FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
| MEDIA CONTACT: | Nikki Minges, 615-743-6132 |
| FINANCIAL CONTACT: | Harold Carpenter, 615-744-3742 |
| WEBSITE: | www.pnfp.com |
PNFP REPORTS DILUTED EARNINGS PER SHARE OF $0.82 FOR 1Q 2017
Excluding merger-related charges, diluted EPS was $0.83 for 1Q 2017
NASHVILLE, TN, April 17, 2017 – Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc. (Nasdaq/NGS: PNFP) reported net income per diluted common share of $0.82 for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, compared to net income per diluted common share of $0.68 for the quarter ended March 31, 2016, an increase of 20.6 percent. Excluding pre-tax merger-related charges of $672,000 and $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, net income per diluted common share was $0.83 and $0.71, respectively, an increase of 16.9 percent.
"The first quarter of 2017 was a busy quarter for our firm, and one that will serve as the foundation for continued growth for many years to come," said M. Terry Turner, Pinnacle's president and chief executive officer. "In January, we announced the proposed merger of our firm with BNC Bancorp (BNC), expanding our presence into the Carolinas and Virginia. We are excited to have already obtained the bank regulatory approvals to merge our two firms and are now focused on securing the required shareholder approvals. We continue to anticipate a late second quarter or early third quarter 2017 merger of our two firms. Additionally, soon after the announcement of the proposed merger, we issued 3.2 million common shares in a public offering, which reduced earnings per share for the quarter but positions the combined firm for many years of future growth. Both we and BNC have experienced positive reaction from our clients in response to our proposed merger, and once the transaction is consummated, our firm will be doing business in many of the Southeast's most admired banking markets."
GROWING THE CORE EARNINGS CAPACITY OF THE FIRM:
· | Revenues for the quarter ended March 31, 2017 were $119.1 million, an increase of $19.4 million, or 19.4 percent, from the quarter ended March 31, 2016. |
· | Loans at March 31, 2017 were a record $8.642 billion, an increase of $192.1 million from Dec. 31, 2016 and $1.814 billion from March 31, 2016, reflecting year-over-year growth of 26.6 percent. Annualized linked-quarter loan growth approximated 9.1 percent when comparing balances as of March 31, 2017 to balances as of Dec. 31, 2016. |
· | Average deposit balances for the quarter ended March 31, 2017 were a record $9.099 billion, an increase of $308.3 million from Dec. 31, 2016 and $2.062 billion from March 31, 2016, reflecting year-over-year growth of 29.3 percent. |
"In the first quarter of 2016, our net loan growth was approximately $284.7 million, $169.2 million of which was acquired from another financial institution in connection with the hiring of several commercial lenders in Memphis," Turner said. "This resulted in net organic loan growth of $115.5 million in the first quarter of last year, compared to $192.1 million in the first quarter of 2017, an increase of 66.3 percent. Also, deposits increased by $521.3 million in the first quarter of 2017, making the first quarter of 2017 an exceptional quarter for deposit growth for our firm. Earlier today, BNC also reported strong linked-quarter loan and deposit growth during the first quarter of 2017. Client retention as well as client growth remains strong in both franchises, and we could not be more excited about the future opportunities for our combined firm."
FOCUSING ON PROFITABILITY:
· | Return on average assets was 1.41 percent for the first quarter of 2017, compared to 1.30 percent for the fourth quarter of 2016 and 1.27 percent for the same quarter last year. |
o | Excluding merger-related charges in each respective period, return on average assets was 1.42 percent for the first quarter of 2017 compared to 1.37 percent and 1.32 percent for the fourth quarter of 2016 and the first quarter of 2016, respectively. |
· | First quarter 2017 return on average common equity amounted to 9.70 percent, compared to 9.61 percent for the fourth quarter of 2016 and 9.47 percent for the same quarter last year. First quarter 2017 return on average tangible common equity amounted to 14.74 percent, compared to 15.49 percent for the fourth quarter of 2016 and 15.04 percent for the same quarter last year. |
o | Excluding merger-related charges in each respective period, return on average tangible common equity amounted to 14.89 percent for the first quarter of 2017, compared to 16.34 percent for the fourth quarter of 2016 and 15.64 percent for the first quarter of 2016. |
"We continue to operate our firm at a high level of profitability and are pleased with our first quarter metrics," said Harold R. Carpenter, Pinnacle's chief financial officer. "The first quarter is usually a slower growth quarter for our firm, given we traditionally grant merit raises to our associates early in the year and because there are fewer days in the quarter, which negatively impacts our net interest income and several fee category run rates.
