Loans and Leases | 5. Loans and leases The classifications of loans and leases at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows: (dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Commercial and industrial $ 252,963 $ 236,304 Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied 310,663 312,848 Owner occupied 250,578 248,755 Construction 22,779 21,147 Consumer: Home equity installment 47,852 47,571 Home equity line of credit 55,340 54,878 Auto loans 119,082 118,029 Direct finance leases 27,138 26,232 Other 8,307 8,013 Residential: Real estate 343,360 325,861 Construction 36,247 34,919 Total 1,474,309 1,434,557 Less: Allowance for loan losses ( 16,081 ) ( 15,624 ) Unearned lease revenue ( 1,431 ) ( 1,429 ) Loans and leases, net $ 1,456,797 $ 1,417,504 As of March 31, 2022, total loans of $ 1.5 billion were reflected combined with deferred loan costs of $ 3.6 million, including $ 0.6 million in deferred fee income from Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans and $ 4.2 million in deferred loan costs. As of December 31, 2021, total loans of $ 1.4 billion were reflected combined with deferred loan costs of $ 3.0 million, including $ 1.2 million in deferred fee income from PPP loans and $ 4.2 million in deferred loan costs. Commercial and industrial (C&I) loan balances were $ 253.0 million at March 31, 2022 and $ 236.3 million at December 31, 2021. As of March 31, 2022, the commercial and industrial loan balance included $ 21.8 million in PPP loans (net of deferred fees) compared to $ 39.9 million as of December 31, 2021. Excluding PPP loans, the balance of C&I loans at March 31, 2022 increased $ 34.8 million primarily from several large C&I loans originated during the first quarter of 2022. Direct finance leases include the lease receivable and the guaranteed lease residual. Unearned lease revenue represents the difference between the lessor’s investment in the property and the gross investment in the lease. Unearned revenue is accrued over the life of the lease using the effective interest method. The Company services real estate loans for investors in the secondary mortgage market which are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The approximate unpaid principal balance of mortgages serviced for others amounted to $ 449.9 million as of March 31, 2022 and $ 430.9 million as of December 31, 2021. Mortgage servicing rights amounted to $ 1.8 million and $ 1.7 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Management is responsible for conducting the Company’s credit risk evaluation process, which includes credit risk grading of individual commercial and industrial and commercial real estate loans. Commercial and industrial and commercial real estate loans are assigned credit risk grades based on the Company’s assessment of conditions that affect the borrower’s ability to meet its contractual obligations under the loan agreement. That process includes reviewing borrowers’ current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and other information specific to each individual borrower. Upon review, the commercial loan credit risk grade is revised or reaffirmed. The credit risk grades may be changed at any time management feels an upgrade or downgrade may be warranted. The Company utilizes an external independent loan review firm that reviews and validates the credit risk program on at least an annual basis. Results of these reviews are presented to management and the board of directors. The loan review process complements and reinforces the risk identification and assessment decisions made by lenders and credit personnel, as well as the Company’s policies and procedures. Paycheck Protection Program Loans The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or CARES Act, was signed into law on March 27, 2020, and provided over $2.0 trillion in emergency economic relief to individuals and businesses impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act authorized the Small Business Administration (SBA) to temporarily guarantee loans under a new 7(a) loan program called the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). As a qualified SBA lender, the Company was automatically authorized to originate PPP loans. The SBA guaranteed 100% of the PPP loans made to eligible borrowers. The entire principal amount of the borrowers’ PPP loan, including any accrued interest, is eligible to be reduced by the loan forgiveness amount under the PPP. On December 27, 2020, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Economic Aid Act) was enacted, extending the authority to make PPP loans through May 31, 2021, revising certain PPP requirements, and permitting second draw PPP loans. On March 11, 2021, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (American Rescue Plan Act) was enacted expanding eligibility for first and second draw PPP loans and revising the exclusions from payroll costs for purposes of loan forgiveness. Acquired loans Acquired loans are marked to fair value on the date of acquisition. For detailed information on calculating the fair value of acquired loans, see Footnote 9, “Acquisition.” The carryover of allowance for loan losses related to acquired loans is prohibited as any credit losses in the loans are included in the determination of the fair value of the loans at the acquisition date. The allowance for loan losses on acquired loans reflects only those losses incurred after acquisition and represents the