Investments | 6. Investments Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale by Sector The following table presents the fixed maturity and equity securities AFS by sector. Redeemable preferred stock is reported within U.S. corporate and foreign corporate fixed maturity securities and non-redeemable preferred stock is reported within equity securities. Included within fixed maturity securities are structured securities including residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”) and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) (collectively, “Structured Securities”). September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Cost or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Estimated Fair Value Cost or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Estimated Fair Value Gains Temporary Losses OTTI Gains Temporary Losses OTTI (In millions) Fixed maturity securities: U.S. corporate $ 75,221 $ 6,827 $ 393 $ — $ 81,655 $ 73,280 $ 6,027 $ 764 $ — $ 78,543 Foreign government 54,618 6,486 315 — 60,789 49,864 6,485 373 — 55,976 Foreign corporate 52,185 3,705 750 — 55,140 49,333 2,901 1,572 (1 ) 50,663 U.S. government and agency 43,911 4,056 303 — 47,664 41,294 3,682 543 — 44,433 RMBS 30,368 1,222 232 (40 ) 31,398 28,393 1,039 410 (10 ) 29,032 State and political subdivision 10,754 1,615 24 — 12,345 10,977 1,340 85 1 12,231 ABS 11,702 114 42 3 11,771 11,266 90 128 3 11,225 CMBS 7,925 251 44 — 8,132 7,294 237 71 — 7,460 Total fixed maturity securities $ 286,684 $ 24,276 $ 2,103 $ (37 ) $ 308,894 $ 271,701 $ 21,801 $ 3,946 $ (7 ) $ 289,563 Equity securities: Common stock $ 1,883 $ 379 $ 20 $ — $ 2,242 $ 1,827 $ 464 $ 13 $ — $ 2,278 Non-redeemable preferred stock 503 36 5 — 534 637 19 40 — 616 Total equity securities $ 2,386 $ 415 $ 25 $ — $ 2,776 $ 2,464 $ 483 $ 53 $ — $ 2,894 __________________ (1) Noncredit OTTI losses included in AOCI in an unrealized gain position are due to increases in estimated fair value subsequent to initial recognition of noncredit losses on such securities. See also “— Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses).” The Company held non-income producing fixed maturity securities with an estimated fair value of $4 million and $1 million , and unrealized gains (losses) of ($3) million and ($3) million , at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , respectively. Maturities of Fixed Maturity Securities The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities, by contractual maturity date, were as follows at September 30, 2017 : Due in One Due After Due After Five Years Through Ten Years Due After Ten Years Structured Securities Total Fixed Maturity Securities (In millions) Amortized cost $ 12,720 $ 63,453 $ 60,957 $ 99,559 $ 49,995 $ 286,684 Estimated fair value $ 12,827 $ 66,568 $ 64,549 $ 113,649 $ 51,301 $ 308,894 Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities due to the exercise of call or prepayment options. Fixed maturity securities not due at a single maturity date have been presented in the year of final contractual maturity. Structured Securities are shown separately, as they are not due at a single maturity. Continuous Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities AFS by Sector The following table presents the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity and equity securities AFS in an unrealized loss position, aggregated by sector and by length of time that the securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at: September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Less than 12 Months Equal to or Greater than 12 Months Less than 12 Months Equal to or Greater than 12 Months Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses (Dollars in millions) Fixed maturity securities: U.S. corporate $ 6,647 $ 161 $ 3,015 $ 232 $ 11,471 $ 466 $ 2,938 $ 298 Foreign government 6,856 202 1,669 113 5,955 260 918 113 Foreign corporate 5,856 149 6,137 601 10,147 573 5,493 998 U.S. government and agency 19,305 275 362 28 9,104 523 141 20 RMBS 7,731 106 2,025 86 9,449 291 1,800 109 State and political subdivision 560 13 165 11 1,747 80 56 6 ABS 1,976 5 921 40 2,224 28 2,328 103 CMBS 1,555 12 337 32 998 22 564 49 Total fixed maturity securities $ 50,486 $ 923 $ 14,631 $ 1,143 $ 51,095 $ 2,243 $ 14,238 $ 1,696 Equity securities: Common stock $ 133 $ 20 $ 4 $ — $ 105 $ 13 $ 11 $ — Non-redeemable preferred stock — — 82 5 139 7 125 33 Total equity securities $ 133 $ 20 $ 86 $ 5 $ 244 $ 20 $ 136 $ 33 Total number of securities in an unrealized loss position 3,249 1,638 3,580 1,307 Evaluation of AFS Securities for OTTI and Evaluating Temporarily Impaired AFS Securities As described more fully in Notes 