Reserve For Losses LAE And Future Policy Benefit Reserve | 3. RESERVE FOR LOSSES, LAE AND FUTURE POLICY BENEFIT RESERVE Reserves for losses and LAE. Activity in the reserve for losses and LAE is summarized for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2019 2018 2017 Gross reserves beginning of period $ 13,119,090 $ 11,884,321 10,312,313 Less reinsurance recoverables ( 1,619,641) ( 1,212,649) ( 990,862) Net reserves beginning of period 11,499,449 10,671,672 9,321,451 Incurred related to: Current year 4,986,456 5,264,327 4,815,967 Prior years ( 63,558) 387,076 ( 293,386) Total incurred losses and LAE 4,922,898 5,651,403 4,522,581 Paid related to: Current year 2,042,246 1,700,765 1,280,605 Prior years 2,460,825 3,011,175 2,062,634 Total paid losses and LAE 4,503,071 4,711,940 3,343,239 Foreign exchange/translation adjustment 51,325 ( 111,686) 170,879 Net reserves end of period 11,970,601 11,499,449 10,671,672 Plus reinsurance recoverables 1,640,712 1,619,641 1,212,649 Gross reserves end of period $ 13,611,313 $ 13,119,090 11,884,321 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Current year incurred losses were $ 4,986,456 thousand, $ 5,264,327 thousand and $ 4,815,967 thousand at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The decrease in current year incurred losses from 2018 to 2019 was primarily due to $ 693,458 thousand of lower catastrophe losses in 2019 compared to 2018, partially offset by $ 415,585 thousand of additional attritional losses related to higher premiums earned in 2019 compared to 2018. Incurred prior years losses decreased by $ 63,558 thousand in 2019, increased by $ 387,076 thousand in 2018 and decreased by $293,386 thousand in 2017. The decrease for 2019 primarily related to reserve reductions associated short-tail lines of business and worker’s compensation. The increase for 2018 was mainly due to $ 561,197 thousand of adverse development on prior years catastrophe losses, primarily related to Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, as well as the 2017 California wildfires. The increase in loss estimates for Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria was mostly driven by re-opened claims, loss inflation from higher than expected loss adjustment expenses and in particular, their impact on aggregate covers. This reserve increase was partially offset by $ 174,121 thousand of favorable development on prior years attritional losses which mainly related to U.S. and international property and casualty reinsurance business, as well as favorable development in the Insurance segment which largely related to workers’ compensation business. The decrease for 2017 was attributable to favorable development in the reinsurance segments of $ 238,378 thousand, related primarily to property and short-tail business in the U.S. and Bermuda as well as favorable development on prior year catastrophe losses, partially offset by $ 37,137 thousand of adverse development on A&E reserves. The insurance segment also experienced favorable development on prior year reserves of $ 55,007 thousand mainly on its workers compensation business, which is largely written in California. The following is information about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2019, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of incurred but not reported liabilities (IBNR) plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts. Each of the Company’s financial reporting segments has been disaggregated into casualty and property business. The casualty and property segregation results in groups that have homogeneous loss development characteristics and are large enough to represent credible trends. Generally, casualty claims take longer to be reported and settled, resulting in longer payout patterns and increased volatility. Property claims on the other hand, tend to be reported and settled quicker and therefore tend to exhibit less volatility. The property business is more exposed to catastrophe losses, which can result in year over year fluctuations in incurred claims depending on the frequency and severity of catastrophes claims in any one accident year. The information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2012 to December 31, 2018 is presented as supplementary information. These tables present eight years of incurred and paid claims development as it is impracticable to retrospectively create the tables for ten years. For the reinsurance groups, for the years prior to 2012, the total of IBNR plus expected development on reported claims was not prepared on an accident year basis. The Company calculated these IBNR amounts in the aggregate for each business unit in total as of prior year end points in time. While business written in the United States would have been allocated to accident year for regulatory reporting purposes, business written outside of the United States would not have been similarly allocated. Attempting to allocate the non-U.S. business IBNR reserves to accident year currently for