present value of cash flows expected at acquisition that is no longer expected to be collected. The Company reported fair value adjustments regarding the acquired MNB and Landmark loan portfolios. Therefore, the Company did not record an allowance on the acquired non-purchased credit impaired loans. In conjunction with the quarterly evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, the Company performs an analysis on acquired loans to determine whether there has been subsequent deterioration in relation to those loans. If deterioration has occurred, the Company will include these loans in the calculation of the allowance for loan losses after the initial valuation and provide reserves accordingly. Upon acquisition, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company has individually determined whether each acquired loan is within the scope of ASC 310-30 deemed as purchased credit impaired (PCI). As part of this process, the Company’s senior management and other relevant individuals reviewed the seller’s loan portfolio on a loan-by-loan basis to determine if any loans met the two-part definition of an impaired loan as defined by ASC 310-30: 1) Credit deterioration on the loan from its inception until the acquisition date, and 2) It is probable that not all contractual cash flows will be collected on the loan. With regards to ASC 310-30 loans, for external disclosure purposes, the aggregate contractual cash flows less the aggregate expected cash flows result in a credit related non-accretable yield amount. The aggregate expected cash flows less the acquisition date fair value result in an accretable yield amount. The accretable yield reflects the contractual cash flows management expects to collect above the loan's acquisition date fair value and will be recognized over the life of the loan on a level-yield basis as a component of interest income. Over the life of the acquired ASC 310-30 loan, the Company continues to estimate cash flows expected to be collected. Decreases in expected cash flows, other than from prepayments or rate adjustments, are recognized as impairments through a charge to the provision for credit losses resulting in an increase in the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent improvements in cash flows result in first, reversal of existing valuation allowances recognized after acquisition, if any, and next, an increase in the amount of accretable yield to be subsequently recognized on a prospective basis over the loan’s remaining life. Acquired ASC 310-30 loans that met the criteria for non-accrual of interest prior to acquisition are considered performing upon acquisition, regardless of whether the customer is contractually delinquent, if the Company can reasonably estimate the timing and amount of expected cash flows on such loans. Accordingly, the Company does not consider acquired contractually delinquent loans to be non-accruing and continues to recognize accretable yield on these loans which is recognized as interest income on a level yield method over the life of the loan. Acquired ASC 310-20 loans, which are loans that did not meet the criteria above, were pooled into groups of similar loans based on various factors including borrower type, loan purpose, and collateral type. For these pools, the Company used certain loan information, including outstanding principal balance, estimated expected losses, weighted average maturity, weighted average margin, and weighted average interest rate along with estimated prepayment rates, expected lifetime losses, and environment factors to estimate the expected cash flow for each loan pool. Within the ASC 310-20 loans, the Company identified certain loans that have higher risk. Although performing at the time of acquisition and likely will continue making payments in accordance with contractual terms, management elected a higher credit adjustment on these loans to reflect the greater inherent risk that the borrower will default on payments. Risk factors used to identify these loans included: loans that received COVID-19 related forbearance consistent with the regulatory guidance, loans that were in industries determined to be at greater risk to economic disruption due to COVID-19, loans that had a prior history of delinquency greater than 60 days at any point in the lifetime of the loan; loans with a Special Mention or Substandard risk rating; and/or loans borrowers in the Gasoline Station industry due to the environmental risk potential of these loans. The following table provides changes in accretable yield for all acquired loans accounted for under ASC 310-30. Loans accounted for under ASC 310-20 are not included in this table. For the three months ended March 31, (dollars in thousands) 2022 2021 Balance at beginning of period $ 1,088 $ 563 Accretable yield on acquired loans - - Reclassification from non-accretable difference 15 13 Accretion of accretable yield ( 178 ) ( 103 ) Balance at end of period $ 925 $ 473 The above table excludes the $ 269 thousand in non-accretable yield accreted to interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2021. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, management performed an analysis of all loans acquired from mergers, consistent with and applicable to ASC 310-30 (Purchased Credit Impaired loans – PCI). Five loans had actual payments exceed estimates resulting in a $ 15 thousand reclassification from non-accretable discount to accretable discount. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, two loans had actual payments exceed estimates resulting in a $ 13 thousand reclassification from non-accretable discount to accretable discount. Expected cash flows on acquired loans are estimated quarterly by incorporating several key assumptions. These key assumptions include probability of default and the number of actual prepayments after the acquisition date. Prepayments affect the estimated life of the loans and could change the amount of interest income, and possibly principal expected to be collected. In reforecasting future estimated cash flows, credit loss expectations are adjusted as necessary. Improved cash flow expectations for loans or pools are recorded first as a reversal of previously recorded impairment, if any, and then as an increase in prospective yield when all previously recorded impairment has been recaptured. Non-accrual loans Non-accrual loans, segregated by class, at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, were as follows: (dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Commercial and industrial $ 49 $ 154 Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied 478 478 Owner occupied 1,300 1,570 Consumer: Home equity installment - - Home equity line of credit 171 97 Auto loans 172 78 Residential: Real estate 137 572 Total $ 2,307 $ 2,949 The table above excludes $ 4.6 million and $ 4.7 million in purchased credit impaired loans, net of unamortized fair value adjustments as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The decision to place loans on non-accrual status is made on an individual basis after considering factors pertaining to each specific loan. C&I and CRE loans are placed on non-accrual status when management has determined that payment of all contractual principal and interest is in doubt or the loan is past due 90 days or more as to principal and interest, unless well-secured and in the process of collection. Consumer loans secured by real estate and residential mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status at 90 days past due as to principal and interest and unsecured consumer loans are charged-off when the loan is 90 days or more past due as to principal and interest. The Company considers all non-accrual loans to be impaired loans. Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDR) A modification of a loan constitutes a TDR when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the modification constitutes a concession. The Company considers all TDRs to be impaired loans. The Company typically considers the following concessions when modifying a loan, which may include lowering interest rates below the market rate, temporary interest-only payment periods, term extensions at interest rates lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk and/or converting revolving credit lines to term loans. The Company typically does not forgive principal when granting a TDR modification. There were no loans modified in a TDR for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. Of the TDRs outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, when modified, the concessions granted consisted of temporary interest-only payments, extensions of maturity date, or a reduction in the rate of interest to a below-market rate for a contractual period of time. Other than the TDRs that were placed on non-accrual status, the TDRs were performing in accordance with their modified terms. Loans modified in a TDR are closely monitored for delinquency as an early indicator of possible future default. If loans modified in a TDR subsequently default, the Company evaluates the loan for possible further impairment. There were no loans modified as a TDR within the previous twelve months that subsequently defaulted (i.e. 90 days or more past due following a modification) during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. The allowance for loan losses (allowance) may be increased, adjustments may be made in the allocation of the allowance or partial charge-offs may be taken to further write-down the carrying value of the loan. An allowance for impaired loans that have been modified in a TDR is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the loan’s observable market price. If the loan is collateral dependent, the estimated fair value of the collateral is used to establish the allowance. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the balance of outstanding TDRs was $ 1.7 million and $ 3.1 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the allowance for impaired loans that have been modified in a TDR was $ 0.1 million and $ 0.7 million, respectively. Past due loans Loans are considered past due when the contractual principal and/or interest is not received by the due date. For loans reported 30-59 days past due, certain categories of loans are reported past due as and when the loan is in arrears for two payments or billing cycles. An aging analysis of past due loans, segregated by class of loans, as of the period indicated is as follows (dollars in thousands): Recorded Past due investment past 30 - 59 Days 60 - 89 Days 90 days Total Total due ≥ 90 days March 31, 2022 past due past due or more (1) past due Current loans (3) and accruing Commercial and industrial $ 773 $ - $ 49 $ 822 $ 252,141 $ 252,963 $ - Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied - - 478 478 310,185 310,663 - Owner occupied - 82 