| Summary of significant accounting policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Business description Luxfer Holdings PLC is a global industrial company innovating niche applications in materials engineering. Luxfer focuses on value creation by using its broad array of technical know-how and proprietary technologies to help create a safe, clean and energy-efficient world. Luxfer's high-performance materials, components and high-pressure gas containment devices are used in defense, first response and healthcare, transportation and general industrial applications. It comprises three reportable segments being Gas Cylinders, Elektron and Graphic Arts. Principles of consolidation The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of Luxfer Holdings PLC and its subsidiaries (collectively "we," "our," "Luxfer" or "the Company" ) that we control. Investments in unconsolidated affiliates, where we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies, are accounted for using the equity method. All inter-company balances and transactions, including unrealized profits arising from intra-company transactions, have been eliminated in full. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and are presented in U.S. dollars ("USD"). The books of the Company's non-U.S. entities are converted to USD at each reporting period date in accordance with the accounting policy below. The functional currency of the holding company, Luxfer Holdings PLC, is USD and that of its U.K. subsidiaries is GBP, being the most appropriate currency for those particular operations. Discontinued operations Certain amounts relating to our discontinued businesses are recorded within assets or liabilities held-for-sale on the consolidated balance sheets and within net income / loss from discontinued operations on the consolidated statements of income. Fiscal year Our fiscal year ends on December 31. Use of estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and in the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include our assessment of property, plant and equipment, right of use asset valuations and impairment, goodwill for impairment, loss contingencies, estimated realizable value on excess and obsolete inventory, assets acquired and liabilities assumed in acquisitions, estimated selling proceeds from assets held for sale, contingent liabilities, income taxes and pension benefits. Actual results could differ from our estimates. 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets Business combinations are accounted for using the purchase method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the consideration transferred, measured at acquisition date fair value, and the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree. The measurement of non-controlling interest is at fair value and is determined on a transaction by transaction basis. Acquisition costs are expensed as incurred. Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of acquired businesses over the net of the fair value of identifiable tangible net assets, identifiable intangible assets purchased, and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Goodwill is tested for impairment by performing a qualitative evaluation which could then lead to a quantitative assessment. The qualitative evaluation is an assessment of factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. We may elect not to perform the qualitative assessment for some or all reporting units and only perform a quantitative impairment test. On the last day of the third quarter in 2023, management carried out the qualitative review on all reporting units with a goodwill balance. No indicators of impairment were identified in these reporting units, therefore the Company concluded its review at this point and was not required to perform a quantitative review. Other intangible assets are measured initially at cost, or, where acquired in a business combination, at fair value, and are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, as shown in the table below. Customer relationships 15 - 25 years Technology and trading related 5 - 25 years The carrying values are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Reviews are made annually of the estimated remaining lives and residual values of the patents and trademarks. Investments in affiliates The company owns interest in the following affiliate: Name of company Country of Holding Proportion of voting rights and shares held Classification Consolidation method Nikkei-MEL Co. Limited Japan Ordinary shares 50% Joint venture Equity method 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Property, plant and equipment, net Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and any impairment in value. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the particular asset. The depreciation expense during 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $11.9 million, $12.9 million and $14.7 million, respectively. The estimated useful lives are summarized as follows: Freehold buildings 10 - 33 years Leasehold land and buildings The lesser of life of lease or freehold rate Machinery and equipment 3 - 25 years Including: Heavy production equipment (including casting, rolling, extrusion and press equipment) 20 - 25 years Chemical production plant and robotics 7 - 10 years Other production machinery 5 - 10 years Furniture, fittings, storage and equipment 3 - 10 years Computer equipment 5 years Freehold land is not depreciated. Reviews are made annually of the estimated remaining lives and residual values of individual productive assets, taking account of commercial and technological obsolescence, as well as normal wear and tear. We review the carrying value for any individual asset or asset group for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. If any such indication exists, and where the carrying value exceeds the estimated recoverable amount, the asset is written-down to its estimated recoverable amount. The assessment of possible impairment is based on our ability to recover the carrying value of the asset or asset group from the expected future pre-tax cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) of the related operations. If these cash flows are less than the carrying value of such asset or asset group, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between estimated fair value and carrying value. Impairment losses on long-lived assets held for sale are determined in a similar manner, except that fair values are reduced for the cost to dispose of the assets.The measurement of impairment requires us to estimate future cash flows and the fair value of long-lived assets. Impairments The Company will recognize impairments in relation to property, plant and equipment, investments, goodwill, other identifiable intangible assets and other long-lived assets in