Principal Financial (PFG) 10-Q 1 Nov 23 2023 Q3 Quarterly report Financial data

Document and Entity Information

Document and Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Oct. 24, 2023
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-16725
Entity Registrant Name	PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	42-1520346
Entity Address, Address Line One	711 High Street
Entity Address, City or Town	Des Moines
Entity Address, State or Province	IA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	50392
City Area Code	515
Local Phone Number	247-5111
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock
Trading Symbol	PFG
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		238,412,113
Entity Central Index Key	0001126328
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false

Condensed Consolidated Statemen

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$ 61,582	$ 62,889.9
Fixed maturities, trading (2023 and 2022 include $47.1 million and $27.8 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)	722.2	760.7
Equity securities (2023 and 2022 include $699.8 million and $740.0 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)	1,760.2	1,708.6
Mortgage loans (2023 and 2022 include $1,079.5 million and $1,179.7 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)	20,229	20,629.8
Real estate (2023 and 2022 include $756.2 million and $649.0 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)	2,320.9	2,239.7
Policy loans	799.3	784.7
Other investments (2023 and 2022 include $523.9 million and $375.9 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)	6,569.2	6,122
Total investments	93,982.8	95,135.4
Cash and cash equivalents (2023 and 2022 include $77.5 million and $32.4 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)	4,564.3	4,848
Accrued investment income	819.1	742.1
Reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable	20,219.1	21,154
Premiums due and other receivables	3,897	3,933.3
Deferred acquisition costs	3,948.4	3,948
Market risk benefit asset	173.1	109.2
Property and equipment	958.1	996.1
Goodwill	1,593.6	1,598.2
Other intangibles	1,480.4	1,533.3
Separate account assets (2023 and 2022 include $32,537.2 million and $34,193.8 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)	155,478.2	155,375.1
Other assets	833.9	1,205.6
Total assets	287,948	290,578.3
Liabilities
Contractholder funds (2023 and 2022 include $309.5 million and $334.0 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)	42,303.9	42,825.3
Future policy benefits and claims	42,685.9	43,025.3
Market risk benefit liability	112.5	207.4
Other policyholder funds	946	911.5
Short-term debt	23.8	80.7
Long-term debt	3,930.2	3,997
Income taxes currently payable	10	19.2
Deferred income taxes	1,481.4	1,324.2
Separate account liabilities (2023 and 2022 include $32,537.2 million and $34,193.8 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)	155,478.2	155,375.1
Funds withheld payable	18,557.7	20,436.1
Other liabilities (2023 and 2022 include $83.9 million and $86.8 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)	11,436	12,096.7
Total liabilities	276,965.6	280,298.5
Redeemable noncontrolling interest (2023 and 2022 include $237.1 million and $235.3 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)	259.5	262
Stockholders' equity
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 2,500,000,000 shares authorized; 491,996,113 and 489,809,564 shares issued as of 2023 and 2022; 239,657,860 and 243,549,782 shares outstanding as of 2023 and 2022	4.9	4.9
Additional paid-in capital	10,870.2	10,740.4
Retained earnings	17,717	16,697.3
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(6,840.9)	(6,879)
Treasury stock, at cost; 252,338,253 and 246,259,782 shares as of 2023 and 2022	(11,079.6)	(10,586.9)
Total stockholders' equity attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.	10,671.6	9,976.7
Noncontrolling interest	51.3	41.1
Total stockholders' equity	10,722.9	10,017.8
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 287,948	$ 290,578.3

Condensed Consolidated Statem_2

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fixed maturities, trading	$ 722.2	$ 760.7
Equity securities	1,760.2	1,708.6
Mortgage loans	20,229	20,629.8
Real estate	2,320.9	2,239.7
Other investments	6,569.2	6,122
Cash and Cash Equivalents, at Carrying Value	4,564.3	4,848
Separate account assets	155,478.2	155,375.1
Contractholder funds	42,303.9	42,825.3
Separate account liabilities	155,478.2	155,375.1
Other liabilities	11,436	12,096.7
Redeemable noncontrolling interest	$ 259.5	$ 262
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	2,500,000,000	2,500,000,000
Common stock, issued (in shares)	491,996,113	489,809,564
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)	239,657,860	243,549,782
Treasury stock (in shares)	252,338,253	246,259,782
Aggregate consolidated variable interest entities
Fixed maturities, trading	$ 47.1	$ 27.8
Equity securities	699.8	740
Mortgage loans	1,079.5	1,179.7
Real estate	756.2	649
Other investments	523.9	375.9
Cash and Cash Equivalents, at Carrying Value	77.5	32.4
Separate account assets	32,537.2	34,193.8
Contractholder funds	309.5	334
Separate account liabilities	32,537.2	34,193.8
Other liabilities	83.9	86.8
Redeemable noncontrolling interest	$ 237.1	$ 235.3

Condensed Consolidated Statem_3

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenues
Premiums and other considerations		$ 1,457.9	$ 1,486.5	$ 4,399.2	$ 3,740.1
Fees and other revenues		1,045.7	1,008.3	3,058.6	3,139
Net investment income (loss)		989.2	911.7	2,964	2,857.1
Net realized capital gains (losses)	[1]	179.3	(27.4)	40.5	(353.4)
Net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets	[1]	1	8.5	119.8	697.5
Change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivative		925.6	1,237.7	392.9	4,305
Total revenues		4,598.7	4,625.3	10,975	14,385.3
Expenses
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses		1,710.6	1,801.6	5,318.6	4,735.5
Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss		(42.3)	(67.6)	(47.2)	(268)
Market risk benefit remeasurement (gain) loss		18.4	15.6	8.6	128.8
Dividends to policyholders		21	24.5	67.3	72.1
Operating expenses		1,286.1	1,210.8	3,781.7	3,727.5
Total expenses		2,993.8	2,984.9	9,129	8,395.9
Income (loss) before income taxes		1,604.9	1,640.4	1,846	5,989.4
Income taxes (benefits)		354.8	328.8	336.7	1,200.7
Net income (loss)		1,250.1	1,311.6	1,509.3	4,788.7
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest		3.9	(4.1)	14.4	15.6
Net income (loss) attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.		$ 1,246.2	$ 1,315.7	$ 1,494.9	$ 4,773.1
Earnings per common share
Basic earnings per common share (in dollars per share)		$ 5.17	$ 5.31	$ 6.17	$ 18.84
Diluted earnings per common share (in dollars per share)		$ 5.10	$ 5.22	$ 6.08	$ 18.55
[1] Includes realized and unrealized gains (losses). See Note 3, Investments, for further details.

Condensed Consolidated Statem_4

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Net income (loss)	$ 1,250.1	$ 1,311.6	$ 1,509.3	$ 4,788.7
Other comprehensive income (loss), net:
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities	(1,809.4)	(2,814.9)	(1,273.7)	(10,788)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments	(14.9)	79.2	(20.7)	49.5
Liability for future policy benefits discount rate remeasurement gain (loss)	1,373.6	1,511.6	1,341.9	5,340
Market risk benefit nonperformance risk remeasurement gain (loss)	(17.9)	(2.9)	(17.5)	131
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(133.4)	(54.3)	8.6	(167.7)
Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation	4.2	7	(1.1)	22
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(597.8)	(1,274.3)	37.5	(5,413.2)
Comprehensive income (loss)	652.3	37.3	1,546.8	(624.5)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest	1.8	(3.4)	13.8	14.1
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.	$ 650.5	$ 40.7	$ 1,533	$ (638.6)

Condensed Consolidated Statem_5

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Millions		Common stock	Additional paid-in capital	Retained earnings (accumulated deficit).	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	Treasury Stock	Noncontrolling interest	Total
Balances at Dec. 31, 2021		$ 4.8	$ 10,495	$ 12,594.2	$ (2,084.1)	$ (8,925.8)	$ 56.4	$ 12,140.5
Increase (decrease) in stockholders' equity
Common stock issued		0.1	101.9					102
Stock-based compensation			79.6	(8.6)			0.2	71.2
Treasury stock acquired, common						(1,410.7)		(1,410.7)
Accelerated share repurchase			(33.9)					(33.9)
Dividends to common stockholders				(486.1)				(486.1)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest							(68.4)	(68.4)
Contributions from noncontrolling interest							5.2	5.2
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest	[1]		(5.7)				(2.4)	(8.1)
Adjustments to redemption amount of redeemable noncontrolling interest			0.6				(0.5)	0.1
Adjustment for reinsurance					114.6			114.6
Net income (loss)	[1]			4,773.1			53.6	4,826.7
Other comprehensive income (loss)	[1]				(5,411.7)		(2)	(5,413.7)
Balances at Sep. 30, 2022		4.9	10,637.5	16,872.6	(7,381.2)	(10,336.5)	42.1	9,839.4
Balances at Jun. 30, 2022		4.9	10,553.5	15,717.1	(6,106.2)	(9,877.1)	41.8	10,334
Increase (decrease) in stockholders' equity
Common stock issued			53					53
Stock-based compensation			23.1	(2.8)				20.3
Treasury stock acquired, common						(459.4)		(459.4)
Accelerated share repurchase			8.9					8.9
Dividends to common stockholders				(157.4)				(157.4)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest							(1.4)	(1.4)
Contributions from noncontrolling interest							1.5	1.5
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest	[1]		(1.4)					(1.4)
Adjustments to redemption amount of redeemable noncontrolling interest			0.4				0.1	0.5
Net income (loss)	[1]			1,315.7			0.5	1,316.2
Other comprehensive income (loss)	[1]				(1,275)		(0.4)	(1,275.4)
Balances at Sep. 30, 2022		4.9	10,637.5	16,872.6	(7,381.2)	(10,336.5)	42.1	9,839.4
Balances at Dec. 31, 2022		4.9	10,740.4	16,697.3	(6,879)	(10,586.9)	41.1	10,017.8
Increase (decrease) in stockholders' equity
Common stock issued			43.4					43.4
Stock-based compensation			87	(8.7)			0.4	78.7
Treasury stock acquired, common						(492.7)		(492.7)
Dividends to common stockholders				(466.5)				(466.5)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest							(4.4)	(4.4)
Contributions from noncontrolling interest							5.8	5.8
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest	[1]		(1.2)					(1.2)
Adjustments to redemption amount of redeemable noncontrolling interest			0.6				0.1	0.7
Net income (loss)	[1]			1,494.9			9.1	1,504
Other comprehensive income (loss)	[1]				38.1		(0.8)	37.3
Balances at Sep. 30, 2023		4.9	10,870.2	17,717	(6,840.9)	(11,079.6)	51.3	10,722.9
Balances at Jun. 30, 2023		4.9	10,831.9	16,629.9	(6,245.2)	(10,877)	45	10,389.5
Increase (decrease) in stockholders' equity
Common stock issued			10					10
Stock-based compensation			27.6	(3)			0.3	24.9
Treasury stock acquired, common						(202.6)		(202.6)
Dividends to common stockholders				(156.1)				(156.1)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest							(1)	(1)
Contributions from noncontrolling interest							1.9	1.9
Adjustments to redemption amount of redeemable noncontrolling interest			0.7				0.1	0.8
Net income (loss)	[1]			1,246.2			6.7	1,252.9
Other comprehensive income (loss)	[1]				(595.7)		(1.7)	(597.4)
Balances at Sep. 30, 2023		$ 4.9	$ 10,870.2	$ 17,717	$ (6,840.9)	$ (11,079.6)	$ 51.3	$ 10,722.9
[1] Excludes amounts attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest. See Note 15, Stockholders’ Equity, for further details.

Condensed Consolidated Statem_6

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Operating activities
Net cash provided by operating activities	$ 2,848.4	$ 2,009.7
Investing activities
Fixed maturities available-for-sale and equity securities with intent to hold: Purchases	(8,430.3)	(15,369.6)
Fixed maturities available-for-sale and equity securities with intent to hold: Sales	4,007.5	11,491.8
Fixed maturities available-for-sale and equity securities with intent to hold: Maturities	3,874.4	5,223.5
Mortgage loans acquired or originated	(1,610.9)	(3,183.9)
Mortgage loans sold or repaid	1,681.5	2,248.3
Real estate acquired	(137.6)	(138.9)
Real estate sold	131.9	288.4
Net purchases of property and equipment	(74.1)	(86.3)
Net change in other investments	(574.3)	16.7
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(1,131.9)	490
Financing activities
Issuance of common stock	43.4	102
Accelerated share repurchase		(33.9)
Acquisition of treasury stock	(489.7)	(1,410.7)
Payments for financing element derivatives	(31.7)	(38.9)
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest	(2.8)	(9.2)
Dividends to common stockholders	(466.5)	(486.1)
Issuance of long-term debt	691.5
Principal repayments of long-term debt	(764)	(301.4)
Net proceeds from (repayments of) short-term borrowings	(58.1)	(4.9)
Investment contract deposits	6,709.9	5,921.7
Investment contract withdrawals	(7,084)	(5,435)
Net increase (decrease) in banking operation deposits	(548.3)	1,104.7
Other	0.1	(0.4)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(2,000.2)	(592.1)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(283.7)	1,907.6
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	4,848	2,332
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	4,564.3	4,239.6
Asset changes resulting from deconsolidation of residential whole loan securitizations:
Decrease in mortgage loans	(294.5)
Increase in fixed maturities, available-for-sale	227.4
Increase in fixed maturities, trading	$ 8.4
Assets transferred in kind for settlement to reinsurer		$ (428.5)

Nature of Operations and Signif

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies	1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Principal Financial Group, Inc. (“PFG”) have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial statements and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ended December 31, 2023, especially when considering risks and uncertainties that may impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Our use of estimates and assumptions affect amounts reported and disclosed and includes, but is not limited to, the fair value of investments in the absence of quoted market values, investment impairments and valuation allowances, the fair value of derivatives, the fair value of market risk benefits (“MRBs”), funds withheld embedded derivative, deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and other actuarial balances, measurement of goodwill and intangible assets, the liability for future policy benefits and claims, the value of pension and other postretirement benefits and accounting for income taxes and the valuation of deferred tax assets. Our estimates and assumptions could change in the future. Our results of operations and financial condition may also be impacted by other uncertainties including evolving regulatory, legislative and standard-setter accounting interpretations and guidance. These interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our annual audited financial statements as of December 31, 2022, included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The accompanying condensed consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2022, has been derived from the audited consolidated statement of financial position but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. On January 1, 2023, we adopted the guidance commonly referred to as long-duration targeted improvements (“LDTI”), which updates certain requirements in the accounting for long-duration insurance and annuity contracts. The guidance was applied as of the January 1, 2021, transition date. As such, results for 2022 and 2021 have been recast and are also presented under the new LDTI guidance. In the first quarter of 2023 we implemented changes to our organizational structure to better align businesses, distribution teams and product offerings for future growth. We integrated our global asset management and international pension businesses under one segment, Principal Asset Management. Results of our historically reported Principal Global Investors and Principal International segments are reported within this segment. Additionally, we are now reporting results for our Retirement and Income Solutions segment in total and not separated into Fee and Spread components. Finally, we updated the name of our U.S. Insurance Solutions segment to Benefits and Protection and will continue to report the results of Specialty Benefits and Life Insurance within this segment. Our segment results have been modified to reflect these changes, which did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 17, Segment Information, for financial results of our segments. During the second quarter of 2022, we closed a coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance transaction with Talcott Life & Annuity Re, Ltd. (“Talcott Life & Annuity Re”), a limited liability company organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands and an affiliate of Talcott Resolution Life, Inc., a subsidiary of Sixth Street, pursuant to which we ceded our in-force U.S. retail fixed annuity and universal life insurance with secondary guarantee (“ULSG”) blocks of business (the “Reinsurance Transaction”). The economics of the Reinsurance Transaction were effective as of January 1, 2022. See Note 10, Reinsurance, for further details. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods relating to the presentation of our loss adjustment expense (“LAE”) liability and the change in that liability to conform to the current presentation. See Note 8, Future Policy Benefits and Claims. The LAE liability was previously reported in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial position and the change in the liability was previously reported in operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. The LAE liability is now reported in future policy benefits and claims in the consolidated statements of financial position and the change in the liability is now reported in benefits, claims and settlement expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Consolidation We have relationships with various special purpose entities and other legal entities that must be evaluated to determine if the entities meet the criteria of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) or a voting interest entity (“VOE”). This assessment is performed by reviewing contractual, ownership and other rights, including involvement of related parties, and requires use of judgment. First, we determine if we hold a variable interest in an entity by assessing if we have the right to receive expected losses and expected residual returns of the entity. If we hold a variable interest, then the entity is assessed to determine if it is a VIE. An entity is a VIE if the equity at risk is not sufficient to support its activities, if the equity holders lack a controlling financial interest or if the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. In addition to the previous criteria, if the entity is a limited partnership or similar entity, it is a VIE if the limited partners do not have the power to direct the entity’s most significant activities through substantive kick-out rights or participating rights. A VIE is evaluated to determine the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the enterprise with (1) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. When we are the primary beneficiary, we are required to consolidate the entity in our financial statements. We reassess our involvement with VIEs on a quarterly basis. For further information about VIEs, refer to Note 2, Variable Interest Entities. If an entity is not a VIE, it is considered a VOE. VOEs are generally consolidated if we own a greater than 50% voting interest. If we determine our involvement in an entity no longer meets the requirements for consolidation under either the VIE or VOE models, the entity is deconsolidated. Entities in which we have management influence over the operating and financing decisions but are not required to consolidate, other than investments accounted for at fair value under the fair value option, are reported using the equity method. ​ ​ Recent Accounting Pronouncements Description Date of adoption Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters Standards adopted: ​ ​ Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts This authoritative guidance updated certain requirements in the accounting for long-duration insurance and annuity contracts. 1. The assumptions used to calculate the liability for future policy benefits on traditional and limited-payment contracts are reviewed and updated periodically. Cash flow assumptions are reviewed at least annually and updated when necessary with the impact recognized in net income. Discount rate assumptions are prescribed as the current upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed income instrument yield and are updated quarterly with the impact recognized in other comprehensive income (“OCI”). 2. MRBs, which are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk, are measured at fair value. The periodic change in fair value is recognized in net income with the exception of the periodic change in fair value related to our own nonperformance risk, which is recognized in OCI. 3. DAC and other actuarial balances for all insurance and annuity contracts are amortized on a constant basis over the expected term of the related contracts. January 1, 2023 We created a governance framework and a plan to support implementation of the standard. Our implementation and evaluation process included, but was not limited to the following: ● identifying and documenting contracts and contract features in scope of the guidance; ● identifying the actuarial models, systems and processes to be updated; ● evaluating and selecting our systems solutions for implementing the new guidance; ● building models and evaluating preliminary output as models are developed; ● evaluating and finalizing our key accounting policies; ● assessing the impact to our chart of accounts; ● developing format and content of new disclosures; Description Date of adoption Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters 4. Additional disclosures are required, including disaggregated rollforwards of significant insurance liabilities and other account balances as well as disclosures about significant inputs, judgments, assumptions and methods used in measurement. The guidance for the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment contracts and DAC was applied on a modified retrospective basis; that is, to contracts in force as of the beginning of the earliest period presented (January 1, 2021, also referred to as the transition date) based on their existing carrying amounts. An entity could elect to apply the changes retrospectively. The guidance for market risk benefits was applied retrospectively. ​ ● conducting financial dry runs using model output and updated chart of accounts; ● evaluating transition requirements and impacts and ● establishing and documenting appropriate internal controls. This guidance changed how we account for many of our insurance and annuity products. The guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated statements of operations. Further details about transition impacts of the guidance are included under the caption “Adoption of Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts Guidance.” The additional disclosure requirements can be found in the following notes: ● Note 5, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances ● Note 6, Separate Account Balances ● Note 7, Contractholder Funds ● Note 8, Future Policy Benefits and Claims ● Note 9, Market Risk Benefits Troubled debt restructurings and vintage disclosures This authoritative guidance eliminated the accounting requirements for Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDRs”) by creditors and enhanced the disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructuring by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The update required entities to disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases. The amendments in this update were applied prospectively, except for the transition method related to the recognition and measurement of troubled debt restructurings, for which an entity had the option to apply a modified retrospective transition method. Early adoption was permitted. January 1, 2023 This guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Description Date of adoption Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters Targeted improvements to accounting for hedging activities – portfolio layer method This authoritative guidance is intended to further align the economics of a company’s risk management activities in its financial statements with hedge accounting requirements. The guidance expanded the current single-layer method to allow multiple hedge layers of a single closed portfolio. Non-prepayable assets can also be included in the same portfolio. This guidance also clarified the current guidance on accounting for fair value basis adjustments applicable to both a single hedged layer and multiple hedged layers. Upon adoption, the application of these hedge strategies was applied prospectively. Early adoption was permitted. January 1, 2023 This guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Facilitation of the effects of reference rate reform on financial reporting This authoritative guidance provided optional expedients and exceptions for contracts and hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform. An entity could elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by reference rate reform and instead account for the modified contract as a continuation of the existing contract. Also, an entity could apply optional expedients to continue hedge accounting for hedging relationships in which the critical terms changed due to reference rate reform. This guidance eased the financial reporting impacts of reference rate reform on contracts and hedging relationships and was effective until December 31, 2022. A subsequent amendment issued in December 2022 extended the relief date from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, and was effective upon issuance. March 12, 2020 We adopted the guidance upon issuance prospectively and elected the applicable optional expedients and exceptions for contracts and hedging relationships impacted by reference rate reform through December 31, 2024. The guidance did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption. ​ When we adopt new accounting standards, we have a process in place to perform a thorough review of the pronouncement, identify the financial statement and system impacts and create an implementation plan among our impacted business units to ensure we are compliant with the pronouncement on the date of adoption. This includes having effective processes and controls in place to support the reported amounts. Adoption of Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts Guidance As mentioned above, we adopted LDTI on January 1, 2023. For traditional and limited-payment long-duration contracts, we review and update, if necessary, assumptions used to measure cash flows for the liability for future policy benefits during the third quarter of each year, or more frequently if evidence suggests assumptions should be revised. The change in our liability estimate as a result of updating cash flow assumptions is recognized in net income. Actual cash flows are grouped into issue-year cohorts for the liability calculation and updated quarterly. Cohorts are used as the unit of account for liability measurement. Discount rate assumptions are prescribed as the current upper-medium grade (low-credit-risk) fixed-income instrument yield. The discount rate is updated quarterly at each reporting date with the impact recognized in OCI. The provision for risk of adverse deviation is eliminated, as is premium deficiency, or loss recognition, testing. We also removed unrealized gain (loss) adjustments, previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), attributable to the impact of unrealized gains and losses on premium deficiency testing. Under LDTI, market risk benefits (“MRBs”), which are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk, are measured at fair value. The periodic change in fair value is recognized in net income with the exception of the periodic change in fair value related to our own nonperformance risk, which is recognized in OCI. Certain contract features previously accounted for as an embedded derivative or as an additional liability for annuitization benefits or death or other insurance benefits are recorded as MRBs under LDTI. LDTI simplified the amortization of DAC and other actuarial balances such as the unearned revenue liability and sales inducement asset for long-duration contracts. These balances were previously amortized in proportion to premiums, estimated gross profits, estimated gross margins or estimated gross revenues; however, these balances are now amortized on a constant level basis over the expected life of the related contracts. Impairment testing is no longer applicable for DAC. We also removed unrealized gain (loss) adjustments, previously recorded in AOCI, as the LDTI amortization is not impacted by investment gains and losses. LDTI also requires disaggregated rollforwards for the liability for future policy benefits, additional liability for certain benefit features, MRBs, DAC and other actuarial balances required to be amortized on a basis consistent with DAC. Although the accounting for the additional liability for certain benefit features, separate account liabilities and contractholder funds does not change under LDTI, the guidance requires disaggregated rollforwards for those balances. Further, for certain actuarial balances, disclosures are required for the significant inputs, judgments, assumptions and methods used in measurement, including changes in those inputs, judgments and assumptions, and the effect of those changes on measurement. The LDTI guidance is not prescriptive as to the appropriate level of aggregation for disclosures; however, amounts from different reportable segments cannot be aggregated. Factors to consider in determining the level of aggregation for disclosures include the type of coverage, geography and market or type of customer. We have identified the following levels of aggregation for LDTI disclosures. The disclosures do not include levels of aggregation for insignificant balances. ● Retirement and Income Solutions: o Workplace savings and retirement solutions – Group annuity contracts offered to the plan sponsors of defined contribution plans or defined benefit plans o Individual variable annuities – Variable deferred annuities and registered index-linked annuities (“RILAs”) offered to individuals for both qualified and nonqualified retirement savings o Pension risk transfer – Single premium group annuities offered to pension plan sponsors and other institutions o Individual fixed deferred annuities – An exited business that offered single premium deferred annuity contracts and flexible premium deferred annuities (“FPDAs”) to individuals for both qualified and nonqualified retirement savings o Individual fixed income annuities – An exited business that offered single premium immediate annuities (“SPIAs”) and deferred income annuities (“DIAs”) to individuals for both qualified and nonqualified retirement savings; also includes supplementary contracts generated by annuitizations from other individual product lines o Investment only – Primarily guaranteed investment contracts (“GICs”) and funding agreements offered to retirement plan sponsors and other institutions ● Principal Asset Management – Principal International o Latin America: ◾ Individual fixed income annuities – SPIAs offered to individuals ◾ Pension – Certain retirement accumulation products where the segregated funds and associated obligation to the client are consolidated within our financial statements as separate account assets and liabilities and are only in the scope of LDTI disclosures for separate accounts o Asia: ◾ Guaranteed pension – Pension savings schemes offered to both employers and employees ● Benefits and Protection – Specialty Benefits: o Individual disability – Disability insurance providing protection to individuals and/or business owners ● Benefits and Protection – Life Insurance: o Universal life – Universal life, variable universal life and indexed universal life insurance products offered to individuals and/or business owners, which will be collectively referred to hereafter as “universal life” contracts; includes our exited ULSG business o Term life – Term life insurance products offered to individuals and/or business owners o Participating life – Participating life insurance contracts offered to individuals, some of which are part of a closed block of business and are only in the scope of LDTI disclosures for DAC ● Corporate: o Long-term care insurance – A closed block of long-term care insurance that is fully reinsured, which was offered on both a group and individual basis. For the separate account liability disclosures, our Retirement and Income Solutions segment will use a Group retirement contracts level of aggregation. This consists primarily of separate account liabilities for the workplace savings and retirement solutions business as well as amounts for the investment only and pension risk transfer businesses. Impact of Adoption We adopted the guidance for the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment contracts and DAC and other actuarial balances on a modified retrospective basis; that is, to contracts in force as of the beginning of the earliest period presented based on their existing carrying amounts. We adopted the guidance for MRBs and cost of reinsurance retrospectively. Results for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2021, within our consolidated financial statements are presented under the new guidance. A cumulative effect adjustment of $159.9 million was recorded as a decrease to retained earnings and a cumulative effect adjustment of $5,128.0 million was recorded as a decrease to AOCI as of January 1, 2021, as shown below. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accumulated other ​ ​ Retained earnings ​ comprehensive income ​ Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax ​ (in millions) DAC and other actuarial balances: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment for reversal of unrealized loss from AOCI (1) ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 421.5 ​ $ (88.5) ​ $ 333.0 Cost of reinsurance asset (liability): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative effect of amortization basis change ​ (9.0) ​ 1.9 ​ (7.1) ​ — ​ — ​ — Adjustment of unrealized loss in AOCI ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 16.1 ​ (3.4) ​ 12.7 Reinsurance recoverable: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain from AOCI (2) ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (45.5) ​ 9.5 ​ (36.0) Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach (3) ​ 31.4 ​ (6.6) ​ 24.8 ​ — ​ — ​ — Effect of remeasurement of the recoverable at the current discount rate ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 201.8 ​ (42.4) ​ 159.4 Liability for future policy benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment for reversal of unrealized loss from AOCI (2) ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 1,965.3 ​ (452.2) ​ 1,513.1 Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach (3) ​ (119.1) ​ 29.8 ​ (89.3) ​ 17.9 ​ (4.8) ​ 13.1 Effect of remeasurement of the liability at the current discount rate ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (9,043.1) ​ 2,024.8 ​ (7,018.3) Market risk benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (4.8) ​ 1.0 ​ (3.8) Adjustments to the host contract for differences between previous carrying amount and measurement of the MRB ​ 20.9 ​ (4.4) ​ 16.5 ​ — ​ — ​ — Retained earnings adjustment for the valuation of contracts as MRBs (exclusive of nonperformance risk changes) ​ (258.8) ​ 54.4 ​ (204.4) ​ — ​ — ​ — Reclassification of nonperformance risk changes between retained earnings and AOCI (4) ​ 108.4 ​ (22.5) ​ 85.9 ​ (108.4) ​ 22.5 ​ (85.9) Investment in equity method subsidiary impacted by LDTI (5) ​ 22.8 ​ (9.1) ​ 13.7 ​ (25.5) ​ 10.2 ​ (15.3) Total impact on opening balance as of January 1, 2021 ​ $ (203.4) ​ $ 43.5 ​ $ (159.9) ​ $ (6,604.7) ​ $ 1,476.7 ​ $ (5,128.0) (1) Includes the impact for DAC, sales inducement asset and the unearned revenue liability. We have not included the disaggregated rollforwards for the sales inducement asset within the footnote disclosures due to immateriality. (2) Prior period unrealized gain (loss) adjustments in AOCI were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI. (3) The impact of loss cohorts, those with net premiums in excess of gross premiums, and cohorts with negative reserves, was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings upon adoption of LDTI. The foreign currency translation related to the liability for future policy benefits was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI. (4) The cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date for contract features previously accounted for as an embedded derivative was recorded as a reclassification from retained earnings to AOCI. (5) Reflects the impact from our equity method investment in Brasilprev Seguros e Previdencia, which had transition impacts for the liability for future policy benefits and the additional liability for certain benefit features. The table below reflects the increase (decrease) to the impacted line items in the consolidated statements of financial position related to the cumulative effect adjustment as of January 1, 2021. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Increase (decrease) ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ Other investments (1) ​ $ (1.6) Reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable ​ 187.7 Premiums due and other receivables (2) ​ (24.4) Deferred acquisition costs ​ 450.9 Market risk benefit asset (3) ​ 18.9 Other assets (4) ​ 19.3 Total assets ​ $ 650.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ Contractholder funds (5) ​ $ (397.9) Future policy benefits and claims (6) ​ 7,143.4 Market risk benefit liability (3) ​ 663.5 Other policyholder funds (7) ​ 48.8 Deferred income taxes ​ (1,519.1) Total liabilities ​ 5,938.7 Stockholders’ equity ​ Retained earnings ​ (159.9) Accumulated other comprehensive income ​ (5,128.0) Total stockholders’ equity ​ (5,287.9) Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity ​ $ 650.8 (1) Reflects the impact on our investment in Brasilprev Seguros e Previdencia, which is accounted for using the equity method. (2) Includes the impact on the cost of reinsurance asset. (3) This is a new line item on the consolidated statements of financial position as a result of implementing LDTI. These contract features were previously recorded as embedded derivatives within contractholder funds or additional liabilities for certain benefit features within future policy benefits and claims on the consolidated statements of financial position. (4) Reflects the impact on the sales inducement asset. (5) Reflects the impact of contract features previously recorded as embedded derivatives that are recorded as MRBs under LDTI. (6) Includes the impact on the liability for future policy benefits and cost of reinsurance liability. Also includes the impact on contract features classified as additional liabilities for certain benefit features that are recorded as MRBs under LDTI. (7) Reflects the impact on the unearned revenue liability. The disaggregated rollforwards below reconcile the ending asset or liability balances as of December 31, 2020, to the opening balance as of January 1, 2021, which is the earliest period presented within the consolidated financial statements, for those balances impacted by LDTI with associated disaggregated disclosure requirements. The level of aggregation presented within the rollforwards is consistent with the disaggregated rollforwards required by the guidance. The balances as of December 31, 2020, shown in the rollforwards below, do not equal amounts reported on the consolidated statements of financial position as they do not include balances for short-duration contracts, insignificant balances not included in our levels of aggregation for disclosures and other amounts not within the scope of the disaggregated rollforwards. Deferred Acquisition Costs ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ for reversal of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance as of ​ unrealized loss ​ Balance as of ​ December 31, 2020 from AOCI (1) January 1, 2021 (2) ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ Workplace savings and retirement solutions ​ $ 424.6 ​ $ 52.6 ​ $ 477.2 Individual variable annuities ​ 281.7 ​ 0.2 ​ 281.9 Pension risk transfer (3) ​ — ​ — ​ — Individual fixed deferred annuities ​ 11.5 ​ 181.2 ​ 192.7 Investment only ​ 12.6 ​ — ​ 12.6 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 730.4 ​ 234.0 ​ 964.4 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ 529.8 ​ — ​ 529.8 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 1,443.0 ​ 165.3 ​ 1,608.3 Term life ​ 607.9 ​ — ​ 607.9 Participating life ​ 60.3 ​ 51.6 ​ 111.9 Total Benefits and Protection ​ 2,641.0 ​ 216.9 ​ 2,857.9 Total ​ $ 3,371.4 ​ $ 450.9 ​ $ 3,822.3 (1) Prior period adjustments in AOCI were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI. (2) Does not include DAC for short-duration contracts or insignificant balances for long-duration contracts not included in our levels of aggregation for disclosures. Refer to Note 5, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances, for further information on DAC. (3) This product began recording DAC upon implementing LDTI. The balances and changes in DAC for 2021 for each level of aggregation were as follows: Retirement and Income Solutions ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ Workplace ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ savings and ​ Individual ​ Pension ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ retirement variable risk fixed deferred Investment ​ ​ solutions ​ annuities ​ transfer (1) ​ annuities ​ only ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 477.2 ​ $ 281.9 ​ $ — ​ $ 192.7 ​ $ 12.6 Costs deferred ​ 50.1 ​ 26.4 ​ 2.7 ​ 7.6 ​ 9.1 Amortized to expense ​ (38.3) ​ (27.1) ​ — ​ (38.1) ​ (3.6) Balance at end of period ​ $ 489.0 ​ $ 281.2 ​ $ 2.7 ​ $ 162.2 ​ $ 18.1 (1) Amortization during 2021 was nominal. Benefits and Protection ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ Specialty ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits ​ Life Insurance ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ disability Universal life Term life Participating life ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 529.8 ​ $ 1,608.3 ​ $ 607.9 ​ $ 111.9 Costs deferred ​ 89.8 ​ 84.3 ​ 126.5 ​ 1.9 Amortized to expense ​ (38.9) ​ (96.4) ​ (55.5) ​ (11.5) Balance at end of period ​ $ 580.7 ​ $ 1,596.2 ​ $ 678.9 ​ $ 102.3 ​ Unearned Revenue Liability ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ for reversal of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance as of ​ unrealized gain ​ Balance as of ​ December 31, 2020 from AOCI (1) January 1, 2021 (2) ​ ​ (in millions) Benefits and Protection - Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ $ 335.6 ​ $ 48.8 ​ $ 384.4 Total ​ $ 335.6 ​ $ 48.8 ​ $ 384.4 (1) Prior period adjustments in AOCI were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI. (2) Reported within other policyholder funds in the consolidated statements of financial position. Refer to Note 5, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances, for further information on the unearned revenue liability. Benefits and Protection The balances and changes in the unearned revenue liability for 2021 for Life Insurance – Universal life were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended ​ ​ December 31, 2021 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 384.4 Deferrals ​ 66.1 Revenue recognized ​ (25.2) Balance at end of period ​ $ 425.3 ​ Liability for Future Policy Benefits ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Effect of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment ​ remeasurement ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment ​ under the ​ of the liability ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance as of ​ for reversal of ​ modified ​ at the current ​ Balance as of ​ ​ December 31, ​ unrealized loss ​ retrospective ​ discount ​ January 1, ​ 2020 from AOCI (1) approach (2) rate (3) 2021 (4) ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pension risk transfer ​ $ 21,982.8 ​ $ (947.0) ​ $ — ​ $ 4,827.9 ​ $ 25,863.7 Individual fixed income annuities ​ 6,147.2 ​ (215.0) ​ 0.1 ​ 1,213.5 ​ 7,145.8 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 28,130.0 ​ (1,162.0) ​ 0.1 ​ 6,041.4 ​ 33,009.5 Principal Asset Management - Principal International

