. Matching contributions to participants, which were shares of the Bank’s common stock purchased in the open market, amounted to $33 million, $29 million, and $26 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017 respectively.
The 401(k) plan also has a noncontributory profit sharing feature which is discretionary and may range from 0% to 3.5% of eligible compensation based upon the Bank’s return on average common equity for the year. The profit-sharing expense was computed at a contribution rate of 2.25%, 2.50%, and 1.75% in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The profit-sharing expense was $16 million, $17 million, and $11 million in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The profit-sharing contribution to participants consisted of shares of the Bank’s common stock purchased in the open market.
19. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
We have a share-based compensation incentive plan which allows us to grant stock options, restricted stock, RSUs, and other awards to employees and nonemployee directors. Total shares authorized under the plan were 9,000,000 at December 31, 2019, of which 3,667,621 were available for future grants.
All share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, are recognized in the statement of income based on their grant date values. The value of an equity award is estimated on the grant date using a fair value-based model without regard to service or performance vesting conditions, but does consider post-vesting restrictions.
We classify all share-based awards as equity instruments. Compensation expense is included in salaries and employee benefits in the statement of income, with the corresponding increase included in additional paid-in capital. Substantially all awards of stock options, restricted stock, and RSUs have graded vesting that is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.
Compensation expense and the related tax benefit for all share-based awards were as follows:
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Compensation expense | $ | 27 | $ | 26 | $ | 25 | |||||||||||
| Reduction of income tax expense | 11 | 14 | 19 | ||||||||||||||
During 2017, as a result of our adoption of ASU 2016-09, the tax effects recognized from the exercise of stock options and the vesting of restricted stock and RSUs were recorded as a $9 million reduction of income tax expense. Income tax was reduced by $5 million and $8 million during 2019 and 2018, respectively, as a result of applying this new accounting standard. Also, upon the adoption of ASU 2016-09, we elected to account for forfeitures of
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share-based compensation awards as they occur, rather than estimating forfeitures as was previously done. There was no material impact from the cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings from this change.
We reduced share-based compensation expense by $1 million during 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, as a result of using a valuation model to estimate a liquidity discount on RSUs with post-vesting restrictions.
As of December 31, 2019, compensation expense not yet recognized for nonvested share-based awards was approximately $26 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.5 years.
Stock Options
Stock options granted to employees generally vest at the rate of one third each year and expire seven years after the date of grant. For all stock options granted in 2019, 2018, and 2017, we used the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant date value of stock options in determining compensation expense. The following summarizes the weighted average value at grant date and the significant assumptions used in applying the Black-Scholes model for options granted:
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Weighted average value for options granted | $ | 10.30 | $ | 12.64 | $ | 10.69 | |||||||||||
| Weighted average assumptions used: | |||||||||||||||||
| Expected dividend yield | 2.5 | % | 2.0 | % | 1.8 | % | |||||||||||
| Expected volatility | 26.0 | % | 27.5 | % | 30.0 | % | |||||||||||
| Risk-free interest rate | 2.52 | % | 2.62 | % | 1.81 | % | |||||||||||
| Expected life (in years) | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | ||||||||||||||
The assumptions for expected dividend yield, expected volatility, and expected life reflect management’s judgment and include consideration of historical experience. Expected volatility is based in part on historical volatility. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected life of the option.
The following summarizes our stock option activity for the three years ended December 31, 2019:
| Number of shares | Weighted average exercise price | ||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2016 | 3,437,910 | $ | 26.44 | ||||||||
| Granted | 195,882 | 44.18 | |||||||||
| Exercised | (941,761) | 26.03 | |||||||||
| Expired | (58,257) | 66.20 | |||||||||
| Forfeited | (73,203) | 25.63 | |||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | 2,560,571 | 27.06 | |||||||||
| Granted | 194,001 | 55.13 | |||||||||
| Exercised | (729,346) | 26.79 | |||||||||
| Expired | (2,000) | 25.74 | |||||||||
| Forfeited | (18,628) | 31.11 | |||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | 2,004,598 | 29.85 | |||||||||
| Granted | 256,818 | 50.80 | |||||||||
| Exercised | (569,808) | 24.61 | |||||||||
| Expired | (4,330) | 22.37 | |||||||||
| Forfeited | (10,500) | 43.13 | |||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2019 | 1,676,778 | 34.77 | |||||||||
| Outstanding stock options exercisable as of: | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2019 | 1,239,821 | $ | 28.95 | ||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | 1,448,244 | 26.68 | |||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | 1,648,367 | 26.55 | |||||||||
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We issue new authorized common shares for the exercise of stock options. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was approximately $13 million in 2019, $20 million in 2018, and $17 million in 2017. Cash received from the exercise of stock options was $13 million in 2019, $18 million in 2018, and $23 million in 2017.