"BNC's results will obviously impact our profitability metrics once the merger occurs. That said, once the technology conversions are accomplished we will begin to realize the full earnings potential of the combined firm. During the first quarter of 2017, our technology professionals, working with BNC, modified our technology conversion plan for the transaction. Our plan is to convert Pinnacle's client accounts to BNC's core system during the fourth quarter of 2017 and then combine BNC's client data with Pinnacle's client data in the first quarter of 2018. Our belief is that this conversion plan significantly reduces integration risk and is a prudent way to balance near term expense with longer term benefits as our technology platform should serve the combined firm for many years of future growth."
OTHER HIGHLIGHTS:
o | Revenue per fully-diluted share was $2.46 for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, compared to $2.61 for the fourth quarter of 2016 and $2.44 for the first quarter of 2016. The aforementioned capital raise negatively impacted revenue per fully-diluted share by approximately $0.12 for the quarter ended March 31, 2017. |
o | Net interest income for the quarter ended March 31, 2017 was $88.8 million, compared to $89.4 million for the fourth quarter of 2016 and $73.9 million for the first quarter of 2016. |
§ | The firm's net interest margin was 3.60 percent for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, compared to 3.72 percent last quarter and 3.78 percent for the quarter ended March 31, 2016. |
o | Noninterest income for the quarter ended March 31, 2017 was $30.4 million, compared to $30.7 million for the fourth quarter of 2016 and $25.9 million for the first quarter of 2016. |
§ | Net gains from the sale of mortgage loans were $4.2 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, compared to $2.9 million for the fourth quarter of 2016 and $3.6 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2016, resulting in a year-over-year growth rate of 16.5 percent. |
§ | Wealth management revenues, which include investment, trust and insurance services, were $6.4 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, compared to $6.2 million for the fourth quarter of 2016 and $5.6 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2016, resulting in a year-over-year growth rate of 13.4 percent. |
§ | Income from the firm's investment in Bankers Healthcare Group, Inc. (BHG) was $7.8 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, compared to $8.1 million for the quarter ended Dec. 31, 2016 and $5.1 million for the first quarter last year. |
"Our net interest margin decreased from 3.72 percent during the fourth quarter of 2016 to 3.60 percent in the first quarter of 2017," Carpenter said. "During the first quarter of 2017, loan discount accretion for fair value adjustments required by purchase accounting contributed approximately $5.0 million to our net interest income, compared to $7.8 million during the fourth quarter of 2016. We anticipate that purchase accounting will contribute between 0.10 percent to 0.20 percent to our net interest margin in the second quarter of 2017, exclusive of any impact of BNC's fair value adjustments.
"The December 2016 and March 2017 Fed funds increases had a positive impact on our results in the first quarter of 2017 and partially offset the headwinds from reduced levels of discount accretion. Our balance sheet remains in a solid asset sensitive position with the March 2017 rate increase potentially providing an additional $1.8 million in net interest income in the second quarter of 2017. As to fee income, BHG posted a solid quarter, and we remain confident that they will achieve 12 to 15 percent growth in 2017, which translates to 20 percent growth in our noninterest income from BHG in 2017."