Variable Interest Entities

Variable Interest Entities	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Variable Interest Entities
Variable Interest Entities	2. Variable Interest Entities We have relationships with various types of entities which may be VIEs. Certain VIEs are consolidated in our financial results. See Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies, under the caption “Consolidation” for further details of our consolidation accounting policies. We did not provide financial or other support to investees designated as VIEs for the periods ended September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Consolidated Variable Interest Entities Mandatory Retirement Savings Funds We hold an equity interest in Chilean mandatory privatized social security funds in which we provide asset management services. We determined the mandatory privatized social security funds, which also include contributions for voluntary pension savings, voluntary non-pension savings and compensation savings accounts, are VIEs. This is because the equity holders as a group lack the power, due to voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and also because equity investors are protected from below-average market investment returns relative to the industry’s return, due to a regulatory guarantee that we provide. Further, we concluded we are the primary beneficiary through our power to make decisions and our significant variable interest in the funds. The purpose of the funds, which reside in legally segregated entities, is to provide long-term retirement savings. The obligation to the customer is directly related to the assets held in the funds and, as such, we present the assets as separate account assets and the obligation as separate account liabilities within our consolidated statements of financial position. Principal International Hong Kong offers retirement pension schemes in which we provide trustee, administration and asset management services to employers and employees under the Hong Kong Mandatory Provident Fund and Occupational Retirement Schemes Ordinance pension schemes. Each pension scheme has various guaranteed and non-guaranteed constituent funds, or investment options, in which customers can invest their money. The guaranteed funds provide either a guaranteed rate of return to the customer or a minimum guarantee on withdrawals under certain qualifying events. We determined the guaranteed funds are VIEs due to the fact the equity holders, as a group, lack the obligation to absorb expected losses due to the guarantee we provide. We concluded we are the primary beneficiary because we have the power to make decisions and to receive benefits and the obligation to absorb losses that could be potentially significant to the VIE. Therefore, we consolidate the underlying assets and liabilities of the funds and present as separate accounts or within the general account, depending on the terms of the guarantee. Real Estate We invest in several real estate limited partnerships and limited liability companies. The entities invest in real estate properties. Certain of these entities are VIEs based on the combination of our significant economic interest and related voting rights. We determined we are the primary beneficiary as a result of our power to control the entities through our significant ownership. Due to the nature of these real estate investments, the investment balance will fluctuate as we purchase and sell interests in the entities and as capital expenditures are made to improve the underlying real estate. Sponsored Investment Funds We sponsor and invest in certain investment funds for which we provide asset management services. Although our asset management fee is commensurate with the services provided and consistent with fees for similar services negotiated at arms-length, we have a variable interest for funds where our other interests are more than insignificant. The funds are VIEs as the equity holders lack power through voting rights to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact its economic performance. We determined we are the primary beneficiary of the VIEs where our interest in the entity is more than insignificant and we are the asset manager. Residential Mortgage Loans We invest in asset-backed securities (“ABS”) trusts. The trusts issue various collateralized mortgage obligation certificates and purchase residential mortgage loans. The trusts are considered VIEs due to insufficient equity to sustain themselves. We concluded we are the primary beneficiary as we purchase substantially all of the certificates and have the obligation to absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIEs. We deconsolidated trusts during the second quarter of 2023 and the fourth quarter of 2022 as we no longer held substantially all of the certificates. Asset-Backed Limited Partnership We invest in an ABS limited partnership. The limited partnership issues multiple notes and purchases consumer loans, auto loans, other loans and credit facilities. The limited partnership is considered a VIE due to insufficient equity to sustain itself. We concluded we are the primary beneficiary as we have purchased all of the notes and have the obligation to absorb losses and residual returns that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated Variable Interest Entities The carrying amounts of our consolidated VIE assets, which can only be used to settle obligations of consolidated VIEs, and liabilities of consolidated VIEs for which creditors do not have recourse were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Total ​ Total ​ Total ​ Total ​ assets liabilities assets liabilities ​ ​ (in millions) Mandatory retirement savings funds (1) ​ $ 33,189.6 ​ $ 32,847.0 ​ $ 34,876.9 ​ $ 34,528.3 Real estate (2) ​ 844.0 ​ 52.6 ​ 689.6 ​ 42.2 Sponsored investment funds (3) ​ 516.7 ​ 10.6 ​ 471.4 ​ 2.6 Residential mortgage loans (4) ​ 1,082.9 ​ 23.1 ​ 1,182.6 ​ 41.8 Asset-backed limited partnership (5) ​ ​ 115.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Total ​ $ 35,748.2 ​ $ 32,933.3 ​ $ 37,220.5 ​ $ 34,614.9 (1) The assets of the mandatory retirement savings funds primarily include separate account assets and equity securities. The liabilities primarily include separate account liabilities and contractholder funds. (2) The assets of the real estate VIEs primarily include real estate, other investments and cash. Liabilities primarily include other liabilities. (3) The assets of sponsored investment funds are primarily fixed maturities and equity securities, certain of which are reported with other investments, and cash. The consolidated statements of financial position included a $237.1 million and $235.3 million redeemable noncontrolling interest for sponsored investment funds as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. (4) The assets of the residential mortgage loans VIEs primarily include residential mortgage loans. The liabilities primarily include other liabilities. (5) The assets of the asset-backed limited partnership VIE primarily include consumer loans, auto loans, other loans and credit facilities. These assets are reported with other investments and fixed maturities, trading on the consolidated statements of financial position. As of September 30, 2023, unfunded commitments to the VIE were $ 135.0 million. Unfunded commitments are not liabilities on our consolidated statements of financial position because we are only required to fund additional capital when called upon to do so by the investment manager. Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities We hold a variable interest in a number of VIEs where we are not the primary beneficiary. Our investments in these VIEs are reported in fixed maturities, available-for-sale; fixed maturities, trading; equity securities and other investments in the consolidated statements of financial position and are described below. Unconsolidated VIEs include certain commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities (“RMBS”) and other ABS. All of these entities were deemed VIEs because the equity within these entities is insufficient to sustain them. We determined we are not the primary beneficiary in the entities within these categories of investments. This determination was based primarily on the fact we do not own the class of security that controls the unilateral right to replace the special servicer or equivalent function. We invest in cash collateralized debt obligations, collateralized bond obligations, collateralized loan obligations and other collateralized structures, which are VIEs due to insufficient equity to sustain the entities. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary of these entities primarily because we do not control the economic performance of the entities and were not involved with the design of the entities or because we do not have a potentially significant variable interest in the entities for which we are the asset manager. We have invested in various VIE trusts and similar entities as a debt holder. Most of these entities are classified as VIEs due to insufficient equity to sustain them. In addition, we have an entity classified as a VIE based on the combination of our significant economic interest and lack of voting rights. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary primarily because we do not control the economic performance of the entities and were not involved with the design of the entities. We have invested in partnerships and other funds, which are classified as VIEs. The entities are VIEs as equity holders lack the power to control the most significant activities of the entities because the equity holders do not have either the ability by a simple majority to exercise substantive kick-out rights or substantive participating rights. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary because we do not have the power to direct the most significant activities of the entities. As previously discussed, we sponsor and invest in certain investment funds that are VIEs. We determined we are not the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for which we are the asset manager but do not have a potentially significant variable interest in the funds. We hold an equity interest in Mexican mandatory privatized social security funds in which we provide asset management services. Our equity interest in the funds is considered a variable interest. We concluded the funds are VIEs because the equity holders as a group lack decision-making ability through their voting rights. We are not the primary beneficiary of the VIEs because although we, as the asset manager, have the power to direct the activities of the VIEs, we do not have a potentially significant variable interest in the funds. The carrying value and maximum loss exposure for our unconsolidated VIEs were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Maximum exposure to ​ Asset carrying value loss (1) ​ ​ (in millions) September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate ​ $ 260.7 ​ $ 313.7 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 2,683.7 ​ ​ 2,978.7 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 4,659.6 ​ ​ 5,438.8 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 5,133.8 ​ ​ 5,232.7 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 7,219.5 ​ ​ 8,684.2 Fixed maturities, trading: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 10.1 ​ ​ 10.1 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 53.3 ​ ​ 53.3 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 3.0 ​ ​ 3.0 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 138.6 ​ ​ 138.6 Equity securities ​ ​ 108.0 ​ ​ 108.0 Other investments: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other limited partnership and fund interests (3) ​ ​ 1,838.6 ​ ​ 3,215.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate ​ $ 111.8 ​ $ 127.2 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 2,228.7 ​ ​ 2,420.6 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 4,864.6 ​ ​ 5,572.2 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 4,566.4 ​ ​ 4,820.0 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 6,507.6 ​ ​ 7,566.2 Fixed maturities, trading: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 5.4 ​ ​ 5.4 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 83.4 ​ ​ 83.4 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 5.7 ​ ​ 5.7 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 80.0 ​ ​ 80.0 Equity securities ​ ​ 99.8 ​ 99.8 Other investments: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other limited partnership and fund interests (3) ​ ​ 1,473.5 ​ ​ 2,434.9 (1) Our risk of loss is limited to our initial investment measured at amortized cost for fixed maturities, available-for-sale, plus any unfunded commitments and/or guarantees and similar provisions for collateralized debt obligations and other debt obligations. Our risk of loss is limited to our investment measured at fair value for our fixed maturities, trading and equity securities. Our risk of loss is limited to our carrying value plus any unfunded commitments and/or guarantees and similar provisions for our other investments. A carrying value of zero is used if distributions have been received in excess of our investment, resulting in a negative carrying value for the investment. Unfunded commitments are not liabilities on our consolidated statements of financial position because we are only required to fund additional equity when called upon to do so by the general partner or investment manager. (2) Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans. (3) As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the maximum exposure to loss for other limited partnership and fund interests includes $241.4 million and $144.3 million, respectively, of debt within certain of our managed international real estate funds that is fully secured by assets whose value exceeds the amount of the debt, but also includes recourse to the investment manager. Money Market Funds We are the investment manager for certain money market mutual funds. These types of funds are exempt from assessment under any consolidation model due to a scope exception for money market funds registered under Rule 2a-7 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 or similar funds. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, money market mutual funds we manage held $4.2 billion in total assets. We have no contractual obligation to contribute to these funds; however, we provide support through the waiver of fees and through expense reimbursements. The amount of fees waived and expenses reimbursed was insignificant.

