Pensions and Other Post-Employment Benefits | Pensions and Other Post-Employment Benefits The obligation and funded status of the Company’s pension and other post-employment benefit plans are shown below. The Pension Benefits column aggregates defined benefit pension plans in the U.S., Germany, and England, and the U.S. supplemental retirement plans. The Other Benefits column includes the domestic retiree medical and life insurance plan. Pension Benefits Other Benefits (Thousands) 2015 2014 2015 2014 Change in benefit obligation Benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 271,785 $ 221,748 $ 16,540 $ 31,398 Service cost 9,195 7,963 115 138 Interest cost 10,446 10,339 554 675 Plan amendments — — — (14,034 ) Actuarial (gain) loss (19,978 ) 43,476 (504 ) 223 Benefit payments from fund (9,317 ) (8,387 ) — — Benefit payments directly by Company (236 ) (1,236 ) (1,542 ) (1,968 ) Expenses paid from assets (492 ) (570 ) — — Medicare Part D subsidy — — — 108 Foreign currency exchange rate changes (1,446 ) (1,548 ) 37 — Benefit obligation at end of year 259,957 271,785 15,200 16,540 Change in plan assets Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year 187,186 173,494 — — Actual return on plan assets (4,657 ) 6,852 — — Employer contributions 12,366 16,145 — — Benefit payments from fund (9,317 ) (8,387 ) — — Expenses paid from assets (492 ) (569 ) — — Foreign currency exchange rate changes (336 ) (349 ) — — Fair value of plan assets at end of year 184,750 187,186 — — Funded status at end of year $ (75,207 ) $ (84,599 ) $ (15,200 ) $ (16,540 ) Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of: Other assets $ 1,428 $ 1,703 $ — $ — Other liabilities and accrued items (960 ) (753 ) (1,433 ) (1,472 ) Retirement and post-employment benefits (75,675 ) (85,549 ) (13,767 ) (15,068 ) $ (75,207 ) $ (84,599 ) $ (15,200 ) $ (16,540 ) Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (before tax) consist of: Net actuarial loss $ 113,368 $ 122,641 $ 229 $ 275 Net prior service (credit) cost (850 ) (1,300 ) 11,038 (12,536 ) $ 112,518 $ 121,341 $ 11,267 $ (12,261 ) Amortizations expected to be recognized during next fiscal year (before tax): Amortization of net loss $ 6,012 $ 7,558 $ — $ — Amortization of prior service credit (460 ) (450 ) (1,497 ) — $ 5,552 $ 7,108 $ (1,497 ) $ — Additional information Accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans $ 251,956 $ 260,536 $ — $ — For defined benefit pension plans with benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: Aggregate benefit obligation 254,178 266,377 — — Aggregate fair value of plan assets 177,543 180,075 — — For defined benefit pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: Aggregate accumulated benefit obligation 243,139 255,128 — — Aggregate fair value of plan assets 177,543 180,075 — — Components of net benefit cost and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI) Pension Benefits Other Benefits (Thousands) 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 Net benefit cost Service cost $ 9,195 $ 7,963 $ 9,724 $ 115 $ 138 $ 305 Interest cost 10,446 10,339 9,936 554 675 1,243 Expected return on plan assets (13,611 ) (12,419 ) (12,261 ) — — — Amortization of prior service cost (benefit) (450 ) (434 ) (340 ) (1,497 ) (1,498 ) 115 Recognized net actuarial loss 7,537 5,263 7,912 — — — Net periodic cost 13,117 10,712 14,971 (828 ) (685 ) 1,663 Settlements — 7 — — — — Total net benefit cost $ 13,117 $ 10,719 $ 14,971 $ (828 ) $ (685 ) $ 1,663 Pension Benefits Other Benefits (Thousands) 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 Change in other comprehensive income OCI at beginning of year $ 121,341 $ 77,249 $ 124,955 $ (12,261 ) $ 52 $ 2,587 Increase (decrease) in OCI: Recognized during year — prior service cost (credit) 450 434 340 1,497 1,498 (115 ) Recognized during year — net actuarial (losses) gains (7,537 ) (5,263 ) (7,912 ) — — — Occurring during year — prior service cost — — — — (14,034 ) — Occurring during year — net actuarial losses (gains) (1,697 ) 49,037 (40,143 ) (503 ) 223 (2,397 ) Other adjustments — — (3 ) — — (23 ) Foreign currency exchange rate changes (39 ) (116 ) 12 — — — OCI at end of year $ 112,518 $ 121,341 $ 77,249 $ (11,267 ) $ (12,261 ) $ 52 Summary of key valuation assumptions Pension Benefits Other Benefits 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at fiscal year end Discount rate 4.27 % 4.00 % 4.80 % 3.88 % 3.50 % 4.50 % Rate of compensation increase 4.05 % 3.96 % 4.43 % 4.00 % 4.00 % 4.50 % Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost for the fiscal year Discount rate 4.00 % 4.79 % 3.97 % 3.50 % 4.13 % 3.75 % Expected long-term return on plan assets 7.15 % 7.15 % 7.44 % N/A N/A N/A Rate of compensation increase 3.95 % 4.42 % 4.42 % 4.00 % 4.50 % 4.50 % The Company used a December 31 measurement date for the above plans. Effective January 1, 2014, the Company revised the expected long-term rate of return assumption used in calculating the annual expense for its domestic defined benefit pension plan, decreasing it to 7.25% from 7.50% . The impact was accounted for as a change in estimate. Management establishes the domestic expected long-term rate of return assumption by reviewing historical trends and analyzing the current and projected market conditions in