older year end valuations would require making assumptions and estimates which may not be in line with assumptions that would have been made at the time. A similar situation applies to insurance where the accumulation of the business lines reported in the regulatory filings are not consistent with the breakout of the tables presented below. As a result of not being able to present the information prior to 2012, prospectively an additional year will be added to the tables each reporting year until a ten year table is presented. The Cumulative Number of Reported Claims is shown only for Insurance Casualty as it is impracticable to provide the information for the remaining groups. The reinsurance groups each include pro rata contracts for which ceding companies provide only summary information via a bordereau. This summary information does not include the number of reported claims underlying the paid and reported losses. Therefore, it is not possible to provide this information. The Insurance Property group includes Accident & Health insurance business. This business is written via a master contract and individual claim counts are not provided. This business represents a significant enough portion of the business in the Insurance Property group so that including the number of reported claims for the remaining business would distort any analytics performed on the group. The Cumulative Number of Reported Claims shown for the Insurance Casualty is determined by claim and line of business. For example, a claim event with three claimants in the same line of business is a single claim. However, a claim event with a single claimant that spans two lines of business contributes two claims. The following tables present the ultimate loss and ALAE and the paid loss and ALAE, net of reinsurance for casualty and property, as well as the average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance for each of our disclosed lines of business. U.S. Reinsurance – Casualty Business At December 31, 2019 Total of IBNR Liabilites Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of reinsurance Plus Expected Years Ended December 31, Development Cumulative 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 on Reported Number of Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) Claims Reported Claims (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 401,018 $ 395,794 $ 329,084 $ 325,134 $ 321,099 $ 320,958 $ 324,139 $ 312,483 1,539 N/A 2013 310,935 388,323 385,643 388,287 372,409 362,781 355,118 3,851 N/A 2014 367,492 383,657 392,379 375,404 357,608 351,033 2,232 N/A 2015 326,346 354,265 352,983 350,790 337,332 10,184 N/A 2016 330,362 354,822 355,804 343,004 56,353 N/A 2017 346,836 347,147 342,896 105,550 N/A 2018 484,218 472,532 259,800 N/A 2019 767,529 488,182 N/A $ 3,281,926 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Years Ended December 31, 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 9,986 $ 38,496 $ 82,995 $ 143,510 $ 187,286 $ 218,653 $ 272,046 $ 286,409 2013 14,842 48,929 108,801 170,868 211,273 285,756 310,168 2014 18,809 54,255 110,249 164,552 254,077 294,533 2015 19,902 53,621 107,458 206,397 257,511 2016 18,927 58,310 137,219 193,804 2017 25,800 73,023 142,335 2018 63,140 104,690 2019 103,453 $ 1,692,901 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2012, net of reinsurance 607,385 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 2,196,410 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Casualty 8.4 % 10.3 % 17.7 % 19.6 % 16.6 % 14.4 % 11.7 % 4.6 % U.S. Reinsurance – Property Business At December 31, 2019 Total of IBNR Liabilites Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of reinsurance Plus Expected Years Ended December 31, Development Cumulative 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 on Reported Number of Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) Claims Reported Claims (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 937,720 $ 723,851 $ 723,151 $ 715,961 $ 713,237 $ 706,782 $ 692,079 $ 694,576 1,112 N/A 2013 622,108 405,338 352,687 314,637 310,942 308,557 310,199 1,099 N/A 2014 603,258 516,189 437,409 402,129 396,641 397,683 2,674 N/A 2015 673,913 534,178 476,348 451,694 456,195 5,655 N/A 2016 972,881 816,765 797,339 788,551 10,293 N/A 2017 1,564,165 2,117,747 2,231,384 16,538 N/A 2018 1,728,705 1,572,138 88,063 N/A 2019 970,831 329,576 N/A $ 7,421,556 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Years Ended December 31, 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 242,315 $ 402,305 $ 520,244 $ 598,289 $ 621,013 $ 646,572 $ 651,550 $ 666,768 2013 234,464 250,850 269,014 289,130 296,074 300,708 302,756 2014 189,598 289,430 338,030 362,825 373,060 375,988 2015 225,655 320,310 378,235 405,614 419,757 2016 291,462 582,985 681,502 735,678 2017 545,551 1,422,328 1,744,822 2018 409,225 1,064,431 2019 568,556 $ 5,878,758 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2012, net of reinsurance 29,929 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 1,572,727 