CREDIT CARD AND LOAN RECEIVABLES | 6. CREDIT CARD AND LOAN RECEIVABLES Quantitative information about the components of the Company’s credit card and loan receivables is presented in the table below: March 31, December 31, 2021 2020 (in millions) Credit card receivables $ 15,142.0 $ 16,376.4 Installment loan receivables 131.0 118.0 Other 263.6 290.0 Total credit card and loan receivables 15,536.6 16,784.4 Less: Credit card and loan receivables – restricted for securitization investors 10,221.3 11,208.5 Other credit card and loan receivables $ 5,315.3 $ 5,575.9 Allowance for Loan Loss The allowance for loan loss is an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the estimated life of its credit card and loan receivables that considers forecasts of future economic conditions in addition to information about past events and current conditions. The estimate under the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model is significantly influenced by the composition, characteristics and quality of the Company’s portfolio of credit card and loan receivables, as well as the prevailing economic conditions and forecasts utilized. The estimate of the allowance for loan loss includes an estimate for uncollectible principal as well as unpaid interest and fees. Charge-offs of principal amounts, net of recoveries are deducted from the allowance. The allowance is maintained through an adjustment to the provision for loan loss and is evaluated for appropriateness. Credit Card Receivables ASC 326, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses,” requires entities to use a “pooled” approach to estimate expected credit losses for financial assets with similar risk characteristics. To estimate its allowance for loan loss, the Company segregates its credit card receivables into four groups with similar risk characteristics, on the basis of delinquency status and credit quality risk score, which were determined by the Company to be the most significant characteristics for estimating expected credit losses. These risk characteristics are evaluated on at least an annual basis, or more frequently as facts and circumstances warrant. The Company’s credit card receivables do not have stated maturities and therefore prepayments are not factored into the determination of the estimated life of the credit card receivables. In determining the estimated life of a credit card receivable, payments were applied to the measurement date balance with no payments allocated to future purchase activity. The Company uses a combination of First In First Out (“FIFO”) and the Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility, and Disclosure Act of 2009 (“CARD Act”) methodology to model balance paydown. The Company’s groups of pooled financial assets with similar risk characteristics and their estimated life is as follows: Estimated Life (in months) Group A (Current, risk score - high) 14 Group B (Current, risk score - low) 19 Group C (Delinquent, risk score - high) 17 Group D (Delinquent, risk score - low) 26 In estimating its allowance for loan loss, for each identified group, management utilizes various models and estimation techniques based on historical loss experience, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts and other relevant factors. These models utilize historical data and applicable macroeconomic variables with statistical analysis and behavioral relationships with credit performance. The Company’s quantitative estimate of expected credit losses under CECL is impacted by certain forecasted economic factors. Management utilizes a third party service to analyze a number of scenarios, but uses one scenario to determine the macroeconomic variables over the forecast period. The Company considers the forecast used to be reasonable and supportable over the estimated life of the credit card receivables, with no reversion period. In addition to the quantitative estimate of expected credit losses, the Company also incorporates qualitative adjustments for certain factors such as Company-specific risks, changes in current economic conditions that may not be captured in the quantitatively derived results, or other relevant factors to ensure the allowance for loan loss reflects the Company’s best estimate of current expected credit losses. As permitted by ASC 326, the Company excludes unbilled finance charges from its amortized cost basis of credit card and loan receivables. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, unbilled finance charges were $201.8 million and $219.4 million, respectively, and are included in other credit card and loan receivables in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Installment Loan Receivables The allowance for loan loss for installment loan receivables utilizes a migration model over the remaining life of the loans. The model segments accounts based on three attributes: delinquency, risk score and remaining term. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the allowance for loan loss related to installment loan receivables was $6.5 million and $5.7 million, respectively. Allowance for Loan Loss Rollforward The following table presents the Company’s allowance for loan loss for its credit card and loan receivables for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 (1) 2020 (in millions) Balance at beginning of period $ 2,008.0 $ 1,171.1 Adoption of ASC 326 (2) — 644.0 Provision for loan loss 33.4 655.9 Recoveries 50.9 67.9 Principal charge-offs (249.0) (388.1) Balance at end of period $ 1,843.3 $ 2,150.8 (1) With the acquisition of Bread in December 2020, the Company acquired certain installment loans which represented a separate portfolio segment. As the amount of the allowance for loan loss was immaterial, the amounts were included in the above table. (2) Recorded January 1, 2020 through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings, net of taxes. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the decrease in the allowance for loan loss was due to a decline in credit card and loan receivables due to the pandemic, improvement in the macroeconomic outlook and lower principal charge-offs. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the increase in the allowance for loan loss, in addition to the impact of the $644.0 million attributable to the adoption of ASC 326, was due to an increase in delinquent amounts and deterioration of the macroeconomic outlook due to COVID-19. Net Charge-offs Net charge-offs include the principal amount of losses that are deemed uncollectible, less recoveries and exclude charged-off interest, fees and fraud losses. Charged-off interest and fees reduce finance charges, net while fraud losses are recorded as a cost of operations expense. Credit card receivables, including unpaid interest and fees, are charged-off in the month during which an account becomes 180 days contractually past due, except in the case of customer bankruptcies or death. Installment loan receivables, including unpaid interest, are charged-off when a loan is 120 days past due. Credit card receivables, including unpaid interest and fees, associated with customer bankruptcies or death are charged-off in each month subsequent to 60 days after the receipt of notification of the bankruptcy or death, but in any case, not later than the 180-day contractual time frame. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, principal charge-offs, net of recoveries, were $198.1 million and $320.2 million, respectively. Charge-offs for unpaid interest and fees were $130.5 million and $231.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Delinquencies An account is contractually delinquent if the Company does not receive the minimum payment by the specified due date. It is the Company’s policy to continue to accrue interest and fee income on all accounts, except in limited circumstances, until the account balance and all related interest and other fees are paid or charged-off, typically at 180 days delinquent for credit card receivables and 120 days delinquent for installment loan receivables. After an account becomes 30 days past due, a proprietary collection scoring algorithm automatically scores the risk of the account becoming further delinquent. The collection system then recommends a collection strategy for the past due account based on the collection score and account balance and dictates the contact schedule and collections priority for the account. If the Company is unable to make a collection after exhausting all in-house collection efforts, the Company may engage collection agencies and outside attorneys to continue those efforts. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of the aging analysis of the Company’s credit card and loan receivables portfolio: Aging Analysis of Delinquent Amortized Cost (1) 31 to 60 days 61 to 90 days 91 or more days delinquent Total Current Total (in millions) As of March 31, 2021 $ 193.5 $ 149.3 $ 384.8 $ 727.6 $ 14,545.4 $ 15,273.0 As of December 31, 2020 $ 272.5 $ 203.3 $ 439.8 $ 915.6 $ 15,578.8 $ 16,494.4 (1) As the amount of the installment loans and associated delinquencies were immaterial, the amounts were included in the above table for both the period ended March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Modified Credit Card Receivables Forbearance Programs In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company offered forbearance programs, which provided for short-term modifications in the form of payment deferrals and late fee waivers to borrowers who were current with their payments prior to any relief. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the credit card receivables in these deferral forbearance programs were approximately $115.2 million and $157.4 million, respectively. Additionally, the Company instituted two short-term programs with durations of three and six months , which provide concessions consisting primarily of a reduced minimum payment and an interest rate reduction, the balances of which were $41.8 million and $67.3 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. As these short-term modifications were made in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were current prior to any relief, these are not considered troubled debt restructurings under the Interagency Statement guidance on certain loan modifications and an interpretation of ASC 310-40, “Receivables—Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors.” Troubled Debt Restructurings The Company holds certain credit card receivables for which the terms have been modified. The Company’s modified credit card receivables include credit card receivables for which temporary hardship concessions have been granted and credit card receivables in permanent workout programs. These modified credit card receivables include concessions consisting primarily of a reduced minimum payment and an interest rate reduction. The temporary programs’ concessions remain in place for a period no longer than twelve months, while the permanent programs remain in place through the payoff of the credit card receivables if the credit cardholder complies with the terms of the program. Additionally, the Company instituted two temporary hardship programs with durations of three Troubled debt restructuring concessions do not include the forgiveness of unpaid principal, but may involve the reversal of certain unpaid interest or fee assessments. In the case of the temporary hardship programs, at the end of the concession period, credit card receivable terms revert to standard rates. These arrangements are automatically terminated if the customer fails to make payments in accordance with the terms of the program, at which time their account reverts back to its original terms. Credit card receivables for which temporary hardship and permanent concessions were granted are each considered troubled debt restructurings and are collectively evaluated for impairment. The Company had $460.6 million and $489.8 million, respectively, as a recorded investment in impaired credit card receivables as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, which represented approximately 3% of the Company’s total credit card receivables as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The average recorded investment in impaired credit card receivables was $481.7 million and $314.