Additional selected information on stock options at December 31, 2019 follows:
| Outstanding stock options | Exercisable stock options | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise price range | Number of shares | Weighted average exercise price | Weighted average remaining contractual life (years) | Number of shares | Weighted average exercise price | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ 0.32 to $19.99 | 19,496 | $ | 4.89 | 1 | 19,496 | $ | 4.89 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $20.00 to $24.99 | 312,029 | 21.03 | 3.1 | 312,029 | 21.03 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $25.00 to $29.99 | 711,794 | 28.36 | 1.7 | 711,794 | 28.36 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $30.00 to $39.99 | 22,225 | 30.10 | 1.4 | 22,225 | 30.10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $40.00 to $44.99 | 174,737 | 44.12 | 4.0 | 110,657 | 44.11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $50.00 to $55.68 | 436,497 | 52.90 | 5.6 | 63,620 | 55.13 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1,676,778 | 34.77 | 1 | 3.2 | 1,239,821 | 28.95 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1The weighted average remaining contractual life excludes 19,496 stock options without a fixed expiration date that were assumed with the Amegy acquisition. They expire between the date of termination and one year from the date of termination, depending upon certain circumstances.
The aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding stock options at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $29 million and $25 million, respectively, while the aggregate intrinsic value of exercisable options was $29 million and $21 million at the same respective dates. For exercisable options, the weighted average remaining contractual life was 2.4 years and 2.7 years at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, excluding the stock options previously noted without a fixed expiration date. At December 31, 2019, 432,266 stock options with a weighted average exercise price of $51.28, a weighted average remaining life of 5.5 years, and an aggregate intrinsic value of $1 million, were expected to vest.
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock is common stock with certain restrictions that relate to trading and the possibility of forfeiture. Generally, restricted stock vests over four years. Holders of restricted stock have full voting rights and receive dividend equivalents during the vesting period. In addition, holders of restricted stock can make an election to be subject to income tax on the grant date rather than the vesting date.
RSUs represent rights to one share of common stock for each unit and generally vest over four years. Holders of RSUs receive dividend equivalents during the vesting period, but do not have voting rights.
Compensation expense is determined based on the number of restricted shares or RSUs granted and the market price of our common stock at the issue date.
During 2019, 2018, and 2017, we granted 19,116, 14,796, and 20,711 RSUs, respectively, to nonemployee directors. The RSUs vested immediately upon grant.
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The following summarizes our restricted stock activity for the three years ended December 31, 2019:
| Number of shares | Weighted average issue price | ||||||||||
| Nonvested restricted shares at December 31, 2016 | 63,255 | $ | 25.43 | ||||||||
| Issued | 314 | 44.55 | |||||||||
| Vested | (24,591) | 24.90 | |||||||||
| Nonvested restricted shares at December 31, 2017 | 38,978 | 25.91 | |||||||||
| Issued | 21,634 | 42.90 | |||||||||
| Vested | (14,836) | 26.27 | |||||||||
| Forfeited | (90) | 55.68 | |||||||||
| Nonvested restricted shares at December 31, 2018 | 45,686 | 33.78 | |||||||||
| Issued | 24,994 | 42.83 | |||||||||
| Vested | (20,223) | 30.69 | |||||||||
| Nonvested restricted shares at December 31, 2019 | 50,457 | 39.50 | |||||||||
The following summarizes our RSU activity for the three years ended December 31, 2019:
| Number of restricted stock units | Weighted average grant price | ||||||||||
| Restricted stock units at December 31, 2016 | 2,047,158 | $ | 25.08 | ||||||||
| Granted | 587,396 | 41.78 | |||||||||
| Vested | (803,492) | 26.19 | |||||||||
| Forfeited | (121,249) | 28.12 | |||||||||
| Restricted stock units at December 31, 2017 | 1,709,813 | 30.08 | |||||||||
| Granted | 461,305 | 53.17 | |||||||||
| Vested | (699,920) | 29.56 | |||||||||
| Forfeited | (70,499) | 35.95 | |||||||||
| Restricted stock units at December 31, 2018 | 1,400,699 | 37.65 | |||||||||
| Granted | 536,489 | 47.85 | |||||||||
| Vested | (614,968) | 33.74 | |||||||||
| Forfeited | (28,150) | 44.69 | |||||||||
| Restricted stock units at December 31, 2019 | 1,294,070 | 43.59 | |||||||||
The total value at grant date of restricted stock and RSUs vested during the year was $21 million in both 2019 and 2018, and $22 million in 2017. At December 31, 2019, 50,457 shares of restricted stock and 813,705 RSUs were expected to vest with an aggregate intrinsic value of $3 million and $42 million, respectively.