Investments

Investments	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Investments
Investments	3. Investments Our investments include assets backing reserves as part of a coinsurance with funds withheld agreement. The funds withheld invested assets are reported within their respective line items, primarily consisting of fixed maturities available-for-sale, mortgage loans and other investments. See Note 10, Reinsurance, for more information on the funds withheld invested assets. Fixed Maturities and Equity Securities Fixed maturities include bonds, ABS, redeemable preferred stock and certain non-redeemable preferred securities. Equity securities include mutual funds, common stock, non-redeemable preferred stock and required regulatory investments. We classify fixed maturities as either available-for-sale or trading at the time of the purchase and, accordingly, carry them at fair value. Equity securities are also carried at fair value. See Note 16, Fair Value Measurements, for methodologies related to the determination of fair value. Unrealized gains and losses related to fixed maturities, available-for-sale, excluding those in fair value hedging relationships, are reflected in stockholders’ equity, net of adjustments associated with related actuarial balances, derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships and applicable income taxes. Mark-to-market adjustments on certain equity securities and mark-to-market adjustments on certain fixed maturities, trading are reflected in net realized capital gains (losses). Mark-to-market adjustments on certain fixed maturities, trading are reflected in market risk benefit remeasurement (gain) loss. Unrealized gains and losses related to hedged portions of fixed maturities, available-for-sale in fair value hedging relationships are reflected in net investment income. Mark-to-market adjustments related to certain securities carried at fair value with an investment objective to realize economic value through mark-to-market changes are reflected in net investment income. The amortized cost of fixed maturities includes cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and discounts, computed using the interest method. The amortized cost of fixed maturities, available-for-sale is adjusted for changes in fair value of the hedged portions of securities in fair value hedging relationships and excludes accrued interest receivable. Accrued interest receivable is reported in accrued investment income on the consolidated statements of financial position. Fixed maturities, available-for-sale are subject to an allowance for credit loss and changes in the allowance are reported in net income as a component of net realized capital gains (losses). Interest income, as well as prepayment fees and the amortization of the related premium or discount, is reported in net investment income. For loan-backed and structured securities, we recognize income using a constant effective yield based on currently anticipated cash flows. The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit loss and fair value of fixed maturities, available-for-sale were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross ​ Gross ​ Allowance ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amortized ​ unrealized ​ unrealized ​ for credit ​ ​ ​ ​ cost (1) gains losses loss Fair value ​ ​ (in millions) September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 1,772.3 ​ $ — ​ $ 313.5 ​ $ — ​ $ 1,458.8 Non-U.S. governments ​ ​ 552.8 ​ ​ 12.9 ​ ​ 87.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 478.4 States and political subdivisions ​ ​ 7,724.8 ​ ​ 1.7 ​ ​ 1,455.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,271.0 Corporate ​ ​ 38,898.2 ​ ​ 200.6 ​ ​ 5,422.5 ​ ​ 6.4 ​ ​ 33,669.9 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 2,978.7 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 295.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2,683.7 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 5,438.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 779.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,659.6 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 5,135.3 ​ ​ 41.4 ​ ​ 42.9 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 5,133.8 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 8,062.8 ​ ​ 5.8 ​ ​ 841.7 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 7,226.8 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ 70,563.7 ​ $ 262.5 ​ $ 9,237.7 ​ $ 6.5 ​ $ 61,582.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross ​ Gross ​ Allowance ​ ​ ​ ​ Amortized ​ unrealized ​ unrealized ​ for credit ​ ​ ​ cost (1) gains losses loss Fair value ​ ​ (in millions) December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 1,990.9 ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ 251.2 ​ $ — ​ $ 1,739.8 Non-U.S. governments ​ ​ 611.2 ​ ​ 20.9 ​ ​ 64.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 567.3 States and political subdivisions ​ ​ 7,355.4 ​ ​ 13.7 ​ ​ 1,136.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,232.3 Corporate ​ ​ 40,370.4 ​ ​ 461.0 ​ ​ 4,640.5 ​ ​ 7.7 ​ ​ 36,183.2 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 2,420.6 ​ ​ 6.2 ​ ​ 198.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2,228.7 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 5,572.2 ​ ​ 0.5 ​ ​ 708.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,864.6 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 4,705.6 ​ ​ 4.5 ​ ​ 143.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,566.4 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 7,236.8 ​ ​ 5.7 ​ ​ 734.8 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 6,507.6 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ 70,263.1 ​ $ 512.6 ​ $ 7,878.0 ​ $ 7.8 ​ $ 62,889.9 (1) Amortized cost excludes accrued interest receivable of $650.0 million and $578.0 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. (2) Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans. The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities, available-for-sale as of September 30, 2023, by expected maturity, were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amortized cost Fair value ​ ​ (in millions) Due in one year or less ​ $ 1,282.4 ​ $ 1,265.7 Due after one year through five years ​ ​ 9,308.1 ​ ​ 8,904.5 Due after five years through ten years ​ ​ 10,066.3 ​ ​ 9,016.4 Due after ten years ​ ​ 28,291.3 ​ ​ 22,691.5 Subtotal ​ ​ 48,948.1 ​ ​ 41,878.1 Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities ​ ​ 21,615.6 ​ ​ 19,703.9 Total ​ $ 70,563.7 ​ $ 61,582.0 ​ Actual maturities may differ because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Our portfolio is diversified by industry, issuer and asset class. Credit concentrations are managed to established limits. Net Realized Capital Gains and Losses Net realized capital gains and losses on sales of investments are determined on the basis of specific identification. In general, in addition to realized capital gains and losses on investment sales and periodic settlements on derivatives not designated as hedges, we report gains and losses related to the following in net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations: mark-to-market adjustments on certain equity securities, mark-to-market adjustments on certain fixed maturities, trading, mark-to-market adjustments on sponsored investment funds, mark-to-market adjustments on derivatives not designated as hedges, cash flow hedge gains (losses) when the hedged item impacts realized capital gains (losses), changes in the valuation allowance for fixed maturities available-for-sale and certain financing receivables, impairments of real estate held for investment and impairments on equity method investments. Investment gains and losses on sales of certain real estate held for sale due to investment strategy and mark-to-market adjustments on certain securities carried at fair value with an investment objective to realize economic value through mark-to-market changes are reported as net investment income and are excluded from net realized capital gains (losses). The major components of net realized capital gains (losses) on investments are shown below and are net of amounts on funds withheld invested assets that are passed directly to the reinsurer. See Note 10, Reinsurance, for further details. The amounts below do not include net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets that are not passed to the reinsurer, which are separately reported on the consolidated statements of operations. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross gains ​ $ 8.4 ​ $ 20.0 ​ $ 49.1 ​ $ 26.0 Gross losses ​ (17.7) ​ (50.7) ​ (92.5) ​ (163.3) Net credit recoveries (losses) ​ 1.0 ​ 4.3 ​ (19.8) ​ (5.8) Hedging, net (1) ​ (1.7) ​ — ​ (2.3) ​ (0.7) Fixed maturities, trading (2) ​ (6.4) ​ (12.3) ​ (11.6) ​ (21.8) Equity securities (3) ​ 29.6 ​ (37.1) ​ 32.3 ​ (187.5) Mortgage loans ​ (8.1) ​ (2.5) ​ (82.4) ​ (19.3) Derivatives (1) ​ 91.2 ​ 74.2 ​ 54.8 ​ 178.7 Other ​ 83.0 ​ (23.3) ​ 112.9 ​ (159.7) Net realized capital gains (losses) ​ $ 179.3 ​ $ (27.4) ​ $ 40.5 ​ $ (353.4) (1) The change in fair value of fixed maturities, available-for-sale and the change in fair value of derivative hedging instruments in fair value hedging relationships are reported in net investment income with the earnings effect of fixed maturities, available-for-sale. Gains (losses) for fixed maturities, available-for-sale related to terminated cash flow hedges continue to be reflected in net realized capital gains (losses). (2) Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, trading still held at the reporting date were $(6.6) million and $(5.8) million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $(13.0) million and $(12.0) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This excludes $(1.1) million and $(4.3) million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0.1 million and $(17.3) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of unrealized gains (losses) that were reported in market risk benefit remeasurement (gain) loss. In addition, this excludes $(4.9) million and $0.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $(6.7) million and $0.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, that were reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets. (3) Unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities still held at the reporting date were $33.0 million and $(37.1) million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $40.6 million and $(184.0) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This excludes $(2.0) million and $(7.2) million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respective ly, and $4.3 million and $(17.7) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of unrealized gains (losses) that were reported in net investment income. In addition, this excludes $0.0 million and $0.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $1.7 million and $0.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, that were reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets. Proceeds from sales of investments (excluding call and maturity proceeds) in fixed maturities, available-for-sale were $755.4 million and $2,989.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and $3,852.5 million and $10,531.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Allowance for Credit Loss We have a process in place to identify fixed maturity securities that could potentially require an allowance for credit loss. This process involves monitoring market events that could impact issuers’ credit ratings, business climate, management changes, litigation and government actions and other similar factors. This process also involves monitoring late payments, pricing levels, downgrades by rating agencies, key financial ratios, financial statements, revenue forecasts and cash flow projections as indicators of credit issues. Each reporting period, all securities in an unrealized loss position are reviewed to determine whether a decline in value is due to credit. Relevant facts and circumstances considered include: (1) the extent the fair value is below cost; (2) the reasons for the decline in value; (3) the financial position and access to capital of the issuer, including the current and future impact of any specific events and (4) for structured securities, the adequacy of the expected cash flows. To the extent we determine an unrealized loss is due to credit, an allowance for credit loss is recognized through a reduction to net income. We estimate the amount of the allowance for credit loss as the difference between amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. The present value is determined using the best estimate cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit to the security at the date of purchase or the current yield to accrete an asset-backed or floating rate security. The methodology and assumptions for establishing the best estimate cash flows vary depending on the type of security. The ABS cash flow estimates are based on security specific facts and circumstances that may include collateral characteristics, expectations of delinquency and default rates, loss severity and prepayment speeds and structural support, including subordination and guarantees. The corporate security cash flow estimates are derived from scenario-based outcomes of expected corporate restructurings or liquidations using bond specific facts and circumstances including timing, security interests and loss severity. We do not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued interest receivable because we write off the accrued interest receivable balance to net investment income in a timely manner when we have concern regarding collectability. Amounts on fixed maturities, available-for-sale deemed to be uncollectible are written off and removed from the allowance for credit loss. A write-off may also occur if we intend to sell a security or whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost which, in some cases, may extend to maturity. ​ A rollforward of the allowance for credit loss by major security type was as follows. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ mortgage- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ backed ​ Commercial ​ Collateralized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. ​ ​ ​ ​ States and ​ ​ ​ ​ pass- ​ mortgage- ​ debt ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ government ​ Non-U.S. ​ political ​ ​ ​ ​ through ​ backed ​ obligations ​ debt ​ ​ ​ ​ and agencies governments subdivisions Corporate securities securities (1) obligations Total ​ ​ (in millions) Beginning balance ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 8.4 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ 8.5 Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.5) Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.5) Ending balance ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 6.4 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ 6.5 Accrued interest written off to net investment income ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 0.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ mortgage- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ backed ​ Commercial ​ Collateralized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. ​ ​ ​ ​ States and ​ ​ ​ ​ pass- ​ mortgage- ​ debt ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ government ​ Non-U.S. ​ political ​ ​ ​ ​ through ​ backed ​ obligations ​ debt ​ ​ ​ ​ and agencies governments subdivisions Corporate securities securities (1) obligations Total ​ ​ (in millions) Beginning balance ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 12.5 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 12.5 Additions for credit losses not previously recorded ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 1.8 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 0.1 ​ 1.9 Reductions for securities sold during the period ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (1.2) ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (1.2) Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (6.4) ​ — ​ 0.2 ​ — ​ — ​ (6.2) Write-offs charged against allowance ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (0.2) ​ — ​ — ​ (0.2) Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 0.1 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 0.1 Ending balance ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 6.8 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ 6.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ mortgage- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ backed ​ Commercial ​ Collateralized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. ​ ​ ​ ​ States and ​ ​ ​ ​ pass- ​ mortgage- ​ debt ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ government ​ Non-U.S. ​ political ​ ​ ​ ​ through ​ backed ​ obligations ​ debt ​ ​ ​ ​ and agencies governments subdivisions Corporate securities securities (1) obligations Total ​ ​ (in millions) Beginning balance ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 7.7 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ 7.8 Additions for credit losses not previously recorded ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 6.2 ​ ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 6.2 Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (7.5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (7.5) Ending balance $ — $ — $ — $ 6.4 ​ $ — $ — $ — $ 0.1 $ 6.5 Accrued interest written off to net investment income $ — $ — $ — $ 0.1 ​ $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 0.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ mortgage- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ backed ​ Commercial ​ Collateralized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. ​ ​ ​ ​ States and ​ ​ ​ ​ pass- ​ mortgage- ​ debt ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ government ​ Non-U.S. ​ political ​ ​ ​ ​ through ​ backed ​ obligations ​ debt ​ ​ ​ ​ and agencies governments subdivisions Corporate securities securities (1) obligations Total ​ ​ (in millions) Beginning balance $ — $ — $ — $ 15.1 ​ $ — $ 0.3 $ — $ 0.1 $ 15.5 Additions for credit losses not previously recorded ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 5.0 ​ ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 0.1 ​ 5.1 Reductions for securities sold during the period ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (8.7) ​ ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (8.7) Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (3.4) ​ ​ — ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (3.4) Write-offs charged against allowance ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ (0.4) Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.2) Ending balance $ — $ — $ — $ 6.8 ​ $ — $ — $ — $ 0.1 $ 6.9 (1) Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans. During 2022, we did not write off any accrued interest to net investment income. Available-for-Sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions Without an Allowance for Credit Loss For available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded, the gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ ​ Less than ​ Greater than or ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ twelve months ​ equal to twelve months ​ Total ​ ​ Gross ​ Gross ​ Gross ​ ​ Fair ​ unrealized ​ Fair ​ unrealized ​ Fair ​ unrealized ​ ​ value ​ losses ​ value ​ losses ​ value ​ losses ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (1): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 391.1 ​ $ 11.5 ​ $ 1,052.8 ​ $ 302.0 ​ $ 1,443.9 ​ $ 313.5 Non-U.S. governments ​ ​ 55.2 ​ ​ 6.6 ​ ​ 307.9 ​ ​ 80.8 ​ ​ 363.1 ​ ​ 87.4 States and political subdivisions ​ ​ 1,258.4 ​ ​ 106.6 ​ ​ 4,756.6 ​ ​ 1,348.9 ​ ​ 6,015.0 ​ ​ 1,455.5 Corporate ​ ​ 7,731.5 ​ ​ 548.3 ​ ​ 21,781.1 ​ ​ 4,872.0 ​ ​ 29,512.6 ​ ​ 5,420.3 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 1,427.7 ​ ​ 63.7 ​ ​ 1,236.4 ​ ​ 231.4 ​ ​ 2,664.1 ​ ​ 295.1 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 438.7 ​ ​ 13.9 ​ ​ 4,156.5 ​ ​ 762.7 ​ ​ 4,595.2 ​ ​ 776.6 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 258.4 ​ ​ 2.6 ​ ​ 2,530.2 ​ ​ 41.5 ​ ​ 2,788.6 ​ ​ 44.1 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 2,265.5 ​ ​ 65.7 ​ ​ 4,410.6 ​ ​ 775.7 ​ ​ 6,676.1 ​ ​ 841.4 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ 13,826.5 ​ $ 818.9 ​ $ 40,232.1 ​ $ 8,415.0 ​ $ 54,058.6 ​ $ 9,233.9 (1) Fair value and gross unrealized losses are excluded for available-for-sale securities for which an allowance for credit loss has been recorded. (2) Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans. Of the total amounts, Principal Life Insurance Company’s (“Principal Life”) consolidated portfolio represented $52,116.4 million in available-for-sale fixed maturities with gross unrealized losses of $8,988.5 million. Of the available-for-sale fixed maturities within Principal Life’s consolidated portfolio in a gross unrealized loss position, 95% were investment grade (rated AAA through BBB-) with an average price of 85 (carrying value/amortized cost) as of September 30, 2023. Gross unrealized losses in our fixed maturities portfolio increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to an increase in interest rates, partially offset by a tightening of credit spreads. For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months, Principal Life’s consolidated portfolio held 2,321 securities with a carrying value of $12,608.0 million and unrealized losses of $737.2 million reflecting an average price of 94 as of September 30, 2023. Of this portfolio, 90% was investment grade (rated AAA through BBB-) as of September 30, 2023, with associated unrealized losses of $712.2 million. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired. For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position greater than or equal to twelve months, Principal Life’s consolidated portfolio held 7,223 securities with a carrying value of $39,508.4 million and unrealized losses of $8,251.3 million as of September 30, 2023. The average credit rating of this portfolio was A with an average price of 83 as of September 30, 2023. Of the $8,251.3 million in unrealized losses, the corporate sector accounts for $4,735.6 million in unrealized losses with an average price of 82 and an average credit rating of BBB+. Furthermore, unrealized losses include $1,337.1 million within the states and political subdivision sector with an average price of 78 and an average credit rating of AA-; $757.4 million within the CMBS sector with an average price of 84 and an average credit rating of AA; and $612.3 million within the collateralized mortgage obligation security sector with an average price of 80 and an average credit rating of AAA. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired. Because we expected to recover our amortized cost, we did not record an allowance for credit loss on these securities as of September 30, 2023. Because it was not our intent to sell the fixed maturity available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses and it was not more likely than not that we would be required to sell these securities before recovery of the amortized cost, which may be at maturity, we did not write down these investments to fair value. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Less than ​ Greater than or ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ twelve months ​ equal to twelve months ​ Total ​ ​ Gross ​ ​ Gross ​ Gross ​ ​ Fair ​ unrealized ​ Fair ​ unrealized ​ Fair ​ unrealized ​ ​ value ​ losses ​ value ​ losses ​ value ​ losses ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (1): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 1,528.3 ​ $ 209.4 ​ $ 181.5 ​ $ 41.8 ​ $ 1,709.8 ​ $ 251.2 Non-U.S. governments ​ 407.5 ​ ​ 57.7 ​ ​ 19.9 ​ ​ 7.1 ​ ​ 427.4 ​ ​ 64.8 States and political subdivisions ​ 5,303.5 ​ 1,008.9 ​ 391.9 ​ 127.8 ​ 5,695.4 ​ 1,136.7 Corporate ​ 27,309.5 ​ 3,944.6 ​ 2,944.1 ​ 698.0 ​ 30,253.6 ​ 4,642.6 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ 1,201.7 ​ 97.5 ​ 574.8 ​ 105.7 ​ 1,776.5 ​ 203.2 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 3,648.5 ​ 484.0 ​ 1,124.8 ​ 222.5 ​ 4,773.3 ​ 706.5 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ 2,832.2 ​ 89.0 ​ 1,330.1 ​ 54.7 ​ 4,162.3 ​ 143.7 Other debt obligations ​ 3,419.8 ​ 292.0 ​ 2,283.8 ​ 437.6 ​ 5,703.6 ​ 729.6 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ 45,651.0 ​ $ 6,183.1 ​ $ 8,850.9 ​ $ 1,695.2 ​ $ 54,501.9 ​ $ 7,878.3 (1) Fair value and gross unrealized losses are excluded for available-for-sale securities for which an allowance for credit loss has been recorded. (2) Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans. Of the total amounts, Principal Life’s consolidated portfolio represented $53,353.1 million in available-for-sale fixed maturities with gross unrealized losses of $7,741.4 million. Of the available-for-sale fixed maturities within Principal Life’s consolidated portfolio in a gross unrealized loss position, 94% were investment grade (rated AAA through BBB-) with an average price of 87 (carrying value/amortized cost) as of December 31, 2022. Gross unrealized losses in our fixed maturities portfolio increased during the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in interest rates and a widening of credit spreads. For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months, Principal Life’s consolidated portfolio held 7,589 securities with a carrying value of $44,857.0 million and unrealized losses of $6,096.3 million reflecting an average price of 88 as of December 31, 2022. Of this portfolio, 95% was investment grade (rated AAA through BBB-) as of December 31, 2022, with associated unrealized losses of $5,920.4 million. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired. For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position greater than or equal to twelve months, Principal Life’s consolidated portfolio held 1,654 securities with a carrying value of $8,496.1 million and unrealized losses of $1,645.1 million as of December 31, 2022. The average credit rating of this portfolio was AA- with an average price of 84 as of December 31, 2022. Of the $1,645.1 million in unrealized losses, the corporate sector accounts for $654.9 million in unrealized losses with an average price of 80 and an average credit rating of BBB+. Furthermore, unrealized losses include $320.2 million within the collateralized mortgage obligation security sector with an average price of 81 and an average credit rating of AAA; $220.9 million within the CMBS sector with an average price of 83 and an average credit rating of AA+; and $126.8 million within the states and political subdivision sector with an average price of 75 and an average credit rating of AA-. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired. Because we expected to recover our amortized cost, we did not record an allowance for credit loss on these securities as of December 31, 2022. Because it was not our intent to sell the fixed maturity available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses and it was not more likely than not that we would be required to sell these securities before recovery of the amortized cost, which may be at maturity, we did not write down these investments to fair value. Net Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities and Derivative Instruments The net unrealized gains and losses on investments in available-for-sale securities and the net unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments in cash flow hedge relationships are reported as separate components of stockholders’ equity. The cumulative amount of net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities and derivative instruments in cash flow hedge relationships net of adjustments related to actuarial balances, policyholder liabilities, noncontrolling interest and applicable income taxes was as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Net unrealized losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale (1) ​ $ (9,086.6) ​ $ (7,445.7) Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments ​ 25.2 ​ 50.7 Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns ​ (5.1) ​ (1.7) Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities ​ 1.4 ​ 0.5 Net unrealized gains on other investments and noncontrolling interest adjustments ​ 22.4 ​ 7.9 Provision for deferred income tax benefits ​ 1,930.1 ​ 1,570.1 Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities and derivative instruments ​ $ (7,112.6) ​ $ (5,818.2) (1) Excludes net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, available-for-sale included in fair value hedging relationships. Financing Receivables Mortgage Loans Mortgage loans consist of commercial and residential mortgage loans. Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio consists primarily of non-recourse, fixed rate mortgages on stabilized properties. Our residential mortgage loan portfolio is composed of first lien and home equity mortgages concentrated in Chile and the United States. Commercial and residential mortgage loans are generally reported at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accrual of discounts, computed using the interest method and net of valuation allowances. Amortized cost excludes accrued interest receivable. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the loan based on the loan’s contractual interest rate. Interest income, as well as prepayment of fees and the amortization of the related premium or discount, is reported in net investment income on the consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest receivable is reported in accrued investment income on the consolidated statements of financial position. Any changes in the loan valuation allowances are reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations. Further details relating to our valuation allowance are included under the caption “Financing Receivables Valuation Allowance.” Direct Financing Leases Our direct financing leases are concentrated in Chile. Our Chilean operations enter into private placement contracts for commercial, industrial and office space properties whereby our Chilean operations purchase the real estate and/or building from the seller-lessee but then lease the property back to the seller-lessee. Ownership of the property is transferred to the lessee by the end of the lease term. Direct financing leases are reported as a component of other investments in the consolidated statements of financial position. Reinsurance Recoverable and Deposit Receivable Our reinsurance recoverables include amounts due from reinsurers for paid or unpaid claims, claims incurred but not reported or policy benefits. We cede life, disability, medical and long-term care insurance as well as fixed annuity contracts with significant life insurance risk to other insurance companies through reinsurance. Deposit receivables include amounts due from the reinsurer for fixed annuity contracts without significant life insurance risk recorded using the deposit method of accounting. Other Loans Our other loans include consumer, auto and other loans (“other loans”) of a consolidated VIE for which the fair value option was elected. Other loans are generally subject to amortized cost accounting and a valuation allowance if the fair value option is not elected. Other loans are reported as a component of other investments in the consolidated statements of financial position. Credit Quality Information for Financing Receivables The amortized cost of our financing receivables by credit risk and vintage was as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023