o | Noninterest expense for the quarter ended March 31, 2017 was $62.1 million, compared to $62.8 million in the fourth quarter of 2016 and $54.1 million in the first quarter last year. |
§ | Salaries and employee benefits were $38.4 million in the first quarter of 2017, compared to $38.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2016 and $32.5 million in the first quarter of last year, reflecting a year-over-year increase of 17.9 percent, largely driven by an increase of 143 FTEs as well as annual merit raises awarded in the first quarter of 2017. |
§ | Pre-tax merger-related charges were approximately $672,000 during the quarter ended March 31, 2017, compared to $1.8 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2016. Pre-tax merger related charges during the first quarter of 2017 included costs associated with our proposed merger with BNC. |
§ | The efficiency ratio for the first quarter of 2017 decreased to 52.1 percent for the first quarter of 2017, compared to 52.2 percent for the fourth quarter of 2016. The ratio of noninterest expenses to average assets decreased to 2.20 percent for the first quarter of 2017 from 2.26 percent in the fourth quarter of 2016. |
- | Excluding merger-related charges and other real estate owned (ORE) expense, the efficiency ratio was 51.3 percent for the first quarter of 2017 compared to 49.6 percent for the fourth quarter of 2016, and the ratio of noninterest expense to average assets was 2.17 percent compared to 2.14 percent between the first quarter of 2017 and the fourth quarter of 2016, respectively. |
"Our noninterest expense to average assets ratio for the first quarter of 2017 is within our stated long-term goals of 2.10 percent and 2.30 percent," Carpenter said. "Excluding merger-related charges, we believe we will be able to maintain our expense base within those goals. That's due primarily to the operating leverage that has been created by both our rapid organic growth and high-quality investments and acquisitions."
o | Nonperforming assets decreased to 0.36 percent of total loans and ORE at March 31, 2017, compared to 0.40 percent at Dec. 31, 2016 and 0.70 percent at March 31, 2016. Nonperforming assets decreased to $31.3 million at March 31, 2017, compared to $33.7 million at Dec. 31, 2016 and $47.9 million at March 31, 2016. |
o | The allowance for loan losses represented 0.68 percent of total loans at March 31, 2017, compared to 0.70 percent at Dec. 31, 2016 and 0.91 percent at March 31, 2016. |
§ | The ratio of the allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans was 232.9 percent at March 31, 2017, compared to 213.9 percent at Dec. 31, 2016 and 146.4 percent at March 31, 2016. |
§ | Net charge-offs were $4.3 million for each of the quarters ended March 31, 2017 and Dec. 31, 2016, compared to $7.1 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2016. Annualized net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans for the quarter ended March 31, 2017 were 0.20 percent, compared to 0.21 percent for the fourth quarter of 2016 and 0.42 percent for the first quarter of 2016. |
§ | Provision for loan losses was $3.7 million in the first quarter of 2017, compared to $3.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2016 and $3.9 million in the first quarter of 2016. |
"Overall, asset quality for our firm remains strong," Carpenter said. "During the first quarter, we continued to reduce our investment in non-prime consumer auto loans. Net charge-offs from the non-prime consumer auto portfolio were $2.2 million during the first quarter of 2017, compared to $3.6 million of net charge-offs in the fourth quarter of 2016. We have reduced portfolio balances in this portfolio from $66.9 million at Dec. 31, 2015 to $22.9 million at March 31, 2017 and anticipate continued reductions in this portfolio over the next several quarters."
o | In addition to the aforementioned pre-tax merger-related charges of $672,000 incurred during the first quarter of 2017, two other significant matters impacted the comparability of first quarter 2017 results to previous periods. |
§ | In January 2017, the firm issued 3.2 million shares of common stock. Cash proceeds were approximately $192.1 million from the issuance, net of offering costs. |
§ | On Jan. 1, 2017, Pinnacle adopted FASB Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-09, Stock Compensation Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Activity, which represented a change in accounting for the tax effects related to vesting of common shares and the exercise of stock options previously granted to the firm's employees through its various equity compensation plans. This change resulted in a reduction in first quarter 2017 tax expense of $3.8 million. |
"To increase our capital levels in connection with the anticipated merger with BNC, we issued 3.2 million common shares in late January," Carpenter said. "We were very pleased with market demand for the shares, which we believe is an indicator of the market's positive reaction to this transaction and the confidence the market has in the combined franchise to deliver continued growth in the years to come. The additional shares did increase our share count, thus negatively impacting our fully-diluted earnings per share results for the first quarter of 2017 by approximately $0.04.