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Property 36.5 % 34.0 % 13.6 % 7.7 % 2.9 % 2.4 % 0.7 % 2.2 % International – Casualty Business At December 31, 2019 Total of IBNR Liabilites Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of reinsurance Plus Expected Years Ended December 31, Development Cumulative 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 on Reported Number of Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) Claims Reported Claims (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 224,614 $ 146,421 $ 135,234 $ 135,230 $ 117,350 $ 118,941 $ 116,283 101,872 6,225 N/A 2013 184,497 168,277 164,973 144,869 141,645 138,355 130,124 13,641 N/A 2014 195,753 187,451 168,865 166,576 166,605 158,117 27,302 N/A 2015 193,714 179,392 172,811 172,061 167,290 30,299 N/A 2016 184,267 180,284 177,979 178,255 46,648 N/A 2017 191,492 139,214 150,276 48,308 N/A 2018 309,673 319,752 148,582 N/A 2019 291,237 189,506 N/A $ 1,496,922 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Years Ended December 31, 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 18,875 $ 30,090 $ 46,015 $ 56,420 $ 66,234 $ 76,921 $ 83,253 $ 88,278 2013 17,865 41,481 54,619 67,605 75,964 86,851 95,799 2014 25,910 44,805 62,508 73,955 86,607 99,522 2015 24,237 48,806 69,674 82,465 96,180 2016 26,446 50,824 70,108 87,191 2017 26,541 52,774 77,614 2018 57,962 97,222 2019 52,808 $ 694,615 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2012, net of reinsurance 116,104 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 918,411 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Casualty 16.7 % 13.9 % 12.6 % 8.8 % 8.0 % 8.8 % 6.6 % 4.9 % International – Property Business At December 31, 2019 Total of IBNR Liabilites Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of reinsurance Plus Expected Years Ended December 31, Development Cumulative 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 on Reported Number of Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) Claims Reported Claims (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 437,946 $ 397,747 $ 338,496 $ 346,116 $ 342,251 $ 340,618 $ 344,626 $ 358,428 754 N/A 2013 473,767 413,959 374,216 366,182 365,106 362,370 369,876 920 N/A 2014 589,489 541,484 497,317 443,210 445,914 446,412 3,613 N/A 2015 545,360 393,027 388,795 384,816 385,980 4,466 N/A 2016 539,447 543,428 593,567 595,512 15,930 N/A 2017 857,100 954,835 970,874 15,997 N/A 2018 544,258 574,521 84,717 N/A 2019 879,698 389,242 N/A $ 4,581,301 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Years Ended December 31, 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 126,001 $ 230,203 $ 279,611 $ 303,002 $ 311,706 $ 319,112 $ 324,936 $ 355,887 2013 121,461 246,893 294,024 325,155 337,087 341,831 354,102 2014 162,647 295,731 360,679 392,731 410,715 416,735 2015 127,511 235,921 299,773 334,271 345,693 2016 159,425 316,190 447,094 481,029 2017 247,895 641,832 773,790 2018 90,429 330,681 2019 151,893 $ 3,209,811 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2012, net of reinsurance 54,040 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 1,425,530 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Property 25.9 % 34.1 % 15.6 % 7.2 % 3.2 % 1.5 % 2.5 % 8.6 % Bermuda – Casualty Business At December 31, 2019 Total of IBNR Liabilites Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of reinsurance Plus Expected Years Ended December 31, Development Cumulative 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 on Reported Number of Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) Claims Reported Claims (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 284,509 $ 262,122 $ 240,949 $ 230,441 $ 236,883 $ 237,315 $ 241,312 $ 241,631 30,273 N/A 2013 228,258 258,432 252,704 261,259 250,627 234,668 230,654 33,689 N/A 2014 211,439 244,163 261,523 257,904 234,196 226,434 48,168 N/A 2015 273,468 301,791 307,957 308,042 309,983 82,925 N/A 2016 292,353 351,182 349,522 357,169 114,651 N/A 2017 354,391 365,767 365,823 181,139 N/A 2018 547,267 546,367 376,744 N/A 2019 667,150 551,529 N/A $ 2,945,212 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Years Ended December 31, 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 12,864 $ 29,660 $ 51,278 $ 75,680 $ 102,019 $ 130,159 $ 149,629 $ 164,775 2013 16,996 33,951 52,270 77,270 102,866 124,708 144,010 2014 13,580 24,915 42,872 67,716 91,981 115,098 2015 13,643 58,956 93,220 127,930 153,080 2016 45,671 84,152 121,553 155,397 2017 29,904 64,197 103,915 2018 36,678 93,727 2019 61,239 $ 991,242 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2012, net of reinsurance 356,351 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 2,310,321 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Casualty 7.8 % 9.7 % 9.8 % 10.5 % 10.0 % 10.5 % 8.2 % 6.3 % Bermuda – Property Business At December 31, 2019 Total of IBNR Liabilites Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of reinsurance Plus Expected Years Ended December 31, Development Cumulative 