1 and 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2016 Annual Report, the Company performs a regular evaluation of all investment classes for impairment, including fixed maturity securities, equity securities and perpetual hybrid securities, in accordance with its impairment policy, in order to evaluate whether such investments are other-than-temporarily impaired. Current Period Evaluation Based on the Company’s current evaluation of its AFS securities in an unrealized loss position in accordance with its impairment policy, and the Company’s current intentions and assessments (as applicable to the type of security) about holding, selling and any requirements to sell these securities, the Company concluded that these securities were not other-than-temporarily impaired at September 30, 2017 . Future OTTI will depend primarily on economic fundamentals, issuer performance (including changes in the present value of future cash flows expected to be collected), changes in credit ratings, collateral valuation, interest rates and credit spreads, as well as a change in the Company’s intention to hold or sell a security that is in an unrealized loss position. If economic fundamentals deteriorate or if there are adverse changes in the above factors, OTTI may be incurred in upcoming periods. Gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities decreased $1.9 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 to $2.1 billion . The decrease in gross unrealized losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was primarily attributable to decreasing longer-term interest rates and narrowing credit spreads, and to a lesser extent the impact of strengthening foreign currencies on non-functional currency denominated fixed maturity securities. At September 30, 2017 , $117 million of the total $2.1 billion of gross unrealized losses were from 46 fixed maturity securities with an unrealized loss position of 20% or more of amortized cost for six months or greater. Gross unrealized losses on equity securities decreased $28 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 to $25 million . Investment Grade Fixed Maturity Securities Of the $117 million of gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities with an unrealized loss of 20% or more of amortized cost for six months or greater, $75 million , or 64% , were related to gross unrealized losses on 19 investment grade fixed maturity securities. Unrealized losses on investment grade fixed maturity securities are principally related to widening credit spreads since purchase and, with respect to fixed-rate fixed maturity securities, rising interest rates since purchase. Below Investment Grade Fixed Maturity Securities Of the $117 million of gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities with an unrealized loss of 20% or more of amortized cost for six months or greater, $42 million , or 36% , were related to gross unrealized losses on 27 below investment grade fixed maturity securities. Unrealized losses on below investment grade fixed maturity securities are principally related to U.S. and foreign corporate securities (primarily industrial and utility securities) and are the result of significantly wider credit spreads resulting from higher risk premiums since purchase, largely due to economic and market uncertainty including concerns over lower oil prices in the energy sector. Management evaluates U.S. and foreign corporate securities based on factors such as expected cash flows and the financial condition and near-term and long-term prospects of the issuers. Mortgage Loans Mortgage Loans by Portfolio Segment Mortgage loans are summarized as follows at: September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Carrying Value % of Carrying Value % of (Dollars in millions) Mortgage loans: Commercial $ 43,243 63.6 % $ 41,512 63.7 % Agricultural 12,967 19.1 12,564 19.3 Residential 11,599 17.0 10,829 16.6 Subtotal (1) 67,809 99.7 64,905 99.6 Valuation allowances (316 ) (0.5 ) (304 ) (0.5 ) Subtotal mortgage loans, net 67,493 99.2 64,601 99.1 Residential — FVO 564 0.8 566 0.9 Total mortgage loans, net $ 68,057 100.0 % $ 65,167 100.0 % __________________ (1) Purchases of mortgage loans, primarily residential, were $411 million and $1.9 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2017 , respectively, and $733 million and $1.9 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , respectively. Mortgage Loans, Valuation Allowance and Impaired Loans by Portfolio Segment Mortgage loans by portfolio segment, by method of evaluation of credit loss, impaired mortgage loans including those modified in a troubled debt restructuring, and the related