Derivative Financial Instrument

Derivative Financial Instruments	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Derivative Financial Instruments
Derivative Financial Instruments	4. Derivative Financial Instruments Derivatives are generally used to hedge or reduce exposure to market risks associated with assets held or expected to be purchased or sold and liabilities incurred or expected to be incurred. Derivatives are used to change the characteristics of our asset/liability mix consistent with our risk management activities. Derivatives are also used in asset replication strategies. Types of Derivative Instruments Interest Rate Contracts Interest rate risk is the risk we will incur economic losses due to adverse changes in interest rates. Sources of interest rate risk include the difference between the maturity and interest rate changes of assets with the liabilities they support, timing differences between the pricing of liabilities and the purchase or procurement of assets and changing cash flow profiles from original projections due to prepayment options embedded within asset and liability contracts. We use various derivatives to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. Interest rate swaps are contracts in which we agree with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and/or floating rate interest amounts based upon designated market rates or rate indices and an agreed upon notional principal amount. Generally, no cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract and no principal payments are made by any party. Cash is paid or received based on the terms of the swap. We use interest rate swaps primarily to more closely match the interest rate characteristics of assets and liabilities and to mitigate the risks arising from timing mismatches between assets and liabilities (including duration mismatches). We also use interest rate swaps to hedge against changes in the value of assets we anticipate acquiring and other anticipated transactions and commitments. Interest rate swaps are used to hedge against changes in the value of the guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) MRB. The GMWB rider on our variable annuity products provides for guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits regardless of the actual performance of various equity and/or fixed income funds available with the product. Additionally, we utilize interest rate swaps to replicate the returns of floating rate assets. Interest rate options, including interest rate caps and interest rate floors, which can be combined to form interest rate collars, are contracts that entitle the purchaser to pay or receive the amounts, if any, by which a specified market rate exceeds a cap strike interest rate, or falls below a floor strike interest rate, respectively, at specified dates. We use interest rate options to manage prepayment risks in our assets and minimum guaranteed interest rates and lapse risks in our liabilities. A swaption is an option to enter into an interest rate swap at a future date. We have purchased swaptions to hedge interest rate exposure for certain assets and liabilities. Swaptions not only hedge against the downside risk, but also allow us to take advantage of any upside benefits. In exchange-traded futures transactions, we agree to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the values of which are determined by the values of designated classes of securities, and to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts. We enter into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commissions merchants who are members of a trading exchange. We use exchange-traded interest rate futures to hedge against changes in value of the GMWB MRB in addition to the economic exposure to certain fund closures in process. Interest rate forwards, including to be announced (“TBA”) forwards, bond forwards and treasury forwards, are contracts to take delivery of a fixed income security at a specified price at a future date. TBA forwards deliver government guaranteed mortgage-backed securities. Bond forwards and treasury forwards deliver corporate or municipal and U.S. Treasury bonds, respectively. At inception of the TBA and treasury forward contracts we do not intend to take physical delivery. We intend to take delivery of the bond forwards referencing corporate or municipal bonds. We have used TBA forwards to gain exposure to the investment risk and return of agency mortgage-backed security pools in order to reduce asset and liability duration mismatch. Treasury forwards are used to hedge against changes in the value of the GMWB MRB. Bond forwards are used to gain leverage through synthetic exposure during the forward period and fix the purchase price of a bond at a specified date in future. Foreign Exchange Contracts Foreign currency risk is the risk we will incur economic losses due to adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. This risk arises from foreign currency-denominated funding agreements issued to nonqualified institutional investors in the international market, foreign currency-denominated fixed maturity and equity securities, and our international operations, including expected cash flows and potential acquisition and divestiture activity. We use various derivatives to manage our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Currency swaps are contracts in which we agree with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, a series of principal and interest payments in one currency for that of another currency. Generally, the principal amount of each currency is exchanged at the beginning and termination of the currency swap by each party. The interest payments are primarily fixed-to-fixed rate; however, they may also be fixed-to-floating rate or floating-to-fixed rate. These transactions are entered into pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty for payments made in the same currency at each due date. We use currency swaps to reduce market risks from changes in currency exchange rates with respect to investments or liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that we either hold or intend to acquire or sell. Currency forwards are contracts in which we agree with other parties to deliver or receive a specified amount of an identified currency at a specified future date. Typically, the price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made at the specified future date. We use currency forwards to reduce market risks from changes in currency exchange rates with respect to investments or liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that we either hold or intend to acquire or sell. We use currency forwards to hedge certain foreign-denominated real estate funds in our domestic operations and net equity investments in foreign operations, including certain sponsored investment funds. Equity Contracts Equity risk is the risk that we will incur economic losses due to adverse fluctuations in common stock prices. We use various derivatives to manage our exposure to equity risk, which arises from products in which the return or interest we credit is tied to an external equity index as well as products subject to minimum contractual guarantees. We purchase equity call spreads (“option collars”) to hedge the equity participation rates promised to contractholders in conjunction with our fixed deferred annuity and universal life products that credit interest based on changes in an external equity index. We use equity put options to hedge against changes in the value of the GMWB MRB related to the GMWB rider on our variable annuity product. We also use equity options to hedge returns credited to policyholder accounts related to our RILA product. The premium associated with certain options is paid quarterly over the life of the option contract. We use exchange-traded equity futures to hedge against changes in the value of the GMWB MRB, returns credited to policyholder accounts related to our RILA product and the economic exposure to certain fund closures in process. Credit Contracts Credit risk relates to the uncertainty associated with the continued ability of a given obligor to make timely payments of principal and interest. We use credit default swaps to enhance the return on our investment portfolio by providing comparable exposure to fixed income securities that might not be available in the primary market. They are also used to hedge credit exposures in our investment portfolio. Credit derivatives are used to sell or buy credit protection on an identified name or names on an unfunded or synthetic basis in return for receiving or paying a quarterly premium. The premium generally corresponds to a referenced name’s credit spread at the time the agreement is executed. In cases where we sell protection, we also buy a quality cash bond to match against the credit default swap, thereby entering into a synthetic transaction replicating a cash security. When selling protection, if there is an event of default by the referenced name, as defined by the agreement, we are obligated to pay the counterparty the referenced amount of the contract and receive in return the referenced security in a principal amount equal to the notional value of the credit default swap. Other Contracts Embedded Derivatives. We offer group annuity contracts that have guaranteed separate accounts as an investment option. We have fixed deferred annuities, RILAs and universal life products that credit interest based on changes in an external equity index. We have a funds withheld payable associated with our coinsurance with funds withheld agreement with Talcott Life & Annuity Re. The funds withheld payable has an embedded total return swap as the total return of the funds withheld assets are transferred to Talcott Life & Annuity Re, which is not based on our own creditworthiness. Exposure Our risk of loss is typically limited to the fair value of our derivative instruments and not to the notional or contractual amounts of these derivatives. We are also exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance of the counterparties. Our current credit exposure is limited to the value of derivatives that have become favorable to us. This credit risk is minimized by purchasing such agreements from financial institutions with high credit ratings and by establishing and monitoring exposure limits. We also utilize various credit enhancements, including collateral and credit triggers to reduce the credit exposure to our derivative instruments. Derivatives may be exchange-traded or they may be privately negotiated contracts, which are usually referred to as over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives. Certain of our OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (“OTC cleared”), while others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties (“bilateral OTC”). Our derivative transactions are generally documented under International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) Master Agreements. Management believes that such agreements provide for legally enforceable set-off and close-out netting of exposures to specific counterparties. Under such agreements, in connection with an early termination of a transaction, we are permitted to set off our receivable from a counterparty against our payables to the same counterparty arising out of all included transactions. For reporting purposes, we do not offset fair value amounts of bilateral OTC derivatives for the right to reclaim cash collateral or the obligation to return cash collateral against fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments executed with the same counterparties under master netting agreements. OTC cleared derivatives have variation margin that is legally characterized as settlement of the derivative exposure, which reduces their fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position. We posted $756.9 million and $750.9 million in cash and securities under collateral arrangements as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, to satisfy collateral and initial margin requirements associated with our derivative credit support agreements and FCM agreements. Certain of our derivative instruments contain provisions that require us to maintain an investment grade rating from each of the major credit rating agencies on our debt. If the ratings on our debt were to fall below investment grade, it would be in violation of these provisions and the counterparties to the derivative instruments could request immediate payment or demand immediate and ongoing full overnight collateralization on derivative instruments in net liability positions. The aggregate fair value, inclusive of accrued interest, of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position without regard to netting under derivative credit support annex agreements as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, was $654.0 million and $632.6 million, respectively. Cleared derivatives have contingent features that require us to post excess margin as required by the FCM. The terms surrounding excess margin vary by FCM agreement. With respect to derivatives containing collateral provisions, we posted collateral and initial margin of $756.9 million and $750.9 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, in the normal course of business, which reflects netting under derivative agreements. If the credit-risk-related contingent features underlying these agreements were triggered on September 30, 2023, we would be required to post an additional $75.7 million of collateral to our counterparties. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had received $129.1 million and $148.8 million, respectively, of cash collateral associated with our derivative credit support annex agreements and FCM agreements, for which we recorded a corresponding liability reflecting our obligation to return the collateral. Notional amounts are used to express the extent of our involvement in derivative transactions and represent a standard measurement of the volume of our derivative activity. Notional amounts represent those amounts used to calculate contractual flows to be exchanged and are not paid or received, except for contracts such as currency swaps. Credit exposure represents the gross amount owed to us under derivative contracts as of the valuation date. The notional amounts and credit exposure of our derivative financial instruments by type were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Notional amounts of derivative instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate swaps ​ $ 55,478.2 ​ $ 52,249.9 Interest rate options ​ ​ 3,016.9 ​ ​ 4,418.9 Interest rate forwards ​ 2,172.6 ​ 2,527.5 Interest rate futures ​ 1,707.2 ​ 877.5 Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Currency swaps ​ ​ 1,757.3 ​ ​ 1,634.7 Currency forwards ​ ​ 1,016.7 ​ ​ 1,123.1 Equity contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Equity options ​ 2,254.8 ​ 2,049.3 Equity futures ​ 573.8 ​ 574.1 Credit contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Credit default swaps ​ 305.0 ​ 400.0 Other contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Embedded derivatives ​ 22,776.8 ​ 23,209.3 Total notional amounts at end of period ​ $ 91,059.3 ​ $ 89,064.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Credit exposure of derivative instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate swaps ​ $ 38.3 ​ $ 64.2 Interest rate options ​ 34.2 ​ 41.7 Interest rate forwards ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Currency swaps ​ 146.0 ​ 171.1 Currency forwards ​ 20.1 ​ 34.0 Equity contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Equity options ​ 45.4 ​ 16.5 Credit contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Credit default swaps ​ 4.0 ​ 3.6 Total gross credit exposure ​ 288.0 ​ 331.2 Less: collateral received ​ 165.1 ​ 191.9 Net credit exposure ​ $ 122.9 ​ $ 139.3 ​ The fair value of our derivative instruments classified as assets and liabilities was as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivative assets (1) ​ Derivative liabilities (2) ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Derivatives designated as hedging instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts ​ $ 12.5 ​ $ 20.0 ​ $ 104.3 ​ $ 105.1 Foreign exchange contracts ​ 120.5 ​ 134.6 ​ 15.4 ​ 19.7 Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments ​ $ 133.0 ​ $ 154.6 ​ $ 119.7 ​ $ 124.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts ​ $ 55.0 ​ $ 81.1 ​ $ 471.1 ​ $ 439.9 Foreign exchange contracts ​ 41.8 ​ 65.9 ​ 18.3 ​ 21.9 Equity contracts ​ 45.4 ​ 16.5 ​ 64.7 ​ 45.6 Credit contracts ​ 3.9 ​ 3.5 ​ 1.3 ​ 2.0 Other contracts ​ — ​ — ​ (3,966.9) ​ (3,606.4) Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ​ 146.1 ​ 167.0 ​ (3,411.5) ​ (3,097.0) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total derivative instruments ​ $ 279.1 ​ $ 321.6 ​ $ (3,291.8) ​ $ (2,972.2) (1) The fair value of derivative assets is reported with other investments on the consolidated statements of financial position. (2) The fair value of derivative liabilities is reported with other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial position, with the exception of certain embedded derivative liabilities. Embedded derivatives with a net liability fair value of $78.8 million and $46.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, are reported with contractholder funds on the consolidated statements of financial position. Embedded derivatives with a net (asset) liability fair value of $(4,045.7) million and $(3,652.8) million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, are reported with funds withheld payable on the consolidated statements of financial position. Credit Derivatives Sold When we sell credit protection, we are exposed to the underlying credit risk similar to purchasing a fixed maturity security instrument. Our credit derivative contracts sold reference a single name or reference security (referred to as “single name credit default swaps”). These instruments are either referenced in an OTC credit derivative transaction or embedded within an investment structure that has been fully consolidated into our financial statements. These credit derivative transactions are subject to events of default defined within the terms of the contract, which normally consist of bankruptcy, failure to pay, or modified restructuring of the reference entity and/or issue. If a default event occurs for a reference name or security, we are obligated to pay the counterparty an amount equal to the notional amount of the credit derivative transaction. As a result, our maximum future payment is equal to the notional amount of the credit derivative. In certain cases, we also may have purchased credit protection with identical underlyings to certain of our sold protection transactions. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we did not purchase credit protection relating to our sold protection transactions. In certain circumstances, our potential loss could also be reduced by any amount recovered in the default proceedings of the underlying credit name. The following tables show our credit default swap protection sold by types of contract, types of referenced/underlying asset class and external agency rating for the underlying reference security. The maximum future payments are undiscounted and have not been reduced by the effect of any offsetting transactions, collateral or recourse features described above. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Maximum ​ average ​ ​ Notional ​ Fair ​ future ​ expected life ​ amount value payments (in years) ​ ​ (in millions) ​ ​ Single name credit default swaps ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate debt ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A ​ $ 40.0 ​ $ 0.3 ​ $ 40.0 1.7 BBB ​ ​ 140.0 ​ ​ 2.9 ​ ​ 140.0 3.3 BB ​ ​ 20.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 20.0 ​ 3.7 Sovereign ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A ​ ​ 20.0 ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ 20.0 ​ 1.7 Total credit default swap protection sold ​ $ 220.0 ​ $ 3.5 ​ $ 220.0 2.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Maximum ​ average ​ ​ Notional ​ Fair ​ future ​ expected life ​ amount value payments (in years) ​ ​ (in millions) ​ ​ Single name credit default swaps ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate debt ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A ​ $ 40.0 ​ $ 0.4 ​ $ 40.0 2.5 BBB ​ 190.0 ​ ​ 2.2 ​ ​ 190.0 3.1 BB ​ ​ 20.0 ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ 20.0 ​ 4.5 Sovereign ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A ​ ​ 20.0 ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ 20.0 ​ 2.5 Total credit default swap protection sold ​ $ 270.0 ​ $ 2.6 ​ $ 270.0 3.1 ​ Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedges Fair Value Hedges We use fixed-to-floating rate interest rate swaps to more closely align the interest rate characteristics of certain assets and also use them to align the interest rate characteristics of certain liabilities. In general, these swaps are used in asset and liability management to modify duration, which is a measure of sensitivity to interest rate changes. We enter into currency exchange swap agreements to convert certain foreign denominated assets into U.S. dollar denominated instruments to hedge the exposure to future currency volatility on those items. The net interest effect of interest rate swap and currency swap transactions for derivatives in fair value hedges is recorded as an adjustment to income or expense of the underlying hedged item in our consolidated statements of operations. The currency related impacts of currency swap transactions for derivatives in fair value hedges is recorded as an adjustment to net realized capital gains or losses of the underlying hedged item in our consolidated statements of operations. The following amounts were recorded on the consolidated statements of financial position related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges. The amortized cost includes the amortized cost basis and the fair value hedging basis adjustment. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative amount of fair ​ ​ ​ ​ value hedging basis adjustment Line item in the consolidated statements ​ ​ ​ increase/(decrease) included in the of financial position in which the ​ Carrying amount of hedged item ​ carrying amount of the hedged item hedged item is included September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (1): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Active hedging relationships ​ $ 3,400.3 ​ $ 3,498.6 ​ $ (150.7) ​ $ (153.4) Discontinued hedging relationships ​ ​ 67.8 ​ ​ 48.8 ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ 1.3 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale in active or discontinued hedging relationships ​ $ 3,468.1 ​ $ 3,547.4 ​ $ (150.4) ​ $ (152.1) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Active hedging relationships ​ $ 294.8 ​ $ — ​ $ (9.4) ​ $ — Total investment contracts in active or discontinued hedging relationships ​ $ 294.8 ​ $ — ​ $ (9.4) ​ $ — (1) These amounts include the amortized cost basis of closed portfolios used to designate portfolio layer hedging relationships in which the hedged layer amount is expected to remain at the end of the hedging relationship. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $3,177.4 million and $3,256.9 million, respectively, the cumulative basis adjustments associated with these hedging relationships was $(109.0) million and $(102.4) million, respectively, and the amount of the designated hedged items were $1,210.0 million and $1,110.0 million, respectively. Derivative instruments’ gains (losses) excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness were $(0.2) million and $0.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $(1.0) million and $0.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cash Flow Hedges We utilize floating-to-fixed rate interest rate swaps to eliminate the variability in cash flows of recognized financial assets and liabilities. We enter into currency exchange swap agreements to convert both principal and interest payments of certain foreign denominated assets and liabilities into U.S. dollar denominated fixed rate instruments to eliminate the exposure to future currency volatility on those items. We use bond forwards and have used floating-to-fixed rate interest rate swaps to hedge forecasted transactions. The net interest effect of interest rate swap and currency swap transactions for derivatives in cash flow hedges is recorded as an adjustment to income or expense of the underlying hedged item in our consolidated statements of operations. The maximum length of time we are hedging our exposure to the variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions, excluding those related to the payments of variable interest on existing financial assets and liabilities, is 3.4 years. As of September 30, 2023, we had $1.8 million of net losses reported in AOCI on the consolidated statements of financial position related to active hedges of forecasted transactions. If a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring, cash flow hedge accounting is discontinued. If it is probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will not occur, the deferred gain or loss is immediately reclassified from AOCI into net income. The following table shows the effect of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the consolidated statements of financial position. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amount of gain (loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended Derivatives in cash ​ ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, flow hedging relationships Related hedged item 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ (in millions) Interest rate contracts Fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ (20.3) ​ $ (17.5) ​ $ (1.8) ​ $ (117.2) Interest rate contracts Investment contracts ​ (3.1) ​ ​ 4.9 ​ (7.7) ​ 16.9 Foreign exchange contracts Fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ 6.4 ​ ​ 117.4 ​ (10.4) ​ 183.9 Total ​ ​ ​ $ (17.0) ​ $ 104.8 ​ $ (19.9) ​ $ 83.6 ​ We expect to reclassify net gains of $24.4 million from AOCI into net income in the next 12 months, which includes both net deferred gains on discontinued hedges and net gains on periodic settlements of active hedges. Actual amounts may vary from this amount as a result of market conditions. Effect of Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedges on Consolidated Statements of Operations The following tables show the effect of derivatives in fair value and cash flow hedging relationships and the related hedged items on the consolidated statements of operations. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits, ​ ​ Net investment ​ Net realized ​ claims and ​ ​ income related ​ capital gains ​ settlement ​ ​ to hedges ​ (losses) related to ​ expenses ​ ​ of fixed ​ hedges of fixed ​ related to ​ ​ maturities, ​ maturities, ​ hedges of ​ ​ available- ​ available- ​ investment ​ for-sale for-sale contracts ​ ​ (in millions) Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported ​ $ 989.2 ​ $ 179.3 ​ $ 1,710.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Loss recognized on hedged item ​ $ (12.4) ​ $ — ​ $ (6.8) Gain recognized on derivatives ​ ​ 12.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6.0 Amortization of hedged item basis adjustments ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ 16.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.2) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Loss recognized on hedged item ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.4) ​ ​ — Gain recognized on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.3 ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ — Total gain (loss) recognized for fair value hedging relationships ​ $ 16.7 ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ (2.0) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains on cash flow hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain reclassified from AOCI on derivatives ​ $ 1.0 ​ $ — ​ $ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain reclassified from AOCI on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ 5.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Total gain recognized for cash flow hedging relationships ​ $ 6.4 ​ $ 0.3 ​ $ 3.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits, ​ ​ Net investment ​ Net realized ​ claims and ​ ​ income related ​ capital gains ​ settlement ​ ​ to hedges ​ (losses) related to ​ expenses ​ ​ of fixed ​ hedges of fixed ​ related to ​ ​ maturities, ​ maturities, ​ hedges of ​ ​ available- ​ available- ​ investment ​ for-sale for-sale contracts ​ ​ (in millions) Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported ​ $ 911.7 ​ $ (27.4) ​ $ 1,801.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains on fair value hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Loss recognized on hedged item ​ $ (58.2) ​ $ — ​ $ — Gain recognized on derivatives ​ ​ 57.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Amortization of hedged item basis adjustments ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ 2.9 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Total gain recognized for fair value hedging relationships ​ $ 2.1 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains on cash flow hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain reclassified from AOCI on derivatives ​ $ 1.7 ​ $ — ​ $ — Gain reclassified from AOCI as a result that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2.7 ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ 3.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Total gain recognized for cash flow hedging relationships ​ $ 5.4 ​ $ 2.7 ​ $ 1.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits, ​ ​ Net investment ​ Net realized ​ claims and ​ ​ income related ​ capital gains ​ settlement ​ ​ to hedges ​ (losses) related to ​ expenses ​ ​ of fixed ​ hedges of fixed ​ related to ​ ​ maturities, ​ maturities, ​ hedges of ​ ​ available- ​ available- ​ investment ​ for-sale for-sale contracts ​ ​ (in millions) Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported ​ $ 2,964.0 ​ $ 40.5 ​ $ 5,318.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Loss recognized on hedged item ​ $ (8.9) ​ $ — ​ $ (9.4) Gain recognized on derivatives ​ ​ 10.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 8.5 Amortization of hedged item basis adjustments ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ 44.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.3) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Loss recognized on hedged item ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.8) ​ ​ — Gain recognized on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.7 ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ — Total gain (loss) recognized for fair value hedging relationships ​ $ 45.6 ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ (2.2) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains on cash flow hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives ​ $ 3.1 ​ $ — ​ $ (0.1) Gain reclassified from AOCI as a result that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.7 ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 10.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain reclassified from AOCI on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.5 ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ 16.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Total gain recognized for cash flow hedging relationships ​ $ 19.1 ​ $ 3.2 ​ $ 10.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits, ​ ​ Net investment ​ Net realized ​ claims and ​ ​ income related ​ capital gains ​ settlement ​ ​ to hedges ​ (losses) related to ​ expenses ​ ​ of fixed ​ hedges of fixed ​ related to ​ ​ maturities, ​ maturities, ​ hedges of ​ ​ available- ​ available- ​ investment ​ for-sale for-sale contracts ​ ​ (in millions) Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line item

Deferred Acquisition Costs and

Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances
Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances	5. Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances Deferred Acquisition Costs Incremental direct costs of contract acquisition as well as certain costs directly related to acquisition activities (underwriting, policy issuance and processing, medical and inspection and sales force contract selling) for the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance policies and investment contracts are capitalized in the period they are incurred. Maintenance costs and acquisition costs that are not deferrable are charged to operating expenses as incurred. For our long-duration insurance products and certain investment contracts, DAC is amortized on a constant level basis over the expected life of the contracts using groupings and assumptions consistent with those used in computing policyholder liabilities. For each of our long-duration insurance products, we select an inforce measure as a basis for amortization that will result in a constant level amortization pattern for the expected life of the contract. If our actual contract terminations differ from our expectation, the amortization pattern is adjusted on a prospective basis. Some of our life and disability products within the Benefits and Protection segment have renewal commissions resulting in new DAC capitalizations in the years following the initial capitalization. We also have life products that allow for underwritten death benefit increases and cost of living adjustments, resulting in an immaterial amount of new DAC capitalizations each year. The new capitalizations are added to the existing DAC balance when incurred and amortized over the remaining life of the business. DAC on short-duration group benefits contracts is amortized over the estimated life of the underlying contracts. We review and update actuarial experience assumptions (such as mortality, surrenders, lapse, and premium persistency) serving as inputs to the models that establish the expected life for DAC and other actuarial balances during the third quarter of each year, or more frequently if evidence suggests assumptions should be revised. We make model refinements as necessary, and any changes resulting from these assumption updates are applied prospectively. DAC amortization expense of $97.5 million and $97.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and $292.8 million and $289.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to our long-duration and short-duration contracts was recorded in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. The following tables summarize disaggregated DAC amounts and reconcile the totals to those reported in the consolidated statements of financial position. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ Workplace savings and retirement solutions ​ $ 504.1 ​ $ 498.0 Individual variable annuities ​ 277.7 ​ 278.0 Pension risk transfer ​ 13.8 ​ 8.1 Individual fixed deferred annuities ​ 112.2 ​ 131.0 Investment only ​ 12.7 ​ 14.9 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 920.5 ​ 930.0 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ 658.0 ​ 626.1 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 1,549.3 ​ 1,569.7 Term life ​ 692.1 ​ 685.7 Participating life ​ 86.6 ​ 93.0 Total Benefits and Protection ​ 2,986.0 ​ 2,974.5 Short-duration contracts ​ 34.2 ​ 34.7 Other balances (1) ​ 7.7 ​ 8.8 Total DAC per consolidated statements of financial position ​ $ 3,948.4 ​ $ 3,948.0 (1) Includes insignificant balances for long-duration contracts. ​ Retirement and Income Solutions ​ The balances and changes in DAC were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Workplace ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ savings and ​ Individual ​ Pension ​ fixed ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ retirement ​ variable ​ risk ​ deferred ​ Investment ​ solutions annuities transfer annuities only ​ ​ (in millions) Balances as of January 1, 2022 ​ $ 489.0 ​ $ 281.2 ​ $ 2.7 ​ $ 162.2 ​ $ 18.1 Costs deferred ​ 48.3 ​ 22.5 ​ 5.6 ​ — ​ 1.4 Amortized to expense ​ (39.3) ​ (25.7) ​ (0.2) ​ (31.2) ​ (4.6) Balances as of December 31, 2022 ​ ​ 498.0 ​ ​ 278.0 ​ ​ 8.1 ​ ​ 131.0 ​ ​ 14.9 Costs deferred ​ ​ 35.7 ​ ​ 19.1 ​ ​ 6.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.4 Amortized to expense ​ ​ (29.6) ​ ​ (19.4) ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ (18.8) ​ ​ (3.6) Balances as of September 30, 2023 ​ $ 504.1 ​ $ 277.7 ​ $ 13.8 ​ $ 112.2 ​ $ 12.7 ​ Benefits and Protection ​ The balances and changes in DAC were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits ​ Life Insurance ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ disability Universal life Term life Participating life ​ ​ (in millions) Balances as of January 1, 2022 ​ $ 580.7 ​ $ 1,596.2 ​ $ 678.9 ​ $ 102.3 Costs deferred ​ 87.6 ​ 70.6 ​ 66.7 ​ 1.4 Amortized to expense ​ (42.2) ​ (97.1) ​ (59.9) ​ (10.7) Balances as of December 31, 2022 ​ ​ 626.1 ​ ​ 1,569.7 ​ ​ 685.7 ​ ​ 93.0 Costs deferred ​ ​ 65.4 ​ ​ 51.4 ​ ​ 52.5 ​ ​ 1.0 Amortized to expense ​ ​ (33.5) ​ ​ (71.8) ​ ​ (46.1) ​ ​ (7.4) Balances as of September 30, 2023 ​ $ 658.0 ​ $ 1,549.3 ​ $ 692.1 ​ $ 86.6 ​ Unearned Revenue Liability An unearned revenue liability is established when we collect fees or other policyholder assessments, inclusive of cost of insurance charges, administrative charges and other similar fees, for services to be provided in future periods. These unearned front-end fees are deferred and the amortization is recorded using an approach consistent with DAC. The unearned revenue liability is included within other policyholder funds in the consolidated statements of financial position. The following table summarizes disaggregated unearned revenue liability amounts and reconciles the totals to those reported in the consolidated statements of financial position. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Benefits and Protection - Life Insurance: ​ ​ Universal life ​ $ 479.7 ​ $ 459.0 Other balances (1) ​ 7.2 ​ 8.4 Total unearned revenue liability ​ $ 486.9 ​ $ 467.4 (1) Includes insignificant balances for long-duration contracts. ​ Benefits and Protection ​ The balances and changes in the unearned revenue liability for Life Insurance – Universal life contracts were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 459.0 ​ $ 425.3 Deferrals ​ 42.9 ​ 61.8 Revenue recognized ​ (22.2) ​ (28.1) Balance at end of period ​ 479.7 ​ 459.0 Reinsurance impact ​ (226.0) ​ (227.9) Balance at end of period after reinsurance ​ $ 253.7 ​ $ 231.1 ​