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 on Reported Number of Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) Claims Reported Claims (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 238,152 $ 180,775 $ 119,168 $ 117,221 $ 117,909 $ 118,999 $ 117,734 $ 120,824 593 N/A 2013 217,531 142,666 124,191 115,029 114,252 114,800 112,900 272 N/A 2014 186,492 164,139 138,381 134,776 137,389 136,813 1,092 N/A 2015 192,520 157,711 143,625 146,196 143,266 2,204 N/A 2016 206,279 181,593 186,735 187,607 4,619 N/A 2017 393,969 365,405 346,472 10,115 N/A 2018 394,542 396,488 85,786 N/A 2019 343,602 184,640 N/A $ 1,787,971 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Years Ended December 31, 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 45,573 $ 85,175 $ 90,147 $ 108,172 $ 111,772 $ 113,508 $ 113,816 $ 116,429 2013 34,745 64,560 101,614 108,535 110,378 111,655 111,833 2014 32,813 86,611 106,564 126,552 129,891 131,455 2015 33,814 73,041 109,401 131,387 134,862 2016 26,737 78,499 130,319 167,562 2017 38,106 137,127 250,661 2018 72,580 170,831 2019 66,370 $ 1,150,003 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2012, net of reinsurance 26,236 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 664,204 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Property 19.6 % 28.5 % 25.2 % 14.9 % 2.4 % 1.2 % 0.2 % 2.2 % Insurance – Casualty Business At December 31, 2019 Total of IBNR Liabilites Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of reinsurance Plus Expected Years Ended December 31, Development Cumulative 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 on Reported Number of Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) Claims Reported Claims (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 349,597 $ 351,402 $ 346,953 $ 348,180 $ 353,320 $ 343,931 $ 346,882 $ 351,320 20,199 15,769 2013 393,539 393,390 392,827 393,035 351,295 344,388 350,815 23,120 21,350 2014 431,068 457,043 454,576 460,642 397,061 397,834 38,872 25,188 2015 519,509 528,050 535,671 542,176 468,584 54,740 26,896 2016 553,437 551,321 580,323 615,168 166,117 31,517 2017 612,967 602,985 625,039 226,898 34,701 2018 705,789 711,001 353,806 33,817 2019 850,832 653,255 30,144 $ 4,370,593 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Years Ended December 31, 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 33,185 $ 101,288 $ 157,897 $ 213,451 $ 246,407 $ 272,055 $ 294,380 $ 306,833 2013 33,311 117,037 176,312 224,611 260,184 285,822 303,726 2014 41,190 124,915 201,646 256,807 297,644 325,856 2015 44,311 134,730 218,853 291,943 353,232 2016 54,731 164,225 268,909 342,325 2017 53,898 172,200 280,797 2018 63,492 208,081 2019 72,375 $ 2,193,224 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2012, net of reinsurance 300,347 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 2,477,716 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Casualty 9.1 % 19.8 % 17.4 % 14.0 % 10.9 % 7.2 % 6.7 % 3.3 % Insurance – Property Business At December 31, 2019 Total of IBNR Liabilites Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of reinsurance Plus Expected Years Ended December 31, Development Cumulative 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 on Reported Number of Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) Claims Reported Claims (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 106,325 $ 89,000 $ 81,747 $ 82,448 $ 82,019 $ 81,802 $ 81,979 $ 82,526 68 N/A 2013 112,037 98,106 91,251 92,144 92,233 92,393 92,246 471 N/A 2014 131,679 123,668 119,928 119,464 119,282 119,413 407 N/A 2015 172,904 152,895 143,944 146,780 144,769 405 N/A 2016 290,264 275,154 280,170 291,672 736 N/A 2017 496,905 501,407 494,844 13,043 N/A 2018 407,855 401,900 14,862 N/A 2019 348,590 81,655 N/A $ 1,975,961 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Years Ended December 31, 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Accident Year (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (Dollars in thousands) 2012 $ 56,504 $ 81,772 $ 80,469 $ 81,749 $ 81,891 $ 81,682 $ 81,820 $ 82,457 2013 68,695 93,110 91,841 92,110 91,720 91,759 91,777 2014 81,827 116,037 118,220 118,211 118,545 118,660 2015 102,170 141,280 142,437 145,225 146,719 2016 162,548 249,517 271,938 289,194 2017 178,666 424,181 458,811 2018 244,772 358,324 2019 227,387 $ 1,773,329 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2012, net of reinsurance 644 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 203,277 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Property 56.8 % 35.0 % 4.7 % 3.0 % 0.4 % - % 0.1 % - % Reconciliation of the Disclosure of Incurred and Paid Claims Development to the Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for claims and claim adjustment expenses in the consolidated statement of financial position is as follows. December 31, 2019 (Dollars in thousands) Net outstanding liabilities U.S. Reinsurance Casualty $ 2,196,410 U.S. Reinsurance Property 1,572,727 International Casualty 918,411 International Property 1,425,530 