valuation allowances, were as follows at: Evaluated Individually for Credit Losses Evaluated Collectively for Credit Losses Impaired Loans Impaired Loans with a Valuation Allowance Impaired Loans without a Valuation Allowance Unpaid Principal Balance Recorded Investment Valuation Unpaid Principal Balance Recorded Recorded Valuation Carrying (In millions) September 30, 2017 Commercial $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 43,243 $ 213 $ — Agricultural 22 21 2 28 28 12,918 39 47 Residential — — — 335 304 11,295 62 304 Total $ 22 $ 21 $ 2 $ 363 $ 332 $ 67,456 $ 314 $ 351 December 31, 2016 Commercial $ — $ — $ — $ 12 $ 12 $ 41,500 $ 202 $ 12 Agricultural 11 10 1 27 27 12,527 38 36 Residential — — — 265 241 10,588 63 241 Total $ 11 $ 10 $ 1 $ 304 $ 280 $ 64,615 $ 303 $ 289 The average recorded investment for impaired commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans was $0 , $31 million and $297 million , respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2017 ; and $6 million , $28 million and $275 million , respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 . The average recorded investment for impaired commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans was $90 million , $49 million and $202 million , respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2016 ; and $109 million , $53 million and $174 million , respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 . Valuation Allowance Rollforward by Portfolio Segment The changes in the valuation allowance, by portfolio segment, were as follows: Nine Months 2017 2016 Commercial Agricultural Residential Total Commercial Agricultural Residential Total (In millions) Balance, beginning of period $ 202 $ 39 $ 63 $ 304 $ 188 $ 37 $ 56 $ 281 Provision (release) (1) 11 4 10 25 149 3 11 163 Charge-offs, net of recoveries (1) — (2 ) (11 ) (13 ) (143 ) (2 ) (12 ) (157 ) Balance, end of period $ 213 $ 41 $ 62 $ 316 $ 194 $ 38 $ 55 $ 287 __________________ (1) In connection with an acquisition in 2010, certain impaired commercial mortgage loans were acquired and, accordingly, were not originated by the Company. Such commercial mortgage loans have been accounted for as purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) commercial mortgage loans. Decreases in cash flows expected to be collected on PCI commercial mortgage loans can result in provisions for losses on mortgage loans. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, in connection with the maturity of an acquired PCI commercial mortgage loan, an increase to the commercial mortgage loan valuation allowance of $143 million was recorded and charged-off upon maturity. The Company has recovered a substantial portion of the loss on the loan incurred through an indemnification agreement entered into in connection with the acquisition in 2010. Credit Quality of Commercial Mortgage Loans The credit quality of commercial mortgage loans was as follows at: Recorded Investment Estimated % of Total Debt Service Coverage Ratios % of Total > 1.20x 1.00x - 1.20x < 1.00x Total (Dollars in millions) September 30, 2017 Loan-to-value ratios: Less than 65% $ 37,404 $ 1,488 $ 222 $ 39,114 90.5 % $ 39,904 90.7 % 65% to 75% 3,367 168 173 3,708 8.6 3,705 8.4 76% to 80% 217 — 57 274 0.6 262 0.6 Greater than 80% — — 147 147 0.3 143 0.3 Total $ 40,988 $ 1,656 $ 599 $ 43,243 100 % $ 44,014 100 % December 31, 2016 Loan-to-value ratios: Less than 65% $ 36,067 $ 1,077 $ 707 $ 37,851 91.2 % $ 38,237 91.5 % 65% to 75% 3,044 — 202 3,246 7.8 3,185 7.6 76% to 80% 195 — — 195 0.5 182 0.4 Greater than 80% 118 27 75 220 0.5 213 0.5 Total $ 39,424 $ 1,104 $ 984 $ 41,512 100.0 % $ 41,817 100.0 % Credit Quality of Agricultural Mortgage Loans The credit quality of agricultural mortgage loans was as follows at: September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Recorded Investment % of Total Recorded Investment % of Total (Dollars in millions) Loan-to-value ratios: Less than 65% $ 12,403 95.6 % $ 12,023 95.7 % 65% to 75% 546 4.2 436 3.5 76% to 80% 9 0.1 17 0.1 Greater than 80% 9 0.1 88 0.7 Total $ 12,967 100.0 % $ 12,564 100.0 % The estimated fair value of agricultural mortgage loans was $13.1 billion and $12.7 billion at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , respectively. Credit Quality of Residential Mortgage Loans The credit quality of residential mortgage loans was as follows at: September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Recorded Investment % of Total Recorded Investment % of Total (Dollars in millions) Performance indicators: Performing $ 11,169 96.3 % $ 10,448 96.5 % Nonperforming 430 3.7 381 3.5 Total $ 11,599 100.0 % $ 10,829 100.0 % The estimated