Separate Account Balances

Separate Account Balances	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Separate Account Balances
Separate Account Balances	6. Separate Account Balances The separate accounts are legally segregated and are not subject to claims that arise out of any of our other business. The client, rather than us, directs the investments and bears the investment risk of these funds. The separate account assets represent the fair value of funds that are separately administered by us for contracts with equity, real estate and fixed income investments and are presented as a summary total within the consolidated statements of financial position. An equivalent amount is reported as separate account liabilities, which represent the obligation to return the monies to the client. Refer to Note 16, Fair Value Measurements, for further information on the valuation methodologies. We receive fees for mortality, withdrawal and expense risks, as well as administrative, maintenance and investment advisory services that are included in the consolidated statements of operations. Net deposits, net investment income and realized and unrealized capital gains and losses of the separate accounts are not reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. The Retirement and Income Solutions segment offers variable annuity contracts that allow the policyholder to allocate deposits into various investment options in a separate account. The variable annuity contracts can also include GMWB riders and guaranteed minimum death benefit (“GMDB”) riders that are accounted for as MRBs. Retirement and Income Solutions also offers certain group annuity contracts that have separate accounts as an investment option. The Principal Asset Management segment offers retirement pension schemes in Asia that offer various guaranteed and non-guaranteed constituent fund investment options to customers. The retirement pension schemes can include a guaranteed rate of return to the customer or a minimum guarantee on withdrawals under certain qualifying events. The minimum guarantee on withdrawals under certain qualifying events is accounted for as an MRB. Principal Asset Management separate account assets and liabilities also include certain retirement accumulation products in Latin America where the segregated funds and associated obligation to the client are consolidated within the financial statements. We have determined that summary totals are the most meaningful presentation for these funds. The Benefits and Protection segment offers variable universal life products with separate account investment options. Refer to Note 9, Market Risk Benefits, for further information on the MRBs associated with the contracts mentioned above. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the separate accounts included a separate account valued at $ 82.4 million and $101.4 million, respectively, which primarily included shares of our stock that were allocated and issued to eligible participants of qualified employee benefit plans administered by us as part of the policy credits issued under our 2001 demutualization. These shares are included in both basic and diluted earnings per share calculations. In the consolidated statements of financial position, the separate account shares are recorded at fair value and are reported as separate account assets with a corresponding separate account liability. Changes in fair value of the separate account shares are reflected in both the separate account assets and separate account liabilities and do not impact our results of operations. Separate Account Assets The aggregate fair value of assets, by major investment category, supporting separate accounts were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities: ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 8,156.2 ​ $ 7,339.6 Non-U.S. governments ​ 7,618.1 ​ 8,424.3 States and political subdivisions ​ 198.5 ​ 211.7 Corporate ​ 12,808.7 ​ 14,429.7 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ 3,776.9 ​ 3,894.5 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 213.1 ​ 206.2 Other debt obligations ​ 485.6 ​ 299.5 Total fixed maturities ​ 33,257.1 ​ 34,805.5 Equity securities ​ 108,349.0 ​ 105,053.3 Real estate ​ 497.0 ​ 610.6 Other investments ​ 8,688.9 ​ 10,278.6 Cash and cash equivalents ​ 3,757.2 ​ 3,583.8 Other assets ​ 929.0 ​ 1,043.3 Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position ​ $ 155,478.2 ​ $ 155,375.1 ​ Separate Account Liabilities The following tables summarize disaggregated separate account liability amounts and reconcile the totals to separate account liabilities reported in the consolidated statements of financial position. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ Group retirement contracts ​ $ 108,677.4 ​ $ 107,240.1 Individual variable annuities ​ 8,574.3 ​ 8,659.0 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 117,251.7 ​ 115,899.1 Principal Asset Management — ​ ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ Pension ​ 31,680.8 ​ 33,316.7 Asia: ​ ​ ​ Guaranteed pension ​ 892.1 ​ 915.0 Total Principal Asset Management — Principal International ​ 32,572.9 ​ 34,231.7 Benefits and Protection - Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 5,416.3 ​ 5,011.0 Other balances (1) ​ 237.3 ​ 233.3 Total separate account liabilities per consolidated statements of financial position ​ $ 155,478.2 ​ $ 155,375.1 (1) Includes insignificant balances for long-duration contracts. Retirement and Income Solutions The balances and the changes in separate account liabilities were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Group ​ Individual ​ Group ​ Individual ​ ​ retirement ​ variable ​ retirement ​ variable ​ contracts annuities contracts annuities ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 107,240.1 ​ $ 8,659.0 ​ $ 131,188.6 ​ $ 11,000.0 Premiums and deposits (1) ​ 8,623.2 ​ 259.0 ​ 14,859.3 ​ 354.1 Policy charges ​ (253.0) ​ (154.0) ​ (383.7) ​ (211.1) Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments (1) ​ (10,148.7) ​ (720.5) ​ (14,479.4) ​ (790.1) Investment performance ​ 5,403.7 ​ 481.9 ​ (20,641.3) ​ (1,723.3) Net transfers (to) from general account (1) ​ (2,057.8) ​ 27.4 ​ (2,571.7) ​ 29.4 Other (2) ​ (130.1) ​ 21.5 ​ (731.7) ​ — Balance at end of period ​ $ 108,677.4 ​ $ 8,574.3 ​ $ 107,240.1 ​ $ 8,659.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash surrender value (3) ​ $ 107,646.9 ​ $ 8,458.8 ​ $ 106,125.7 ​ $ 8,538.7 (1) Within the policyholder account balances rollforwards in Note 7, Contractholder Funds, amounts in these lines for Individual variable annuities and Workplace savings and retirement solutions included in Group retirement contracts are reflected in net transfers from (to) separate account. (2) Includes amounts to be settled between the separate account and general account due to the timing of trade settlements as of the reporting date. (3) Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholders’ account balances distributable at the end of the reporting period less surrender charges. Principal Asset Management – Principal International The balances and the changes in separate account liabilities were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ Latin America Asia Latin America Asia ​ ​ ​ Guaranteed ​ ​ ​ Guaranteed ​ Pension pension Pension pension ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 33,316.7 ​ $ 915.0 ​ $ 33,030.6 ​ $ 971.3 Premiums and deposits ​ 2,786.4 ​ 166.8 ​ 3,620.4 ​ 276.2 Policy charges ​ (13.7) ​ (14.7) ​ (18.2) ​ (19.8) Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments ​ (3,215.3) ​ (201.0) ​ (3,984.6) ​ (247.0) Investment performance ​ 396.7 ​ 29.3 ​ 498.8 ​ (64.0) Other ​ 2.7 ​ (0.2) ​ (0.8) ​ (0.4) Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ (1,592.7) ​ (3.1) ​ 170.5 ​ (1.3) Balance at end of period ​ $ 31,680.8 ​ $ 892.1 ​ $ 33,316.7 ​ $ 915.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash surrender value ​ $ 31,680.8 ​ $ 892.1 ​ $ 33,316.7 ​ $ 915.0 ​ Benefits and Protection The balances and the changes in separate account liabilities for Life Insurance – Universal life were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended ​ For the year ended ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 5,011.0 $ 5,886.1 Premiums and deposits (1) ​ ​ 404.9 ​ 514.7 Policy charges ​ ​ (96.5) ​ (122.1) Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments (1) ​ ​ (271.2) ​ (208.6) Investment performance ​ ​ 361.1 ​ (1,054.5) Net transfers (to) from general account (1) ​ ​ 7.0 ​ (4.6) Balance at end of period ​ $ 5,416.3 ​ $ 5,011.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash surrender value (2) ​ $ 5,474.4 ​ $ 5,055.8 (1) Within the policyholder account balances rollforwards in Note 7, Contractholder Funds, amounts in these lines are reflected in net transfers from (to) separate account. (2) Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholders’ account balances distributable at the end of the reporting period less surrender charges. Certain products include surrender value enhancement riders that result in cash surrender values greater than account balances.

Contractholder Funds

Contractholder Funds	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Contractholder Funds
Contractholder Funds	7. Contractholder Funds Contractholder funds include policyholder account balances related to contracts with significant insurance risk and investment contracts. The following tables summarize disaggregated policyholder account balance amounts and reconcile the totals to contractholder funds reported in the consolidated statements of financial position. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ Workplace savings and retirement solutions ​ $ 12,571.2 ​ $ 12,154.7 Individual variable annuities ​ 436.6 ​ 381.4 Individual fixed deferred annuities ​ 5,949.3 ​ 7,228.3 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 18,957.1 ​ 19,764.4 Benefits and Protection – ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 6,888.1 ​ 6,947.9 Corporate: ​ ​ ​ Inter-segment eliminations ​ (356.4) ​ (362.7) Total policyholder account balances for contracts with significant insurance risk or investment contracts with significant fee revenue ​ 25,488.8 ​ 26,349.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Reconciling items: ​ ​ ​ Investment contracts without significant fee revenue (1) ​ 16,453.4 ​ 16,104.0 Embedded derivatives (2) ​ 78.8 ​ 46.4 Other balances (3) ​ 282.9 ​ 325.3 Total contractholder funds per consolidated statements of financial position ​ $ 42,303.9 ​ $ 42,825.3 (1) Includes GICs, funding agreements, individual fixed income annuities and guaranteed pension contracts. These contracts are not included within the disaggregated rollforward or guaranteed minimum interest rate (“GMIR”) disclosures below. (2) Refer to Note 16, Fair Value Measurements, for details on the changes in Level 3 fair value measurements of embedded derivatives. (3) Includes insignificant balances for long-duration contracts and amounts that are not accrued to the benefit of the contractholder and, therefore, are not included within the disaggregated rollforward or GMIR disclosures below. ​ Retirement and Income Solutions The changes in policyholder account balances were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ​ For the year ended December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Workplace ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Workplace ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ savings and ​ Individual ​ Individual ​ savings and ​ Individual ​ Individual ​ ​ retirement ​ variable ​ fixed deferred ​ retirement ​ variable ​ fixed deferred ​ solutions annuities annuities (1) solutions annuities annuities (1) ​ ​ ($ in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 12,154.7 ​ $ 381.4 ​ $ 7,228.3 ​ $ 10,996.2 ​ $ 380.9 ​ $ 9,646.3 ​ Premiums and deposits ​ 3,308.2 ​ 405.2 ​ 28.9 ​ 3,719.5 ​ 426.5 ​ 35.9 ​ Policy charges ​ (23.0) ​ — ​ — ​ (28.5) ​ — ​ — ​ Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments ​ (3,451.0) ​ (791.6) ​ (1,431.5) ​ (2,866.7) ​ (843.2) ​ (2,655.6) ​ Net transfers from (to) separate account (2) ​ 403.5 ​ 434.1 ​ — ​ 164.6 ​ 406.6 ​ — ​ Interest credited ​ 203.6 ​ 7.5 ​ 123.6 ​ 194.3 ​ 10.6 ​ 201.7 ​ Other ​ (24.8) ​ — ​ — ​ (24.7) ​ — ​ — ​ Balance at end of period ​ $ 12,571.2 ​ $ 436.6 ​ $ 5,949.3 ​ $ 12,154.7 ​ $ 381.4 ​ $ 7,228.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average crediting rate (3) ​ 2.40 % 2.82 % 2.78 % 1.94 % 2.79 % 2.63 % Cash surrender value (4) ​ $ 10,871.5 ​ $ 334.5 ​ $ 5,836.2 ​ $ 10,341.7 ​ $ 378.6 ​ $ 7,081.4 ​ (1) We use the deposit method of accounting for the reinsurance of this exited business. (2) Within the separate account liabilities rollforwards in Note 6, Separate Account Balances, these transfers for Individual variable annuities and Workplace savings and retirement solutions included in Group retirement contracts are reflected in premiums and deposits; surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments; and net transfers (to) from general account. (3) The weighted-average crediting rate is the crediting rate as of the end of each reporting period weighted by account value. (4) Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholders’ account balances distributable at the end of the reporting period less surrender charges. The net amount at risk for policyholder account balances for Individual variable annuities is equal to the MRB net amount at risk, as reported in Note 9, Market Risk Benefits. Workplace savings and retirement solutions and Individual fixed deferred annuities do not have guarantees that provide for benefits in excess of the current policyholder account balances. Benefits and Protection The changes in policyholder account balances for Life Insurance – Universal life were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ($ in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 6,947.9 ​ $ 6,962.5 ​ Premiums and deposits ​ 942.4 ​ 1,267.2 ​ Policy charges ​ (640.8) ​ (837.8) ​ Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments ​ (396.8) ​ (390.0) ​ Net transfers from (to) separate account (1) ​ (140.7) ​ (301.5) ​ Interest credited ​ 176.3 ​ 247.5 ​ Other ​ (0.2) ​ — ​ Balance at end of period ​ 6,888.1 ​ 6,947.9 ​ Reinsurance impact ​ ​ (3,427.6) ​ ​ (3,528.9) ​ Balance at end of period after reinsurance ​ $ 3,460.5 ​ $ 3,419.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average crediting rate (2) ​ 3.75 % 3.35 % Net amount at risk (3) ​ $ 86,494.3 ​ $ 86,547.9 ​ Cash surrender value (4) ​ $ 5,904.0 ​ $ 5,911.5 ​ (1) Within the separate account liabilities rollforwards in Note 6, Separate Account Balances, these transfers are reflected in premiums and deposits; surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments; and net transfers (to) from general account. (2) The weighted-average crediting rate is the crediting rate as of the end of each reporting period weighted by account value, including indexed credits. (3) For those guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the death benefit in excess of the current account balance or the fixed death benefit at the consolidated statement of financial position date. (4) Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholders’ account balances distributable at the end of the reporting period less surrender charges. ​ Guaranteed Minimum Interest Rate The account values, for contracts with significant insurance risk and investment contracts with significant fee revenue by range of GMIR and the related range of difference, in basis points, between rates credited to policyholders and the respective GMIR were as follows. The amounts are before reinsurance impacts of our exited U.S. retail fixed annuity and ULSG businesses. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ ​ Excess of crediting rates over GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 0.50% ​ 0.51% to 1.00% ​ 1.01% to 2.00% ​ 2.01% or more ​ ​ ​ At GMIR above GMIR above GMIR above GMIR above GMIR Total ​ ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Workplace savings and retirement solutions ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ — $ 3.7 $ 105.4 $ 1,048.5 $ 303.8 $ 1,461.4 1.01% - 2.00% ​ ​ — ​ 5,519.6 ​ 1,172.4 ​ — ​ 1,454.4 ​ 8,146.4 2.01% - 3.00% ​ ​ 410.6 ​ 0.1 ​ 0.8 ​ 25.7 ​ 497.0 ​ 934.2 3.01% - 4.00% ​ ​ 7.6 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 7.6 4.01% and above ​ 18.0 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 18.0 Subtotal ​ 436.2 ​ 5,523.4 ​ 1,278.6 ​ 1,074.2 ​ 2,255.2 ​ 10,567.6 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2,003.6 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 12,571.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual variable annuities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ 25.8 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 25.8 1.01% - 2.00% ​ ​ 5.7 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 5.7 2.01% - 3.00% ​ ​ 293.1 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 293.1 3.01% - 4.00% ​ ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — 4.01% and above ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — Subtotal ​ 324.6 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 324.6 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 112.0 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 436.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed deferred annuities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ 336.6 $ 134.4 $ 144.4 $ 488.1 $ 1,000.5 $ 2,104.0 1.01% - 2.00% ​ ​ 107.4 ​ 1.0 ​ 29.8 ​ 224.7 ​ 1.2 ​ 364.1 2.01% - 3.00% ​ ​ 3,066.7 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 3,066.7 3.01% - 4.00% ​ ​ 160.9 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 160.9 4.01% and above ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — Subtotal ​ 3,671.6 ​ 135.4 ​ 174.2 ​ 712.8 ​ 1,001.7 ​ 5,695.7 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 253.6 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 5,949.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits and Protection - Life Insurance ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ — $ 0.5 $ 16.7 $ — $ 1.7 $ 18.9 1.01% - 2.00% ​ ​ 300.0 ​ — ​ 412.8 ​ 472.8 ​ 405.6 ​ 1,591.2 2.01% - 3.00% ​ ​ 750.7 ​ 686.9 ​ 850.5 ​ 346.6 ​ 0.6 ​ 2,635.3 3.01% - 4.00% ​ ​ 1,657.3 ​ 48.7 ​ 43.6 ​ 28.9 ​ 3.2 ​ 1,781.7 4.01% and above ​ 37.7 ​ 12.1 ​ 3.4 ​ 1.5 ​ — ​ 54.7 Subtotal ​ 2,745.7 ​ 748.2 ​ 1,327.0 ​ 849.8 ​ 411.1 ​ 6,081.8 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 806.3 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 6,888.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Excess of crediting rates over GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 0.50% ​ 0.51% to 1.00% ​ 1.01% to 2.00% ​ 2.01% or more ​ ​ ​ ​ At GMIR above GMIR above GMIR above GMIR above GMIR Total ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Workplace savings and retirement solutions ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ 3.9 ​ $ 24.8 ​ $ 1,188.9 ​ $ 307.8 ​ $ 364.9 ​ $ 1,890.3 1.01% - 2.00% ​ — ​ 549.9 ​ 6,090.2 ​ 1,477.0 ​ 9.4 ​ 8,126.5 2.01% - 3.00% ​ 15.1 ​ 0.1 ​ — ​ 0.1 ​ — ​ 15.3 3.01% - 4.00% ​ 7.8 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 7.8 4.01% and above ​ 18.8 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 18.8 Subtotal ​ 45.6 ​ 574.8 ​ 7,279.1 ​ 1,784.9 ​ 374.3 ​ 10,058.7 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2,096.0 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 12,154.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual variable annuities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ 33.0 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 33.0 1.01% - 2.00% ​ 3.6 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 3.6 2.01% - 3.00% ​ 331.8 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 331.8 3.01% - 4.00% ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — 4.01% and above ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — Subtotal ​ 368.4 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 368.4 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 13.0 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 381.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed deferred annuities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ 426.4 ​ $ 161.7 ​ $ 236.2 ​ $ 879.2 ​ $ 993.0 ​ $ 2,696.5 1.01% - 2.00% ​ 139.8 ​ 1.4 ​ 39.9 ​ 250.5 ​ 0.6 ​ 432.2 2.01% - 3.00% ​ 3,617.1 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 3,617.1 3.01% - 4.00% ​ 169.7 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 169.7 4.01% and above ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — Subtotal ​ 4,353.0 ​ 163.1 ​ 276.1 ​ 1,129.7 ​ 993.6 ​ 6,915.5 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 312.8 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 7,228.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits and Protection - Life Insurance ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ — ​ $ 8.4 ​ $ 10.1 ​ $ — ​ $ 0.7 ​ $ 19.2 1.01% - 2.00% ​ 315.7 ​ — ​ 407.0 ​ 695.5 ​ 155.0 ​ 1,573.2 2.01% - 3.00% ​ 865.9 ​ 951.2 ​ 903.5 ​ 59.9 ​ 0.4 ​ 2,780.9 3.01% - 4.00% ​ 1,698.9 ​ 35.8 ​ 21.9 ​ 25.3 ​ 3.2 ​ 1,785.1 4.01% and above ​ 40.6 ​ 10.1 ​ 3.4 ​ 1.6 ​ — ​ 55.7 Subtotal ​ 2,921.1 ​ 1,005.5 ​ 1,345.9 ​ 782.3 ​ 159.3 ​ 6,214.1 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 733.8 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 6,947.9 ​

