Financial instruments | 19. Financial instruments Financial assets and liabilities (carrying value / fair value) As at March 31, 2020 2021 Assets: Cash and cash equivalents ₹ 144,499 ₹ 169,793 Investments Financial instruments at FVTPL 14,795 23,502 Financial instruments at FVTOCI 164,884 141,954 Financial instruments at Amortized cost 19,258 20,827 Other financial assets Trade receivables 110,523 98,656 Unbilled receivables 25,209 27,124 Other assets 14,495 13,333 Derivative assets 3,025 4,080 ₹ 496,688 ₹ 499,269 Liabilities: Trade payables and other payables Trade payables and accrued expenses ₹ 78,129 ₹ 78,870 Lease liabilities 19,198 21,182 Other liabilities 1,050 3,761 Loans, borrowings and bank overdrafts 78,042 83,332 Derivative liabilities 7,369 1,070 ₹ 183,788 ₹ 188,215 Offsetting financial assets and liabilities The following table contains information on other financial assets and trade payable and other liabilities subject to offsetting: Financial assets Gross amounts of Gross amounts of Net amounts of As at March 31, 2020 ₹ 157,304 ₹ (7,077) ₹ 150,227 As at March 31, 2021 ₹ 146,709 ₹ (7,596) ₹ 139,113 Financial liabilities Gross amounts of Gross amounts of Net amounts of As at March 31, 2020 ₹ 86,256 ₹ (7,077) ₹ 79,179 As at March 31, 2021 ₹ 90,227 ₹ (7,596) ₹ 82,631 For the financial assets and liabilities subject to offsetting or similar arrangements, each agreement between the Company and the counterparty allows for net settlement of the relevant financial assets and liabilities when both elect to settle on a net basis. In the absence of such an election, financial assets and liabilities will be settled on a gross basis and hence are not offset. Fair value Financial assets and liabilities include cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, unbilled receivables, finance lease receivables, employee and other advances, eligible current and non-current assets, loans, borrowings and bank overdrafts, trade payables and accrued expenses, and eligible current liabilities and non-current liabilities. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, unbilled receivables, loans, borrowings and bank overdrafts, trade payables and accrued expenses, other current financial assets and liabilities approximate their carrying amount largely due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company’s long-term debt has been contracted at market rates of interest. Accordingly, the carrying value of such long-term debt approximates fair value. Further, finance lease receivables are periodically evaluated based on individual credit worthiness of customers. Based on this evaluation, the Company records allowance for estimated losses on these receivables. As at March 31, 2020 and 2021, the carrying value of such receivables, net of allowances approximates the fair value. Investments in liquid and short-term mutual funds, which are classified as FVTPL are measured using net asset values at the reporting date multiplied by the quantity held. Fair value of investments in commercial papers, certificate of deposits and bonds classified as FVTOCI is determined based on the indicative quotes of price and yields prevailing in the market at the reporting date. Fair value of investments in equity instruments classified as FVTOCI is determined using market and income approaches. The fair value of derivative financial instruments is determined based on observable market inputs including currency spot and forward rates, yield curves, currency volatility etc. Fair value hierarchy The table below analyses financial instruments carried at fair value, by valuation method. The different levels have been defined as follows: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 The following table presents fair value hierarchy of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis: Particular As at March 31, 2020 As at March 31, 2021 Fair value measurements at reporting date Fair value measurements at reporting date Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets Derivative instruments: Cash flow hedges ₹ 1,382 ₹ — ₹ 1,382 ₹ — ₹ 2,998 ₹ — ₹ 2,998 ₹ — Others 