"In addition, our results for the quarter were impacted by the tax impact associated with equity compensation vesting. Previously these amounts were a component of our firm's paid in capital. With the required adoption of the new accounting standard, the tax impact of these activities is reflected in tax expense during the quarter when the underlying equity compensation vests or the stock option is exercised. Much of our equity compensation vesting usually occurs in the first quarter. Should our share price continue to trade within recent ranges, we believe the tax benefit for restricted stock lapses and stock options expiring in 2017 will approximate $1.0 million for the remaining nine months of the year, which should offset our anticipated effective tax rate of 33 percent for this year."
WEBCAST AND CONFERENCE CALL INFORMATION
Pinnacle will host a webcast and conference call at 8:30 a.m. (CDT) on April 18, 2017 to discuss first quarter 2017 results and other matters. To access the call for audio only, please call 1-877-602-7944. For the presentation and streaming audio, please access the webcast on the investor relations page of Pinnacle's website at www.pnfp.com.
For those unable to participate in the webcast, it will be archived on the investor relations page of Pinnacle's website at www.pnfp.com for 90 days following the presentation.
Pinnacle Financial Partners provides a full range of banking, investment, trust, mortgage and insurance products and services designed for businesses and their owners and individuals interested in a comprehensive relationship with their financial institution. The firm earned a place on Fortune's 2017 list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For in the U.S., and the American Banker recognized Pinnacle as the sixth best bank to work for in the country in 2016.
The firm began operations in a single downtown Nashville location in October 2000 and has since grown to approximately $11.7 billion in assets at March 31, 2017. As the second-largest bank holding company headquartered in Tennessee, Pinnacle operates in the state's four largest markets, Nashville, Memphis, Knoxville and Chattanooga, as well as several surrounding counties.
Additional information concerning Pinnacle, which is included in the NASDAQ Financial-100 Index, can be accessed at www.pnfp.com.
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Forward-Looking Statements
All statements, other than statements of historical fact, included in this press release, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. The words "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "plan," "believe," "seek," "estimate" and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements, but other statements not based on historical information may also be considered forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause the actual results to differ materially from the statements, including, but not limited to: (i) deterioration in the financial condition of borrowers resulting in significant increases in loan losses and provisions for those losses; (ii) continuation of the historically low short-term interest rate environment; (iii) the inability of Pinnacle Financial, or entities in which it has significant investments, like BHG, to maintain the historical growth rate of its, or such entities', loan portfolio; (iv) changes in loan underwriting, credit review or loss reserve policies associated with economic conditions, examination conclusions, or regulatory developments; (v) effectiveness of Pinnacle Financial's asset management activities in improving, resolving or liquidating lower-quality assets; (vi) increased competition with other financial institutions; (vii) greater than anticipated adverse conditions in the national or local economies including the Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin MSA, the Knoxville MSA, the Chattanooga, TN-GA MSA and the Memphis, TN-MS-AR MSA, particularly in commercial and residential real estate markets; (viii) rapid fluctuations or unanticipated changes in interest rates on loans or deposits; (ix) the results of regulatory examinations; (x) the ability to retain large, uninsured deposits; (xi) a merger or acquisition, like Pinnacle Financial's proposed merger with BNC; (xii) risks of expansion into new geographic or product markets; (xiii) any matter that would cause Pinnacle Financial to conclude that there was impairment of any asset, including intangible assets; (xiv) reduced ability to attract additional financial advisors (or failure of such advisors to cause their clients to switch to Pinnacle Bank), to retain financial advisors or otherwise to attract customers from other financial institutions; (xv) further deterioration in the valuation of other real estate owned and increased expenses associated therewith; (xvi) inability to comply with regulatory capital requirements, including those resulting from changes to capital calculation methodologies and required capital maintenance levels; (xvii) risks associated with litigation, including the applicability of insurance coverage; (xviii) the risk of successful integration of the businesses Pinnacle Financial has recently acquired with its business; (xix) approval of the declaration of any dividend by Pinnacle Financial's board of directors; (xx) the vulnerability