Future Policy Benefits and Clai

Future Policy Benefits and Claims	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Future Policy Benefits and Claims	8. Future Policy Benefits and Claims Future policy benefits and claims include reserves for short-duration contracts and long-duration contracts as well as certain reinsurance balances, when in a liability position. The following tables summarize disaggregated amounts included in future policy benefit and claims and reconcile the totals to those reported in the consolidated statements of financial position. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Liability for future policy benefits by segment (1): ​ ​ Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ Pension risk transfer ​ $ 21,355.2 $ 21,211.4 Individual fixed income annuities ​ 4,661.9 ​ 5,019.4 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 26,017.1 ​ 26,230.8 Principal Asset Management – ​ ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities ​ 4,225.1 ​ 5,042.3 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ 1,604.5 ​ 1,698.8 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Term life ​ 949.7 ​ 909.0 Total Benefits and Protection ​ 2,554.2 ​ 2,607.8 Corporate: ​ ​ ​ Long-term care insurance ​ 153.0 ​ 183.5 Total liability for future policy benefits ​ 32,949.4 ​ 34,064.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional liability for certain benefit features by segment (2): ​ ​ ​ Benefits and Protection – ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 5,176.7 ​ 4,095.2 Total additional liability for certain benefit features ​ 5,176.7 ​ 4,095.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Reconciling items: ​ ​ ​ Participating contracts ​ 3,089.8 ​ 3,207.2 Short-duration contracts ​ 1,272.5 ​ 1,295.6 Cost of reinsurance liability ​ 150.2 ​ 191.1 Reinsurance recoverable liability ​ ​ 40.6 ​ ​ 39.4 Other (3) ​ 6.7 ​ 132.4 Future policy benefits and claims per consolidated statements of financial position ​ $ 42,685.9 $ 43,025.3 (1) Amounts include the deferred profit liability. (2) Includes reserves on certain long-duration contracts where benefit features result in gains in early years followed by losses in later years. (3) Includes other miscellaneous reserves and the impact of unrealized gains (losses) on the additional liability for certain benefit features. Liability for Unpaid Claims The liability for unpaid claims is reported in future policy benefits and claims within our consolidated statements of financial position. Activity associated with unpaid claims was as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, ​ 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 1,395.0 ​ $ 1,370.9 Less: reinsurance recoverable ​ 68.6 ​ 68.7 Net balance at beginning of period ​ 1,326.4 ​ 1,302.2 Incurred: ​ ​ ​ ​ Current year ​ 1,233.1 ​ 1,176.6 Prior years ​ (92.1) ​ (11.2) Total incurred ​ 1,141.0 ​ 1,165.4 Payments: ​ ​ ​ ​ Current year ​ 856.6 ​ 825.8 Prior years ​ 295.4 ​ 318.8 Total payments ​ 1,152.0 ​ 1,144.6 Net balance at end of period ​ 1,315.4 ​ 1,323.0 Plus: reinsurance recoverable ​ 66.5 ​ 71.0 Balance at end of period ​ $ 1,381.9 ​ $ 1,394.0 ​ Incurred liability adjustments relating to prior years, which affected current operations during 2023 and 2022, resulted in part from developed claims for prior years being different than were anticipated when the liabilities for unpaid claims were originally estimated. These trends have been considered in establishing the current year liability for unpaid claims. Long-Duration Contracts Gross Premiums or Assessments and Interest Accretion The amount of gross premiums or assessments and interest accretion recognized by segment in the consolidated statements of operations was as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross premiums or assessments (1) ​ ​ For the three months ended For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ ​ Pension risk transfer ​ $ 553.9 ​ $ 603.4 $ 1,741.8 $ 1,186.2 Individual fixed income annuities ​ 11.6 ​ 6.3 ​ 31.6 ​ 20.6 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 565.5 ​ 609.7 ​ 1,773.4 ​ 1,206.8 Principal Asset Management – ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities ​ 2.4 ​ 34.2 ​ 17.6 ​ 75.2 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ 161.9 ​ 155.5 ​ 467.2 ​ 448.4 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 170.7 ​ 168.3 ​ 512.8 ​ 429.0 Term life ​ 162.3 ​ 158.6 ​ 485.2 ​ 473.0 Total Benefits and Protection ​ 494.9 ​ 482.4 ​ 1,465.2 ​ 1,350.4 Corporate: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Long-term care insurance ​ 1.2 ​ 1.3 ​ 3.9 ​ 4.0 Total per consolidated statements of operations ​ $ 1,064.0 ​ $ 1,127.6 $ 3,260.1 $ 2,636.4 (1) Gross premiums are included within premiums and other considerations on the consolidated statements of operations. Assessments, which are only applicable to the Life Insurance - Universal life level of aggregation, are included within fees and other revenues on the consolidated statements of operations. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest accretion (1) ​ ​ For the three months ended For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pension risk transfer ​ $ 254.4 ​ $ 233.7 $ 749.5 $ 697.6 Individual fixed income annuities ​ ​ 54.5 ​ 57.1 ​ 165.3 ​ 173.4 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ ​ 308.9 ​ 290.8 ​ 914.8 ​ 871.0 Principal Asset Management – Principal International: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities (2) ​ ​ 56.7 ​ 172.7 ​ 276.4 ​ 523.2 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ ​ 23.8 ​ 22.5 ​ 70.5 ​ 67.5 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ ​ 56.7 ​ 42.8 ​ 150.6 ​ 127.1 Term life ​ ​ 12.3 ​ 11.0 ​ 35.4 ​ 32.5 Total Benefits and Protection ​ ​ 92.8 ​ 76.3 ​ 256.5 ​ 227.1 Corporate: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Long-term care insurance ​ ​ 2.3 ​ 2.5 ​ 7.4 ​ 7.3 Total per consolidated statements of operations ​ $ 460.7 ​ $ 542.3 $ 1,455.1 $ 1,628.6 (1) Interest accretion is included within benefits, claims and settlement expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. (2) Includes inflation adjustments included within the liability for future policy benefits rollforward for interest accretion. ​ Liability for Future Policy Benefits The liability for future policy benefits for individual and group annuities is generally equal to the present value of expected future policy benefit payments. The reserves are computed using assumptions for mortality and interest. Mortality rate assumptions are based on our experience and are periodically reviewed against both industry standards and experience. The liability for future policy benefits for non-participating term life insurance, individual disability income contracts and individual and group long-term care contracts is generally equal to the present value of expected future policy benefit payments less the present value of expected net premiums. The reserves are computed using assumptions for mortality, interest, morbidity and lapse. An interest accretion rate is determined for an identified cohort and remains unchanged after the issue year. For policies issued on or prior to December 31, 2020, the interest accretion rate is based on the assumed investment yield when the business was issued. For policies issued after December 31, 2020, the interest accretion rate is based on the upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields, which is generally equivalent to a single-A rated bond yield matched to the duration of our insurance liabilities, when the business was issued. The liability for future policy benefits is remeasured to reflect current upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields as of each reporting date. The liability is calculated by discounting cash flows using rate curves reflecting the currency and duration of the insurance liabilities. For discount rate tenors, or points on the curves, where the upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields are not liquid or limited observable market data is available, we use various estimation techniques consistent with fair value measurement guidance. For our individual fixed income annuities in Latin America, the discount rate methodology is designed to prioritize observable inputs based on market data available in the local debt markets where the respective policies are issued in the currency in which the policies are denominated. For discount rate tenors where upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields based on international rating standards are not liquid or limited observable market data is available, estimation techniques are used to determine a curve in the appropriate currency. Further details regarding reference rates used are included under “Interest Accretion and Current Discount Rates.” Retirement and Income Solutions The balances and the changes in the present value for expected future policy benefits were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Pension ​ Individual ​ Pension ​ Individual ​ ​ risk ​ fixed income ​ risk ​ fixed income ​ transfer annuities transfer annuities ​ ($ in millions) Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 21,211.4 ​ $ 5,019.4 ​ $ 25,365.8 ​ $ 6,535.0 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ 1,799.6 ​ 439.0 ​ (3,386.5) ​ (812.6) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 23,011.0 ​ 5,458.4 ​ 21,979.3 ​ 5,722.4 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ (53.4) ​ (1.3) ​ (7.9) ​ (3.0) Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ (9.8) ​ (0.7) ​ (3.2) ​ — Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 22,947.8 ​ 5,456.4 ​ 21,968.2 ​ 5,719.4 Interest accrual ​ 749.5 ​ 165.3 ​ 935.7 ​ 229.7 Benefit payments ​ (1,471.6) ​ (378.5) ​ (1,841.7) ​ (520.4) Issuances ​ 1,747.7 ​ 31.2 ​ 1,948.8 ​ 29.7 Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 23,973.4 ​ 5,274.4 ​ 23,011.0 ​ 5,458.4 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ (2,618.2) ​ (612.5) ​ (1,799.6) ​ (439.0) Future policy benefits ​ 21,355.2 ​ 4,661.9 ​ 21,211.4 ​ 5,019.4 Reinsurance impact ​ — ​ (4,344.7) ​ — ​ (4,714.0) Future policy benefits after reinsurance ​ $ 21,355.2 ​ $ 317.2 ​ $ 21,211.4 ​ $ 305.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (years) ​ 8.0 ​ 7.6 ​ 8.5 ​ 7.9 (1) Represents the average of the cohort-level duration of the benefit cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort. Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, resulting in a decrease to the liability for future policy benefits of $818.6 million for Pension risk transfer and $173.5 million for Individual fixed income annuities. Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields increased during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in a decrease to the liability for future policy benefits of $5,186.1 million for Pension risk transfer and $1,251.6 million for Individual fixed income annuities. See “Interest Accretion and Current Discount Rates” for further details. Principal Asset Management - Principal International The balances and the changes in the present value for expected future policy benefits for Latin America – Individual fixed income annuities were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ($ in millions) Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 5,042.3 ​ $ 4,336.8 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (754.6) ​ (478.5) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 4,287.7 ​ 3,858.3 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ (0.1) ​ (4.7) Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 4,287.6 ​ 3,853.6 Interest accrual (1) ​ 276.4 ​ 662.0 Benefit payments ​ (271.0) ​ (325.8) Issuances ​ 18.8 ​ 86.4 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ (201.9) ​ 11.5 Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 4,109.9 ​ 4,287.7 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 115.2 ​ 754.6 Future policy benefits ​ $ 4,225.1 ​ $ 5,042.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (years) (2) ​ 9.7 ​ 10.9 (1) Includes inflation adjustments. (2) Represents the average of the cohort-level duration of the benefit cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort. Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields impacting Latin America increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, resulting in a decrease to the liability for future policy benefits of $639.4 million. Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields impacting Latin America decreased during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in an increase to the liability for future policy benefits of $276.1 million. See “Interest Accretion and Current Discount Rates” for further details. Benefits and Protection The balances and the changes in the present value for expected net premiums and expected future policy benefits were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended ​ For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Specialty ​ Life ​ Specialty ​ Life ​ ​ Benefits ​ Insurance ​ Benefits ​ Insurance ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ disability Term life disability Term life ​ ​ ($ in millions) Present value of expected net premiums ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 2,341.8 ​ $ 3,423.2 ​ $ 3,149.9 ​ $ 4,193.7 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ 395.2 ​ 196.0 ​ (198.9) ​ (690.1) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 2,737.0 ​ 3,619.2 ​ 2,951.0 ​ 3,503.6 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ (37.6) ​ 143.5 ​ (413.1) ​ — Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 204.1 ​ 92.7 ​ 235.9 ​ 128.6 Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 2,903.5 ​ 3,855.4 ​ 2,773.8 ​ 3,632.2 Interest accrual ​ 71.3 ​ 127.5 ​ 95.2 ​ 162.9 Net premiums collected ​ (204.7) ​ (266.4) ​ (276.5) ​ (346.6) Issuances ​ 81.1 ​ 158.1 ​ 144.5 ​ 170.7 Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 2,851.2 ​ 3,874.6 ​ 2,737.0 ​ 3,619.2 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ (485.4) ​ (362.4) ​ (395.2) ​ (196.0) Balance at end of period ​ $ 2,365.8 ​ $ 3,512.2 ​ $ 2,341.8 ​ $ 3,423.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 4,040.6 ​ $ 4,332.2 ​ $ 5,648.3 ​ $ 5,311.3 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ 1,021.4 ​ 251.6 ​ (501.0) ​ (913.9) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 5,062.0 ​ 4,583.8 ​ 5,147.3 ​ 4,397.4 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ (51.5) ​ 181.8 ​ (476.3) ​ — Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 218.7 ​ 106.9 ​ 240.0 ​ 139.0 Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 5,229.2 ​ 4,872.5 ​ 4,911.0 ​ 4,536.4 Interest accrual ​ 141.8 ​ 162.9 ​ 185.4 ​ 206.8 Benefit payments ​ (149.6) ​ (268.2) ​ (183.7) ​ (340.6) Issuances ​ 83.6 ​ 170.0 ​ 149.3 ​ 181.2 Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 5,305.0 ​ 4,937.2 ​ 5,062.0 ​ 4,583.8 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ (1,334.7) ​ (475.3) ​ (1,021.4) ​ (251.6) Balance at end of period ​ $ 3,970.3 ​ $ 4,461.9 ​ $ 4,040.6 ​ $ 4,332.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Future policy benefits (1) ​ $ 1,604.5 ​ $ 949.7 ​ $ 1,698.8 ​ $ 909.0 Reinsurance impact ​ (365.9) ​ 40.7 ​ (386.8) ​ 25.6 Future policy benefits after reinsurance ​ $ 1,238.6 ​ $ 990.4 ​ $ 1,312.0 ​ $ 934.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (years) (2) ​ 18.3 ​ 9.5 ​ 18.5 ​ 9.6 (1) Represents the present value of expected future policy benefit payments less the present value of expected net premiums. (2) Represents the average of the cohort-level duration of the benefits less the net premium cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort. Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, resulting in a decrease to the liability for future policy benefits of $223.1 million for Individual disability and $57.3 million for Term life. Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields increased during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in a decrease to the liability for future policy benefits of $928.3 million for Individual disability and $279.4 million for Term life. See “Interest Accretion and Current Discount Rates” for further details. We updated our actuarial assumptions during the third quarter of 2023, resulting in a $13.9 million decrease in the liability for future policy benefits and a $10.2 million increase to income before taxes, net of reinsurance, for Individual disability. This was primarily due to favorable updates to claim incidence rates. The updates also resulted in a $38.3 million increase in the liability for future policy benefits and a $25.4 million decrease to income before taxes, net of reinsurance, for Term life. This was primarily due to unfavorable updates to mortality assumptions. We updated our actuarial assumptions during the third quarter of 2022, resulting in a $63.2 million decrease in the liability for future policy benefits and a $52.4 million increase to income before taxes, net of reinsurance, for Individual disability. This was primarily due to favorable updates to claim experience assumptions. Additional Liability for Certain Benefit Features The liability for future policy benefits also includes an additional reserve on certain universal life contracts where benefit features result in gains in early years followed by losses in later years. The liability for these future losses is accrued in relation to estimated contract assessments. A premium deficiency exists if the net liabilities together with future premiums are determined to be insufficient to provide for expected future policy benefits. Premium deficiency testing considers, among other factors, anticipated investment income and does not include a provision for adverse deviation. We did not have a premium deficiency reserve as of September 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022. The balances and the changes in the additional liability for certain benefits features for Life Insurance - Universal life contracts, excluding the impact of unrealized gains (losses), were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended ​ For the year ended ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ($ in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 4,095.2 ​ $ 3,814.2 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ 725.4 ​ (6.0) Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 27.7 ​ 54.9 Interest accrual ​ 150.6 ​ 171.2 Net assessments collected ​ 277.1 ​ 320.3 Benefit payments ​ (99.3) ​ (91.9) Other (1) ​ — ​ (167.5) Balance at end of period ​ 5,176.7 ​ 4,095.2 Reinsurance impact ​ (5,158.8) ​ (4,091.4) Balance at end of period after reinsurance ​ $ 17.9 ​ $ 3.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average duration for additional liability (years) (2) ​ 27.0 ​ 27.6 (1) Reflects the impact of re-cohorting in 2022 as a result of our decision to manage the ULSG business separately from our other UL business following the Strategic Review. (2) Represents the average of the cohort-level duration of the benefits less the net assessment cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort. We updated our actuarial assumptions during the third quarter of 2023, resulting in a $725.4 million increase in the additional liability for certain benefit features primarily due to policyholder lapse behavior assumptions related to ULSG products, resulting in a $13.1 million decrease to income before taxes, net of reinsurance. Corporate The balances and the changes in the present value for expected net premiums and expected future policy benefits for long-term care insurance were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended ​ For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ($ in millions) Present value of expected net premiums ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 64.6 ​ $ 62.8 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (3.6) ​ (14.0) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 61.0 ​ 48.8 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ (13.3) ​ 10.0 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ (5.9) ​ 4.1 Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 41.8 ​ 62.9 Interest accrual ​ 2.2 ​ 3.3 Net premiums collected ​ (4.0) ​ (5.2) Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 40.0 ​ 61.0 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 0.8 ​ 3.6 Balance at end of period ​ $ 40.8 ​ $ 64.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 248.1 ​ $ 297.5 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (18.9) ​ (89.5) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 229.2 ​ 208.0 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ (40.5) ​ 17.2 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 2.0 ​ 3.7 Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 190.7 ​ 228.9 Interest accrual ​ 9.6 ​ 13.1 Benefit payments ​ (10.4) ​ (12.8) Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 189.9 ​ 229.2 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 3.9 ​ 18.9 Balance at end of period ​ $ 193.8 ​ $ 248.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Future policy benefits (1) ​ $ 153.0 ​ $ 183.5 Reinsurance impact ​ (153.0) ​ (183.5) Future policy benefits after reinsurance ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (years) (2) ​ 10.0 ​ 11.8 (1) Represents the present value of expected future policy benefit payments less the present value of expected net premiums. (2) Represents the average of cohort-level duration of the benefits less the net premium cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort. Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, resulting in a decrease to the liability for future policy benefits of $12.2 million. Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields increased during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in a decrease to the liability for future policy benefits of $60.2 million. See “Interest Accretion and Current Discount Rates” for further details. Expected Future Gross Premiums and Benefit Payments The amounts of expected undiscounted future benefit payments, expected undiscounted future gross premiums and expected discounted future gross premiums, utilizing the current upper-medium fixed-income instrument yield, were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ Pension risk transfer ​ ​ Expected undiscounted future benefit payments ​ $ 34,656.4 $ 33,691.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities ​ ​ ​ Expected undiscounted future benefit payments ​ $ 7,393.6 $ 7,716.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Principal Asset Management – Principal International: ​ ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities ​ ​ ​ Expected undiscounted future benefit payments ​ $ 6,118.5 $ 6,449.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits and Protection – Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ ​ ​ Expected discounted future gross premiums ​ $ 5,082.4 $ 5,140.9 Expected undiscounted future gross premiums ​ $ 8,213.6 $ 7,978.7 Expected undiscounted future benefit payments ​ $ 8,899.8 $ 8,473.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits and Protection – Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Term life ​ ​ ​ Expected discounted future gross premiums ​ $ 5,911.1 $ 6,104.6 Expected undiscounted future gross premiums ​ $ 10,229.4 $ 10,146.3 Expected undiscounted future benefit payments ​ $ 7,736.1 $ 7,202.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate: ​ ​ ​ Long-term care insurance ​ ​ ​ Expected discounted future gross premiums ​ $ 40.8 ​ $ 64.6 Expected undiscounted future gross premiums ​ $ 60.9 $ 96.5 Expected undiscounted future benefit payments ​ $ 373.7 $ 483.4 ​ Interest Accretion and Current Discount Rates The interest accretion rate shown for each level of aggregation is an average of the cohort-level accretion rates weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort within that level of aggregation. The current discount rate is calculated at a cohort-level based on current upper-medium fixed-income instrument yields and weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort within each level of aggregation. The weighted-average rates were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest accretion rate ​ Current discount rate ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ Pension risk transfer 4.45 % 4.38 % 5.90 % 5.31 % Individual fixed income annuities 4.22 % 4.22 % 5.89 % 5.30 % Principal Asset Management – ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities ​ 4.23 % 4.24 % 3.82 % 2.43 % Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ Individual disability 3.97 % 4.03 % 5.95 % 5.36 % Life Insurance: ​ ​ Universal life 4.76 % 4.73 % See note (2) See note (2) ​ Term life 4.84 % 4.89 % 5.86 % 5.22 % Corporate: ​ ​ Long-term care insurance 6.16 % 6.16 % 5.91 % 5.34 % (1) The interest accretion rate and current discount rate are Chilean real rates, excluding inflation, in the local currency. (2) The additional liability for certain benefit features for Life Insurance – Universal life is measured using the discount rate at contract inception. Therefore, the current discount rate is not applicable for this product.

Market Risk Benefits

Market Risk Benefits	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Market Risk Benefits
Market Risk Benefits	9. Market Risk Benefits Contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk, including equity, interest rate or foreign exchange risk, and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk are classified as MRBs. We issue certain annuity contracts and other investment contracts that include MRBs that have been bifurcated from the host contract. The Retirement and Income Solutions segment offers variable annuity products with GMWB riders and GMDB riders, including the GMDB for its RILA products that offer return of premium death benefits. The Principal Asset Management segment offers defined contribution plans in Asia with a guarantee on the minimum account balance under certain qualifying events. MRBs are measured at fair value at the contract level and can be in either an asset or liability position, depending on certain inputs at the reporting date. MRB assets and liabilities are presented separately within the consolidated statements of financial position. Increases to an asset or decreases to a liability are described as favorable changes to fair value. Changes in fair value are reported in MRB remeasurement (gain) loss on the consolidated statements of operations. However, the change in fair value related to our own nonperformance risk is reported in OCI. For contracts that contain multiple MRB features, the MRBs are valued on a combined basis using an integrated model. MRBs are classified as Level 3 fair value measurements as the fair value is based on unobservable inputs. The key assumptions for calculating the fair value of the MRBs are market assumptions such as equity market returns, interest rate levels, market volatility and correlations and policyholder behavior assumptions such as lapse, mortality, utilization and withdrawal patterns. Risk margins are included in the policyholder behavior assumptions. The assumptions are based on a combination of historical data and actuarial judgment. The MRBs are valued using stochastic models that incorporate a spread reflecting our own nonperformance risk. The assumption for our own nonperformance risk for MRBs is based on the current market credit spreads for debt-like instruments we have issued and are available in the market. Increases (decreases) in our own nonperformance risk, which impacts the rates used to discount future cash flows, could lead to favorable (unfavorable) changes in the fair value of the MRBs. Long-term interest rates are used as the mean return when projecting the growth in the value of the associated account value and impact the discount rate used in the discounted future cash flows valuation. The amount of claims will increase if account value is not sufficient to cover guaranteed withdrawals. An increase (decrease) in risk-free rates could cause a favorable (unfavorable) change in the fair value of the MRBs. A decrease (increase) in market volatilities could cause a favorable (unfavorable) change in the fair value of the MRBs. An increase (decrease) in mortality rates or the overall lapse rate assumptions could cause a favorable (unfavorable) change in the fair value of the MRBs. The lapse rate assumption may vary dynamically based on the relationship between the guarantee and associated account value. A weaker (stronger) dynamic lapse rate assumption could lead to favorable (unfavorable) changes in the fair value of the MRBs. The utilization rate assumption includes how many contractholders will take withdrawals, when they will take them and how much of their benefit they will take. A decrease (increase) in the number of contractholders taking withdrawals, contractholders taking withdrawals earlier versus later, or contractholders taking more versus less of their benefit could lead to favorable (unfavorable) changes in the fair value of the MRBs. The following tables summarize disaggregated MRB amounts in an asset and liability position and reconcile the totals to those reported in the consolidated statements of financial position. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net asset ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net asset ​ Asset Liability (liability) Asset Liability (liability) ​ ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual variable annuities ​ $ 173.1 ​ $ 90.8 ​ $ 82.3 $ 109.2 $ 181.4 $ (72.2) Principal Asset Management – ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Asia: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Guaranteed pension ​ ​ — ​ ​ 21.7 ​ ​ (21.7) — 26.0 (26.0) Total MRB per consolidated statements of financial position ​ $ 173.1 ​ $ 112.5 ​ $ 60.6 $ 109.2 $ 207.4 $ (98.2) ​ Retirement and Income Solutions The net asset (liability) balances and the changes in the valuation of the MRBs for Individual variable annuities were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ($ in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ (72.2) ​ $ (494.7) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period ​ (31.7) ​ 109.5 Adjusted balance at beginning of period ​ (103.9) ​ (385.2) Effect of: ​ ​ Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior ​ (57.7) ​ (90.1) Benefit payments ​ 0.3 ​ 1.3 Changes in interest rates ​ 126.0 ​ 539.1 Changes in equity markets ​ 76.0 ​ (112.4) Changes in equity index volatility ​ 40.4 ​ (50.2) Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior ​ (2.8) ​ 1.5 Changes in future expected policyholder behavior ​ — ​ (6.1) Changes in other future expected assumptions ​ (5.3) ​ (1.8) Adjusted balance at end of period ​ 73.0 ​ (103.9) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period ​ 9.3 ​ 31.7 Balance at end of period ​ $ 82.3 ​ $ (72.2) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average attained age of policyholders (years) (1) ​ 67.7 ​ 67.4 Net amount at risk (2) ​ $ 292.7 ​ $ 415.5 (1) The weighted-average attained age is calculated at the contract level using the total contributions since inception and the age of the contractholders. (2) The net amount at risk for our GMDB riders is defined as the current GMDB amount in excess of the current account balance. The net amount at risk for our GMWB riders is defined as the greater of the present value of the GMWB payments less the current account balance or zero. For contracts with both GMDB and GMWB riders, the net amount at risk is the greater of the GMDB or GMWB net amount at risk. A decrease in the net amount at risk in 2023 as a result of increases in the equity markets was partially offset by an increase in the net amount at risk as a result of increases in interest rates. Decreases in the equity markets and increases in interest rates resulted in an increase in the net amount at risk in 2022. ​ Significant changes to inputs and assumptions that impacted the change in the MRB fair value measurement shown above were as follows: ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended ​ For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Change in net ​ Change in net ​ ​ Change in input ​ MRB liability ​ Change in input ​ MRB liability Long-term interest rate ​ Increased ​ Favorable ​ Increased ​ Favorable Equity markets ​ Increased ​ Favorable ​ Decreased ​ Unfavorable Equity market volatilities ​ Decreased ​ Favorable ​ Increased ​ Unfavorable Own nonperformance risk ​ Decreased ​ Unfavorable ​ Increased ​ Favorable ​ See “Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement” for additional details on the inputs. Principal Asset Management – Principal International The net asset (liability) balances and the changes in the valuation of the MRBs for Asia – Guaranteed pension were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ($ in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ (26.0) ​ $ (35.1) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period ​ 1.2 ​ 4.3 Adjusted balance at beginning of period ​ (24.8) ​ (30.8) Effect of: ​ ​ ​ Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior ​ (7.6) ​ (7.1) Benefit payments ​ 10.4 ​ 9.5 Changes in interest rates ​ 1.1 ​ 3.9 Changes in equity markets ​ 0.2 ​ (1.0) Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior ​ (0.1) ​ 0.7 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — Adjusted balance at end of period ​ (20.7) ​ (24.8) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period ​ (1.0) ​ (1.2) Balance at end of period ​ $ (21.7) ​ $ (26.0) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average attained age of policyholders (years) (1) ​ 50.2 ​ 50.0 Net amount at risk (2) ​ $ 76.1 ​ $ 91.0 (1) The weighted-average attained age is calculated at the contract level using the guarantee amounts and the age of the underlying members of the contracts. (2) The net amount at risk for the minimum guarantee on withdrawal is defined as the current guaranteed balance in excess of the current account balance. ​ Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement The following table provides quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for fair value measurements of MRBs. The utilization rate and mortality rate inputs are omitted from the table as a range does not provide meaningful presentation. The utilization rate represents the number of contractholders taking withdrawals in addition to the amount and timing of the withdrawals. The mortality rate is an input based on an appropriate industry mortality table. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted- ​ ​ Range of inputs Average Range of inputs Average Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ Individual variable annuities ​ Long-term interest rate (1) 4.70 - 4.90 % 4.80 % 3.97 - 4.12 % 4.04 % Long-term equity market volatility 18.00 - 33.00 % 22.00 % 18.10 - 34.15 % 22.07 % Nonperformance risk 0.90 - 1.80 % 1.60 % 0.90 - 1.96 % 1.65 % Lapse rate 1.10 - 55.00 % 5.80 % 1.25 - 24.75 % 5.76 % Principal Asset Management - Principal International: ​ ​ ​ ​ Asia: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Guaranteed pension ​ ​ ​ ​ Long-term interest rate (1) 4.20 - 4.37 % 4.28 % 3.80 - 3.98 % 3.88 % Long-term equity market volatility 16.77 - 24.24 % 19.70 % 18.06 - 25.16 % 20.69 % Nonperformance risk 0.92 - 1.92 % 1.64 % 0.90 - 1.98 % 1.68 % Lapse rate 4.95 - 19.35 % 13.40 % 4.95 - 19.35 % 13.40 % (1) Represents the range of rate curves used in the valuation analysis that we have determined market participants would use when pricing the instrument. The rate curves are derived from an interpolation between various observable swap rates.

Reinsurance

Reinsurance	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Reinsurance
Reinsurance	10. Reinsurance We reinsure a portion of the insurance risks associated with our individual disability, traditional life, universal life, medical and long-term care insurance as well as retail fixed annuity contracts with significant life insurance risk through reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurance companies, primarily on a quota share, excess loss, yearly renewable term or coinsurance basis. During the second quarter of 2022, we closed a coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance transaction with Talcott Life & Annuity Re in which we ceded our in-force U.S. retail fixed annuity and ULSG blocks of business. The economics of the transaction were effective as of January 1, 2022. We use both the reinsurance and deposit methods of accounting for this transaction. For further information about this transaction, refer to Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies. We are contingently liable with respect to reinsurance ceded to other companies in the event the reinsurer is unable to meet the obligations it has assumed. As of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, we had $13,698.9 million and $13,252.8 million of reinsurance recoverable assets, respectively, included in reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable on the consolidated statements of financial position, which does not reflect potentially offsetting impacts of collateral. As of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, we had $40.6 million and $39.4 million of reinsurance recoverable liabilities, respectively, included in future policy benefits and claims on the consolidated statements of financial condition. The effects of reinsurance on premiums and other considerations and policy and contract benefits were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, ​ For the nine months ended September 30, ​ 2023 2022 ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Premiums and other considerations: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Direct ​ $ 1,575.3 ​ $ 1,591.6 ​ $ 4,757.5 ​ $ 4,068.8 Ceded ​ (117.4) ​ (105.1) ​ (358.3) ​ (328.7) Net premiums and other considerations ​ $ 1,457.9 ​ $ 1,486.5 ​ $ 4,399.2 ​ $ 3,740.1 Benefits, claims and settlement expenses: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Direct ​ $ 2,143.0 ​ $ 2,174.8 ​ $ 6,504.9 ​ $ 5,826.4 Ceded ​ (432.4) ​ (373.2) ​ (1,186.3) ​ (1,090.9) Net benefits, claims and settlement expenses ​ $ 1,710.6 ​ $ 1,801.6 ​ $ 5,318.6 ​ $ 4,735.5 Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement gain: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Direct ​ $ 697.4 ​ $ (68.0) ​ $ 721.7 ​ $ (199.6) Ceded ​ ​ (739.7) ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ (768.9) ​ ​ (68.4) Net liability for future policy benefits remeasurement gain ​ $ (42.3) ​ $ (67.6) ​ $ (47.2) ​ $ (268.0) ​ As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had a $6,520.2 million and $ 7,901.0 reinsurance deposit receivable, respectively. Refer to Note 3, Investments, for information on our financing receivables valuation allowance related to the reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable. Cost of Reinsurance A reinsurance asset or liability is established to spread the expected net reinsurance costs or profits over the expected term of the contracts. The cost of reinsurance asset and liability are reported in premiums due and other receivables and liability for future policy benefits and claims, respectively, on the consolidated statements of financial position. The cost of reinsurance asset and liability included on the consolidated statements of financial position were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Cost of reinsurance asset ​ $ 3,286.6 ​ $ 3,339.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cost of reinsurance liability ​ $ 150.2 ​ $ 191.1 ​ Cost of reinsurance amortization, including the impacts of remeasurement, of $(25.0) million and $7.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and $8.2 million and $ 2.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, was reported in benefits, claims and settlement expenses and liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss on the consolidated statements of operations. Funds Withheld The following assets were held in support of our reserves associated with our coinsurance with funds withheld agreement and are reported in the line items shown on the consolidated statements of financial position. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ 14,779.3 ​ $ 15,693.5 Fixed maturities, trading ​ 215.3 ​ ​ 100.8 Equity securities ​ 0.3 ​ ​ 11.0 Mortgage loans ​ 2,527.9 ​ ​ 2,810.8 Other investments ​ 434.1 ​ ​ 179.8 Cash and cash equivalents ​ 746.9 ​ ​ 1,762.9 Accrued interest income ​ 203.7 ​ ​ 178.7 Net other liabilities ​ (49.8) ​ ​ (33.6) Net assets ​ $ 18,857.7 ​ $ 20,703.9 ​ Certain assets are reported at amortized cost while the fair value of those assets is reflected in the funds withheld payable. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had a $18,557.7 million and $20,436.1 million funds withheld payable, which was net of a $4,045.7 million and $3,652.8 million embedded derivative asset, respectively. The change in fair value of the embedded derivative was a gain (loss) of $925.6 million and $1,237.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $392.9 million and $4,305.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. While the economic benefits of the funds withheld assets flow to Talcott Life & Annuity Re, we retain legal ownership of the assets within the funds withheld account. Guidelines are in place to ensure the investment risk is appropriately managed. Net investment income and net realized capital gains (losses) related to the assets on the consolidated statements of operations is reported net of the amounts that flow to Talcott Life & Annuity Re. The realized gains and losses that do not flow to Talcott Life & Annuity Re are reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets on the consolidated statements of operations. Following are the components of net realized capital gains (losses) on the funds withheld assets that were passed to Talcott Life & Annuity Re. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ (22.7) ​ $ (53.2) ​ $ (146.3) ​ $ 60.7 Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ — ​ ​ (5.6) ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ (6.4) Equity securities ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ (1.2) ​ ​ (2.4) Mortgage loans ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ (9.2) ​ ​ (1.8) Derivatives ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ (0.5) ​ ​ 5.0 ​ ​ (1.0) Other ​ ​ — ​ ​ 11.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 5.4 Net realized capital gains (losses) ​ $ (23.1) ​ $ (47.3) ​ $ (151.8) ​ $ 54.5 ​