1,643 — 1,643 — 1,082 — 1,082 — Investments: Investment in liquid and short-term mutual funds 14,795 14,795 — — 23,502 23,502 — — Investment in equity instruments 9,297 — 119 9,178 10,572 26 319 10,227 Commercial paper, Certificate of deposits and bonds 155,587 12,983 142,604 — 131,382 2,217 129,165 — Liabilities Derivative instruments: Cash flow hedges ₹ (4,057 ) ₹ — ₹ (4,057 ) ₹ — ₹ (816 ) ₹ — ₹ (816 ) ₹ — Others (3,312 ) — (3,312 ) — (254 ) — (254 ) — Contingent consideration (Refer to Note 7) — — — — (2,293 ) — — (2,293 ) The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the level 2 financial instruments included in the above table. Derivative instruments (assets and liabilities): Investment in commercial papers, certificate of deposits and bonds: The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the level 3 financial instruments included in the above table. Investment in equity instruments: Details of assets and liabilities considered under Level 3 classification As at March 31, Investment in equity instruments 2020 2021 Balance at the beginning of the year ₹ 6,668 ₹ 9,178 Additions 2,124 1,575 Disposals (1,327 ) (1,256 ) Transfers out of level 3 — (27 ) Gain/(loss) recognized in foreign currency translation reserve 855 (252 ) Gain recognized in other comprehensive income 858 1,009 Balance at the end of the year ₹ 9,178 ₹ 10,227 As at March 31, Contingent consideration 2020 2021 Balance at the beginning of the year ₹ — ₹ — Additions (Refer to Note 7) — (2,293 ) Finance expense recognized in statement of income — (25 ) Gain/(loss) recognized in foreign currency translation reserve — 25 Balance at the end of the year ₹ — ₹ (2,293 ) During the year ended March 31, 2021, as a result of M&A transactions, the Company sold its shares in CloudGenix and Emailage Corp at a fair value of ₹ ₹ Description of significant unobservable inputs to valuation: As at March 31, 2020 Items Valuation technique Significant unobservable input Input Movement by Increase ₹ ) Decrease ₹ ) Unquoted equity Discounted Long term growth rate 3.0 % 0.5 % 298 (273 ) investments cash flow model Discount rate 11.6 % 0.5 % (388 ) 404 As at March 31, 2021 Items Valuation technique Significant unobservable input Input Movement by Increase ₹ ) Decrease ₹ ) Unquoted equity Discounted Long term growth rate 3.0 % 0.5 % 304 (295 ) investments cash flow model Discount rate 10.9 % 0.5 % (393 ) 395 As at March 31, 2020 and 2021, 0.5 percentage point increase/(decrease) in the unobservable inputs used in fair valuation of other Level 3 assets does not have a significant impact in its value. Derivative assets and liabilities: The Company is exposed to foreign currency fluctuations on foreign currency assets / liabilities, forecasted cash flows denominated in foreign currency and net investment in foreign operations. The Company follows established risk management policies, including the use of derivatives to hedge foreign currency assets / liabilities, foreign currency forecasted cash flows and net investment in foreign operations. The counter parties in these derivative instruments are primarily banks and the Company considers the risks of non-performance by the counterparty as non-material. The following table presents the aggregate contracted principal amounts of the Company’s derivative contracts outstanding: (in million) As at March 31, 2020 2021 Notional Fair value Notional Fair value Designated derivative instruments Sell: Forward contracts USD 1,011 ₹ (2,902 ) USD 1,577 ₹ 2,293 € 121 ₹ 231 € 109 ₹ 114 £ 52 ₹ 240 £ 96 ₹ (254 ) AUD 144 ₹ 741 AUD 103 ₹ (246 ) Range forward option contracts USD 474 ₹ (1,057 ) USD 138 ₹ 385 € 39 ₹ 85 € 20 ₹ 24 £ 98 ₹ (13 ) £ 55 ₹ (116 ) AUD — ₹ — AUD 34 ₹ (18 ) Non-designated derivative instruments Sell: Forward contracts * USD 1,314 ₹ (3,116 ) USD 1,638 ₹ 480 € 59 ₹ 34 € 99 ₹ 202 £ 81 ₹ 112 £ 104 ₹ 98 AUD 56 ₹ 115 AUD 29 ₹ 11 SGD 7 ₹ 8 SGD 9 ₹ 5 ZAR 17 ₹ 1 ZAR 22 ₹ (1 ) CAD 51 ₹ 153 CAD 30 ₹ 3 SAR 60 ₹ (1 ) SAR 137 ₹ (1 ) PLN 34 ₹ 13 PLN 8 ₹ 2 CHF 7 ₹ 4 CHF 10 ₹ 13 QAR 19 ₹ (8 ) QAR 15 ₹ (6 ) TRY 30 ₹ 31 TRY 47 ₹ 42 NOK 19 ₹ 16 NOK 4 ₹ ^ OMR 2 ₹ 1 OMR 2 ₹ (1 ) SEK 13 ₹ 4 SEK 42 ₹ 10 MYR 20 ₹ 1 MYR — ₹ — JPY 325 ₹ ^ JPY 370 ₹ 6 Buy: Forward contracts USD 480 ₹ 972 USD — ₹ — MXN 11 ₹ (9 ) MXN — ₹ — SEK — ₹ — SEK 37 ₹ (15 ) DKK 9 ₹ ^ DKK 45 ₹ (12 ) CHF — ₹ — CHF 2 ₹ (6 ) RMB — ₹ — RMB 30 ₹ (2 ) AED — ₹ — AED 9 ₹ ^ ₹ (4,344 ) ₹ 3,010 * USD 1,314 and USD 1,638 includes USD/PHP sell forward of USD 176 and USD 244 as at March 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. ^ Value is less than ₹ Hedge effectiveness is determined at the inception of the hedge relationship, and through periodic prospective effectiveness assessments to ensure that an economic relationship exists between the hedged item and hedging instrument, including whether the hedging instrument is expected to offset changes in cash flows of hedged items. The following table summarizes activity in the cash flow hedging reserve within equity related to all derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges: As at March 31, 2020 2021 Balance as at the beginning of the year ₹ 3,019 ₹ (2,876 ) Deferred cancellation gain/ (loss), net (201 ) — Changes in fair value of effective portion of derivatives (2,312 ) 4,753 Net (gain)/loss reclassified to consolidated statement of income on occurrence of hedged transactions * (3,382 ) 305 Gain/(loss) on cash flow hedging derivatives, net ₹ (5,895 ) ₹ 5,058 Balance as at the end of the year (2,876 ) 2,182 Deferred tax thereon 561 (452 ) Balance as at the end of the year, net of deferred tax ₹ (2,315 ) ₹ 1,730 * Includes net (gain)/loss reclassified to revenue of ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ The related hedge transactions for balance in cash flow hedging reserves as at March 31, 2021 are expected to occur and be reclassified to the consolidated statement of income over a period of two years. As at March 31, 2020 and 2021 there were no significant gains or losses on derivative transactions or portions thereof that have become ineffective as hedges or associated with an underlying exposure that did not occur. Sale of financial assets From time to time, in the normal course of business, the Company transfers accounts receivables, unbilled receivables, net investment in finance lease receivables (financial assets) to banks. Under the terms of the arrangements, the Company surrenders control over the financial assets and transfer is without recourse. Accordingly, such transfers are recorded as sale of financial assets. Gains and losses on sale of financial assets without recourse are recorded at the time of sale based on the carrying value of the financial assets and fair value of servicing liability. The incremental impact of such transactions on our cash flow and liquidity for the year ended March 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 is not material. In certain cases, transfer of financial assets may be with recourse. Under arrangements with recourse, the Company is obligated to repurchase the uncollected financial assets, subject to limits specified in the agreement with the banks. These are reflected as part of loans and borrowings in the consolidated statement of financial position. Financial risk management Market Risk Market risk is the risk of loss of future earnings, to fair values or to future cash flows that may result from a change in the price of a financial instrument. The value of a financial instrument may change as a result of changes in the interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and other market changes that affect market risk sensitive instruments. Market risk is attributable to all market risk sensitive financial instruments including investments, foreign currency receivables, payables and loans and borrowings. The Company’s exposure to market risk is a function of investment and borrowing activities and revenue generating activities in foreign currency. The objective of market risk management is to avoid excessive exposure of the Company’s earnings and equity to losses. Risk Management Procedures The Company manages market risk through a corporate treasury department, which evaluates and exercises independent control over the