accordance with the above policies. Impairments relating to restructuring activities, incurred to exit an activity or location, will be recorded within the restructuring line on the Statements of Income. Other impairments will be recorded within the impairment charges line on the Statements of Income. Impairments related to discontinued operations will be recorded within the net loss from discontinued operations line on the Statements of Income. During the Company's recently commenced strategic review, in December 2023, the Company determined that the Graphic Arts business no longer aligns with the overall Luxfer strategy and have initiated a process to divest the Graphic Arts business in 2024. As a result of such decision and its impact on the Company's hold period, a $12.7 million impairment charge has been recognized in 2023, disclosed as impairment charges in the consolidated statement of income, relating to right of use assets,$1.6 million and property, plant and equipment, $11.1 million, in our Graphic Arts segment. There was also $3.2 million of asset impairments recognized within restructuring charges predominantly relating to rationalization of our North American Gas Cylinders businesses. Within discontinued operations in 2022, there was a $2.6 million impairment charge relating to the right of use asset previously held as a sublet to Neos International Limited, the right of use asset being building leases retained on sale of Superform U.K. Also within discontinued operations in 2021, there was a $1.5 million impairment charge relating to plant and equipment held in our Superform U.S. business, reflecting updated expectations of fair market value. 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Revenue recognition A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. The majority of the Company’s contracts have a single performance obligation, as the promise to transfer the individual goods or services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and, therefore, not distinct. There is no variable consideration or obligations for returns, refunds, or other related obligations in the Company’s contracts. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type and may include a requirement of payment in advance. In general, our payment terms are 30 to 60 days. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, the Company has determined its contracts do not include a significant financing component. The Company’s revenue is primarily derived from the following sources and are recognized when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a good or service to a customer: Product revenues We recognize revenue when it is realized or realizable and has been earned. Revenue is recognized when the following are met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (ii) shipment or delivery has occurred (depending on the terms of the sale), which is when the transfer of product or control occurs; (iii) our price to the buyer is fixed or determinable; and (iv) the ability to collect is reasonably assured. Royalties Royalty revenue is recognized on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreements, provided that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of revenue can be measured reliably. Practical Expedients The Company applies the practical expedient and does not disclose information about remaining performance obligations for contracts that have original expected durations of one year or less. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Restricted cash is recognized separately in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Restricted cash balances were $0.3 million at December 31, 2023, and $0.3 million at December 31, 2022. The amounts held in escrow were held in relation to a payment received for a historic doubtful debt in our Elektron division and workers' compensation insurance. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Raw materials are valued on a first-in, first-out basis. Strategic purchases of inventories in order to secure supply and reduce the impact of price volatility on the cost of inventories are valued on a weighted-average cost basis. Work in progress and finished goods costs comprise direct materials including, where applicable, direct labor costs, an apportionment of production overheads and any other costs that have been incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Inventories are reviewed on a regular basis, and we make allowance for excess or obsolete inventories and write-down to net realizable value based primarily on committed sales prices and our estimates of expected and future product demand and related pricing. Research and Development Included within research and development costs are directly attributable salaries, materials and consumables, as well as third-party contractor fees and research costs. These costs are expensed as incurred. 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Foreign currencies Transactions in currencies other than an operation's functional currency are initially recorded in the functional currency at the rate of exchange prevailing on the dates of transactions. At each balance sheet date, the foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities of each operation are translated into the functional currency of that operation at the rates prevailing on the balance sheet date. All differences are taken to the consolidated statement of income, with the exception of differences on foreign currency borrowings that provide a hedge against a net investment in a foreign entity. These differences on foreign currency borrowings are taken directly to equity until the disposal of the net investment, at which time they are recognized in the consolidated statement of income. Tax charges and credits attributable to exchange differences on those borrowings are also included in equity. On consolidation, the assets and liabilities of the Company's foreign operations are translated at exchange rates prevailing on the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates for the period. Exchange differences that arise, if any, are included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), a separate component of equity. Such translation differences are recognized in the consolidated statements of income in the period in which the Company either loses control of the operation or liquidation occurs. During 2023, the average USD/GBP sterling exchange rate was £0.8032 compared to the 2022 average of £0.8108. This change resulted in a positive impact of $2.8 million on revenue and $0.7 million on operating income. Based on the 2023 level of revenue and income, a weakening in GBP sterling leading to a £0.05 increase in the USD/GBP sterling exchange rate would result in a decrease of $7.9 million in revenue and a decrease of $0.7 million in operating net income. Income taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. When the Company does not believe that, on the basis of available information, it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will be fully recovered, it recognizes a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactments date. Furthermore, a tax benefit from a tax position may be recognized in the financial statements only if it is more-likely-than-not that the position is sustainable, based solely on its technical merits and consideration of the relevant tax authority’s widely understood administrative practices and precedents. The tax benefit recognized, when the likelihood of realization is more likely-than-not (i.e. greater than 50 percent), is measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement. 