Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies (Policy) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2014 |
Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
Consolidation | Consolidation |
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the University, CLS, RDI and its subsidiaries, and Sophia, after elimination of intercompany accounts and transactions. RDI operates on a fiscal year-ending on October 31. |
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Certain reclassifications have been made to the accrued liabilities table as of December 31, 2013 in Note 7 to align with current reporting methods. |
Use Of Estimates | Use of Estimates |
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. |
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition |
The Company’s revenues primarily consist of tuition. Tuition revenue is deferred and recognized as revenue ratably over the period of instruction. If a learner withdraws or drops a course, the Company follows the University refund policy, which generally is: 100 percent refund through five days, 75 percent refund from six to twelve days, and zero percent refund for the remainder of the period. The refund policy varies slightly for learners within certain states due to state rules or regulations. The Company does not recognize revenue for learners who enroll but never engage in the courseroom. Refunds are recorded as a reduction of revenue in the period that the learner withdraws from a course. When the University is required to return funds distributed under Title IV Programs of the Higher Education Act (Title IV or Title IV Programs) to the Department of Education, the learner is not released from his or her payment obligation. |
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Colloquia tuition revenue is recognized over the length of the colloquia, which ranges from three to 42 days. |
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Deferred revenue in any period represents the excess of tuition and fees received as compared to tuition and fees recognized as revenue in the consolidated statements of income and is reflected as a current liability on our consolidated balance sheets. |
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The Company also enters into arrangements to provide program development and management consulting services to other third parties to establish or expand their training and educational programs. These arrangements often include the delivery of multiple products and services, primarily including hosting the training, providing maintenance and support, and other professional services. For arrangements that involve multiple elements, the Company recognizes revenue for delivered elements when they have stand-alone value to the customer, they have been accepted by the customer, and for which there are only customary refund or return rights. Arrangement consideration is allocated to the deliverables based on the relative selling price of each element. The selling price used for each deliverable is based on vendor-specific objective evidence (VSOE) of fair value if available, third-party evidence (TPE) of fair value if VSOE is not available, or estimated selling price if neither VSOE nor TPE is available. Estimated selling price is determined in a manner consistent with that used to establish the price to sell the deliverable on a standalone basis. Revenue is recognized for each element in a manner consistent with the nature of the product or service delivered. |
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Allowance for Doubtful Accounts | Allowance for Doubtful Accounts |
The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability, failure or refusal of our learners to make required payments. The Company determines the allowance for doubtful accounts amount based on an analysis of our accounts receivable portfolio and historical write-off experience, and current economic conditions, recoveries and trends. Bad debt expense is recorded as an instructional costs and services expense in the consolidated statements of income. The Company generally writes off accounts receivable balances once the account is deemed to be uncollectible, which typically occurs after outside collection agencies have pursued collection efforts. The Company recorded bad debt expense of $14.8 million, $15.1 million, and $17.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents |
The Company considers all highly liquid marketable securities with maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase, and variable rate demand notes, to be cash equivalents. The variable rate demand notes contain a feature allowing the Company to settle the instrument with the issuer on a daily or weekly basis at the Company's discretion. As a result, these securities are highly liquid and are classified as cash and cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are carried at fair value. |
Marketable Securities | Marketable Securities |
Management determines the appropriate designation of marketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation as of each balance sheet date. All of the Company’s marketable securities are designated as available-for-sale as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. |
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Available-for-sale marketable securities are carried at fair value as determined by quoted market prices or other inputs either directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace for identical or similar assets, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within shareholders’ equity. Management reviews the fair value of the portfolio at least monthly, and evaluates individual securities with fair value below amortized cost at the balance sheet date for impairment. In order to determine whether impairment is other than temporary, management evaluates whether the Company intends to sell the impaired security and whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovering its amortized cost basis. |
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If management intends to sell an impaired debt security, or it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security prior to recovering its amortized cost basis, an other-than-temporary impairment is deemed to have occurred. The amount of an other-than-temporary impairment related to a credit loss, or securities that management intends to sell before recovery, is recognized in earnings. The amount of an other-than-temporary impairment on debt securities related to other factors is recorded consistent with changes in the fair value of all other available-for-sale securities as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within shareholders’ equity. |
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The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Amortization of premiums, accretion of discounts, interest, dividend income and realized gains and losses are included in other income (expense). The contractual maturity date of available-for-sale securities is based on the days remaining to the effective maturity. The Company classifies marketable securities as either current or non-current assets based on management’s intent with regard to usage of those funds, which is dependent upon the security's maturity date and liquidity considerations based on current market conditions. If management intends to hold the securities for longer than one year as of the balance sheet date, they are classified as non-current. |