entire process of market risk management. The corporate treasury department recommends risk management objectives and policies, which are approved by senior management and Audit Committee. The activities of this department include management of cash resources, implementing hedging strategies for foreign currency exposures, borrowing strategies, and ensuring compliance with market risk limits and policies. Foreign currency risk The Company operates internationally, and a major portion of its business is transacted in several currencies. Consequently, the Company is exposed to foreign exchange risk through receiving payment for sales and services in the United States and elsewhere and making purchases from overseas suppliers in various foreign currencies. The exchange rate risk primarily arises from foreign exchange revenue, receivables, cash balances, forecasted cash flows, payables and foreign currency loans and borrowings. A significant portion of the Company’s revenue is in the U.S. Dollar, the Pound Sterling, the Euro, the Canadian Dollar and the Australian Dollar, while a large portion of costs are in Indian rupees. The exchange rate between the rupee and these currencies has fluctuated significantly in recent years and may continue to fluctuate in the future. Appreciation of the rupee against these currencies can adversely affect the Company’s results of operations. The Company evaluates exchange rate exposure arising from these transactions and enters foreign currency derivative instruments to mitigate such exposure. The Company follows established risk management policies, including the use of derivatives like foreign exchange forward/option contracts to hedge forecasted cash flows denominated in foreign currency. The Company has designated certain derivative instruments as cash flow hedges to mitigate the foreign exchange exposure of forecasted highly probable cash flows. The Company also designates foreign currency borrowings as hedge against respective net investments in foreign operations. As at March 31, 2021, a ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ ₹ The below table presents foreign currency risk from non-derivative financial instruments as at March 31, 2020 and 2021: As at March 31, 2020 US $ Euro Pound Australian Canadian Other Total Trade receivables ₹ 42,329 ₹ 8,860 ₹ 7,735 ₹ 3,044 ₹ 1,388 ₹ 4,522 ₹ 67,878 Unbilled receivables 11,127 1,030 2,221 784 291 1,126 16,579 Contract assets 5,517 1,559 2,850 654 146 790 11,516 Cash and cash equivalents 13,481 3,978 1,697 586 1,292 1,733 22,767 Other assets 49,835 4,314 3,283 413 1,447 1,805 61,097 Loans, borrowings and bank overdrafts (36,578 ) — — — — — (36,578 ) Lease Liabilities (3,393 ) (2,606 ) (373 ) (214 ) (16 ) (1,412 ) (8,014 ) Trade payables, accrued expenses and other liabilities (27,457 ) (3,419 ) (3,718 ) (1,228 ) (605 ) (3,087 ) (39,514 ) Net assets/ (liabilities) ₹ 54,861 ₹ 13,716 ₹ 13,695 ₹ 4,039 ₹ 3,943 ₹ 5,477 ₹ 95,731 As at March 31, 2021 US $ Euro Pound Australian Canadian Other Total Trade receivables ₹ 33,421 ₹ 9,094 ₹ 9,334 ₹ 4,101 ₹ 1,436 ₹ 4,196 ₹ 61,582 Unbilled receivables 9,255 1,681 1,740 803 283 821 14,583 Contract assets 5,111 1,121 2,755 838 102 536 10,463 Cash and cash equivalents 11,838 1,385 2,052 765 1,876 2,728 20,644 Other assets 73,212 3,981 9,116 2 891 3,479 90,681 Lease Liabilities (3,800 ) (2,684 ) (1,575 ) (202 ) (117 ) (1,548 ) (9,926 ) Trade payables, accrued expenses and other liabilities (23,187 ) (3,569 ) (4,370 ) (1,415 ) (350 ) (2,622 ) (35,513 ) Net assets/ (liabilities) ₹ 105,850 ₹ 11,009 ₹ 19,052 ₹ 4,892 ₹ 4,121 ₹ 7,590 ₹ 152,514 # Other currencies reflect currencies such as Japanese Yen, Swiss Franc, Saudi Riyal etc. As at March 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively, every 1% increase/decrease in the respective foreign currencies compared to functional currency of the Company would impact results by approximately ₹ ₹ Interest rate risk Interest rate risk primarily arises from floating rate borrowing, including various revolving and other lines of credit. The Company’s investments are primarily in short-term