Fair Value | 9 Months Ended |
Sep. 30, 2013 |
Fair Value [Abstract] | |
Fair Value | 11 | Fair Value | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three broad levels of fair value hierarchy are as follows: |
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| • | Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets are available for identical assets or liabilities as of the reported date. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| • | Level 2 – Quoted prices in markets that are not active or other pricing inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reported date. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| • | Level 3 – Prices or valuation techniques that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable as of the reported date. These financial instruments do not have two-way markets and are measured using management’s best estimate of fair value, where the inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis |
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The following tables summarize the valuation of our financial instruments by pricing observability levels as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012: |
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| | 30-Sep-13 | |
| | Level 1 | | | Level 2 | | | Level 3 | | | Total | |
| | (in thousands) | |
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Money markets | | $ | 277,072 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 277,072 | |
U.S. Treasury Bills | | | — | | | | 823,468 | | | | — | | | | 823,468 | |
U.K. Treasury Bills | | | — | | | | 125 | | | | — | | | | 125 | |
Equity securities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Growth | | | 94,987 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 94,987 | |
Value | | | 46,753 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 46,753 | |
Multi-asset and asset allocation | | | 52,603 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 52,603 | |
Other(1) | | | 61,469 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 61,469 | |
Fixed Income securities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Taxable(2) | | | 149,472 | | | | 3,150 | | | | | | | | 152,622 | |
Tax-exempt(3) | | | 3,694 | | | | 836 | | | | | | | | 4,530 | |
Derivatives | | | 700 | | | | 3,881 | | | | — | | | | 4,581 | |
Long exchange-traded options | | | 14,315 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 14,315 | |
Private equity | | | 3,471 | | | | 20,926 | | | | 59,796 | | | | 84,193 | |
Total assets measured at fair value | | $ | 704,536 | | | $ | 852,386 | | | $ | 59,796 | | | $ | 1,616,718 | |
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Securities sold not yet purchased | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Short equities – corporate | | $ | 46,596 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 46,596 | |
Short exchange-traded options | | | 13,086 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 13,086 | |
Derivatives | | | 354 | | | | 3,435 | | | | — | | | | 3,789 | |
Total liabilities measured at fair value | | $ | 60,036 | | | $ | 3,435 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 63,471 | |
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| | 31-Dec-12 | |
| | Level 1 | | | Level 2 | | | Level 3 | | | Total | |
| | (in thousands) | |
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Money markets | | $ | 170,120 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 170,120 | |
U.S. Treasury Bills | | | — | | | | 1,537,150 | | | | — | | | | 1,537,150 | |
U.K. Treasury Bills | | | — | | | | 125 | | | | — | | | | 125 | |
Equity securities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Growth | | | 125,242 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 125,242 | |
Value | | | 36,126 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 36,126 | |
Multi-asset and asset allocation | | | 59,449 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 59,449 | |
Other(1) | | | 39,702 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 39,702 | |
Fixed Income securities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Taxable(2) | | | 177,635 | | | | 1,219 | | | | — | | | | 178,854 | |
Tax-exempt(3) | | | 5,661 | | | | 797 | | | | — | | | | 6,458 | |
Derivatives | | | 64 | | | | 2,561 | | | | — | | | | 2,625 | |
Long exchange-traded options | | | 15,087 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 15,087 | |
Private equity | | | 7,695 | | | | — | | | | 76,953 | | | | 84,648 | |
Total assets measured at fair value | | $ | 636,781 | | | $ | 1,541,852 | | | $ | 76,953 | | | $ | 2,255,586 | |
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Securities sold not yet purchased | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Short equities – corporate | | $ | 54,370 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 54,370 | |
Short exchange-traded options | | | 9,197 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 9,197 | |
Other | | | 271 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 271 | |
Derivatives | | | 1,598 | | | | 5,472 | | | | — | | | | 7,070 | |
Total liabilities measured at fair value | | $ | 65,436 | | | $ | 5,472 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 70,908 | |
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| -1 | Primarily long positions in corporate equities traded through our options desk. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| -2 | Primarily corporate and government securities. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| -3 | Primarily municipal bonds. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Following is a description of the fair value methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy: |
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| • | Money markets: We invest excess cash in various money market funds that are valued based on quoted prices in active markets; these are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| • | Treasury Bills: We hold United States Treasury Bills, which are primarily segregated in a special reserve bank custody account as required by Rule 15c3-3 of the Exchange Act. We also hold United Kingdom Treasury Bills. These securities are valued based on quoted yields in secondary markets and are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| • | Equity and fixed income securities: Our equity and fixed income securities consist principally of company-sponsored mutual funds with net asset values and various separately-managed portfolios consisting primarily of equity and fixed income securities with quoted prices in active markets, which are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, some securities are valued based on observable inputs from recognized pricing vendors, which are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| • | Derivatives: We hold exchange-traded futures with counterparties that are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, we also hold currency forward contracts, interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, option swaps and total return swaps with counterparties that are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| • | Options: We hold long exchange-traded options that are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| • | Private equity: Generally, the valuation of private equity investments owned by our consolidated venture capital fund requires significant management judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices, inherent lack of liquidity and the long-term nature of such investments. Private equity investments are valued initially at cost. The carrying values of private equity investments are adjusted either up or down from cost to reflect expected exit values as evidenced by financing and sale transactions with third parties, or when determination