Fair Value Measurement | Fair Value Measurement |
Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company classifies assets and liabilities recorded at fair value under the fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques. Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions. The fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy: |
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• | Level 1 – Observable inputs that reflect quoted market prices (unadjusted) for identical assets and liabilities in active markets; | | | | | | | | | | |
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• | Level 2 – Observable inputs, other than quoted market prices, that are either directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace for identical or similar assets and liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets and liabilities; and | | | | | | | | | | |
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• | Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity that are significant to the fair value of assets or liabilities. | | | | | | | | | | |
Concentration of Credit Risk | Concentration of Credit Risk |
Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to credit risk, consist primarily of cash equivalents, marketable securities and accounts receivable. |
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Management believes the credit risk related to cash equivalents and marketable securities is limited due to the adherence to an investment policy that requires marketable securities to have a minimum Standard & Poor’s rating of A minus (or equivalent) at the time of purchase. All of the Company’s cash equivalents and marketable securities as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 consist of investments rated A- or higher by at least one rating agency. In addition, the Company utilizes money managers who conduct initial and ongoing credit analysis on its investment portfolio to monitor and minimize the potential impact of market risk associated with its cash equivalents and marketable securities. |
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Management believes that the credit risk related to accounts receivable is mitigated due to the large number and diversity of learners that principally comprise the Company’s customer base. The Company’s credit risk with respect to these accounts receivable is mitigated through the participation of a majority of the learners in federally funded financial aid programs. |
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Approximately 77%, 78%, and 79% of Capella University's revenues (calculated on a cash basis) were collected from funds distributed under Title IV Programs for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. The financial aid and assistance programs are subject to political and budgetary considerations. There is no assurance that such funding will be maintained at current levels. |
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Extensive and complex regulations govern the financial assistance programs in which Capella University's learners participate. Capella University's administration of these programs is periodically reviewed by various regulatory agencies. Any regulatory violation could be the basis for the initiation of potential adverse actions, including a suspension, limitation, or termination proceeding, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company. |
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If the University were to lose its eligibility to participate in federal student financial aid programs, the learners at the University would lose access to funds derived from those programs and would have to seek alternative sources of funds to pay their tuition and fees. See Note 14 for further information on the regulatory environment in which the Company operates. |
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment |
Property and equipment are stated at cost. Computer software is included in property and equipment and consists of purchased software, capitalized web site development costs and internally developed software. Capitalized web site development costs consist mainly of salaries and outside development fees directly related to web sites and various databases. Web site content development is generally expensed as incurred. Internally developed software represents qualifying salary and consulting costs for time spent on developing internal use software. The Company capitalizes certain costs associated with internally developed software, primarily consisting of the direct labor associated with creating the internally developed software. Software development projects generally include three stages: the preliminary project stage (all costs are expensed as incurred), the application development stage (certain costs are capitalized and certain costs are expensed as incurred), and the post-implementation/operation stage (all costs are expensed as incurred). The costs capitalized in the application development stage include the costs of designing the application, coding, installation of hardware, and testing. The capitalization of software requires judgment in determining when a project has reached the application development stage and the period over which the Company expects to benefit from the use of that software. |
Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method, over the following estimated useful lives: |
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Computer equipment | 3 to 7 years | | | | | | | | | | |
Furniture and office equipment | 5 to 7 years | | | | | | | | | | |
Computer software | 3 to 5 years | | | | | | | | | | |
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Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the related lease term or estimated useful life, whichever is shorter. |
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The Company reviews its fixed assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered not recoverable, a potential impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. The Company recorded impairment charges of $0.3 million, $0.2 million, and $1.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. The impairment charges primarily consist of course retirements, and the write-off of previously capitalized internal software development costs related to abandoned software projects. These charges are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income and classified as instructional costs and services, marketing and promotional, admissions advisory, or general and administrative expense based on the primary function with which the asset was associated. |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes |
The Company uses the asset and liability method to compute the differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the related financial amounts. The Company has deferred tax assets and liabilities that reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Deferred tax assets are subject to periodic recoverability assessments. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that more likely than not will be realized. The Company considers all positive and negative evidence relating to the realization of the deferred tax assets in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. |
The Company records a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes using a two-step approach for evaluating tax positions. Step one, recognition, occurs when the Company concludes that a tax position, based solely on its technical merits, is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Step two, measurement, is only addressed if the position is more likely than not to be sustained. Under step two, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. |
Contingencies | Contingencies |
The Company accrues for costs associated with contingencies including, but not limited to, regulatory compliance and legal matters, when such costs are probable and reasonably estimable. Contingent liabilities are adjusted as further information is obtained, circumstances change, or contingencies are resolved. The Company bases these accruals on management’s estimate of such costs, which may vary from the ultimate cost and expenses associated with any such contingency. |
Intangible Assets | Intangible Assets |
Finite-lived intangible assets that are acquired in business combinations are recorded at fair market value on their acquisition date and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the economic useful life of the asset. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company does not have any indefinite-lived intangible assets. |
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The Company reviews its intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are not recoverable, a potential impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Fair value is generally determined using a discounted cash flow approach. |
Goodwill | Goodwill |
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired business over the fair value assigned to the underlying assets acquired and assumed liabilities. At the time of an acquisition, the Company allocates the goodwill and related assets and liabilities to its respective reporting units. The Company identifies its reporting units by assessing whether the components of its operating segment constitute businesses for which discrete financial information is available and management regularly reviews the operating results of those components. The Company assesses goodwill for impairment at least annually on the first day of the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events occur or circumstances change between annual tests that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the respective reporting unit below its carrying amount. |
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The Company's goodwill impairment test includes an option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount based on the qualitative assessment, or that a qualitative assessment should not be performed for a reporting unit, the Company proceeds with performing a two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. In the first step, the Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit to the carrying value of its net assets. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets of the reporting unit, goodwill is not impaired and no further testing is required. If the carrying value of the net assets of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, the Company performs a second step to determine the implied fair value of the goodwill and compares it to the carrying value of the goodwill. An impairment loss is recognized to the extent the implied fair value of the goodwill is less than the carrying amount of the goodwill. |
The process of evaluating the potential impairment of goodwill is subjective and requires significant judgment at many points during the analysis, including determining whether to perform the optional qualitative assessment and determining the fair value of the reporting unit during the two-step test. The goodwill testing process includes the use of industry accepted valuation methods, management review and approval of certain criteria and assumptions and engaging third-party valuation specialists to assist with the analysis. |
Foreign Currency Translation | Foreign Currency Translation |
The United States (U.S.) dollar is the functional currency of the Company’s entities operating in the U.S. The functional currency of the Company’s entities operating outside the U.S. is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity generates and expends cash, which is generally the local currency. The assets and liabilities of these operations are translated to U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet dates. The resulting translation adjustments and the effect of exchange rate changes on intercompany transactions of a long-term investment nature are included in shareholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Income and expense items are translated monthly at the average exchange rate for that period. The Company reports gains and losses from foreign exchange rate changes related to intercompany receivables and payables that are not of a long-term investment nature, as well as gains and losses from foreign currency denominated transactions, in the Consolidated Statements of Income. |
Advertising | Advertising |
The Company expenses all advertising costs as incurred, other than production-related advertising costs primarily attributable to television commercials, which are capitalized as a prepaid expense when paid and subsequently expensed at the time of first airing. Advertising costs for 2014, 2013, and 2012 were $73.0 million, $78.1 million, and $82.4 million, respectively, which are included within marketing and promotional expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income. |
Net Income Attributable to Capella Education Company per Common Share | Net Income Attributable to Capella Education Company per Common Share |
Basic net income attributable to Capella Education Company per common share is based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Dilutive shares are computed using the Treasury Stock method and include the incremental effect of shares that would be issued upon the assumed exercise of stock options, vesting of restricted stock units, and satisfaction of service conditions for market stock units. |
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The following table presents a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator in the basic and diluted net income attributable to Capella Education Company per common share calculation. |
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| Year-Ended December 31, |
| 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 |
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Net income attributable to Capella Education Company | $ | 37,943 | | | $ | 35,203 | | | $ | 36,477 | |
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Denominator: | | | | | |