of Pinnacle Bank's network and online banking portals to unauthorized access, computer viruses, phishing schemes, spam attacks, human error, natural disasters, power loss and other security breaches; (xxi) the possibility of increased compliance costs as a result of increased regulatory oversight, including oversight of companies in which Pinnacle Financial or Pinnacle Bank have significant investments, like BHG, and the development of additional banking products for Pinnacle Bank's corporate and consumer clients; (xxii) the risks associated with Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank being a minority investor in BHG, including the risk that the owners of a majority of the equity interests in BHG decide to sell the company if not prohibited from doing so by the terms of our agreement with them; (xxiii) the possibility that the incremental cost and/or decreased revenues associated with exceeding $10 billion in assets will exceed current estimates; (xxiv) changes in state and federal legislation, regulations or policies applicable to banks and other financial service providers, like BHG, including regulatory or legislative developments; (xxv) the risk that the cost savings and any revenue synergies from Pinnacle Financial's proposed merger with BNC may not be realized or take longer than anticipated to be realized; (xxvi) disruption from Pinnacle Financial's proposed merger with BNC with customers, suppliers, employee or other business partners relationships; (xxvii) the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstances that could give rise to the termination of the merger agreement between Pinnacle Financial and BNC; (xxviii) the risk of successful integration of Pinnacle Financial's and BNC's businesses; (xxix) the failure to obtain the necessary approvals by Pinnacle Financial and BNC shareholders; (xxx) the amount of the costs, fees, expenses and charges related to Pinnacle Financial's proposed merger with BNC; (xxxi) reputational risk and the reaction of the parties' customers, suppliers, employees or other business partners to Pinnacle Financial's proposed merger with BNC; (xxxii) the failure of the closing conditions with respect to Pinnacle Financial's proposed merger with BNC to be satisfied, or any unexpected delay in closing the proposed merger; (xxxiii) the risk that the integration of Pinnacle Financial's and BNC's operations will be materially delayed or will be more costly or difficult than expected; (xxxiv) the possibility that Pinnacle Financial's proposed merger with BNC may be more expensive to complete than anticipated, including as a result of unexpected factors or events; (xxxv) the dilution caused by Pinnacle Financial's issuance of additional shares of its common stock in its proposed merger with BNC; and (xxxvi) general competitive, economic, political and market conditions. Additional factors which could affect the forward looking statements can be found in Pinnacle Financial's Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K, or BNC's Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K, in each case filed with the SEC and available on the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. Pinnacle Financial and BNC disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this press release, which speak only as of the date hereof, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
Non-GAAP Financial Matters
This release contains certain non-GAAP financial measures, including, without limitation, net income, earnings per diluted share, efficiency ratio, core net interest margin, noninterest expense and the ratio of noninterest expense to average assets and noninterest expense to the sum of net interest income and noninterest income, in each case excluding the impact of expenses related to other real estate owned, gains or losses on sale of investments, FHLB prepayments and other matters for the accounting periods presented. This release also includes non-GAAP financial measures which exclude expenses associated with Pinnacle Bank's mergers with CapitalMark Bank & Trust, Magna Bank, Avenue Financial Holdings, Inc. and BNC, as well as Pinnacle Financial's and its bank subsidiary's investments in BHG. This release may also contain certain other non-GAAP capital ratios and performance measures. These non-GAAP financial measures exclude the impact of goodwill and core deposit intangibles associated with Pinnacle Financial's acquisitions of Avenue, which Pinnacle Financial acquired on July 1, 2016, Magna Bank which Pinnacle Bank acquired on September 1, 2015, CapitalMark Bank & Trust which Pinnacle Bank acquired on July 31, 2015, Mid-America Bancshares, Inc. which Pinnacle Financial acquired on November 30, 2007, Cavalry Bancorp, Inc., which Pinnacle Financial acquired on March 15, 2006 and other acquisitions which collectively are less material to the non-GAAP measure. The presentation of the non-GAAP financial information is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for any measure prepared in accordance with GAAP. Because non-GAAP financial measures presented in this release are not measurements determined in accordance with GAAP and are susceptible to varying calculations, these non-GAAP financial measures, as presented, may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures presented by other companies.