20. INCOME TAXES
Income tax expense is summarized as follows:
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Federal: | |||||||||||||||||
| Current | $ | 195 | $ | 210 | $ | 166 | |||||||||||
| Deferred | (1) | (1) | 146 | ||||||||||||||
| Total Federal | 194 | 209 | 312 | ||||||||||||||
| State: | |||||||||||||||||
| Current | 44 | 49 | 24 | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred | (1) | 1 | 8 | ||||||||||||||
| Total State | 43 | 50 | 32 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 237 | $ | 259 | $ | 344 | |||||||||||
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Income tax expense computed at the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for both 2019 and 2018, and 35% for 2017 reconciles to actual income tax expense as follows:
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense at statutory federal rate | $ | 221 | $ | 240 | $ | 327 | |||||||||||
| State income taxes including credits, net | 34 | 40 | 21 | ||||||||||||||
| Other nondeductible expenses | 13 | 15 | 3 | ||||||||||||||
| Nontaxable income | (28) | (24) | (33) | ||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | (4) | (7) | (8) | ||||||||||||||
| Tax credits and other taxes | 1 | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 | — | (2) | 47 | ||||||||||||||
| Other | — | (3) | (14) | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 237 | $ | 259 | $ | 344 | |||||||||||
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets (“DTA”) and deferred tax liabilities are presented below:
| (In millions) | December 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
| Gross deferred tax assets: | |||||||||||||||||
| Book loan loss deduction in excess of tax | $ | 137 | $ | 137 | |||||||||||||
| Pension and postretirement | 5 | 7 | |||||||||||||||
| Deferred compensation | 72 | 70 | |||||||||||||||
| Security investments and derivative fair value adjustments | — | 78 | |||||||||||||||
| Net operating losses, capital losses and tax credits | — | 2 | |||||||||||||||
| Lease liabilities | 61 | — | |||||||||||||||
| Other | 35 | 31 | |||||||||||||||
| 310 | 325 | ||||||||||||||||
| Valuation allowance | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets | 310 | 325 | |||||||||||||||
| Gross deferred tax liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Premises and equipment, due to differences in depreciation | (66) | (61) | |||||||||||||||
| Federal Home Loan Bank stock dividends | (2) | (2) | |||||||||||||||
| Leasing operations | (52) | (54) | |||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses | (6) | (6) | |||||||||||||||
| Prepaid pension reserves | (12) | (12) | |||||||||||||||
| Mortgage servicing | (7) | (8) | |||||||||||||||
| Security investments and derivative fair value adjustments | (17) | — | |||||||||||||||
| Deferred loan fees | (30) | (27) | |||||||||||||||
| ROU assets | (55) | — | |||||||||||||||
| Equity investments | (26) | (25) | |||||||||||||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (273) | (195) | |||||||||||||||
| Net deferred tax assets | $ | 37 | $ | 130 | |||||||||||||
On December 22, 2017, H.R. 1, known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Act”), was signed into law. The Act made significant changes to the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, including a decrease in the current corporate federal income tax rate to 21% from 35%, effective January 1, 2018. In conjunction with the enactment of the Act, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) to address the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Act that may not be complete by the time financial statements are issued. The Bank evaluated all available information and made reasonable estimates of the impact of the Act to substantially all components of its deferred taxes. The provisional impact of the Act on the deferred taxes resulted in a noncash charge of $47 million recorded through income tax expense in 2017 related to items such as foregone interest, equity investments in flow-through entities, certain employee compensation arrangements, FDIC-supported transactions and premises and equipment.
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During 2018 after filing its 2017 federal and state tax returns, the Bank finalized its analysis of all net DTAs that existed at December 31, 2017 and made a $(2) million tax benefit adjustment on net DTAs as a result of the Act. This adjustment offset the provisional amount of $47 million recognized in 2017 to deferred tax expense, resulting in an overall adjustment of $45 million to net DTAs from the Act. The Bank complied with the requirements of SAB 118 as all impacts of the Act were recognized in the financial statements prior to December 22, 2018.
In 2017, the Bank early adopted the guidance in ASU 2018-02, which allows reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for the stranded tax effects related to the change in the corporate income tax rate from the Act. The early adoption of the guidance resulted in a $25 million increase to retained earnings out of AOCI as of December 31, 2017.
The amount of net DTAs is included with other assets in the balance sheet. There is no valuation allowance at December 31, 2019. The less than $1 million valuation allowance at December 31, 2018 was for certain acquired net operating loss carryforwards included in our acquisition of the remaining interests in a less significant subsidiary. At December 31, 2019, the tax effect of remaining net operating loss and tax credit carryforward was less than $1 million expiring through 2030.
We evaluate the DTAs on a regular basis to determine whether a valuation allowance is required. In conducting this evaluation, we have considered all available evidence, both positive and negative, based on the more likely than not criteria that such assets will be realized. This evaluation includes, but is not limited to: (1) available carryback potential to prior tax years; (2) potential future reversals of existing deferred tax liabilities, which historically have a reversal pattern generally consistent with DTAs; (3) potential tax planning strategies; and (4) future projected taxable income. Based on this evaluation, and considering the weight of the positive evidence compared to the negative evidence, we have concluded that a valuation allowance is not required as of December 31, 2019.