1,443 1,525 249,053 250,578 143 Construction - - - - 22,779 22,779 - Consumer: Home equity installment 58 - - 58 47,794 47,852 - Home equity line of credit - - 171 171 55,169 55,340 - Auto loans 339 85 172 596 118,486 119,082 - Direct finance leases 149 - 31 180 25,527 25,707 (2) 31 Other 26 - - 26 8,281 8,307 - Residential: Real estate - - 137 137 343,223 343,360 - Construction - - - - 36,247 36,247 - Total $ 1,345 $ 167 $ 2,481 $ 3,993 $ 1,468,885 $ 1,472,878 $ 174 (1) Includes non-accrual loans. (2) Net of unearned lease revenue of $ 1.4 million. (3) Includes net deferred loan costs of $ 3.6 million. Recorded Past due investment past 30 - 59 Days 60 - 89 Days 90 days Total Total due ≥ 90 days December 31, 2021 past due past due or more (1) past due Current loans (3) and accruing Commercial and industrial $ - $ 4 $ 154 $ 158 $ 236,146 $ 236,304 $ - Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied - 675 478 1,153 311,695 312,848 - Owner occupied - - 1,570 1,570 247,185 248,755 - Construction - - - - 21,147 21,147 - Consumer: Home equity installment 87 32 - 119 47,452 47,571 - Home equity line of credit - - 97 97 54,781 54,878 - Auto loans 410 45 78 533 117,496 118,029 - Direct finance leases 173 38 64 275 24,528 24,803 (2) 64 Other 49 17 - 66 7,947 8,013 - Residential: Real estate - 452 572 1,024 324,837 325,861 - Construction - - - - 34,919 34,919 - Total $ 719 $ 1,263 $ 3,013 $ 4,995 $ 1,428,133 $ 1,433,128 $ 64 (1) Includes non-accrual loans. (2) Net of unearned lease revenue of $ 1.4 million. (3) Includes net deferred loan costs of $ 3.0 million. Impaired loans Impaired loans, segregated by class, as of the period indicated are detailed below: Recorded Recorded Unpaid investment investment Total principal with with no recorded Related (dollars in thousands) balance allowance allowance investment allowance March 31, 2022 Commercial and industrial $ 49 $ 49 $ - $ 49 $ 49 Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied 866 73 793 866 1 Owner occupied 2,904 1,361 922 2,283 551 Consumer: Home equity installment 33 - - - - Home equity line of credit 210 20 151 171 4 Auto loans 232 20 152 172 5 Residential: Real estate 184 - 137 137 - Total $ 4,478 $ 1,523 $ 2,155 $ 3,678 $ 610 Recorded Recorded Unpaid investment investment Total principal with with no recorded Related (dollars in thousands) balance allowance allowance investment allowance December 31, 2021 Commercial and industrial $ 218 $ 18 $ 136 $ 154 $ 18 Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied 2,470 1,674 796 2,470 474 Owner occupied 3,185 1,802 762 2,564 763 Consumer: Home equity installment 33 - - - - Home equity line of credit 137 - 97 97 - Auto loans 98 10 68 78 4 Residential: Real estate 699 - 572 572 - Total $ 6,840 $ 3,504 $ 2,431 $ 5,935 $ 1,259 At March 31, 2022, impaired loans totaled $ 3.7 million consisting of $ 1.4 million in accruing TDRs and $ 2.3 million in non-accrual loans. At December 31, 2021, impaired loans totaled $ 5.9 million consisting of $ 3.0 million in accruing TDRs and $ 2.9 million in non-accrual loans. As of March 31, 2022, the non-accrual loans included one TDR totaling $ 0.4 million compared with three TDRs to two unrelated borrowers totaling $ 0.6 million as of December 31, 2021. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events; it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the payments in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan. Factors considered in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting payments when due. The significance of payment delays and/or shortfalls is determined on a case-by-case basis. All circumstances surrounding the loan are considered. Such factors include the length of the delinquency, the underlying reasons and the borrower’s prior payment record. Impairment is measured on these loans on a loan-by-loan basis. Impaired loans include non-accrual loans, TDRs and other loans deemed to be impaired based on the aforementioned factors. The following table presents the average recorded investments in impaired loans and related amount of interest income recognized during the periods indicated below. The average balances are calculated based on the quarter-end balances of impaired loans. Payments received from non-accruing impaired loans are first applied against the outstanding principal balance, then to the recovery of any charged-off amounts. Any excess is treated as a recovery of interest income. Payments received from accruing impaired loans are applied to principal and interest, as contractually agreed upon. March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 Cash basis Cash basis Average Interest interest Average Interest interest recorded income income recorded income income (dollars in thousands) investment recognized recognized investment recognized recognized Commercial and industrial $ 272 $ - $ - $ 438 $ - $ - Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied 2,302 46 - 2,318 22 - Owner occupied 2,001 27 - 1,853 4 - Construction - - - - - - Consumer: Home equity installment 16 - - 46 4 - Home equity line of credit 157 - - 366 4 - Auto loans 70 1 - 51 - - Direct finance leases - - - - - - Other - - - - - - Residential: Real estate 564 25 - 761 - - Construction - - - - - - Total $ 5,382 $ 99 $ - $ 5,833 $ 34 $ - Credit Quality Indicators Commercial and industrial and commercial real estate The Company utilizes a loan grading system and assigns a credit risk grade to its loans