Bermuda Casualty 2,310,321 Bermuda Property 664,204 Insurance Casualty 2,477,716 Insurance Property 203,277 Liabilities for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance 11,768,596 Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims U.S. Reinsurance Casualty 363,925 U.S. Reinsurance Property 207,967 International Casualty 91,193 International Property 149,803 Bermuda Casualty 9,975 Bermuda Property 68,639 Insurance Casualty 631,827 Insurance Property 117,382 Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims 1,640,712 Insurance lines other than short-duration - Unallocated claims adjustment expenses 163,563 Other 38,442 202,005 Total gross liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense $ 13,611,313 (Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.) Reserving Methodology The Company maintains reserves equal to our estimated ultimate liability for losses and loss adjustment expense (LAE) for reported and unreported claims for our insurance and reinsurance businesses. Because reserves are based on estimates of ultimate losses and LAE by underwriting or accident year, the Company uses a variety of statistical and actuarial techniques to monitor reserve adequacy over time, evaluate new information as it becomes known, and adjust reserves whenever an adjustment appears warranted. The Company considers many factors when setting reserves including: (1) exposure base and projected ultimate premium; (2) expected loss ratios by product and class of business, which are developed collaboratively by underwriters and actuaries; (3) actuarial methodologies and assumptions which analyze loss reporting and payment experience, reports from ceding companies and historical trends, such as reserving patterns, loss payments, and product mix; (4) current legal interpretations of coverage and liability; and (5) economic conditions. Insurance and reinsurance loss and LAE reserves represent the Company’s best estimate of its ultimate liability. Actual loss and LAE ultimately paid may deviate, perhaps substantially, from such reserves. Net income (gain or loss) will be impacted in a period in which the change in estimated ultimate loss and LAE is recorded. The detailed data required to evaluate ultimate losses for the Company’s insurance business is accumulated from its underwriting and claim systems. Reserving for reinsurance requires evaluation of loss information received from ceding companies. Ceding companies report losses in many forms depending on the type of contract and the agreed or contractual reporting requirements. Generally, pro rata contracts require the submission of a monthly/quarterly account, which includes premium and loss activity for the period with corresponding reserves as established by the ceding company. This information is recorded into the Company’s records. For certain pro rata contracts, the Company may require a detailed loss report for claims that exceed a certain dollar threshold or relate to a particular type of loss. Excess of loss and facultative contracts generally require individual loss reporting with precautionary notices provided when a loss reaches a significant percentage of the attachment point of the contract or when certain causes of loss or types of injury occur. Experienced claims staff handles individual loss reports and supporting claim information. Based on evaluation of a claim, the Company may establish additional case reserves in addition to the case reserves reported by the ceding company. To ensure ceding companies are submitting required and accurate data, Everest’s Underwriting, Claim, Reinsurance Accounting, and Internal Audit Departments perform various reviews of ceding companies, particularly larger ceding companies, including on-site audits. The Company segments both reinsurance and insurance reserves into exposure groupings for actuarial analysis. The Company assigns business to exposure groupings so that the underlying exposures have reasonably homogeneous loss development characteristics and are large enough to facilitate credible estimation of ultimate losses. The Company periodically reviews its exposure groupings and may change groupings over time as business changes. The Company currently uses approximately 200 exposure groupings to develop reserve estimates. One of the key selection characteristics for the exposure groupings is the historical duration of the claims settlement process. Business in which claims are reported and settled relatively quickly are commonly referred to as short tail lines, principally property lines. On the other hand, casualty claims tend to take longer to be reported and settled and casualty lines are generally referred to as long tail lines. Estimates of ultimate losses for shorter tail lines, with the exception of loss estimates for large catastrophic events, generally exhibit less volatility than those for the longer tail lines. The Company uses a variety of actuarial methodologies, such as the expected loss ratio method, chain ladder