We have a liability for unrecognized tax benefits relating to uncertain tax positions for tax credits on technology initiatives and certain accrued expenses. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
| (In millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 8 | $ | 6 | $ | 4 | |||||||||||
| Tax positions related to current year: | |||||||||||||||||
| Additions | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| Reductions | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Tax positions related to prior years: | |||||||||||||||||
| Additions | 4 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| Reductions | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Settlements with taxing authorities | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Lapses in statutes of limitations | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of year | $ | 14 | $ | 8 | $ | 6 | |||||||||||
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the liability for unrecognized tax benefits included approximately $10 million and $7 million, respectively (net of the federal tax benefit on state issues) that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. The amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits related to tax credits on technology initiatives that may increase or decrease during the 12 months subsequent to December 31, 2019, is dependent on the timing and outcome of various federal and state examinations that are ongoing. It is expected that an unrecognized tax benefit related to certain accrued expenses will decrease during the 12 months subsequent to December 31, 2019. The decrease in unrecognized tax benefits affecting the effective tax rate for accrued expenses is estimated to be approximately $1 million.
Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are included in income tax expense in the statement of income. At December 31, 2019, and 2018, accrued interest and penalties recognized in the balance sheet, net of any federal and/or state tax benefits, were $1 million and less than $1 million, respectively.
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The Bank files income tax returns in U.S. federal and various state jurisdictions. The Bank is no longer subject to income tax examinations for years prior to 2013 for federal and for certain state returns.
21. NET EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE
Basic and diluted net earnings per common share based on the weighted average outstanding shares are summarized as follows:
| (In millions, except shares and per share amounts) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Basic: | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 816 | $ | 884 | $ | 592 | |||||||||||
| Less common and preferred dividends | 260 | 236 | 131 | ||||||||||||||
| Undistributed earnings | 556 | 648 | 461 | ||||||||||||||
| Less undistributed earnings applicable to nonvested shares | 4 | 5 | 4 | ||||||||||||||
| Undistributed earnings applicable to common shares | 552 | 643 | 457 | ||||||||||||||
| Distributed earnings applicable to common shares | 224 | 200 | 88 | ||||||||||||||
| Total earnings applicable to common shares | $ | 776 | $ | 843 | $ | 545 | |||||||||||
| Weighted average common shares outstanding (in thousands) | 175,984 | 193,589 | 200,776 | ||||||||||||||
| Net earnings per common share | $ | 4.41 | $ | 4.36 | $ | 2.71 | |||||||||||
| Diluted: | |||||||||||||||||
| Total earnings applicable to common shares | $ | 776 | $ | 843 | $ | 545 | |||||||||||
| Weighted average common shares outstanding (in thousands) | 175,984 | 193,589 | 200,776 | ||||||||||||||
| Dilutive effect of common stock warrants (in thousands) | 9,926 | 11,959 | 7,778 | ||||||||||||||
| Dilutive effect of stock options (in thousands) | 594 | 953 | 1,099 | ||||||||||||||
| Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding (in thousands) | 186,504 | 206,501 | 209,653 | ||||||||||||||
| Net earnings per common share | $ | 4.16 | $ | 4.08 | $ | 2.60 | |||||||||||
The following schedule presents the weighted average shares of stock awards that were anti-dilutive and not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share.
| (In thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock and restricted stock units | $ | 1,390 | $ | 1,602 | $ | 1,936 | |||||||||||
| Stock options | 460 | 151 | 241 | ||||||||||||||
22. OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION
We manage our operations and prepare management reports and other information with a primary focus on geographical area. Our banking operations are managed under their own individual brand names, including Zions Bank, Amegy Bank, California Bank & Trust, National Bank of Arizona, Nevada State Bank, Vectra Bank Colorado, and The Commerce Bank of Washington. Performance assessment and resource allocation are based upon this geographical structure. We use an internal funds transfer pricing ("FTP") allocation system to report results of operations for business segments. This process is continually refined. In the third quarter of 2019, we made changes to the FTP process to more accurately reflect the cost of funds for loans. In the first quarter of 2017 we made changes to the FTP process and internal allocation of central expenses to better reflect the performance of business segments. Prior period amounts have been revised to reflect the impact of these changes had they been instituted for the periods presented. Total average loans and deposits presented for the banking segments include insignificant intercompany amounts between banking segments and may also include deposits with the Other segment.
As of December 31, 2019, our banking business is conducted through 7 locally managed and branded segments in distinct geographic areas. Zions Bank operates 99 branches in Utah, 25 branches in Idaho, and 1 branch in Wyoming. CB&T operates 86 branches in California. Amegy operates 78 branches in Texas. NBAZ operates 58
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branches in Arizona. NSB operates 50 branches in Nevada. Vectra operates 37 branches in Colorado and 1 branch in New Mexico. TCBW operates 2 branches in Washington and 1 branch in Oregon.