in the C&I and CRE portfolios. The grading system provides a means to measure portfolio quality and aids in the monitoring of the credit quality of the overall loan portfolio. The credit risk grades are arrived at using a risk rating matrix to assign a grade to each of the loans in the C&I and CRE portfolios. The following is a description of each risk rating category the Company uses to classify each of its C&I and CRE loans: Pass Loans in this category have an acceptable level of risk and are graded in a range of one to five. Secured loans generally have good collateral coverage. Current financial statements reflect acceptable balance sheet ratios, sales and earnings trends. Management is competent, and a reasonable succession plan is evident. Payment experience on the loans has been good with minor or no delinquency experience. Loans with a grade of one are of the highest quality in the range. Those graded five are of marginally acceptable quality. Special Mention Loans in this category are graded a six and may be protected but are potentially weak. They constitute a credit risk to the Company but have not yet reached the point of adverse classification. Some of the following conditions may exist: little or no collateral coverage; lack of current financial information; delinquency problems; highly leveraged; available financial information reflects poor balance sheet ratios and profit and loss statements reflect uncertain trends; and document exceptions. Cash flow may not be sufficient to support total debt service requirements. Substandard Loans in this category are graded a seven and have a well-defined weakness which may jeopardize the ultimate collectability of the debt. The collateral pledged may be lacking in quality or quantity. Financial statements may indicate insufficient cash flow to service the debt; and/or do not reflect a sound net worth. The payment history indicates chronic delinquency problems. Management is weak. There is a distinct possibility that the Company may sustain a loss. All loans on non-accrual are rated substandard. Other loans that are included in the substandard category can be accruing, as well as loans that are current or past due. Loans 90 days or more past due, unless otherwise fully supported, are classified substandard. Also, borrowers that are bankrupt or have loans categorized as TDRs can be graded substandard. Doubtful Loans in this category are graded an eight and have a better than 50% possibility of the Company sustaining a loss, but the loss cannot be determined because of specific reasonable factors which may strengthen credit in the near-term. Many of the weaknesses present in a substandard loan exist. Liquidation of collateral, if any, is likely. Any loan graded lower than an eight is considered to be uncollectible and charged-off. Consumer and residential The consumer and residential loan segments are regarded as homogeneous loan pools and as such are not risk rated. For these portfolios, the Company utilizes payment activity and history in assessing performance. Non-performing loans are comprised of non-accrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and accruing. All loans not classified as non-performing are considered performing. The following table presents loans including $ 3.6 million and $ 3.0 million of deferred costs, segregated by class, categorized into the appropriate credit quality indicator category as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively: Commercial credit exposure Credit risk profile by creditworthiness category March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Pass Special mention Substandard Doubtful Total Commercial and industrial $ 250,718 $ 329 $ 1,916 $ - $ 252,963 Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied 290,314 16,257 4,092 - 310,663 Commercial real estate - owner occupied 234,123 6,579 9,876 - 250,578 Commercial real estate - construction 22,779 - - - 22,779 Total commercial $ 797,934 $ 23,165 $ 15,884 $ - $ 836,983 Consumer & Mortgage lending credit exposure Credit risk profile based on payment activity March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Performing Non-performing Total Consumer Home equity installment $ 47,852 $ - $ 47,852 Home equity line of credit 55,169 171 55,340 Auto loans 118,910 172 119,082 Direct finance leases (1) 25,676 31 25,707 Other 8,307 - 8,307 Total consumer 255,914 374 256,288 Residential Real estate 343,223 137 343,360 Construction 36,247 - 36,247 Total residential 379,470 137 379,607 Total consumer & residential $ 635,384 $ 511 $ 635,895 (1) Net of unearned lease revenue of $ 1.4 million. Commercial credit exposure Credit risk profile by creditworthiness category December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands) Pass Special mention Substandard Doubtful Total Commercial and industrial $ 233,565 $ 339 $ 2,400 $ - $ 236,304 Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied 289,679 16,614 6,555 - 312,848 Commercial real estate - owner occupied 230,146 7,089 11,520 - 248,755 Commercial real estate - construction 21,147 - - - 21,147 Total commercial $ 774,537 $ 24,042 $ 20,475 $ - $ 819,054 Consumer & Mortgage lending credit exposure Credit risk profile based on payment activity December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands) Performing Non-performing Total Consumer Home equity installment $ 47,571 $ - $ 47,571 Home equity line of credit 54,781 97 54,878 Auto loans 117,951 