investments, which do not expose it to significant interest rate risk. From time to time, the Company manages its net exposure to interest rate risk relating to borrowings by entering into interest rate swap agreements, which allows it to exchange periodic payments based on a notional amount and agreed upon fixed and floating interest rates. Certain borrowings are also transacted at fixed interest rates. If interest rates were to increase by 100 bps as on March 31, 2021, additional net annual interest expense on floating rate borrowing would amount to approximately ₹ Credit risk Credit risk arises from the possibility that customers may not be able to settle their obligations as agreed. To manage this, the Company periodically assesses the credit rating and financial reliability of customers, considering the financial condition, current economic trends, forward looking macroeconomic information, analysis of historical bad debts and ageing of accounts receivable. Individual risk limits are set accordingly. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of the accounts receivable as at March 31, 2020 and 2021, or revenues for the year ended March 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021. There is no significant concentration of credit risk. Counterparty risk Counterparty risk encompasses issuer risk on marketable securities, settlement risk on derivative and money market contracts and credit risk on cash and time deposits. Issuer risk is minimized by only buying securities which are at least AA rated in India based on Indian rating agencies. Settlement and credit risk is reduced by the policy of entering transactions with counterparties that are usually banks or financial institutions with acceptable credit ratings. Exposure to these risks are closely monitored and maintained within predetermined parameters. There are limits on credit exposure to any financial institution. The limits are regularly assessed and determined based upon credit analysis including financial statements and capital adequacy ratio reviews. Liquidity risk Liquidity risk is defined as the risk that the Company will not be able to settle or meet its obligations on time or at a reasonable price. The Company’s corporate treasury department is responsible for liquidity and funding as well as settlement management. In addition, processes and policies related to such risks are overseen by senior management. Management monitors the Company’s net liquidity position through rolling forecasts based on the expected cash flows. As at March 31, 2021, cash and cash equivalents are held with major banks and financial institutions. The table below provides details regarding the remaining contractual maturities of significant financial liabilities at the reporting date. The amounts include estimated interest payments and exclude the impact of netting agreements, if any. As at March 31, 2020 Carrying Less than 1 1-2 years 2-4 years Beyond 4 Total Loans, borrowings and bank overdrafts * ₹ 78,042 ₹ 74,663 ₹ 4,761 ₹ 119 ₹ — ₹ 79,543 Lease Liabilities * 19,198 7,322 6,128 5,425 2,192 21,067 Trade payables and accrued expenses 78,129 78,129 — — — 78,129 Derivative liabilities 7,369 7,231 90 48 — 7,369 Other liabilities 1,050 899 88 63 — 1,050 As at March 31, 2021 Carrying Less than 1 1-2 years 2-4 years Beyond 4 Total Loans, borrowings and bank overdrafts * ₹ 83,332 ₹ 77,609 ₹ 166 ₹ 7,441 ₹ — ₹ 85,216 Lease Liabilities * 21,182 8,398 6,317 6,017 2,091 22,823 Trade payables and accrued expenses 78,870 78,870 — — — 78,870 Derivative liabilities 1,070 1,070 — — — 1,070 Other liabilities 3,761 1,473 1,330 1,077 — 3,880 * Includes future cash outflow towards estimated interest on borrowings and lease liabilities The balanced view of liquidity and financial indebtedness is stated in the table below. The management for external communication with investors, analysts and rating agencies uses this calculation of the net cash position: As at March 31, 2020 2021 Cash and cash equivalents ₹ 144,499 ₹ 169,793 Investments 189,635 175,707 Loans, borrowings and bank overdrafts (78,042 ) (83,332 ) ₹ 256,092 ₹ 262,168 |