The operating segment identified as “Other” includes certain nonbank financial service subsidiaries, centralized back-office functions, and eliminations of transactions between segments. The major components of net interest income at the Bank’s back-office include the revenue associated with the investments securities portfolio and the offset of the FTP costs and benefits provided to the business segments.
The following schedule does not present total assets or income tax expense for each operating segment, but instead presents average loans, average deposits and income before income taxes because these are the metrics that management uses when evaluating performance and making decisions pertaining to the operating segments. The Bank's net interest income includes interest expense on borrowed funds. The condensed statement of income identifies the components of income and expense which affect the operating amounts presented in the Other segment.
The accounting policies of the individual operating segments are the same as those of the Bank. Transactions between operating segments are primarily conducted at fair value, resulting in profits that are eliminated for reporting consolidated results of operations.
The following is a summary of selected operating segment information:
| (In millions) | Zions Bank | Amegy | CB&T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SELECTED INCOME STATEMENT DATA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | $ | 703 | $ | 673 | $ | 605 | $ | 497 | $ | 491 | $ | 453 | $ | 522 | $ | 513 | $ | 455 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 18 | 8 | 20 | 9 | (80) | 20 | 7 | 15 | (5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 685 | 665 | 585 | 488 | 571 | 433 | 515 | 498 | 460 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest income | 150 | 150 | 148 | 138 | 126 | 116 | 88 | 82 | 75 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest expense | 471 | 462 | 432 | 344 | 344 | 340 | 316 | 308 | 299 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | $ | 364 | $ | 353 | $ | 301 | $ | 282 | $ | 353 | $ | 209 | $ | 287 | $ | 272 | $ | 236 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SELECTED AVERAGE BALANCE SHEET DATA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total average loans | $ | 13,109 | $ | 12,643 | $ | 12,481 | $ | 12,235 | $ | 11,358 | $ | 11,021 | $ | 10,763 | $ | 10,033 | $ | 9,539 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total average deposits | 15,870 | 15,410 | 15,986 | 11,627 | 11,160 | 11,096 | 11,522 | 11,268 | 11,030 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | NBAZ | NSB | Vectra | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SELECTED INCOME STATEMENT DATA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | $ | 227 | $ | 218 | $ | 191 | $ | 153 | $ | 144 | $ | 123 | $ | 137 | $ | 131 | $ | 121 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 2 | 8 | (8) | (1) | 1 | (11) | 3 | 6 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 225 | 210 | 199 | 154 | 143 | 134 | 134 | 125 | 120 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest income | 42 | 39 | 39 | 43 | 41 | 39 | 26 | 24 | 25 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest expense | 156 | 152 | 148 | 145 | 143 | 138 | 108 | 105 | 101 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | $ | 111 | $ | 97 | $ | 90 | $ | 52 | $ | 41 | $ | 35 | $ | 52 | $ | 44 | $ | 44 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SELECTED AVERAGE BALANCE SHEET DATA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total average loans | $ | 4,774 | $ | 4,608 | $ | 4,267 | $ | 2,630 | $ | 2,394 | $ | 2,357 | $ | 3,109 | $ | 2,924 | $ | 2,644 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total average deposits | 5,002 | 4,931 | 4,762 | 4,512 | 4,286 | 4,254 | 2,853 | 2,761 | 2,756 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| (In millions) | TCBW | Other | Consolidated Bank | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SELECTED INCOME STATEMENT DATA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | $ | 54 | $ | 53 | $ | 44 | $ | (21) | $ | 7 | $ | 73 | $ | 2,272 | $ | 2,230 | $ | 2,065 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | (1) | 2 | 2 | 2 | — | (2) | 39 | (40) | 17 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 55 | 51 | 42 | (23) | 7 | 75 | 2,233 | 2,270 | 2,048 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest income | 5 | 5 | 5 | 70 | 85 | 97 | 562 | 552 | 544 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest expense | 22 | 22 | 20 | 180 | 143 | 178 | 1,742 | 1,679 | 1,656 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 38 | $ | 34 | $ | 27 | $ | (133) | $ | (51) | $ | (6) | $ | 1,053 | $ | 1,143 | $ | 936 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SELECTED AVERAGE BALANCE SHEET DATA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total average loans | $ | 1,194 | $ | 1,118 | $ | 926 | $ | 451 | $ | 347 | $ | 266 | $ | 48,265 | $ | 45,425 | $ | 43,501 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total average deposits | 1,094 | 1,092 | 1,107 | 2,600 | 2,275 | 1,209 | 55,080 | 53,183 | 52,200 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23. QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (UNAUDITED)
Financial information by quarter for 2019 and 2018 is as follows:
| (In millions, except per share amounts) | Quarters | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First | Second | Third | Fourth | Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross interest income | $ | 675 | $ | 684 | $ | 677 | $ | 647 | $ | 2,683 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | 577 | 569 | 567 | 559 | 2,272 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 4 | 21 | 10 | 4 | 39 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest income | 132 | 132 | 146 | 152 | 562 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest expense | 431 | 424 | 415 | 472 | 1,742 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 274 | 256 | 288 | 235 | 1,053 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | 213 | 198 | 222 | 183 | 816 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred stock dividends | (8) | (9) | (8) | (9) | (34) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings applicable to common shareholders | 205 | 189 | 214 | 174 | 782 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings per common share: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | 1.10 | 1.05 | 1.23 | 1.03 | 4.41 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | 1.03 | 0.99 | 1.17 | 0.97 | 4.16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross interest income | $ | 588 | $ | 606 | $ | 631 | $ | 656 | $ | 2,481 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | 541 | 548 | 565 | 576 | 2,230 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | (47) | 12 | (11) | 6 | (40) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest income | 138 | 138 | 136 | 140 | 552 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noninterest expense | 418 | 421 | 420 | 420 | 1,679 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 308 | 253 | 292 | 290 | 1,143 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | 238 | 197 | 223 | 226 | 884 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred stock dividends | (7) | (10) | (8) | (9) | (34) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings applicable to common shareholders | 231 | 187 | 215 | 217 | 850 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings per common share: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | 1.16 | 0.95 | 1.11 | 1.14 | 4.36 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | 1.08 | 0.88 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 4.08 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation. These reclassifications did not affect net income. See related discussion in Note 1. Individual quarter information may be different than previously reported due to rounding.
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Bank’s management, with the participation of the Bank’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Banks’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2019. Based on that evaluation, the Bank’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Bank’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2019. There were no changes in the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting. See “Report on Management’s Assessment of Internal Control over Financial Reporting” included in Item 8 on page 79 for management’s report on the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting. Also see “Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting” issued by Ernst & Young LLP included in Item 8 on page 80.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Incorporated by reference from the Bank’s Proxy Statement to be subsequently filed.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Incorporated by reference from the Bank’s Proxy Statement to be subsequently filed.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION
The following schedule provides information as of December 31, 2019 with respect to the shares of the Bank’s common stock that may be issued under existing equity compensation plans.
| (a) | (b) | (c) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Plan category 1 | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights | Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity compensation plan approved by security holders: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zions Bancorporation, N.A. 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan | 1,265,031 | $ | 37.25 | 3,667,621 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Column (a) excludes 50,457 shares of unvested restricted stock, 1,294,070 RSUs (each unit representing the right to one share of common stock), and 392,251 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options, with a weighted average exercise price of $28.27, granted under the prior plan. The schedule also excludes 19,496 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options, with a weighted average exercise price of $4.89, granted under plans assumed in mergers that are outstanding.
Other information required by Item 12 is incorporated by reference from the Bank’s Proxy Statement to be subsequently filed.
151
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Incorporated by reference from the Bank’s Proxy Statement to be subsequently filed.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Incorporated by reference from the Bank’s Proxy Statement to be subsequently filed.
PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
a.(1) Financial statements – The following consolidated financial statements of Zions Bancorporation, N.A. and subsidiaries are filed as part of this Form 10-K under Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:
Consolidated balance sheets – December 31, 2019 and 2018
Consolidated statements of income – Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income – Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
Consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity – Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
Consolidated statements of cash flows – Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
Notes to consolidated financial statements – December 31, 2019
(2) Financial statement schedules – All financial statement schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions, the required information is contained elsewhere in the Form 10-K, or the schedules are inapplicable and have therefore been omitted.