Pinnacle Financial believes that these non-GAAP financial measures facilitate making period-to-period comparisons and are meaningful indications of its operating performance. In addition, because intangible assets such as goodwill and the core deposit intangible, and the other items excluded each vary extensively from company to company, Pinnacle Financial believes that the presentation of this information allows investors to more easily compare Pinnacle Financial's results to the results of other companies. Pinnacle Financial's management utilizes this non-GAAP financial information to compare Pinnacle Financial's operating performance for 2017 versus certain periods in 2016 and to
internally prepared projections.
Additional Information About the Proposed Transaction and Where to Find It
Investors and security holders are urged to carefully review and consider each of Pinnacle Financial's and BNC's public filings with the SEC, including but not limited to their Annual Reports on Form 10-K, their proxy statements, their Current Reports on Form 8-K and their Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.
The documents filed by Pinnacle Financial with the SEC may be obtained free of charge at Pinnacle Financial's website at www.pnfp.com, under the heading "About Pinnacle" and the subheading "Investor Relations," or at the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. These documents may also be obtained free of charge from Pinnacle Financial by requesting them in writing to Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc., 150 Third Avenue South, Suite 900, Nashville, Tennessee 37201, Attention: Investor Relations, or by telephone at (615) 744-3700.
The documents filed by BNC with the SEC may be obtained free of charge at BNC's website at www.bncbanking.com under the "Investor Relations" section, or at the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. These documents may also be obtained free of charge from BNC by requesting them in writing to BNC Bancorp, 3980 Premier Drive, Suite 210, High Point, North Carolina 27265, Attention: Investor Relations, or by telephone at (336) 869-9200.
In connection with the proposed transaction, Pinnacle Financial has filed a registration statement on Form S-4 with the SEC which includes a preliminary joint proxy statement of Pinnacle Financial and BNC and a preliminary prospectus of Pinnacle Financial, and each party will file other documents regarding the proposed transaction with the SEC. Before making any voting or investment decision, investors and security holders of Pinnacle Financial and BNC are urged to carefully read the entire registration statement and the definitive joint proxy statement/prospectus, when they become available, as well as any amendments or supplements to these documents and any other relevant documents filed with the SEC, because they will contain important information about the proposed transaction. A definitive joint proxy statement/prospectus will be sent to the shareholders of each institution seeking the required shareholder approvals. Investors and security holders will be able to obtain the registration statement and the joint proxy statement/prospectus free of charge from the SEC's website or from Pinnacle Financial or BNC as described in the paragraphs above.
This communication shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities, nor shall there be any sale of securities in any jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of such jurisdiction.
Participants in the Solicitation
Pinnacle Financial, BNC and certain of their directors and executive officers may be deemed participants in the solicitation of proxies from Pinnacle Financial's and BNC's shareholders in connection with the proposed transaction. Information about the directors and executive officers of Pinnacle Financial and their ownership of Pinnacle Financial common stock is set forth in the definitive proxy statement for Pinnacle Financial's 2017 annual meeting of shareholders, as previously filed with the SEC on March 9, 2017, and other documents subsequently filed by Pinnacle Financial with the SEC. Information about the directors and executive officers of BNC and their ownership of BNC's common stock is set forth in Amendment No. 1 to BNC's 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as previously filed with the SEC on March 24, 2017, and other documents subsequently filed by BNC with the SEC. Shareholders may obtain additional information regarding the interests of such participants by reading the registration statement and the definitive joint proxy statement/prospectus. Free copies of these documents may be obtained as described in the paragraphs above.