of a valuation adjustment is confirmed through ongoing review in accordance with our valuation policies and procedures. A variety of factors are reviewed and monitored to assess positive and negative changes in valuation including, but not limited to, current operating performance and future expectations of investee companies, industry valuations of comparable public companies, changes in market outlooks and the third party financing environment over time. In determining valuation adjustments resulting from the investment review process, particular emphasis is placed on current company performance and market conditions. For these reasons, which make the fair value of private equity investments unobservable, equity investments are included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. However, if private equity investments owned by our consolidated venture capital fund become publicly-traded, they are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Also, if they contain trading restrictions, publicly-traded equity investments are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. During the first quarter of 2012, one of our private securities went public and, due to a trading restriction period, $13.5 million was transferred from a Level 3 classification to a Level 2 classification. During the third quarter of 2012, the trading restriction period of one of our public securities lapsed and as a result, $6.0 million was transferred from a Level 2 classification to a Level 1 classification. During the second quarter of 2013, one of our private securities went public and, due to a trading restriction period, $19.2 million was transferred from a Level 3 classification to a Level 2 classification. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| • | Securities sold not yet purchased: Securities sold not yet purchased, primarily reflecting short positions in equities and exchange-traded options, are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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The following table summarizes the change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value: |
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| | Three Months Ended | | | Nine Months Ended | |
September 30, | September 30, |
| | 2013 | | | 2012 | | | 2013 | | | 2012 | |
| | (in thousands) | |
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Balance as of beginning of period | | $ | 61,426 | | | $ | 57,908 | | | $ | 76,953 | | | $ | 64,466 | |
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Transfers out | | | — | | | | — | | | | (19,220 | ) | | | (13,548 | ) |
Purchases | | | 2,289 | | | | 3,467 | | | | 2,386 | | | | 7,300 | |
Sales | | | (2,632 | ) | | | — | | | | (2,666 | ) | | | (1,823 | ) |
Realized gains (losses), net | | | — | | | | (8,379 | ) | | | (6,581 | ) | | | (7,524 | ) |
Unrealized gains (losses), net | | | (1,287 | ) | | | 8,666 | | | | 8,924 | | | | 12,791 | |
Balance as of end of period | | $ | 59,796 | | | $ | 61,662 | | | $ | 59,796 | | | $ | 61,662 | |
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Transfers into and out of all levels of the fair value hierarchy are reflected at end-of-period fair values. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 financial instruments are recorded in investment gains and losses in the condensed consolidated statements of income. A majority of the Level 3 investments are private equity investments owned by our consolidated venture capital fund, of which we own 10% and non-controlling interests own 90%. |
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The following table provides quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements: |
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| | Fair Value as | | Valuation Technique | | Unobservable Input | | Range | | | | | | |
of September 30, | | | | | |
2013 | | | | | |
| | (in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Private Equity: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Technology, Media and Telecommunications | | $ | 22,127 | | Market comparable companies | | Revenue multiple | | | 2.5 – 3.5 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Discount rate | | | 18 | % | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Discount years | | | 1.25 | | | | | | |
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Healthcare and Cleantech | | $ | 2,768 | | Market comparable companies | | Revenue multiple(1) | | | 0.7 – 55.8 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | R&D multiple(1) | | | 1.1 – 27.1 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Discount for lack of marketability and risk factors | | | 50-60 | % | | | | | |
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| -1 | The median for the Healthcare and Cleantech revenue multiple is 7.6; the median R&D multiple is 6.9. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the reporting entities’ venture capital securities in the technology, media and telecommunications areas are enterprise value to revenue multiples and a discount rate to account for the time until the securities are likely monetized and various risk factors. Significant increases (decreases) in the enterprise value to revenue multiple inputs in isolation would result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in the discount rate would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. |
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The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the reporting entities’ venture capital securities in the healthcare and cleantech areas are enterprise value to revenue multiples, enterprise value to R&D investment multiples, and a discount for lack of marketability and various risk factors. Significant increases (decreases) in the enterprise value to revenue multiple and enterprise value to R&D investment multiple inputs in isolation would result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in the discount for lack of marketability and various risk factors in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for the level of enterprise value to revenue multiple is accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the enterprise value to R&D multiple. In addition, a change in the assumption used for the discount for lack of marketability and various risk factors is not correlated to changes in the assumptions used for the enterprise value to revenue multiple or the enterprise value to R&D investment multiple. |
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One of our private equity investments is a venture capital fund (fair value of $29.7 million and unfunded commitment of $10.8 million as of September 30, 2013) that invests in communications, consumer, digital media, healthcare and information technology markets. Another is an investment in a private equity fund focused exclusively on the energy sector (fair value of $5.0 million and unfunded commitment of $0.1 million as of September 30, 2013). In addition, one of the investments included in our consolidated private equity fund (fair value of $0.2 million and no unfunded commitments as of September 30, 2013) is a venture capital fund investing in clean energy, resource and energy efficiency and other sustainable industries. The fair value of each of these investments has been estimated using the capital account balances provided by the partnerships. The interests in these partnerships cannot be redeemed. |
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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis |
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We did not have any material assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value for impairment on a nonrecurring basis during the nine months ended September 30, 2013 or during the year ended December 31, 2012. |