(3) List of Exhibits:
| Exhibit Number | Description | ||||||||||
| Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of July 10, 2018, by and between Zions Bancorporation and ZB, National Association, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of Form 8-K filed on October 2, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Second Amended and Restated Articles of Association of Zions Bancorporation, National Association, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K filed on October 2, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Zions Bancorporation, National Association, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2019. | * | ||||||||||
| Senior Debt Indenture dated September 10, 2002 between Zions Bancorporation and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. as successor to J.P. Morgan Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, with respect to senior debt securities of Zions Bancorporation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. | * | ||||||||||
| First Supplemental Indenture dated April 21, 2014 between Zions Bancorporation and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. as successor to J.P. Morgan Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (filed herewith). | |||||||||||
152
| Exhibit Number | Description | ||||||||||
| Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 30, 2018, by and among The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, ZB, National Association and Zions Bancorporation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Form 8-K filed on October 2, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Subordinated Debt Indenture dated September 10, 2002 between Zions Bancorporation and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. as successor to J.P. Morgan Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, with respect to subordinated debt securities of Zions Bancorporation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. | * | ||||||||||
| Supplemental Indenture dated June 30, 2009 between Zions Bancorporation and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. as successor to J.P. Morgan Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Second Supplemental Indenture dated November 5, 2013 between Zions Bancorporation and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. as successor to J.P. Morgan Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Third Supplemental Indenture dated April 21, 2014 between Zions Bancorporation and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. as successor to J.P. Morgan Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (filed herewith). | |||||||||||
| Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 30, 2018, by and among The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, ZB, National Association and Zions Bancorporation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Form 8-K filed on October 2, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Junior Subordinated Indenture dated August 21, 2002 between Zions Bancorporation and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. as successor to J.P. Morgan Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, with respect to junior subordinated debentures of Zions Bancorporation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. | * | ||||||||||
| Warrant Agreement, between Zions Bancorporation and Zions First National Bank (now known as Zions Bancorporation, National Association), and Warrant Certificate, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016. | * | ||||||||||
| First Amendment to Warrant Agreement, dated as of September 30, 2018, by and between Zions Bancorporation and ZB, National Association, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Description of Securities of Zions Bancorporation, National Association, as of December 31, 2019 (filed herewith). | |||||||||||
| Zions Bancorporation 2017-2019 Value Sharing Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017. | * | ||||||||||
| Zions Bancorporation 2018-2020 Value Sharing Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Zions Bancorporation 2017 Management Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to Appendix I of the Bank’s Proxy Statement dated April 14, 2016. | * | ||||||||||
| Zions Bancorporation Third Restated and Revised Deferred Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
153
| Exhibit Number | Description | ||||||||||
| Zions Bancorporation Fourth Restated Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Fourth Restated Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. | * | ||||||||||
| Amegy Bancorporation, Inc. Fifth Amended and Restated Non-Employee Directors Deferred Fee Plan (Frozen upon merger with Zions Bancorporation in 2005), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Zions Bancorporation Executive Management Pension Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. | * | ||||||||||
10.9 | Zions Bancorporation First Restated Excess Benefit Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. | * | |||||||||
10.10 | Amegy Bancorporation 2004 (formerly Southwest Bancorporation of Texas, Inc.) Omnibus Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. | * | |||||||||
10.11 | Trust Agreement establishing the Zions Bancorporation Deferred Compensation Plan Trust by and between Zions Bancorporation and Cigna Bank & Trust Company, FSB effective October 1, 2002, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | |||||||||
| Amendment to the Trust Agreement Establishing the Zions Bancorporation Deferred Compensation Plans Trust, effective September 1, 2006, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
10.13 | Amendment to the Trust Agreement establishing the Zions Bancorporation Deferred Compensation Plan Trust by and between Zions Bancorporation and Cigna Bank & Trust Company, FSB substituting Prudential Bank & Trust, FSB as the trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016. | * | |||||||||
| Zions Bancorporation Deferred Compensation Plans Master Trust between Zions Bancorporation and Fidelity Management Trust Company, effective September 1, 2006, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Revised schedule C to Zions Bancorporation Deferred Compensation Plans Master Trust between Zions Bancorporation and Fidelity Management Trust Company, effective September 13, 2006, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
10.16 | Third Amendment to the Trust Agreement between Fidelity Management Trust Company and Zions Bancorporation for the Deferred Compensation Plans, dated June 13, 2012, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. | * | |||||||||
| Fifth Amendment to the Trust Agreement between Fidelity Management Trust Company and Zions Bancorporation for the Deferred Compensation Plans, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
10.18 | Sixth Amendment to the Trust Agreement between Fidelity Management Trust Company and Zions Bancorporation for the Deferred Compensation Plans, dated August 17, 2015, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015. | * | |||||||||
154
| Exhibit Number | Description | ||||||||||
10.19 | Seventh Amendment to the Trust Agreement between Fidelity Management Trust Company and Zions Bancorporation for the Deferred Compensation Plans, effective September 30, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018. | * | |||||||||
10.20 | Second Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Pension Plan, dated July 17, 2017, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017. | * | |||||||||
10.21 | Third Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Pension Plan, dated October 30, 2017, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018. | * | |||||||||
10.22 | Zions Bancorporation Restated Pension Plan effective January 1, 2009, including amendments adopted through December 31, 2013, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018. | * | |||||||||