relation to the plan’s asset allocation and risk management objectives. Consideration is given to both recent plan asset performance as well as plan asset performance over various long-term periods of time, with an emphasis on the assumption being a prospective, long-term rate of return. Management consults with and considers the opinions of its outside investment advisors and actuaries when establishing the rate and reviews assumptions with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. Management believes that the 7.25% domestic expected long-term rate of return assumption is achievable and reasonable given current market conditions and forecasts, asset allocations, investment policies, and investment risk objectives. The rate of compensation increase assumption was changed to 4.0% for 2014 and years after in the domestic defined benefit pension plan and the domestic retiree medical plan. In the second quarter of 2012, the Company closed its domestic defined benefit pension plan to new entrants. Current plan participants will continue to accrue benefits under the existing formulas, while new hires are offered an enhanced defined contribution plan. Assumptions for the defined benefit pension plans in Germany and England are determined separately from the U.S. plan assumptions, based on historical trends and current and projected market conditions in Germany and England. The plan in Germany is unfunded. The Company has notified participants of changes to the domestic retiree medical plan, including changing the benefit formula for participants covered by the plan. The revised benefit formula is designed to lower costs for the Company and the majority of plan participants. As a result of this change, the plan liability on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet was reduced by $14.0 million in the first quarter of 2014, with the offset increasing other comprehensive income, a component of shareholders' equity. The liability reduction will be recognized in earnings over the average remaining service life of participants. Assumed health care trend rates at fiscal year end 2015 2014 Health care trend rate assumed for next year 7.00% 7.00% Rate that the trend rate gradually declines to (ultimate trend rate) 5.00% 5.00% Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate 2020 2019 Assumed health care cost trend rates can have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans. A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects: 1-Percentage- Point Increase 1-Percentage- Point Decrease (Thousands) 2015 2014 2015 2014 Effect on total of service and interest cost components $ 15 $ 15 $ (14 ) $ (14 ) Effect on post-employment benefit obligation 337 427 (311 ) (392 ) Plan Assets The following tables present the fair values of the Company’s defined benefit pension plan assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 by asset category. Refer to Note Q to the Consolidated Financial Statements for definitions of fair value hierarchy. December 31, 2015 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 (Thousands) Cash $ 8,848 $ 8,848 $ — $ — Equity securities: U.S. (a) 51,732 40,476 11,256 — International (b) 29,799 26,744 3,055 — Emerging markets (c) 10,434 10,290 144 — Fixed-income securities: Intermediate-term bonds (d) 42,994 30,527 12,467 — Short-term bonds (e) 3,875 — 3,875 — Global bonds (f) 2,948 — 2,948 — Other types of investments: Real estate fund (g) 5,799 5,722 77 — Alternative strategies (h) 8,819 8,722 97 — Pooled investment fund (i) 15,894 — — 15,894 Multi-strategy hedge funds (j) 3,217 — — 3,217 Private equity funds 290 — — 290 Accrued interest and dividends 101 101 — — Total $ 184,750 $ 131,430 $ 33,919 $ 19,401 December 31, 2014 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 (Thousands) Cash $ 6,173 $ 6,173 $ — $ — Equity securities: U.S. (a) 60,028 49,625 10,403 — International (b) 28,372 25,361 3,011 — Emerging markets (c) 13,498 13,300 198 — Fixed income securities: Intermediate-term bonds (d) 18,635 14,755 3,880 — Short-term bonds (e) 3,631 — 3,631 — Global bonds (f) 30,030 26,795 3,235 — Other types of investments: Real estate fund (g) 6,513 6,433 80 — Alternative strategies (h) 8,477 8,382 95 — Pooled investment fund (i) 6,613 — — 6,613 Multi-strategy hedge funds (j) 4,962 — — 4,962 Private equity funds 254 — — 254 Total $ 187,186 $ 150,824 $ 24,533 $ 11,829 (a) Mutual funds that invest in various sectors of the U.S. market. (b) Mutual funds that invest in non-U.S. companies primarily in developed countries that are generally considered to be value stocks. (c) Mutual funds that invest in non-U.S. companies in emerging market countries. (d) Includes a mutual fund that employs a value-oriented approach to fixed income investment management and a mutual fund that invests primarily in investment-grade debt securities. (e) Includes a mutual fund that seeks a market rate of return for a fixed-income portfolio with low relative volatility of returns, investing generally in U.S. and foreign debt securities maturing in five years or less . (f) Mutual funds that invest in domestic and foreign sovereign securities, fixed income securities, mortgage-backed and asset-backed bonds, convertible bonds, high-yield bonds, and emerging market bonds. (g) Includes a mutual