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Employee benefit plans The Company operates funded defined benefit pension plans in the U.K., the U.S. and France. The levels of funding are determined by periodic actuarial valuations that take into account changes in actuarial assumptions, including discount rates and expected returns on plan assets. The assets of the plans are generally held in separate Trustee-administered funds. The Company also operates defined contribution plans in the U.K., the U.S., Australia and Canada. Actuarial assumptions are updated annually and are disclosed in Note 14. We recognize changes in the fair value of plan assets and net actuarial gains or losses for pension and other post-retirement benefits annually in the fourth quarter each year (“mark-to-market adjustment”) and, if applicable, in any quarter in which an interim remeasurement is triggered. Net actuarial gains and losses occur when the actual experience differs from any of the various assumptions used to value our pension and other post-retirement plans or when assumptions change, as they may each year. The remaining components of pension expense, including service and interest costs and estimated return on plan assets, are recorded on a quarterly basis. Payments to defined contribution plans are charged as an expense as they fall due. Commitments and contingencies Loss contingencies are recognized when the Company has a present obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable that a transfer of resources will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Share-based compensation We account for share-based compensation awards on a fair value basis at the grant date. The estimated grant date fair value of each option award is recognized in income on an accelerated basis over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period). The estimated fair value of each option award is calculated using either the Black-Scholes option-pricing model or a Monte-Carlo simulation, both of which are subjective and involve the application of significant estimates and assumptions, including the expected term of the award, implied volatility, expected dividend yield and the risk-free interest rate. Restricted share awards and units are recorded as compensation cost on an accelerated basis over the requisite service periods based on the market value on the date of the grant. Performance share units ("PSU") are stock awards where the ultimate number of shares issued will be contingent on the Company's performance against certain financial performance targets. The fair value of each PSU is based on the market value on the date of grant. We recognize expense based upon the fair value of the awards on the grant date and the estimated vesting of the PSUs granted. The estimated vesting of the PSUs is based on the probability of achieving certain financial performance thresholds over the specified performance period. Trade receivables and concentration of credit risk The Company is exposed to credit losses primarily through sales of products. The Company’s expected loss allowance methodology for accounts receivable is developed using historical collection experience, current and future economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of customers' trade accounts receivables. Due to the short-term nature of such receivables, the estimate of accounts receivable amounts that may not be collected is based on aging of the accounts receivable balances and the financial condition of customers. Additionally, specific allowance amounts are established to record the appropriate provision for customers that have a higher probability of default. Estimates are used to determine the allowance. It is based on assessment of anticipated receipts and all other historical, current and future information that is reasonably available. We are exposed to credit risk in the event of nonpayment by customers. However, we mitigate our exposure to credit risk by performing ongoing credit evaluations and, when deemed necessary, utilizing credit insurance, prepayments or guarantees. No individual customer represented more than 10% of our revenue or accounts receivable. The concentration of credit risks from financial instruments related to the markets we serve is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, cash flows or future results of operations. Derivative financial instruments We recognize all derivatives as either assets or liabilities (within accounts and other receivables or other current liabilities) at fair value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Any changes in fair value are reported in the income statement immediately in cost of sales. We use derivative instruments for the purpose of hedging commodity price risk and currency exposures, which exist as part of ongoing business operations. 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) New accounting standards There were no new accounting standards issued which neither had a significant impact nor required adoption in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. Accounting standards which have been early adopted None Accounting standards issued but not yet effective In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting”, which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures regarding significant expenses. We plan to adopt the standard retrospectively beginning with our annual reporting for the year ending December 31, 2024 and interim reporting beginning January 1, 2025. We are currently evaluating the potential effect that the updated standard will have on our financial statement disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”, which requires new and enhanced disclosures primarily related to income taxes paid and the effective tax rate reconciliation. We will adopt the standard beginning with our annual reporting for the year ending December 31, 2025. We are currently evaluating the potential effect that the updated standard will have on our financial statement disclosures. |
