Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include Impinj, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosures as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the periods presented. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, sales incentives, estimate to complete development contracts, deferred revenue, inventory excess and obsolescence, income taxes, determination of the fair value of stock awards and compensation and employee-related benefits. To the extent there are material differences between these estimates, judgments, or assumptions and actual results, our financial statements will be affected. Covid-19 has introduced significant additional uncertainty with respect to estimates, judgments and assumptions about current and forecasted demand, which may materially impact the estimates previously listed, among others. Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments , which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, We place cash and cash equivalents and investments with major financial institutions, which management assesses to be of high credit quality, to limit our investments exposure. Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Revenue: Avery Dennison ( 1) 32 % 31 % 39 % North American logistics provider * 14 * Arizon 10 * 10 42 % 45 % 49 % * Less than 10% (1) Includes concentration of revenue related to Smartrac NV, or Smartrac. In March 2020, Avery Dennison completed an acquisition of Smartrac. As of December 31, 2020 2019 Accounts Receivable: Avery Dennison ( 1) 21 % 28 % Arizon 17 * Xindeco 12 * Blue Star * 18 50 % 46 % * Less than 10% (1) Includes concentration of accounts receivable related to Smartrac. Concentration of Supplier Risk We outsource the manufacturing and production of our hardware products to a small number of suppliers. Although there are a limited number of manufacturers for hardware products, we believe that other suppliers could provide similar products on comparable terms. A change in suppliers, however, could cause a delay in manufacturing and a possible loss of sales, which would adversely affect our operating results. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash includes demand deposits with banks or financial institutions. Cash equivalents include short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present minimal risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates. Our cash equivalents include only investments with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase. We regularly maintain cash in excess of federally insured limits at financial institutions. Investments Our investments consist of fixed income securities, which include U.S. government agency securities, corporate notes and bonds and commercial paper. Because we use the investments to support current operations, the contractual maturities of our available-for-sale, or AFS, debt securities are due in one year or less and are classified as short-term investments. AFS debt securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). For AFS debt securities where fair value is less than cost, we intend to hold or more-likely-than-not will not be required to sell such securities; if any, we record credit-related impairment in the consolidated statements of operations through an allowance for credit losses and adjust each period for changes in credit risk. The gross unrealized gains or losses on short-term investments as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 were not material. Fair Value Measurement Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The standards also establish a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: • Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2 — Assets and liabilities valued based on observable market data for similar instruments, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities. • Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity; instruments valued based on the best available data, some of which is internally developed, and considers risk premiums that a market participant would require. We applied the following methods and assumptions in estimating our fair value measurements: Cash E quivalents — Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments, including money market funds with original or remaining maturities of less than three months at the acquisition date. We record the fair value measurement of these assets based on quoted market prices in active markets. Investments — Our investments comprise fixed income securities, which include U.S. government agency securities, corporate notes and bonds, commercial paper and treasury bills. The fair value measurement of these assets is based on observable market-based inputs or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. Long-term Debt —See Note 7 for the carrying amount and estimated fair value of our convertible senior notes due 2026. Accounts Receivable and Allowances Accounts receivable comprises amounts billed currently due from customers, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, an allowance for sales returns and price exceptions. The allowance for doubtful accounts is our best estimate of the amount of probable lifetime-expected credit losses in existing accounts receivable and is determined based on our historical collections experience, age of the receivable, knowledge of the customer and the condition of the general economy and industry as a whole. We record changes in our estimate to the allowance for doubtful accounts through bad debt expense and write off the receivable and corresponding allowance when accounts are ultimately determined to be uncollectible. Bad debt expense is included in general and administrative expenses. For the periods presented in this report, bad debt expense and the allowance for doubtful account were not material. We derive a majority of our accounts receivable from sales to original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, original design manufacturers, or ODMs, as well as to distributors who are large, well-established companies. We do not have customers that represent a significant credit risk based on current economic conditions and past collection experience. Also, we have not had material past-due balances on our accounts receivable as of December 31, 2020 The allowance for sales returns and price exceptions is our best estimate based on our historical experience and currently available evidence. We record changes in our estimate to the allowance for sales returns and price exceptions through revenue and relieve the allowance when product returns are received for sales returns and when claims are processed for price exceptions. Balance at Beginning of Year Additional Reserve Applied Sales Return Balance at End of Year Allowance for sales returns and price exceptions: During year ended December 31, 2020 $ 1,072 $ 1,109 $ (1,775 ) $ 406 During year ended December 31, 2019 373 2,939 (2,240 ) 1,072 During year ended December 31, 2018 3,495 1,426 (4,548 ) 373 Inventory Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value using the average costing method, which approximates the first-in, first-out method. Inventories comprise raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods. We continuously assess the value of our inventory and write down its value for estimated excess and obsolete inventory. This evaluation includes an analysis of inventory on hand, current and forecasted demand, product development plans, and market conditions. If future demand or market conditions are less favorable than our projections, or our product development plans change from current expectations, a write-down of excess or obsolete inventory may be required, and would be reflected in cost of goods sold in the period the updated information is known. We recorded inventory excess and obsolescence charges, which had an unfavorable net impact of 2.2%, 1.7% and 1.2% on our gross margin