fund that typically invests at least 80% of its assets in equity and debt securities of companies in the real estate industry or related industries or in companies which own significant real estate assets at the time of investment. (h) Includes a mutual fund that tactically allocates assets to global equity, fixed income, and alternative strategies. (i) Includes a fund that invests in a broad portfolio of hedge funds. (j) Includes a hedge fund that employs multiple strategies to multiple asset classes with low correlations. The following table summarizes changes in the fair value of the Company’s defined benefit pension plan Level 3 assets measured using significant unobservable inputs during 2015 and 2014 : (Thousands) Total Pooled Investment Fund Multi-strategy Hedge Funds Private Equity Funds Balance at January 1, 2014 $ 5,884 $ — $ 5,467 $ 417 Actual return: On assets still held at reporting date (406 ) 113 (505 ) (14 ) On assets sold during the period (20 ) — — (20 ) Purchases, sales, and settlements 6,371 6,500 — (129 ) Balance at December 31, 2014 $ 11,829 $ 6,613 $ 4,962 $ 254 Actual return: On assets still held at reporting date (188 ) (229 ) 5 36 On assets sold during the period (1,750 ) — (1,750 ) — Purchases, sales, and settlements 9,510 9,510 — — Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 19,401 $ 15,894 $ 3,217 $ 290 Capital may be withdrawn from the multi-strategy hedge fund partnership on a monthly basis with a ten -day notice period. The Company’s domestic defined benefit pension plan investment strategy, as approved by the Governance and Organization Committee of the Board of Directors, is to employ an allocation of investments that will generate returns equal to or better than the projected long-term growth of pension liabilities so that the plan will be self-funding. The return objective is to maximize investment return to achieve and maintain a 100% funded status over time, taking into consideration required cash contributions. The allocation of investments is designed to maximize the advantages of diversification while mitigating the risk and overall portfolio volatility to achieve the return objective. Risk is defined as the annual variability in value and is measured in terms of the standard deviation of investment return. Under the Company’s investment policies, allowable investments include domestic equities, international equities, fixed income securities, cash equivalents, and alternative securities (which include real estate, private venture capital investments, hedge funds, and tactical asset allocation). Ranges, in terms of a percentage of the total assets, are established for each allowable class of security. Derivatives may be used to hedge an existing security or as a risk reduction strategy. Current asset allocation guidelines are to invest 30% to 70% in equity securities, 20% to 50% in fixed income securities and cash, and up to 25% in alternative securities. Management reviews the asset allocation on a quarterly or more frequent basis and makes revisions as deemed necessary. None of the plan assets noted above are invested in the Company’s common stock. Cash Flows Employer Contributions The Company expects to contribute $16.0 million to its domestic defined benefit pension plan and $1.4 million to its other benefit plans in 2016 . The closure of the domestic defined benefit plan to new entrants in 2012 will reduce our plan funding requirements in the long term, but closure has a minimal impact on our funding requirements in the short term. During 2013, we offered a one-time opportunity for terminated deferred vested participants in the domestic defined benefit plan to elect a lump sum payment in 2013 in lieu of an annuity upon retirement. The resulting lump sum payouts of $14.8 million were made from the pension plan assets during 2013, and no additional contribution from the Company was required to fund the payments. The lump sum payout option was part of a long-term program to reduce risk associated with our domestic pension plan assets and liabilities. Effective 2016, all plan participants with an accrued benefit may elect an immediate payout in lieu of their future monthly annuity if the lump sum amount does not exceed $100,000 . Estimated Future Benefit Payments The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid: Other Benefits Pension Benefits Gross Benefit Payment Net of Medicare Part D Subsidy (Thousands) 2016 $ 10,901 $ 1,433 $ 1,379 2017 13,108 1,521 1,470 2018 11,320 1,581 1,533 2019 12,634 1,539 1,495 2020 12,953 1,512 1,472 2021 through 2025 76,525 5,960 5,818 Other Benefit Plans In addition to the plans shown above, the Company also has certain foreign subsidiaries with accrued unfunded pension and other post-employment arrangements. The liability for these arrangements was $2.3 million at December 31, 2015 and $2.1 million at December 31, 2014 , and was included in retirement and post-employment benefits in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company also sponsors defined contribution plans available to substantially all U.S. employees. The Company’s annual defined contribution expense, including the expense for the enhanced defined contribution plan, was $3.1 million in 2015 , $3.0 million in 2014 , and $2.8 million in 2013 . |