Long-Term Debt

Long-Term Debt	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Long-Term Debt.
Long-Term Debt	11. Long-Term Debt ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net unamortized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ discount, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ premium and ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ debt issuance ​ Carrying ​ Principal costs amount ​ ​ (in millions) 3.4% notes payable, due 2025 $ 400.0 $ (0.8) $ 399.2 3.1% notes payable, due 2026 ​ 350.0 ​ (1.2) ​ 348.8 3.7% notes payable, due 2029 ​ 500.0 ​ (4.0) ​ 496.0 2.125% notes payable, due 2030 ​ 600.0 ​ (3.3) ​ 596.7 5.375% notes payable, due 2033 ​ 400.0 ​ (3.9) ​ 396.1 6.05% notes payable, due 2036 ​ 505.6 ​ (2.2) ​ 503.4 4.625% notes payable, due 2042 ​ 300.0 ​ (2.8) ​ 297.2 4.35% notes payable, due 2043 ​ 300.0 ​ (2.9) ​ 297.1 4.3% notes payable, due 2046 ​ 300.0 ​ (3.0) ​ 297.0 5.5% notes payable, due 2053 ​ 300.0 ​ (4.3) ​ 295.7 Non-recourse mortgages and notes payable ​ 3.1 ​ (0.1) ​ 3.0 Total long-term debt $ 3,958.7 $ (28.5) $ 3,930.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net unamortized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ discount, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ premium and ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ debt issuance ​ Carrying ​ Principal costs amount ​ ​ (in millions) 3.125% notes payable, due 2023 $ 300.0 $ (0.1) $ 299.9 3.4% notes payable, due 2025 ​ 400.0 ​ (1.2) ​ 398.8 3.1% notes payable, due 2026 ​ 350.0 ​ (1.4) ​ 348.6 3.7% notes payable, due 2029 ​ 500.0 ​ (4.3) ​ 495.7 2.125% notes payable, due 2030 ​ ​ 600.0 ​ ​ (3.6) ​ ​ 596.4 6.05% notes payable, due 2036 ​ 505.6 ​ (2.3) ​ 503.3 4.625% notes payable, due 2042 ​ 300.0 ​ (2.9) ​ 297.1 4.35% notes payable, due 2043 ​ 300.0 ​ (3.0) ​ 297.0 4.3% notes payable, due 2046 ​ 300.0 ​ (3.1) ​ 296.9 Floating rate notes payable, due 2055 ​ 400.0 ​ (4.5) ​ 395.5 Non-recourse mortgages and notes payable ​ 67.1 ​ 0.7 ​ 67.8 Total long-term debt ​ $ 4,022.7 ​ $ (25.7) ​ $ 3,997.0 ​ Net discount, premium and issuance costs associated with issuing these notes are amortized to expense over the respective terms using the interest method. On March 8, 2023, we issued $700.0 million of senior notes. We issued a $400.0 million series of notes that bear interest at 5.375% and will mature in 2033 and a $300.0 million series of notes that bear interest at 5.5% and will mature in 2053. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 each year, beginning on September 15, 2023. The proceeds from these notes were used to repay at maturity our 3.125% notes payable due in 2023 and to redeem our floating rate notes payable due in 2055. We incurred a one-time cost to extinguish this debt before the scheduled maturity date, which was recorded in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Income Taxes
Income Taxes	12. Income Taxes Effective Income Tax Rate Our provision for income taxes may not have the customary relationship of taxes to income. A reconciliation between the U.S. corporate income tax rate and the effective income tax rate was as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ U.S. corporate income tax rate ​ 21 % ​ 21 % ​ 21 % ​ 21 % Dividends received deduction ​ (1) ​ (1) ​ ​ (3) ​ (1) ​ Tax credits ​ (1) ​ ​ (1) ​ ​ (3) ​ ​ (1) ​ Impact of equity method presentation ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1) ​ ​ — ​ Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ​ 2 ​ ​ 1 ​ ​ 3 ​ ​ 1 ​ Low income housing tax credit amortization ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2 ​ ​ — ​ Other ​ 1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1) ​ ​ — ​ Effective income tax rate ​ 22 % ​ 20 % ​ 18 % ​ 20 % ​ Effects of Tax Legislation The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“The Act”) was enacted by the U.S. government on August 16, 2022. The Act implements a new corporate alternative minimum tax (“CAMT”) effective January 1, 2023. We are an “Applicable Corporation,” which requires computation of the U.S. federal income tax liability under two systems, the U.S. regular corporate tax (“RCT”) and the CAMT. Although the CAMT may apply in any given year when tentative minimum tax (“TMT”) then exceeds the RCT liability, as a “prepayment” the CAMT generates a corresponding alternative minimum tax credit (“AMTC”). We made an accounting policy election in 2022 to recognize the CAMT as a current period tax expense when incurred, along with recording an offsetting AMTC related deferred tax asset. As of September 30, 2023, we recorded a CAMT accrual of $72.5 million.

Employee and Agent Benefits

Employee and Agent Benefits	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Employee and Agent Benefits
Employee and Agent Benefits	13. Employee and Agent Benefits Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other postretirement ​ ​ Pension benefits ​ benefits ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the three months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Service cost ​ $ 13.9 ​ $ 19.7 ​ $ — ​ $ — Interest cost ​ ​ 40.0 ​ 28.2 ​ 0.8 ​ 0.6 Expected return on plan assets ​ ​ (40.7) ​ (44.8) ​ (1.2) ​ (1.3) Amortization of prior service benefit ​ ​ (4.2) ​ (4.2) ​ (0.3) ​ (0.3) Recognized net actuarial (gain) loss ​ ​ 10.2 ​ 13.9 ​ (0.1) ​ (0.2) Net periodic benefit cost (income) ​ $ 19.2 ​ $ 12.8 ​ $ (0.8) ​ $ (1.2) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other postretirement ​ ​ Pension benefits ​ benefits ​ ​ For the nine months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Service cost ​ $ 41.7 ​ $ 58.8 ​ $ — ​ $ — Interest cost ​ 120.0 ​ 84.6 ​ 2.5 ​ 1.7 Expected return on plan assets ​ (122.3) ​ (134.2) ​ (3.5) ​ (3.7) Amortization of prior service benefit ​ (12.6) ​ (12.6) ​ (0.8) ​ (0.8) Recognized net actuarial (gain) loss ​ 30.7 ​ 41.8 ​ (0.5) ​ (0.8) Net periodic benefit cost (income) ​ $ 57.5 ​ $ 38.4 ​ $ (2.3) ​ $ (3.6) ​ The components of net periodic benefit cost including the service cost component are included in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. Contributions Our funding policy for our qualified pension plan is to fund the plan annually in an amount at least equal to the minimum annual contribution required under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) and, generally, not greater than the maximum amount that can be deducted for U.S. federal income tax purposes. It is too early to determine, but we do not anticipate that we will be required to fund a minimum required contribution under ERISA. Regardless, it is possible that we may fund the qualified and nonqualified pension plans in 2023 for a combined total of up to $70.0 million. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we contributed $12.0 million and $54.0 million to these plans, respectively.

Contingencies, Guarantees and I

Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnifications	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnifications
Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnifications	14. Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnifications Litigation and Regulatory Contingencies We are regularly involved in litigation, both as a defendant and as a plaintiff, but primarily as a defendant. Litigation naming us as a defendant ordinarily arises out of our business operations as a provider of asset management and accumulation products and services, individual life insurance, specialty benefits insurance and our investment activities. Some of the lawsuits may be class actions, or purport to be, and some may include claims for unspecified or substantial punitive and treble damages. We may discuss such litigation in one of three ways. We accrue a charge to income and disclose legal matters for which the chance of loss is probable and for which the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. We may disclose contingencies for which the chance of loss is reasonably possible and provide an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. Finally, we may voluntarily disclose loss contingencies for which the chance of loss is remote in order to provide information concerning matters that potentially expose us to possible losses. In addition, regulatory bodies such as state insurance departments, the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), the Department of Labor (“DOL”) and other regulatory agencies in the U.S. and in international locations in which we do business, regularly make inquiries and conduct examinations or investigations concerning our compliance with, among other things, insurance laws, securities laws, ERISA and laws governing the activities of broker-dealers. We receive requests from regulators and other governmental authorities relating to industry issues and may receive additional requests, including subpoenas and interrogatories, in the future. While the outcome of any pending or future litigation or regulatory matter cannot be predicted, management does not believe any such matter will have a material adverse effect on our business or financial position. To the extent such matters present a reasonably possible chance of loss, we are generally not able to estimate the possible loss or range of loss associated therewith. The outcome of such matters is always uncertain and unforeseen results can occur. It is possible that such outcomes could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures or establish accruals in amounts that we could not estimate as of September 30, 2023. Guarantees and Indemnifications In the normal course of business, we have provided guarantees to third parties primarily related to former subsidiaries and joint ventures. The terms of these agreements range in duration and often are not explicitly defined. The maximum exposure under these agreements as of September 30, 2023, was approximately $82.0 million. At inception, the fair value of such guarantees was insignificant. In addition, we believe the likelihood is remote that material payments will be required. Therefore, any liability accrued within our consolidated statements of financial position is insignificant. Should we be required to perform under these guarantees, we generally could recover a portion of the loss from third parties through recourse provisions included in agreements with such parties, the sale of assets held as collateral that can be liquidated in the event performance is required under the guarantees or other recourse generally available to us; therefore, such guarantees would not result in a material adverse effect on our business or financial position. While the likelihood is remote, such outcomes could materially affect net income in a particular quarter or annual period. Furthermore, in connection with our contingent funding agreements, we are required to purchase any principal and interest strips of U.S. Treasury securities that are due and not paid from the associated unconsolidated trusts. The maximum exposure under these agreements as of September 30, 2023, was $750.0 million. We manage mandatory privatized social security funds in Chile. By regulation, we have a required minimum guarantee on the funds’ relative return. Because the guarantee has no limitation with respect to duration or amount, the maximum exposure of the guarantee in the future is indeterminable. We are also subject to various other indemnification obligations issued in conjunction with divestitures, acquisitions, financing and reinsurance transactions whose terms range in duration and often are not explicitly defined. Certain portions of these indemnifications may be capped, while other portions are not subject to such limitations; therefore, the overall maximum amount of the obligation under the indemnifications cannot be reasonably estimated. At inception, the fair value of such indemnifications was insignificant. In addition, we believe the likelihood is remote that material payments will be required. Therefore, any liability accrued within our consolidated statements of financial position is insignificant. While we are unable to estimate with certainty the ultimate legal and financial liability with respect to these indemnifications, we believe that performance under these indemnifications would not result in a material adverse effect on our business or financial position. While the likelihood is remote, performance under these indemnifications could materially affect net income in a particular quarter or annual period.