| First Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Restated Pension Plan, effective October 1, 2018, dated October 29, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Second Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Restated Pension Plan, effective December 31, 2018, dated December 31, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
10.25 | Zions Bancorporation Payshelter 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan, Restated and Amended effective January 31, 2007, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018. | * | |||||||||
| Second Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Payshelter 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan, dated December 31, 2018, effective January 1, 2019, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Third Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Payshelter 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan, dated June 27, 2019, effective September 30, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019. | * | ||||||||||
| Zions Bancorporation Payshelter 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan Trust Agreement between Zions Bancorporation and Fidelity Management Trust Company, dated July 3, 2006, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| First Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Payshelter 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan Trust Agreement between Zions Bancorporation and Fidelity Management Trust Company, dated April 5, 2010, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. | * | ||||||||||
| Second Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Payshelter 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan Trust Agreement between Zions Bancorporation and Fidelity Management Trust Company, dated April 5, 2010, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. | * | ||||||||||
| Third Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Payshelter 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan Trust Agreement between Zions Bancorporation and Fidelity Management Trust Company, dated April 30, 2010, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. | * | ||||||||||
155
| Exhibit Number | Description | ||||||||||
| Fourth Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Payshelter 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan Trust Agreement between Zions Bancorporation and Fidelity Management Trust Company, dated October 1, 2014, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. | * | ||||||||||
| Fifth Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Payshelter 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan Trust Agreement between Zions Bancorporation and Fidelity Management Trust Company, dated October 1, 2014, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. | * | ||||||||||
| Sixth Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Payshelter 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan Trust Agreement between Zions Bancorporation and Fidelity Management Trust Company, dated August 17, 2015, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015. | * | ||||||||||
| Seventh Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Payshelter 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan Trust Agreement between Zions Bancorporation and Fidelity Management Trust Company, dated April 27, 2016, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016. | * | ||||||||||
| Eighth Amendment to the Zions Bancorporation Payshelter 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan Trust Agreement between Zions Bancorporation and Fidelity Management Trust Company, effective September 30, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Zions Bancorporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Form S-8 filed on July 1, 2015. | * | ||||||||||
| Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement subject to holding requirement, Zions Bancorporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Form S-8 filed on July 1, 2015. | * | ||||||||||
| Form of Standard Restricted Stock Award Agreement, Zions Bancorporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of Form S-8 filed on July 1, 2015. | * | ||||||||||
| Form of Standard Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, Zions Bancorporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 of Form S-8 filed on July 1, 2015. | * | ||||||||||
| Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement subject to holding requirement, Zions Bancorporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 of Form S-8 filed on July 1, 2015. | * | ||||||||||
| Form of Standard Stock Option Award Agreement, Zions Bancorporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 of Form S-8 filed on July 1, 2015. | * | ||||||||||
| Form of Standard Directors Stock Award Agreement, Zions Bancorporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 of Form S-8 filed on July 1, 2015. | * | ||||||||||
| Form of Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and Certain Executive Officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. | * | ||||||||||
| Addendum to Change in Control Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. | * | ||||||||||
156
| Exhibit Number | Description | ||||||||||
| Form of Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and Dallas E. Haun, dated May 23, 2008, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. | * | ||||||||||
| List of Subsidiaries of Zions Bancorporation, National Association (filed herewith). | |||||||||||
| Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (filed herewith). | |||||||||||
| Certification by Chief Executive Officer required by Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith). | |||||||||||
| Certification by Chief Financial Officer required by Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith). | |||||||||||
| Certification by Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer required by Sections 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (furnished herewith). | |||||||||||
| 101 | Pursuant to Rules 405 and 406 of Regulation S-T, the following information is formatted in inline XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (filed herewith). | ||||||||||
| 104 | The cover page from this Annual Report on Form 10-K, formatted as Inline XBRL. | ||||||||||
* Incorporated by reference
Pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K, copies of certain instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt are not filed. The Bank agrees to furnish a copy thereof to the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency upon request.
157
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
February 25, 2020 ZIONS BANCORPORATION, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION
| By | /s/ Harris H. Simmons | |||||||
| HARRIS H. SIMMONS, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer | ||||||||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.
February 25, 2020
| /s/ Harris H. Simmons | /s/ Paul E. Burdiss | |||||||
| HARRIS H. SIMMONS, Director, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | PAUL E. BURDISS, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | |||||||
| /s/ Alexander J. Hume | /s/ Jerry C. Atkin | |||||||
| ALEXANDER J. HUME, Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) | JERRY C. ATKIN, Director | |||||||
| /s/ Gary L. Crittenden | /s/ Suren K. Gupta | |||||||
| GARY L. CRITTENDEN, Director | SUREN K. GUPTA, Director | |||||||
| /s/ J. David Heaney | /s/ Vivian S. Lee | |||||||
| J. DAVID HEANEY, Director | VIVIAN S. LEE, Director | |||||||
| /s/ Scott J. McLean | /s/ Edward F. Murphy | |||||||
| SCOTT J. MCLEAN, Director | EDWARD F. MURPHY, Director | |||||||
| /s/ Stephen D. Quinn | /s/ Aaron B. Skonnard | |||||||
| STEPHEN D. QUINN, Director | AARON B. SKONNARD, Director | |||||||
| /s/ Barbara A. Yastine | ||||||||
| BARBARA A. YASTINE, Director | ||||||||
158