Denominator for basic net income attributable to Capella Education Company per common share - weighted average shares outstanding | 12,286 | | | 12,391 | | | 13,156 | |
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Effect of dilutive stock options, restricted stock, and market stock units | 249 | | | 175 | | | 64 | |
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Denominator for diluted net income attributable to Capella Education Company per common share - weighted average shares outstanding | 12,535 | | | 12,566 | | | 13,220 | |
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Basic net income attributable to Capella Education Company per common share | $ | 3.09 | | | $ | 2.84 | | | $ | 2.77 | |
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Diluted net income attributable to Capella Education Company per common share | $ | 3.03 | | | $ | 2.8 | | | $ | 2.76 | |
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Options to purchase 0.2 million, 0.5 million, and 0.6 million common shares, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted net income per common share in 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively, because their effect would be antidilutive. |
Comprehensive Income | Comprehensive Income |
Comprehensive income includes net income and all changes in the Company’s equity during a period from non-owner sources, which for the Company consists of unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of tax, and foreign currency translation gains and losses. |
Share-Based Compensation | Share-Based Compensation |
The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for share-based payment awards made to employees and directors, including employee stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs), and market stock units (MSUs) based on estimated fair values of the share award on the date of grant. |
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• | Stock options and restricted stock units. To calculate the estimated fair value of stock options on the date of grant, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the Company to estimate key assumptions such as the expected term, volatility, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield to determine the fair value of stock options, based on both historical information and management judgment regarding market factors and trends. | | | | | | | | | | |
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The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense for stock options and restricted stock unit awards using the straight-line method over the period that the awards are expected to vest, which is also the service period, net of estimated forfeitures. The Company estimates expected forfeitures of share-based awards and recognizes compensation cost only for those awards expected to vest. |
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In estimating expected forfeitures for stock options and restricted stock units, the Company analyzes historical forfeiture and termination information and considers how future rates are expected to differ from historical rates. The Company ultimately adjusts this forfeiture assumption to actual forfeitures. Any changes in the forfeiture assumptions do not impact the total amount of expense ultimately recognized over the vesting period. Instead, different forfeiture assumptions only impact the timing of expense recognition over the vesting period. If the actual forfeitures differ from management estimates, additional adjustments to compensation expense are recorded. |
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• | Market stock units. To calculate the estimated fair value of MSUs on the date of grant, the Company uses Monte Carlo simulations. The Monte Carlo simulations are based on the expected average market price of the Company's common stock for a defined number of calendar days prior to the stated vesting date to estimate the expected number of MSUs that will convert into common shares at the vesting date. Management's key assumptions include volatility, risk-free interest rates, and dividend yields. | | | | | | | | | | |
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The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense for MSU awards using the straight-line method, over the period that the awards are expected to vest. Compensation cost related to an award with a market condition will be recognized regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied, provided that the requisite service has been provided. |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements |
In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entities Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which is included in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 205, Presentation of Financial Statements. This update provides an explicit requirement for management to assess an entity's ability to continue as a going concern, and to provide related footnote disclosure in certain circumstances. The guidance will be effective for the Company's annual reporting period beginning January 1, 2017, and applied prospectively; early adoption is also permitted. The Company does not expect adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its financial condition, results of operations, or disclosures. |
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In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which is included in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This ASU is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that creates a single source of revenue guidance for all companies in all industries. The model is more principles-based than current guidance, and is primarily based on recognizing revenue at an amount that reflects consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer. The guidance will be effective for the Company's interim and annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2017. The standard allows the Company to transition to the new model using either a full or modified retrospective approach, and early adoption is not permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this standard will have on its business practices, financial condition, results of operations, and disclosures. |
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In March 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-05, Foreign Currency Matters. This update addresses diversity in practice regarding the release of the cumulative translation adjustment into net income when a parent either sells a part or all of its investments in a foreign entity. In addition, the standard addresses diversity in practice for the treatment of business combinations achieved in stages involving a foreign entity. The guidance was effective for the Company's interim and annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2014, and applied prospectively. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's financial condition, results of operations, or disclosures. |
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The Company has reviewed and considered all other recent accounting pronouncements and believes there are none that could potentially have a material impact on its financial condition, results of operations, or disclosures. |