78 118,029 Direct finance leases (2) 24,739 64 24,803 Other 8,013 - 8,013 Total consumer 253,055 239 253,294 Residential Real estate 325,289 572 325,861 Construction 34,919 - 34,919 Total residential 360,208 572 360,780 Total consumer & residential $ 613,263 $ 811 $ 614,074 (2) Net of unearned lease revenue of $ 1.4 million. Allowance for loan losses Management continually evaluates the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio and performs a formal review of the adequacy of the allowance on a quarterly basis. The allowance reflects management’s best estimate of the amount of credit losses in the loan portfolio. Management’s judgment is based on the evaluation of individual loans, experience, the assessment of current economic conditions and other relevant factors including the amounts and timing of cash flows expected to be received on impaired loans. Those estimates may be susceptible to significant change. Loan losses are charged directly against the allowance when loans are deemed to be uncollectible. Recoveries from previously charged-off loans are added to the allowance when received. Management applies two primary components during the loan review process to determine proper allowance levels. The two components are a specific loan loss allocation for loans that are deemed impaired and a general loan loss allocation for those loans not specifically allocated. The methodology to analyze the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is as follows: identification of specific impaired loans by loan category; identification of specific loans that are not impaired, but have an identified potential for loss; calculation of specific allowances where required for the impaired loans based on collateral and other objective and quantifiable evidence; determination of loans with similar credit characteristics within each class of the loan portfolio segment and eliminating the impaired loans; application of historical loss percentages (trailing twelve-quarter average) to pools to determine the allowance allocation; application of qualitative factor adjustment percentages to historical losses for trends or changes in the loan portfolio. Qualitative factor adjustments include: o levels of and trends in delinquencies and non-accrual loans; o levels of and trends in charge-offs and recoveries; o trends in volume and terms of loans; o changes in risk selection and underwriting standards; o changes in lending policies and legal and regulatory requirements; o experience, ability and depth of lending management; o national and local economic trends and conditions; and o changes in credit concentrations. Allocation of the allowance for different categories of loans is based on the methodology as explained above. A key element of the methodology to determine the allowance is the Company’s credit risk evaluation process, which includes credit risk grading of individual C&I and CRE loans. C&I and CRE loans are assigned credit risk grades based on the Company’s assessment of conditions that affect the borrower’s ability to meet its contractual obligations under the loan agreement. That process includes reviewing borrowers’ current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and other information specific to each individual borrower. Upon review, the commercial loan credit risk grade is revised or reaffirmed. The credit risk grades may be changed at any time management feels an upgrade or downgrade may be warranted. The credit risk grades for the C&I and CRE loan portfolios are considered in the reserve methodology and loss factors are applied based upon the credit risk grades. The loss factors applied are based upon the Company’s historical experience as well as what we believe to be best practices and common industry standards. Historical experience reveals there is a direct correlation between the credit risk grades and loan charge-offs. The changes in allocations in the C&I and CRE loan portfolio from period to period are based upon the credit risk grading system and from periodic reviews of the loan portfolio. An unallocated component is maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. The unallocated component of the allowance reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies. Each quarter, management performs an assessment of the allowance. The Company’s Special Assets Committee meets quarterly, and the applicable lenders discuss each relationship under review and reach a consensus on the appropriate estimated loss amount, if applicable, based on current accounting guidance. The Special Assets Committee’s focus is on ensuring the pertinent facts are considered regarding not only loans considered for specific reserves, but also the collectability of loans that may be past due in payment. The assessment process also includes the review of all loans on a non-accruing basis as well as a review of certain loans to which the lenders or the Company’s Credit Administration function have assigned a criticized or classified risk rating. The Company’s policy is to charge-off unsecured consumer loans when they become 90 days or more past due as to principal and interest. In the other portfolio segments, amounts are charged-off at the point in time when the Company deems the balance, or a portion thereof, to be uncollectible. Information related to the change in the allowance and the Company’s recorded investment in loans by portfolio segment as of the period |