for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Property and Equipment We record p roperty and equipment at cost and depreciate it using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. The useful lives are as follows: Category Useful Life Laboratory equipment 3 to 10 years Computer equipment and software 3 to 5 years Furniture and fixtures 3 to 7 years Equipment acquired under finance leases 3 to 7 years Leasehold improvements Shorter of remaining lease term or expected useful life Maintenance and repair costs are charged to expense as incurred. Major improvements, which extend the useful life of the related asset, are capitalized. Upon disposal of a fixed asset, we record a gain or loss based on the differences between the proceeds received and the net book value of the disposed asset. Other Assets Other assets primarily comprise capitalized implementation costs from cloud computing arrangements and security deposits. We capitalize eligible costs associated with cloud computing arrangements over the term of the arrangement, plus reasonably certain renewals, and recognize those costs on a straight-line basis in the same line item in the consolidated statement of operations as the expense for fees associated with the cloud computing arrangement. Cloud computing arrangement costs, included in prepaid expenses and other current assets were $228,000 and other non-current assets were $1.8 million as of December 31, 2020. Amortization expense associated with the cloud computing arrangements was not material for 2020. Cash flows related to capitalized implementation costs are presented in cash flows used in operating activities. Goodwill Goodwill is measured as the excess of the cost of acquisition over the sum of the amounts assigned to identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired less liabilities assumed. We perform an annual impairment assessment of goodwill at the reporting unit level as of September 30, or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist. Our annual impairment assessment requires a comparison of the fair value of our reporting unit to the carrying value. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired. If the carrying value of a reporting unit is greater than its fair value, an impairment loss will be recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, we will consider the income tax effect from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss. Revenue Recognition We generate revenue primarily from sales of hardware products. We also generate revenue from software, extended warranties, enhanced maintenance, support services, and nonrecurring engineering development services, all of which are not material. We recognize revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, which for hardware sales is generally at the time of product shipment as determined by the agreed-upon shipping terms. We measure revenue based on the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled-to in exchange for those goods or services. The period between when we transfer control of promised goods or services and when we receive payment is expected to be one year or less, and that expectation is consistent with our historical experience. As such, we do not adjust our revenues for the effects of a significant financing component. We recognize any variable consideration, which primarily comprises sales incentives, as a reduction of revenue at the time of revenue recognition. We estimate sales incentives based on our historical experience and current expectations at the time of revenue recognition and Our reader and gateway products are highly dependent on embedded software and cannot function without this embedded software. In these cases, we account for the hardware and software license as a single performance obligation and recognize revenue at the point in time when control is transferred. Our contracts with customers with multiple performance obligations generally include a combination of hardware products, standalone software, extended warranty and enhanced maintenance and support services. For these contracts, we account for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling-price basis. In instances where the standalone selling price is not directly observable, such as when we do not sell the product or service separately, we determine the standalone selling price using one, or a combination of, the adjusted market assessment or expected cost-plus margin. Amounts allocated to extended warranty and enhanced maintenance sold with our reader and gateway products are deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the arrangement, which is typically from one to three years. Amounts allocated to support services sold with our reader and gateway products are deferred and recognized when control of the promised services is transferred to our customers. For nonrecurring engineering development agreements that involve significant production, modification or customization of our products, we generally recognize revenue over the performance period using the cost-input method because it best depicts the transfer of services to the customer. We receive payments under these agreements based on a billing schedule. Contract assets relate to our conditional right to consideration for our completed performance under these agreements. Accounts receivable are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. For the periods presented in this report, our contract assets, deferred revenue and the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for nonrecurring engineering development agreements are not material. If our customer pays consideration before we transfer a good or service to the customer under the contract, those amounts are classified as contract liabilities, or deferred revenue. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as we transfer control of the promised goods or services to our customers. Payment terms typically range from 30 to 120 days. We present revenue net of sales tax in our consolidated statements of operations. Shipping charges billed to customers are included in revenue and the related shipping costs are included in cost of revenue. Practical Expedients and Exemptions: We expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period is expected to be one year or less. We record these costs within sales and marketing expenses. We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (1) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (2) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed Product Warranties We provide limited warranty coverage for most products, generally ranging from a period of 90 days to one year from the date of shipment. We record a liability for the estimated cost of product warranties based on historical claims, product failure rates and other factors when the related revenue is recognized. We review these estimates periodically and adjust the warranty reserves as actual experience differs from historical estimates or other information becomes available. The warranty liability primarily includes the anticipated cost of materials, labor and shipping necessary to repair or replace the product. Accrued warranty costs in 2020 and 2019 were not material. Leases In February 2016, the FASB, issued guidance on leases. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 using the effective-date modified retrospective transition method. We determine whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. Right-of-use, or ROU, assets represent our right to use an identified asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of future lease payments over the lease term. We use an incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of future lease payments as our operating leases do not provide an implicit rate. Our incremental borrowing rate is based on a credit-adjusted risk-free rate, which best approximates a secured rate over a similar term of lease. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Our lease agreements may contain variable costs such as common area maintenance, insurance, real estate taxes or other costs. Variable lease costs are expensed as incurred on the consolidated statements of operations. Our lease agreements generally do not contain any residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants. We have various non-cancellable operating lease agreements for office, warehouse and research and development space in the U.S., China, Thailand and Malaysia, with expiration dates from 2021 to 2026. Certain of these arrangements have free or escalating rent payment provisions and optional renewal and termination clauses that are factored into the classification and measurement of the lease when appropriate. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on our consolidated balance sheet; we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Research and Development Costs Research and development expense comprises primarily personnel expenses (salaries, benefits and other employee related costs) and stock-based compensation expense for our product-development personnel; external consulting and service costs; prototype materials; other new-product development costs; and an allocated portion of infrastructure costs which include occupancy, depreciation and software costs. Foreign Currency Our foreign subsidiaries are considered to be extensions of the U.S. Company. The functional currency of the foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, gains and losses resulting from remeasuring transactions denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars are included in other income, net on the consolidated statements of operations. Income Taxes We use the asset and liability approach for accounting, which requires recognizing deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such assets and liabilities are recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the year that includes the enactment date. We determine deferred tax assets, including historical net operating losses, and deferred tax liabilities, based on temporary differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities. We believe that it is currently more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will not be realized and as such, we have recorded a full valuation allowance for these assets. We evaluate the likelihood of our ability to realize deferred tax assets in future periods on a quarterly basis, and when appropriate evidence indicates we would revise our valuation allowance accordingly. We utilize a two-step approach for evaluating uncertain tax positions. First, we evaluate recognition, which requires us to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes. If a tax position is not considered more likely than not to be sustained, no benefits of the position are recognized. Second, we measure the uncertain tax position based on the largest amount of benefit which is more likely than not to be realized on effective settlement. This process involves estimating our actual current tax exposure, including assessing the risks associated with tax audits, together with assessing temporary differences resulting from the different treatment of items for tax and financial reporting purposes. If actual results differ from our estimates, our net operating loss and credit carryforwards could be materially impacted. Our realization of the benefits of the NOLs and credit carryforwards depends on sufficient taxable income in future years. We have established a valuation allowance against the carrying value of our deferred tax assets, as it is currently more likely than not that we will not be able to realize these deferred tax assets. In addition, using NOLs and credits to offset future income subject to taxes may be subject to substantial annual limitations due to the “change in ownership” provisions of the Code and similar state provisions. Events that cause limitations in the amount of NOLs that we may use in any one year include, but are not limited to, a cumulative ownership change of more than 50%, as defined by Code Sections 382 and 383, over a three-year We do not anticipate that the amount of our existing unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within the next 12 months. Due to the presence of NOLs in most jurisdictions, our tax years remain open for examination by taxing authorities back to 2000. Stock-Based Compensation We have equity incentive plans that are more fully described in “ Note 9 Stock-Based Awards We measure stock-based compensation costs for all share-based awards at fair value on the grant date and recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which typically vest over four years. We account for forfeitures as they occur. We determine the fair value of restricted stock units, or RSUs, based on the closing price of our common stock at the date of grant. We determine the fair value of stock options at the date of grant by using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. We also use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of each common share issued under the ESPP. We determine the fair value of the ESPP grants on the first day of each offering period. In 2019, we began granting RSUs with performance conditions, or PSUs, replacing what has historically been our annual cash-bonus program for our senior executives and other bonus-eligible employees. The number of PSUs that ultimately vest will depend on the extent to which we achieve specified fiscal year financial performance metrics. We record compensation expense each period on a straight-line basis based on our estimate of the most probable number of PSUs that will vest and recognize that expense over the requisite service period. Net Loss per Share Net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding. We have outstanding stock options, RSUs, PSUs, and ESPPs which we include in the calculation of diluted net loss per share if their effect would be dilutive. The diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period. We use the treasury stock method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion spread on diluted net loss per share, if applicable since we expect to settle the principal amount of the outstanding 2019 Notes in cash. For more information about the 2019 Notes, please refer to Note 7 . Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, our financial positions, results of operations or cash flows. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted In August 2020, the FASB issued guidance on debt with conversion and other options. This guidance eliminates the beneficial- and cash-conversion accounting models for convertible instruments, amends the derivative scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity. Additionally, the guidance requires the application of the “if-converted” method to calculate the impact of convertible instruments on diluted earnings per share. Although we are still evaluating the impact of the updated guidance and the effects on our financial statements, we anticipate using modified retrospective transition on January 1, 2021 to account for our convertible notes due 2026, or the 2019 Notes, on a whole-instrument basis. As a result, we anticipate long-term debt to increase approximately $29.3 million, additional paid-in capital to decrease approximately $32.7 million, accumulated deficit to decrease approximately $3.4 million on January 1, 2021. We anticipate no change to the net deferred tax liabilities with a decrease in deferred tax liability offset by a corresponding increase in valuation allowance upon adoption. Other recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB (including its Emerging Issues Task Force), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and the SEC did not have, or are not expected to have, a material impact on our present or future consolidated financial statements. |