methods, and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods, supplemented by judgment where appropriate, to estimate ultimate loss and LAE for each exposure group. Expected Loss Ratio Method: The expected loss ratio method uses earned premium times an expected loss ratio to calculate ultimate losses for a given underwriting or accident year. This method relies entirely on expectation to project ultimate losses with no consideration given to actual losses. As such, it may be appropriate for an immature underwriting or accident year where few, if any, losses have been reported or paid, but less appropriate for a more mature year. Chain Ladder Method: Chain ladder methods use a standard loss development triangle to project ultimate losses. Age-to-age development factors are selected for each development period and combined to calculate age-to-ultimate development factors which are then applied to paid or reported losses to project ultimate losses. This method relies entirely on actual paid or reported losses to project ultimate losses. No other factors such as changes in pricing or other expectations are taken into account. It is most appropriate for groups with homogeneous, stable experience where past development patterns are expected to continue in the future. It is least appropriate for groups which have changed significantly over time or which are more volatile. Bornhuetter-Ferguson Method: The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method is a combination of the expected loss ratio method and the chain ladder method. Ultimate losses are projected based partly on actual paid or reported losses and partly on expectation. Incurred but not reported (IBNR) reserves are calculated using earned premium, an a priori loss ratio, and selected age-to-age development factors and added to actual reported (paid) losses to determine ultimate losses. It is more responsive to actual reported or paid development than the expected loss ratio method but less responsive than the chain ladder method. The reliability of the method depends on the accuracy of the selected a priori loss ratio. Although the Company uses similar actuarial methods for both short tail and long tail lines, the faster reporting of experience for the short tail lines allows the Company to have greater confidence in its estimates of ultimate losses for short tail lines at an earlier stage than for long tail lines. As a result, the Company utilizes, as well, exposure-based methods to estimate its ultimate losses for longer tail lines, especially for immature underwriting or accident years. For both short and long tail lines, the Company supplements these general approaches with analytically based judgments. Key actuarial assumptions contain no explicit provisions for reserve uncertainty nor does the Company supplement the actuarially determined reserves for uncertainty. Carried reserves at each reporting date are the Company’s best estimate of ultimate unpaid losses and LAE at that date. The Company completes detailed reserve studies for each exposure group annually for both reinsurance and insurance operations. The completed annual reserve studies are “rolled-forward” for each accounting period until the subsequent reserve study is completed. Analyzing the roll-forward process involves comparing actual reported losses to expected losses based on the most recent reserve study. The Company analyzes significant variances between actual and expected losses and post adjustments to its reserves as warranted. The Company continues to receive claims under expired insurance and reinsurance contracts asserting injuries and/or damages relating to or resulting from environmental pollution and hazardous substances, including asbestos. Environmental claims typically assert liability for (a) the mitigation or remediation of environmental contamination or (b) bodily injury or property damage caused by the release of hazardous substances into the land, air or water. Asbestos claims typically assert liability for bodily injury from exposure to asbestos or for property damage resulting from asbestos or products containing asbestos. The Company’s reserves include an estimate of the Company’s ultimate liability for A&E claims. The Company’s A&E liabilities emanate from Mt. McKinley’s direct insurance business and Everest Re’s assumed reinsurance business. All of the contracts of insurance and reinsurance, under which the Company has received claims during the past three years, expired more than 20 years ago. There are significant uncertainties surrounding the Company’s reserves for its A&E losses. A&E exposures represent a separate exposure group for monitoring and evaluating reserve adequacy. The following table summarizes incurred losses with respect to A&E reserves on both a gross and net of reinsurance basis for the periods indicated: At December 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2019 2018 2017 Gross basis: Beginning of period reserves $ 347,495 $ 448,994 $ 441,111 Incurred losses |