fair value of residential mortgage loans was $12.1 billion and $11.2 billion at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , respectively. Past Due and Nonaccrual Mortgage Loans The Company has a high quality, well performing mortgage loan portfolio, with 99% of all mortgage loans classified as performing at both September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 . The Company defines delinquency consistent with industry practice, when mortgage loans are past due as follows: commercial and residential mortgage loans — 60 days and agricultural mortgage loans — 90 days. The past due and nonaccrual mortgage loans at recorded investment, prior to valuation allowances, by portfolio segment, were as follows at: Past Due Greater than 90 Days Past Due and Still Accruing Interest Nonaccrual September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 (In millions) Commercial $ 1 $ 3 $ — $ 3 $ 1 $ — Agricultural 134 127 125 104 36 23 Residential 430 381 30 37 400 344 Total $ 565 $ 511 $ 155 $ 144 $ 437 $ 367 Mortgage Loans Modified in a Troubled Debt Restructuring During both the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 , the Company did not have a significant amount of mortgage loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring. Cash Equivalents The carrying value of cash equivalents was $7.3 billion and $7.4 billion at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , respectively. Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) Unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity and equity securities AFS and the effect on DAC, VOBA, deferred sales inducements (“DSI”), future policy benefits and the policyholder dividend obligation, that would result from the realization of the unrealized gains (losses), are included in net unrealized investment gains (losses) in AOCI. The components of net unrealized investment gains (losses), included in AOCI, were as follows: September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 (In millions) Fixed maturity securities $ 21,979 $ 20,300 Fixed maturity securities with noncredit OTTI losses included in AOCI 37 8 Total fixed maturity securities 22,016 20,308 Equity securities 444 485 Derivatives 1,690 2,923 Other 121 23 Subtotal 24,271 23,739 Amounts allocated from: Future policy benefits (63 ) (1,114 ) DAC and VOBA related to noncredit OTTI losses recognized in AOCI (1 ) (3 ) DAC, VOBA and DSI (1,647 ) (1,430 ) Policyholder dividend obligation (2,201 ) (1,931 ) Subtotal (3,912 ) (4,478 ) Deferred income tax benefit (expense) related to noncredit OTTI losses recognized in AOCI (11 ) (1 ) Deferred income tax benefit (expense) (6,997 ) (6,623 ) Net unrealized investment gains (losses) 13,351 12,637 Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests (8 ) (6 ) Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to MetLife, Inc. $ 13,343 $ 12,631 The changes in net unrealized investment gains (losses) were as follows: Nine Months (In millions) Balance, beginning of period $ 12,631 Fixed maturity securities on which noncredit OTTI losses have been recognized 29 Unrealized investment gains (losses) during the period 503 Unrealized investment gains (losses) relating to: Future policy benefits 1,051 DAC and VOBA related to noncredit OTTI losses recognized in AOCI 2 DAC, VOBA and DSI (217 ) Policyholder dividend obligation (270 ) Deferred income tax benefit (expense) related to noncredit OTTI losses recognized in AOCI (10 ) Deferred income tax benefit (expense) (374 ) Net unrealized investment gains (losses) 13,345 Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests (2 ) Balance, end of period $ 13,343 Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) $ 714 Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests (2 ) Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to MetLife, Inc. $ 712 Concentrations of Credit Risk Investments in any counterparty that were greater than 10% of the Company’s equity, other than the U.S. government and its agencies, were in fixed income securities of the Japanese government and its agencies with an estimated fair value of $26.9 billion and $24.7 billion at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , respectively, and in fixed income securities of the Korean government and its agencies with an estimated fair value of $6.1 billion at September 30, 2017. At December 31, 2016, the investments in Korean government fixed income securities were less than 10% of the Company’s equity. Securities Lending Elements of the securities lending program are presented below at: September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 (In millions) Securities on loan: (1) Amortized cost $ 18,219 $ 18,798 Estimated fair value $ 19,542 $ 19,753 Cash collateral received from counterparties (2) $ 19,996 $ 20,114 Security collateral received from counterparties (3) $ — $ 20 Reinvestment portfolio — estimated fair value $ 20,155 $ 20,133 __________________ (1) Included within fixed maturity securities. (2) Included within payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions. (3) Security collateral received from counterparties may not be sold or re-pledged, unless the counterparty is in default, and is not reflected on the consolidated financial statements. The cash collateral liability by loaned security type and remaining tenor of the agreements was as follows at: September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Remaining Tenor of Securities Lending Agreements Remaining Tenor of Securities Lending Agreements Open (1) 1 Month or Less 1 to 6 Months Total Open (1) 1 Month or Less 1 to 6 Months Total (In millions) Cash collateral liability by loaned security type: U.S. government and agency $ 4,362 $ 7,952 $ 6,694 $ 19,008 $ 4,480 $ 6,496 $ 8,383 $ 19,359 Foreign government — 507 481 988 — 569 143 712 U.S. corporate — — — — — 43 — 43 Total $ 4,362 $ 8,459 $ 7,175 $ 19,996 $ 4,480 $ 7,108 $ 8,526 $ 20,114 __________________ (1) The related loaned security could be returned to the Company on the next business day which would require the Company to immediately return the cash collateral. If the Company is required to return significant amounts of cash collateral on short notice and is forced to sell securities to meet the return obligation, it may have difficulty selling such collateral that is invested in securities in a timely manner, be forced to sell securities in a volatile or illiquid market for less than what otherwise would have been realized under normal market conditions, or both. The estimated fair value of the securities on loan related to the cash collateral on open at September 30, 2017 was $4.3 billion , all of which were U.S. government and agency securities which, if put back to the Company, could be immediately sold to satisfy the cash requirement. The reinvestment portfolio acquired with the cash collateral consisted principally of fixed maturity securities (including agency RMBS, U.S. government and agency securities and ABS), short-term investments and cash equivalents, with 64% invested in agency RMBS, short-term investments, U.S. government and agency securities, cash equivalents or held in cash. If the securities on loan or the reinvestment portfolio become less liquid, the Company has the liquidity resources of most of its general account available to meet any potential cash demands when securities on loan are put back to the Company. Repurchase Agreements Elements of the short-term repurchase agreements are presented below at: September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 (In millions) Securities on loan: (1) Amortized cost $ 1,972 $ 98 Estimated fair value $ 2,108 $ 113 Cash collateral received from counterparties (2) $ 2,062 $ 102 Reinvestment portfolio — estimated fair value $ 2,072 $ 100 __________________ (1) Included within fixed maturity securities. (2) Included within payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions and other liabilities. The cash collateral liability by loaned security type and remaining tenor of the agreements was as follows at: September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Remaining Tenor of Repurchase Agreements Remaining Tenor of Repurchase Agreements 1 Month or Less 1 to 6 Months Total 1 Month or Less 1 to 6 Months Total (In millions) Cash collateral liability by loaned security type: U.S. government and agency $ 1,960 $ 5 $ 1,965 $ 5 $ — $ 5 All other corporate and government — 97 97 46 51 97 Total $ 1,960 $ 102 $ 2,062 $ 51 $ 51 $ 102 The reinvestment portfolio acquired with the cash collateral consisted principally of fixed maturity securities (including agency RMBS, U.S. government and agency securities and ABS), short-term investments and cash equivalents, with 67% invested in agency RMBS, U.S. government and agency securities, short-term investments, cash equivalents or held in cash. If the securities on loan or the reinvestment portfolio become less liquid, the Company has the liquidity resources of most of its general account available to meet any potential cash demands when securities on loan are put back to the Company. Invested Assets on Deposit, Held in Trust and Pledged as Collateral Invested assets on deposit, held in trust and pledged as collateral are presented below at estimated fair value for all asset classes, except mortgage loans, which are presented at carrying value, at: September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 (In millions) Invested assets on deposit (regulatory deposits) $ 1,944 $ 1,925 Invested assets held in trust (collateral financing arrangement and reinsurance agreements) 2,655 2,057 Invested assets pledged as collateral 23,817 23,882 Total invested assets on deposit, held in trust and pledged as collateral $ 28,416 $ 27,864 The Company has assets held in trust and pledged invested assets in connection with various agreements and transactions, including funding agreements (see Notes 4 and 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2016 Annual Report), a collateral financing arrangement (see Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2016 Annual Report) and derivative transactions (see Note 7 ). See “— Securities Lending” and “— Repurchase Agreements” for information regarding securities on loan and Note 5 for information regarding investments designated to the closed block. Variable Interest Entities The Company has invested in legal entities that are VIEs. In certain instances, the Company holds both the power to direct the most significant activities of the entity, as well as an economic interest in the entity and, as such, is deemed to be the primary beneficiary or consolidator of the entity. The determination of the VIE’s primary beneficiary requires an evaluation of the contractual and implied rights and obligations associated with each party’s relationship with or involvement in the entity, an estimate of the entity’s expected losses and expected residual returns and the allocation of such estimates to each party involved in the entity. Consolidated VIEs Creditors or beneficial interest holders of VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary have no recourse to the general credit of the Company, as the Company’s obligation to the VIEs is limited to the amount of its committed investment. The following table presents the total assets and total liabilities relating to investment-related VIEs for which the Company has concluded that it is the primary beneficiary and which are consolidated at: September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Total Total Total Total (In millions) Renewable energy partnership (1) $ 114 $ — $ — $ — CSEs (assets (primarily FVO securities) and liabilities (primarily debt)) (2) 7 6 9 12 Other investments (3) 34 — 50 — Total $ 155 $ 6 $ 59 $ 12 __________________ (1) Assets of the renewable energy partnership, primarily consisting of other invested assets, were consolidated in earlier periods as the two investors are subsidiaries of MLIC and Brighthouse. As a result of the Separation and a reassessment in the third quarter of 2017, the renewable energy partnership was determined to be a consolidated VIE. (2) The Company consolidates entities that are structured as collateralized debt obligations. The assets of these entities can only be used to settle their respective liabilities, and under no circumstances is the Company liable for any principal or interest shortfalls should any arise. (3) Other investments is primarily comprised of other invested assets and other limited partnership interests. Unconsolidated VIEs The carrying amount and maximum exposure to loss relating to VIEs in which the Company holds a significant variable interest but is not the primary beneficiary and which have not been consolidated were as follows at: September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Carrying Maximum Carrying Maximum (In millions) Fixed maturity securities AFS: Structured Securities (2) $ 49,663 $ 49,663 $ 46,773 $ 46,773 U.S. and foreign corporate 1,605 1,605 1,940 1,940 Other limited partnership interests 4,657 8,417 4,714 8,990 Other invested assets 2,286 2,697 2,206 2,777 Other (3) 114 128 199 215 Total $ 58,325 $ 62,510 $ 55,832 $ 60,695 __________________ (1) The maximum exposure to loss relating to fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities AFS is equal to their carrying amounts or the carrying amounts of retained interests. The maximum exposure to loss relating to other limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures is equal to the carrying amounts plus any unfunded commitments. For certain of its investments in other invested assets, the Company’s return is in the form of income tax credits which are guaranteed by creditworthy third parties. For such investments, the maximum exposure to loss is equal to the carrying amounts plus any unfunded commitments, reduced by income tax credits guaranteed by third parties of $123 million and $150 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , respectively. Such a maximum loss would be expected