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Interest income on these modified credit card receivables is accounted for in the same manner as other accruing credit card receivables. Cash collections on these modified credit card receivables are allocated according to the same payment hierarchy methodology applied to credit card receivables that are not in such programs. The Company recognized $8.8 million and $5.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, in interest income associated with modified credit card receivables during the period that such credit card receivables were impaired. The following table provides information on credit card receivables that are considered troubled debt restructurings as described above, which entered into a modification program during the specified periods: Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Pre-modification Post-modification Pre-modification Post-modification Number of Outstanding Outstanding Number of Outstanding Outstanding Restructurings Balance Balance Restructurings Balance Balance (Dollars in millions) Troubled debt restructurings – credit card receivables 63,628 $ 93.2 $ 93.0 75,065 $ 112.8 $ 112.7 The table below summarizes troubled debt restructurings that have defaulted in the specified periods where the default occurred within 12 months of their modification date: Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Number of Outstanding Number of Outstanding Restructurings Balance Restructurings Balance (Dollars in millions) Troubled debt restructurings that subsequently defaulted – credit card receivables 51,009 $ 67.0 31,670 $ 44.0 Credit Quality Credit Card Receivables The Company uses proprietary scoring models developed specifically for the purpose of monitoring the Company’s obligor credit quality for its credit card receivables. The proprietary scoring models are used as a tool in the underwriting process and for making credit decisions. The proprietary scoring models are based on historical data and require various assumptions about future performance, which the Company updates periodically. Information regarding customer performance is factored into these proprietary scoring models to determine the probability of an account becoming 91 or more days past due at any time within the next 12 months. Obligor credit quality is monitored at least monthly during the life of an account. The following table reflects the composition of the Company’s credit card receivables by obligor credit quality as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020: Amortized Cost Revolving Credit Card Receivables March 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Percentage of Percentage of Amortized Amortized Probability of an Account Becoming 91 or More Days Past Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis Due or Becoming Charged-off (within the next 12 months) Cost Basis Outstanding Cost Basis Outstanding (in millions, except percentages) No Score $ 182.4 1.2 % $ 204.1 1.2 % 27.1% and higher 1,208.3 8.0 1,390.4 8.5 17.1% - 27.0% 780.6 5.2 848.8 5.2 12.6% - 17.0% 841.1 5.6 937.0 5.7 3.7% - 12.5% 6,633.1 43.8 7,305.5 44.6 1.9% - 3.6% 2,633.0 17.4 2,939.5 17.9 Lower than 1.9% 2,863.5 18.8 2,751.1 16.9 Total $ 15,142.0 100.0 % $ 16,376.4 100.0 % Note: The Company’s credit card receivables are revolving receivables as they do not have stated maturities and are exempted from certain vintage disclosures required under ASC 326. The proprietary scoring models are based on historical data and require various assumptions about future performance, which the Company updates periodically. Obligor credit quality is monitored at least monthly during the life of an account. Installment Loan Receivables The amortized cost basis of the Company’s installment loan receivables totaled $131.0 million and $118.0 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Approximately 86% of these loans were originated by customers with Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) scores of 660 or above, and approximately 14% of these loans were originated by customers with FICO scores below 660 for each of the periods ended March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Securitized Credit Card Receivables The Company regularly securitizes its credit card and loan receivables through its trusts. The Company continues to own and service the accounts that generate credit card and loan receivables held by the trusts. In its capacity as a servicer, each of the respective entities earns a fee from the trusts to service and administer the credit card and loan receivables, collect payments and charge-off uncollectible receivables. These fees are eliminated and therefore are not reflected in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. The trusts are VIEs and the assets of these consolidated VIEs include certain credit card receivables that are restricted to settle the obligations of those entities and are not expected to be available to the Company or its creditors. The liabilities of the consolidated VIEs include non-recourse secured borrowings and other liabilities for which creditors or beneficial interest holders do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company. The tables below present quantitative information about the components of total securitized credit card receivables, delinquencies and net charge-offs: March 31, December 31, 2021 2020 (in millions) Total credit card and loan receivables – restricted for securitization investors $ 10,221.3 $ 11,208.5 Principal amount of credit card and loan receivables – restricted for securitization investors, 91 days or more past due $ 174.7 $ 200.8 Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 2020 (in millions) Net charge-offs of securitized principal $ 131.1 $ 239.5 |