to occur only upon bankruptcy of the issuer or investee. (2) For these variable interests, the Company’s involvement is limited to that of a passive investor in mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities issued by trusts that do not have substantial equity. (3) Other is primarily comprised of real estate joint ventures and common stock. As described in Note 15 , the Company makes commitments to fund partnership investments in the normal course of business. Excluding these commitments, the Company did not provide financial or other support to investees designated as VIEs during both the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 . Net Investment Income The components of net investment income were as follows: Three Months Nine Months 2017 2016 2017 2016 (In millions) Investment income: Fixed maturity securities $ 2,869 $ 2,906 $ 8,528 $ 8,838 Equity securities 31 29 93 90 FVO securities — FVO general account securities (1) 16 25 61 41 Mortgage loans 809 710 2,303 2,165 Policy loans 130 129 386 385 Real estate and real estate joint ventures 156 199 478 490 Other limited partnership interests 214 184 648 309 Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments 52 38 159 112 Operating joint ventures 6 5 13 28 Other 71 90 196 178 Subtotal 4,354 4,315 12,865 12,636 Less: Investment expenses 293 235 820 732 Subtotal, net 4,061 4,080 12,045 11,904 FVO securities — FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments (1) 234 529 864 623 Net investment income $ 4,295 $ 4,609 $ 12,909 $ 12,527 __________________ (1) Changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase for securities still held as of the end of the respective periods included in net investment income were $154 million and $540 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2017 , respectively, and $407 million and $283 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , respectively. FVO securities are primarily comprised of securities for which the FVO has been elected. FVO securities are primarily comprised of contractholder-directed investments supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities which do not qualify as separate accounts. The remainder is comprised of FVO Brighthouse Common Stock (see Note 3), FVO general account securities and FVO securities held by consolidated securitization entities (“CSEs”). The Company previously maintained a trading securities portfolio, principally invested in fixed maturity securities. In June 2016, the Company commenced a reinvestment of this portfolio into other asset classes and, at September 30, 2016 the Company no longer held any actively traded securities. See “— Variable Interest Entities” for discussion of CSEs. Net Investment Gains (Losses) Components of Net Investment Gains (Losses) The components of net investment gains (losses) were as follows: Three Months Nine Months 2017 2016 2017 2016 (In millions) Total gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities: Total OTTI losses recognized — by sector and industry: U.S. and foreign corporate securities — by industry: Consumer $ (4 ) $ — $ (4 ) $ — Industrial — — — (63 ) Communications — — — (3 ) Total U.S. and foreign corporate securities (4 ) — (4 ) (66 ) RMBS (1 ) (9 ) (1 ) (15 ) ABS — — — (2 ) State and political subdivision — — (2 ) — OTTI losses on fixed maturity securities recognized in earnings (5 ) (9 ) (7 ) (83 ) Fixed maturity securities — net gains (losses) on sales and disposals (1) 284 129 325 455 Total gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities 279 120 318 372 Total gains (losses) on equity securities: Total OTTI losses recognized — by sector: Common stock (4 ) (5 ) (16 ) (71 ) Non-redeemable preferred stock — — (1 ) — OTTI losses on equity securities recognized in earnings (4 ) (5 ) (17 ) (71 ) Equity securities — net gains (losses) on sales and disposals 6 9 55 24 Total gains (losses) on equity securities 2 4 38 (47 ) Mortgage loans (2) 29 (41 ) 3 (197 ) Real estate and real estate joint ventures 169 19 436 67 Other limited partnership interests (33 ) (9 ) (51 ) (43 ) Other 29 (24 ) (92 ) (105 ) Subtotal 475 69 652 47 FVO CSEs: Securities — 1 — 2 Non-investment portfolio gains (losses) (3)(4)(5) (1,081 ) 161 (1,091 ) 549 Subtotal (1,081 ) 162 (1,091 ) 551 Total net investment gains (losses) $ (606 ) $ 231 $ (439 ) $ 598 __________________ (1) Fixed maturity securities net gains (losses) on sales and disposals for both the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2017 includes $276 million in previously deferred gains on prior period transfers of securities to Brighthouse, as such gains are no longer eliminated in consolidation after the Separa |