Stockholders' Equity

Stockholders' Equity	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Stockholders' Equity
Stockholders' Equity	15 . Stockholders’ Equity Common Stock Dividends ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 Dividends declared per common share ​ $ 0.65 $ 0.64 ​ $ 1.93 $ 1.92 ​ Reconciliation of Outstanding Common Shares ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 Beginning balance 242,037,833 249,852,601 243,549,782 261,673,076 Shares issued 187,895 991,881 2,186,549 3,320,049 Treasury stock acquired (2,567,868) (5,984,661) (6,078,471) (20,133,304) Ending balance 239,657,860 244,859,821 239,657,860 244,859,821 ​ In June 2021, our Board of Directors (“Board”) authorized a share repurchase program of up to $1.2 billion of our outstanding common stock, which was completed in August 2022. In January 2022, our Board authorized a $1.6 billion increase to the June 2021 share repurchase program authorization, which has no expiration date. Shares repurchased under these programs are accounted for as treasury stock, carried at cost and reflected as a reduction to stockholders’ equity. In March 2022, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase program with a third party financial institution to repurchase $700.0 million of common stock. We received approximately 8.5 million shares at an initial cost of $560.0 million from our counterparty as of March 31, 2022, which was recorded in treasury stock. The associated $140.0 million forward contract was recorded in additional paid-in capital. This program closed in June 2022, at which time an additional 1.4 million shares were delivered based on the $70.53 daily volume-weighted average price of our common stock, less a discount, during the term of the program. In August 2022, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase program with a third party financial institution to repurchase $400.0 million of common stock. We received approximately 4.1 million shares at an initial cost of $320.0 million from our counterparty as of August 16, 2022, which was recorded in treasury stock. This program closed in September 2022, at which time an additional 1.2 million shares were delivered based on the $76.48 daily volume-weighted average price of our common stock, less a discount, during the term of the program. Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ September 30, 2023 ​ Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax ​ ​ (in millions) Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities during the period ​ $ (2,333.5) ​ $ 501.0 ​ $ (1,832.5) ​ $ (1,840.4) ​ $ 398.8 ​ $ (1,441.6) Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (1) ​ 30.3 ​ ​ (6.2) ​ ​ 24.1 ​ ​ 214.0 ​ ​ (44.7) ​ ​ 169.3 Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns ​ (1.8) ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ (1.4) ​ ​ (2.5) ​ ​ 0.6 ​ ​ (1.9) Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities ​ 0.6 ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ 0.7 ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ 0.5 Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities ​ (2,304.4) ​ ​ 495.0 ​ ​ (1,809.4) ​ ​ (1,628.2) ​ ​ 354.5 ​ ​ (1,273.7) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net unrealized losses on derivative instruments during the period ​ (16.8) ​ ​ 3.5 ​ ​ (13.3) ​ ​ (19.3) ​ ​ 4.1 ​ ​ (15.2) Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (2) ​ (1.3) ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ (1.0) ​ ​ (6.2) ​ ​ 1.3 ​ ​ (4.9) Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns ​ (0.9) ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ (0.7) ​ ​ (0.9) ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ (0.7) Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities ​ 0.2 ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ 0.1 Net unrealized losses on derivative instruments ​ ​ (18.8) ​ ​ 3.9 ​ ​ (14.9) ​ ​ (26.2) ​ ​ 5.5 ​ ​ (20.7) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liability for future policy benefits discount rate remeasurement gain (3) ​ ​ 1,773.5 ​ ​ (399.9) ​ ​ 1,373.6 ​ ​ 1,746.1 ​ ​ (404.2) ​ ​ 1,341.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Market risk benefit nonperformance risk loss ​ ​ (22.6) ​ ​ 4.7 ​ ​ (17.9) ​ ​ (22.2) ​ ​ 4.7 ​ ​ (17.5) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency translation adjustment during the period ​ ​ (149.1) ​ ​ 15.6 ​ ​ (133.5) ​ ​ 1.6 ​ ​ 6.6 ​ ​ 8.2 Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.4 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ (149.0) ​ ​ 15.6 ​ ​ (133.4) ​ 2.0 ​ 6.6 ​ 8.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation during the period ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ (18.3) ​ ​ 4.8 ​ ​ (13.5) Amortization of amounts included in net periodic benefit cost (6) ​ 5.6 ​ ​ (1.5) ​ ​ 4.1 ​ ​ 16.8 ​ ​ (4.4) ​ ​ 12.4 Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation ​ 5.6 ​ ​ (1.4) ​ ​ 4.2 ​ ​ (1.5) ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ (1.1) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other comprehensive income (loss) ​ $ (715.7) ​ $ 117.9 ​ $ (597.8) ​ $ 70.0 ​ $ (32.5) ​ $ 37.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, 2022 ​ September 30, 2022 ​ Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax ​ ​ (in millions) Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities during the period ​ $ (3,653.1) ​ $ 778.2 ​ $ (2,874.9) ​ $ (14,038.6) ​ $ 2,975.2 ​ $ (11,063.4) Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (1) ​ 76.3 ​ (15.6) ​ 60.7 ​ 83.8 ​ (21.0) ​ 62.8 Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns ​ (1.1) ​ 0.2 ​ (0.9) ​ (3.8) ​ 0.8 ​ (3.0) Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities ​ 0.3 ​ (0.1) ​ 0.2 ​ 273.1 ​ (57.5) ​ 215.6 Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities ​ (3,577.6) ​ 762.7 ​ (2,814.9) ​ (13,685.5) ​ 2,897.5 ​ (10,788.0) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments during the period ​ 104.6 ​ (22.0) ​ 82.6 ​ 84.2 ​ (17.7) ​ 66.5 Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (2) ​ (4.4) ​ 1.0 ​ (3.4) ​ (21.8) ​ 4.6 ​ (17.2) Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 0.4 ​ (0.1) ​ 0.3 Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments ​ 100.2 ​ (21.0) ​ 79.2 ​ 62.7 ​ (13.2) ​ 49.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liability for future policy benefits discount rate remeasurement gain (3) ​ ​ 1,936.7 ​ ​ (425.1) ​ ​ 1,511.6 ​ ​ 6,775.1 ​ ​ (1,435.1) ​ ​ 5,340.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Market risk benefit nonperformance risk gain (loss) (4) ​ ​ (3.7) ​ ​ 0.8 ​ ​ (2.9) ​ ​ 165.7 ​ ​ (34.7) ​ ​ 131.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ ​ (63.8) ​ ​ 9.5 ​ ​ (54.3) ​ ​ (172.2) ​ ​ 4.5 ​ ​ (167.7) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation during the period ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2.2 ​ ​ (0.6) ​ ​ 1.6 Amortization of amounts included in net periodic benefit cost (6) ​ 9.2 ​ ​ (2.2) ​ ​ 7.0 ​ ​ 27.6 ​ ​ (7.2) ​ ​ 20.4 Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation ​ 9.3 ​ ​ (2.3) ​ ​ 7.0 ​ ​ 29.8 ​ ​ (7.8) ​ ​ 22.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other comprehensive loss ​ $ (1,598.9) ​ $ 324.6 ​ $ (1,274.3) ​ $ (6,824.4) ​ $ 1,411.2 ​ $ (5,413.2) (1) Pre-tax reclassification adjustments relating to available-for-sale securities are reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations. (2) See Note 4, Derivative Financial Instruments, under the caption “Effect of Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedges on Consolidated Statements of Operations” for further details. (3) Includes the discount rate remeasurement gain (loss) associated with the liability for future policy benefits and the associated reinsurance recoverable. See Note 8, Future Policy Benefits and Claims, under the caption “Liability for Future Policy Benefits” for further details. (4) See Note 9, Market Risk Benefits, for further details. (5) The 2023 pre-tax reclassification adjustment related to the release of the cumulative translation adjustment from the dissolution of foreign subsidiaries. (6) Amount is comprised of amortization of prior service cost (benefit) and recognized net actuarial (gain) loss, which is reported in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 13, Employee and Agent Benefits, under the caption “Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost” for further details. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net unrealized ​ Net unrealized ​ LFPB ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign ​ Unrecognized ​ Accumulated ​ ​ losses on ​ gains ​ discount rate ​ MRB ​ currency ​ postretirement ​ other ​ ​ available-for-sale ​ on derivative ​ remeasurement ​ nonperformance ​ translation ​ benefit ​ comprehensive ​ securities (1) instruments gain (loss) risk gain adjustment obligation loss ​ ​ (in millions) Balances as of July 1, 2022 ​ $ (3,984.2) ​ $ 33.1 ​ $ (209.2) ​ $ 43.8 ​ $ (1,660.0) ​ $ (329.7) ​ $ (6,106.2) Other comprehensive loss, during the period net of adjustments ​ (2,875.5) ​ ​ 82.6 ​ ​ 1,511.6 ​ ​ (2.9) ​ ​ (55.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1,339.3) Amounts reclassified from AOCI ​ 60.7 ​ ​ (3.4) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 7.0 ​ ​ 64.3 Other comprehensive loss ​ (2,814.8) ​ ​ 79.2 ​ ​ 1,511.6 ​ ​ (2.9) ​ ​ (55.1) ​ ​ 7.0 ​ ​ (1,275.0) Balances as of September 30, 2022 ​ $ (6,799.0) ​ $ 112.3 ​ $ 1,302.4 ​ $ 40.9 ​ $ (1,715.1) ​ $ (322.7) ​ $ (7,381.2) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balances as of July 1, 2023 ​ $ (5,322.2) ​ $ 33.9 ​ $ 709.2 ​ $ 24.4 ​ $ (1,431.1) ​ $ (259.4) ​ $ (6,245.2) Other comprehensive loss during the period, net of adjustments ​ (1,833.5) ​ ​ (13.9) ​ ​ 1,373.6 ​ ​ (17.9) ​ ​ (131.4) ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ (623.0) Amounts reclassified from AOCI ​ 24.1 ​ ​ (1.0) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 4.1 ​ ​ 27.3 Other comprehensive loss ​ (1,809.4) ​ ​ (14.9) ​ ​ 1,373.6 ​ ​ (17.9) ​ ​ (131.3) ​ ​ 4.2 ​ ​ (595.7) Balances as of September 30, 2023 ​ $ (7,131.6) ​ $ 19.0 ​ $ 2,082.8 ​ $ 6.5 ​ $ (1,562.4) ​ $ (255.2) ​ $ (6,840.9) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net unrealized ​ Net unrealized ​ LFPB ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign ​ Unrecognized ​ Accumulated ​ ​ gains (losses) on ​ gains ​ discount rate ​ MRB ​ currency ​ postretirement ​ other ​ ​ available-for-sale ​ on derivative ​ remeasurement ​ nonperformance ​ translation ​ benefit ​ comprehensive ​ securities (1) instruments gain (loss) risk gain (loss) adjustment obligation loss ​ ​ (in millions) Balances as of January 1, 2022 ​ $ 3,880.4 ​ $ 56.6 ​ $ (4,037.6) ​ $ (90.1) ​ $ (1,548.7) ​ $ (344.7) ​ $ (2,084.1) Other comprehensive loss during the period, net of adjustments ​ (10,850.6) ​ ​ 66.7 ​ ​ 5,340.0 ​ ​ 131.0 ​ ​ (166.4) ​ ​ 1.6 ​ ​ (5,477.7) Amounts reclassified from AOCI ​ 62.8 ​ ​ (17.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 20.4 ​ ​ 66.0 Other comprehensive loss ​ (10,787.8) ​ ​ 49.5 ​ ​ 5,340.0 ​ ​ 131.0 ​ ​ (166.4) ​ ​ 22.0 ​ ​ (5,411.7) Adjustment for reinsurance (2) ​ ​ 108.4 ​ ​ 6.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 114.6 Balances as of September 30, 2022 ​ $ (6,799.0) ​ $ 112.3 ​ $ 1,302.4 ​ $ 40.9 ​ $ (1,715.1) ​ $ (322.7) ​ $ (7,381.2) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balances as of January 1, 2023 ​ $ (5,857.9) ​ $ 39.7 ​ $ 740.9 ​ $ 24.0 ​ $ (1,571.6) ​ $ (254.1) ​ $ (6,879.0) Other comprehensive loss during the period, net of adjustments ​ (1,443.0) ​ ​ (15.8) ​ 1,341.9 ​ (17.5) ​ ​ 8.8 ​ ​ (13.5) ​ ​ (139.1) Amounts reclassified from AOCI ​ 169.3 ​ ​ (4.9) ​ — ​ — ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ 12.4 ​ ​ 177.2 Other comprehensive income ​ (1,273.7) ​ ​ (20.7) ​ 1,341.9 ​ (17.5) ​ ​ 9.2 ​ ​ (1.1) ​ ​ 38.1 Balances as of September 30, 2023 ​ $ (7,131.6) ​ $ 19.0 ​ $ 2,082.8 ​ $ 6.5 ​ $ (1,562.4) ​ $ (255.2) ​ $ (6,840.9) (1) Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities for which an allowance for credit loss has been recorded were $(3.8) million and $0.9 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (2) Reflects the January 1, 2022, balance associated with our ULSG business that was ceded to Talcott Life & Annuity Re. Noncontrolling Interest Interests held by unaffiliated parties in consolidated entities are reflected in noncontrolling interest, which represents the noncontrolling partners’ share of the underlying net assets of our consolidated subsidiaries. Noncontrolling interest that is not redeemable is reported in the equity section of the consolidated statements of financial position. The noncontrolling interest holders in certain of our consolidated entities maintain an equity interest that is redeemable at the option of the holder, which may be exercised on varying dates. Since redemption of the noncontrolling interest is outside of our control, this interest is excluded from stockholders’ equity and reported separately as redeemable noncontrolling interest on the consolidated statements of financial position. Our redeemable noncontrolling interest primarily relates to consolidated sponsored investment funds for which interests are redeemed at fair value from the net assets of the funds. For our redeemable noncontrolling interest related to other consolidated subsidiaries, redemptions are required to be purchased at fair value or a value based on a formula that management intended to reasonably approximate fair value based on a fixed multiple of earnings over a measurement period. The carrying value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest is compared to the redemption value at each reporting period. Any adjustments to the carrying amount of the redeemable noncontrolling interest for changes in redemption value prior to exercise of the redemption option are determined after the attribution of net income or loss of the subsidiary and are recognized in the redemption value as they occur. Adjustments to the carrying value of redeemable noncontrolling interest result in adjustments to additional paid-in capital and/or retained earnings. Adjustments are recorded in retained earnings to the extent the redemption value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest exceeds its fair value and will impact the numerator in our earnings per share calculations. All other adjustments to the redeemable noncontrolling interest are recorded in additional paid-in capital. Following is a reconciliation of the changes in the redeemable noncontrolling interest: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 266.7 ​ $ 268.5 ​ $ 262.0 ​ $ 332.5 Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ (2.8) ​ ​ (4.6) ​ 5.3 ​ (38.0) Redeemable noncontrolling interest of deconsolidated entities (1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (2.8) ​ ​ (3.0) ​ ​ (2.8) Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ 8.3 ​ ​ 17.2 ​ ​ 31.6 ​ ​ 48.2 Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ (11.6) ​ ​ (22.7) ​ (34.4) ​ (84.1) Purchase of subsidiary shares from redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.1) ​ ​ (1.6) ​ ​ (1.1) Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ (0.8) ​ ​ (0.5) ​ ​ (0.7) ​ ​ (0.1) Stock-based compensation attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ 1.1 ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ 0.5 Balance at end of period ​ $ 259.5 ​ $ 255.1 ​ $ 259.5 ​ $ 255.1 (1) We deconsolidated certain sponsored investment funds as they no longer met the requirements for consolidation.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	16. Fair Value Measurements We use fair value measurements to record fair value of certain assets and liabilities and to estimate fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value but required to be disclosed at fair value. Certain financial instruments, particularly policyholder liabilities other than investment contracts, are excluded from these fair value disclosure requirements. Valuation Hierarchy Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels. The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety considering factors specific to the asset or liability. ● Level 1 – Fair values are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. ● Level 2 – Fair values are based on inputs other than quoted prices within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. ● Level 3 – Fair values are based on at least one significant unobservable input for the asset or liability. Determination of Fair Value The following discussion describes the valuation methodologies and inputs used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The techniques utilized in estimating the fair value of financial instruments are reliant on the assumptions used. Care should be exercised in deriving conclusions about our business, its value or financial position based on the fair value information of financial instruments presented below. Fair value estimates are made based on available market information and judgments about the financial instrument at a specific point in time. Such estimates do not consider the tax impact of the realization of unrealized gains or losses. In addition, the disclosed fair value may not be realized in the immediate settlement of the financial instrument. We validate prices through an investment analyst review process, which includes validation through direct interaction with external sources, review of recent trade activity or use of internal models. In circumstances where broker quotes are used to value an instrument, we generally receive one non-binding quote. Broker quotes are validated through an investment analyst review process, which includes validation through direct interaction with external sources and use of internal models or other relevant information. We did not make any significant changes to our valuation processes during 2023. Fixed Maturities Fixed maturities include bonds, ABS, redeemable preferred stock and certain non-redeemable preferred securities. When available, the fair value of fixed maturities is based on quoted prices of identical assets in active markets. These are reflected in Level 1 and primarily include U.S. Treasury bonds and actively traded redeemable corporate preferred securities. When quoted prices of identical assets in active markets are not available, our first priority is to obtain prices from third party pricing vendors. We have regular interaction with these vendors to ensure we understand their pricing methodologies and to confirm they are utilizing observable market information. Their methodologies vary by asset class and include inputs such as estimated cash flows, benchmark yields, reported trades, broker quotes, credit quality, industry events and economic events. Fixed maturities with validated prices from pricing services, which includes the majority of our public fixed maturities in all asset classes, are generally reflected in Level 2. Also included in Level 2 are corporate bonds when quoted market prices are not available, for which an internal model using substantially all observable inputs or a matrix pricing valuation approach is used. In the matrix approach, securities are grouped into pricing categories that vary by sector, rating and average life. Each pricing category is assigned a risk spread based on studies of observable public market data for specific security classes. The expected cash flows of the security are then discounted back at the current Treasury curve plus the appropriate risk spread. Although the matrix valuation approach provides a fair valuation of each pricing category, the valuation of an individual security within each pricing category may also be impacted by company specific factors. If we are unable to price a fixed maturity security using prices from third party pricing vendors or other sources specific to the asset class, we may obtain a broker quote or utilize an internal pricing model specific to the asset utilizing relevant market information, to the extent available and where at least one significant unobservable input is utilized. These are reflected in Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy and can include fixed maturities across all asset classes. As of September 30, 2023, approximately 4% of our total fixed maturities were Level 3 securities valued using internal pricing models. The primary inputs, by asset class, for valuations of the majority of our Level 2 investments from third party pricing vendors or our internal pricing valuation approach are described below. U.S. Government and Agencies/Non-U.S. Governments States and Political Subdivisions Corporate RMBS, CMBS, Collateralized Debt Obligations and Other Debt Obligations Equity Securities Equity securities include mutual funds, common stock, non-redeemable preferred stock and required regulatory investments. Fair values of equity securities are determined using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets when available, which are reflected in Level 1. When quoted prices are not available, we may utilize internal valuation methodologies appropriate for the specific asset that use observable inputs such as underlying share prices or the NAV, which are reflected in Level 2. Fair values might also be determined using broker quotes or through the use of internal models or analysis that incorporate significant assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such securities, which are reflected in Level 3. Derivatives The fair values of exchange-traded derivatives are determined through quoted market prices, which are reflected in Level 1. Exchange-traded derivatives include futures that are settled daily, which reduces their fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position. The fair values of OTC cleared derivatives are determined through market prices published by the clearinghouses, which are reflected in Level 2. The clearinghouses utilize the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) curve in their valuation. Variation margin associated with OTC cleared derivatives is settled daily, which reduces their fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position. The fair values of bilateral OTC derivative instruments are determined using either pricing valuation models that utilize market observable inputs or broker quotes. The majority of our bilateral OTC derivatives are valued with models that use market observable inputs, which are reflected in Level 2. Significant inputs include contractual terms, interest rates, currency exchange rates, credit spread curves, equity prices and volatilities. These valuation models consider projected discounted cash flows, relevant swap curves and appropriate implied volatilities. Certain bilateral OTC derivatives utilize unobservable market data, primarily independent broker quotes that are nonbinding quotes based on models that do not reflect the result of market transactions, which are reflected in Level 3. Our non-cleared derivative contracts are generally documented under ISDA Master Agreements, which provide for legally enforceable set-off and close-out netting of exposures to specific counterparties. Collateral arrangements are bilateral and based on current ratings of each entity. We utilize the SOFR curve to value our positions. Counterparty credit risk is routinely monitored to ensure our adjustment for nonperformance risk is appropriate. Our centrally cleared derivative contracts are conducted with regulated centralized clearinghouses, which provide for daily exchange of cash collateral or variation margin equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts that eliminates the nonperformance risk on these trades. Interest Rate Contracts. Foreign Exchange Contracts. Equity Contracts. Credit Contracts. Other Investments Other investments reported at fair value include invested assets of consolidated sponsored investment funds, unconsolidated sponsored investment funds, other investment funds reported at fair value, other loans of a consolidated VIE for which the fair value option was elected and certain redeemable and nonredeemable preferred stock. Invested assets of consolidated sponsored investment funds include equity securities, fixed maturities and derivative assets, for which fair values are determined as previously described, and are reflected in Level 1 and Level 2. The fair value of unconsolidated sponsored investment funds and other investment funds is determined using the NAV of the fund. The NAV of the fund represents the price at which we would be able to initiate a transaction. Investments for which the NAV represents a quoted price in an active market for identical assets are reflected in Level 1. Investments that do not have a quoted price in an active market are reflected in Level 2. Other loans of a consolidated VIE for which the fair value option was elected are reflected in Level 3. The fair value of these loans is estimated using a discounted cash flow valuation model that utilizes standard assumption-setting methodology accepted by market participants in the industry. The assumptions are formed based on historical performance of the loans and utilizes market data inputs such as charge-off rates, prepayment rates, recovery rates and discount rates. Cash Equivalents Certain cash equivalents are reported at fair value on a recurring basis and include money market instruments and other short-term investments with maturities of three months or less. Fair values of these cash equivalents may be determined using public quotations, when available, which are reflected in Level 1. When public quotations are not available, because of the highly liquid nature of these assets, carrying amounts may be used to approximate fair values, which are reflected in Level 2. Separate Account Assets Separate account assets include equity securities, debt securities, cash equivalents and derivative instruments, for which fair values are determined as previously described, and are reflected in Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3. Separate account assets also include commercial mortgage loans, for which the fair value is estimated by discounting the expected total cash flows using market rates that are applicable to the yield, credit quality and maturity of the loans. The market clearing spreads vary based on mortgage type, weighted average life, rating and liquidity. These are reflected in Level 3. Finally, separate account assets include real estate, for which the fair value is estimated using discounted cash flow valuation models that utilize various public real estate market data inputs. In addition, each property is appraised annually by an independent appraiser. The real estate included in separate account assets is recorded net of related mortgage encumbrances for which the fair value is estimated using discounted cash flow analysis based on our incremental borrowing rate for similar borrowing arrangements. The real estate within the separate accounts is reflected in Level 3. Market Risk Benefits MRBs are measured at fair value at the contract level on a recurring basis and are reflected in Level 3 as either an asset or a liability, depending on certain inputs at the reporting date. The key assumptions for calculating the fair value are market assumptions and policyholder behavior. Risk margins are included in the policyholder behavior assumptions. The assumptions are based on a combination of historical data and actuarial judgment. The MRBs are valued using stochastic models that incorporate a spread reflecting our own nonperformance risk. The assumption for our own nonperformance risk is based on current market credit spreads for debt-like instruments we have issued and are available in the market. Refer to Note 9, Market Risk Benefits, for further information on the determination of fair value measurement of MRBs. Investment and Universal Life Contracts Certain universal life, annuity and other investment contracts include embedded derivatives that have been bifurcated from the host contract and are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which are reflected in Level 3. The key assumptions for calculating the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities are market assumptions (such as equity market returns, interest rate levels, market volatility and correlations) and policyholder behavior assumptions (such as lapse and mortality). Risk margins are included in the policyholder behavior assumptions. The assumptions are based on a combination of historical data and actuarial judgment. The embedded derivative liabilities are valued using models that incorporate a spread reflecting our own creditworthiness. The assumption for our own nonperformance risk for investment contracts and any embedded derivatives bifurcated from certain universal life, annuity and investment contracts is based on the current market credit spreads for debt-like instruments we have issued and are available in the market. Funds Withheld Payable The funds withheld payable includes an embedded derivative that has been bifurcated from the host contract and is measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which is reflected in Level 3. The fair value is determined based on the change in the estimated fair value of the underlying funds withheld investments. The fair value of these assets is determined as previously described. Other Liabilities Derivative liabilities of consolidated sponsored investment funds are reported at fair value within other liabilities. Fair values of these derivatives are determined as previously described and are reflected in Level 2. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ ​ Assets/ ​ Amount ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liabilities) ​ measured at ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ measured at ​ net asset ​ Fair value hierarchy level ​ fair value value (5) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 1,458.8 ​ $ — ​ $ 1,132.4 ​ $ 326.4 ​ $ — Non-U.S. governments ​ ​ 478.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ 478.1 ​ ​ — States and political subdivisions ​ ​ 6,271.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,205.8 ​ ​ 65.2 Corporate ​ ​ 33,669.9 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 27.2 ​ ​ 31,610.8 ​ ​ 2,031.9 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 2,683.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2,683.7 ​ ​ — Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 4,659.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,656.5 ​ ​ 3.1 Collateralized debt obligations (1) ​ ​ 5,133.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 5,076.1 ​ ​ 57.7 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 7,226.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,170.5 ​ ​ 1,056.3 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ 61,582.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,159.9 ​ ​ 57,207.9 ​ ​ 3,214.2 Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ 722.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 65.4 ​ ​ 361.7 ​ ​ 295.1 Equity securities ​ ​ 1,760.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 569.1 ​ ​ 1,191.1 ​ ​ — Derivative assets (2) ​ ​ 279.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 278.4 ​ ​ 0.7 Other investments ​ ​ 757.0 ​ ​ 77.6 ​ ​ 217.6 ​ ​ 356.6 ​ ​ 105.2 Cash equivalents ​ ​ 3,194.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 111.9 ​ ​ 3,082.4 ​ ​ — Market risk benefit asset (3) ​ ​ 173.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 173.1 Sub-total excluding separate account assets ​ ​ 68,467.9 ​ ​ 77.6 ​ ​ 2,123.9 ​ ​ 62,478.1 ​ ​ 3,788.3 Separate account assets ​ ​ 155,478.2 ​ ​ 8,301.0 ​ ​ 95,974.0 ​ ​ 50,438.7 ​ ​ 764.5 Total assets ​ $ 223,946.1 ​ $ 8,378.6 ​ $ 98,097.9 ​ $ 112,916.8 ​ $ 4,552.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts (4) ​ $ (78.8) ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (78.8) Market risk benefit liability (3) ​ ​ (112.5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (112.5) Funds withheld payable embedded derivative (4) ​ ​ 4,045.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,045.7 Derivative liabilities (2) ​ ​ (675.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (657.1) ​ ​ (18.0) Other liabilities ​ ​ (1.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.3) ​ ​ — Total liabilities ​ $ 3,178.0 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (658.4) ​ $ 3,836.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net assets ​ $ 227,124.1 ​ $ 8,378.6 ​ $ 98,097.9 ​ $ 112,258.4 ​ $ 8,389.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Assets/ ​ Amount ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liabilities) ​ measured at ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ measured at ​ net asset ​ Fair value hierarchy level ​ fair value value (5) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 1,739.8 ​ $ — ​ $ 1,359.1 ​ $ 380.7 ​ $ — Non-U.S. governments ​ 567.3 ​ — ​ ​ 1.4 ​ ​ 565.9 ​ ​ — States and political subdivisions ​ 6,232.3 ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,161.4 ​ ​ 70.9 Corporate ​ 36,183.2 ​ — ​ ​ 26.6 ​ ​ 34,588.3 ​ ​ 1,568.3 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ 2,228.7 ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2,228.7 ​ ​ — Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 4,864.6 ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,861.2 ​ ​ 3.4 Collateralized debt obligations (1) ​ 4,566.4 ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,510.2 ​ ​ 56.2 Other debt obligations ​ 6,507.6 ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,039.8 ​ ​ 467.8 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ 62,889.9 ​ — ​ ​ 1,387.1 ​ ​ 59,336.2 ​ ​ 2,166.6 Fixed maturities, trading ​ 760.7 ​ — ​ ​ 78.6 ​ ​ 548.1 ​ ​ 134.0 Equity securities ​ 1,708.6 ​ — ​ ​ 492.4 ​ ​ 1,216.2 ​ ​ — Derivative assets (2) ​ 321.6 ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 320.9 ​ ​ 0.7 Other investments ​ 701.1 ​ 81.4 ​ ​ 311.7 ​ ​ 306.1 ​ ​ 1.9 Cash equivalents ​ 3,604.1 ​ — ​ ​ 973.5 ​ ​ 2,630.6 ​ ​ — Market risk benefit asset (3) ​ ​ 109.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 109.2 Sub-total excluding separate account assets ​ 70,095.2 ​ 81.4 ​ ​ 3,243.3 ​ ​ 64,358.1 ​ ​ 2,412.4 Separate account assets ​ 155,375.1 ​ 9,120.9 ​ ​ 92,010.7 ​ ​ 53,208.6 ​ ​ 1,034.9 Total assets ​ $ 225,470.3 ​ $ 9,202.3 ​ $ 95,254.0 ​ $ 117,566.7 ​ $ 3,447.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts (4) ​ $ (46.4) ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (46.4) Market risk benefit liability (3) ​ ​ (207.4) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (207.4) Funds withheld payable embedded derivative ​ ​ 3,652.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3,652.8 Derivative liabilities (2) ​ (634.2) ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (630.1) ​ ​ (4.1) Other liabilities ​ (0.4) ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ — Total liabilities ​ $ 2,764.4 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (630.5) ​ $ 3,394.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net assets ​ $ 228,234.7 ​ $ 9,202.3 ​ $ 95,254.0 ​ $ 116,936.2 ​ $ 6,842.2 (1) Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans. (2) Within the consolidated statements of financial position, derivative assets are reported with other investments and derivative liabilities are reported with other liabilities. The amounts are presented gross in the tables above to reflect the presentation on the consolidated statements of financial position; however, are presented net for purposes of the rollforward in the Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements tables. Refer to Note 4, Derivative Financial Instruments, for further information on fair value by class of derivative instruments. (3) Refer to Note 9, Market Risk Benefits, for further information on the change in the Level 3 fair value measurements of MRBs. (4) Includes bifurcated embedded derivatives that are reported at net asset (liability) fair value within the same line item in the consolidated statements of financial position in which the host contract is reported. The funds withheld payable embedded derivative could be in either an asset or (liability) position. (5) Certain investments are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Other investments using the NAV practical expedient consist of certain fund interests that are restricted until maturity with unfunded commitments totaling $ 7.1 million and $7.8 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Separate account assets using the NAV practical expedient consist of hedge funds and a real estate fund with varying investment strategies that also have a variety of redemption terms and conditions. We do not have unfunded commitments associated with these funds. Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements The reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) was as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ Beginning ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Ending ​ ​ asset/ ​ Total realized/unrealized ​ purchases, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ asset/ ​ ​ (liability) ​ gains (losses) ​ sales, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liability) ​ ​ balance ​ ​ ​ Included in ​ issuances ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ balance ​ ​ as of ​ Included in ​ other ​ and ​ Transfers ​ Transfers ​ as of ​ ​ July 1, ​ net income ​ comprehensive ​ settlements ​ into ​ out of ​ September 30, ​ 2023 (2) income (3) (4) Level 3 Level 3 2023 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ 70.0 ​ $ — ​ $ (4.3) ​ $ (0.5) ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 65.2 Corporate ​ 1,818.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (32.5) ​ ​ 197.7 ​ ​ 82.2 ​ ​ (34.3) ​ ​ 2,031.9 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 3.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3.1 Collateralized debt obligations ​ 65.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.5) ​ ​ 2.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (9.9) ​ ​ 57.7 Other debt obligations ​ 916.8 ​ ​ (1.6) ​ ​ (9.4) ​ ​ 129.3 ​ ​ 21.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,056.3 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ 2,874.4 ​ ​ (1.6) ​ ​ (46.7) ​ ​ 328.9 ​ ​ 103.4 ​ ​ (44.2) ​ ​ 3,214.2 Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ 171.0 ​ ​ (3.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 127.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 295.1 Other investments ​ 1.9 ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 103.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 105.2 Separate account assets (1) ​ 838.1 ​ ​ (3.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (70.4) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 764.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ (69.6) ​ ​ 3.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (12.7) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (78.8) Funds withheld payable embedded derivative ​ ​ 3,120.1 ​ ​ 925.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,045.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ 0.2 ​ ​ (20.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3.0 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (17.3) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ Beginning ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Ending ​ ​ asset/ ​ Total realized/unrealized ​ purchases, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ asset/ ​ ​ (liability) ​ gains (losses) ​ sales, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liability) ​ ​ balance ​ Included ​ Included in ​ issuances ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ balance ​ ​ as of ​ in net ​ other ​ and ​ Transfers ​ Transfers ​ as of ​ ​ July 1, ​ income ​ comprehensive ​ settlements ​ into ​ out of ​ September 30, ​ 2022 (2) income (3) (4) Level 3 Level 3 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ 86.7 ​ $ — ​ $ (4.5) ​ $ (0.4) ​ $ — ​ $ (10.2) ​ $ 71.6 Corporate ​ ​ 1,248.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.5) ​ ​ 232.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,479.5 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 3.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3.4 Collateralized debt obligations ​ 1.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.7) ​ ​ 42.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 42.7 Other debt obligations ​ 20.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (11.5) ​ ​ 239.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.0) ​ ​ 247.4 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ 1,361.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (18.5) ​ ​ 513.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (11.2) ​ ​ 1,844.6 Fixed maturities, trading ​ 85.7 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 38.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 123.9 Other investments ​ 1.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.4 Separate account assets (1) ​ 1,058.6 ​ ​ 23.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,081.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ (45.3) ​ ​ 6.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (2.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (41.1) Funds withheld payable embedded derivative ​ ​ 3,067.3 ​ ​ 1,237.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,305.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ (0.2) ​ ​ (17.7) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (17.4) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ Beginning ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Ending ​ ​ asset/ ​ Total realized/unrealized ​ purchases, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ asset/ ​ ​ (liability) ​ gains (losses) ​ sales, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liability) ​ ​ balance ​ Included ​ Included in ​ issuances ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ balance ​ ​ as of ​ in net ​ other ​ and ​ Transfers ​ Transfers ​ as of ​ ​ January 1, ​ income ​ comprehensive ​ settlements ​ into ​ out of ​ September 30, ​ 2023 (2) income (3) (4) Level 3 Level 3 2023 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ 70.9 ​ $ — ​ $ (4.4) ​ $ (1.3) ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 65.2 Corporate ​ ​ 1,568.3 ​ ​ (3.8) ​ ​ (42.6) ​ ​ 415.5 ​ ​ 171.7 ​ ​ (77.2) ​ ​ 2,031.9 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 3.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3.1 Collateralized debt obligations ​ 56.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ 147.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (146.0) ​ ​ 57.7 Other debt obligations ​ 467.8 ​ ​ (1.0) ​ ​ (30.5) ​ ​ 380.5 ​ ​ 239.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,056.3 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ 2,166.6 ​ ​ (4.8) ​ ​ (77.8) ​ ​ 942.2 ​ ​ 411.2 ​ ​ (223.2) ​ ​ 3,214.2 Fixed maturities, trading ​ 134.0 ​ ​ (3.9) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 165.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 295.1 Other investments ​ 1.9 ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 103.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 105.2 Separate account assets (1) ​ 1,034.9 ​ ​ (4.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (266.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 764.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ (46.4) ​ ​ (14.8) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (17.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (78.8) Funds withheld payable embedded derivative ​ ​ 3,652.8 ​ ​ 392.9 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,045.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ (3.4) ​ ​ (18.0) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4.0 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (17.3) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ Beginning ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Ending ​ ​ asset/ ​ Total realized/unrealized ​ purchases, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ asset/ ​ ​ (liability) ​ gains (losses) ​ sales, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liability) ​ ​ balance ​ ​ ​ Included in ​ issuances ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ balance ​ ​ as of ​ Included in ​ other ​ and ​ Transfers ​ Transfers ​ as of ​ ​ January 1, ​ net income ​ comprehensive ​ settlements ​ into ​ out of ​ September 30, ​ 2022 (2) income (3) (4) Level 3 Level 3 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ 94.8 ​ $ — ​ $ (23.8) ​ $ (1.2) ​ $ 12.0 ​ $ (10.2) ​ $ 71.6 Corporate ​ ​ 834.3 ​ ​ (3.4) ​ ​ (28.1) ​ ​ 500.4 ​ ​ 176.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,479.5 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 19.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.0) ​ ​ (4.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (10.2) ​ ​ 3.4 Collateralized debt obligations ​ 85.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.4) ​ ​ 97.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (139.3) ​ ​ 42.7 Other debt obligations ​ 42.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (12.1) ​ ​ 238.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (21.0) ​ ​ 247.4 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ 1,076.2 ​ ​ (3.4) ​ ​ (66.4) ​ ​ 830.6 ​ ​ 188.3 ​ ​ (180.7) ​ ​ 1,844.6 Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ 4.9 ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 90.4 ​ ​ 29.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 123.9 Other investments ​ 2.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.7) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.4 Separate account assets (1) ​ 945.3 ​ ​ 138.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (2.7) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,081.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ (83.2) ​ ​ 38.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (41.1) Funds withheld payable embedded derivative ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,305.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,305.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ — ​ ​ (19.7) ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ 2.9 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ (17.4) (1) Gains and losses for separate account assets do not impact net income as the change in value of separate account assets is offset by a change in value of separate account liabilities. Foreign currency translation adjustments related to the Principal International separate account assets are recorded in AOCI and are offset by foreign currency translation adjustments of the corresponding separate account liabilities. (2) Both realized gains (losses) and mark-to-market unrealized gains (losses) are generally reported in net realized capital gains (losses), net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets or change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivative within the consolidated statements of operations. Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on certain securities with an investment objective to realize economic value through mark-to-market changes are reported in net investment income within the consolidated statements of operations. Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held were: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (3.7) ​ $ — Other debt obligations ​ ​ (1.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.6) ​ ​ — Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ (1.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (5.3) ​ ​ — Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ (3.3) ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ (4.0) ​ ​ (0.4) Other investments ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — Separate account assets ​ ​ (17.8) ​ ​ 13.1 ​ ​ (76.2) ​ ​ 126.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ ​ 1.5 ​ ​ 4.6 ​ (11.1) ​ 29.1 Funds withheld payable embedded derivative ​ ​ 925.6 ​ ​ 1,237.7 ​ ​ 392.9 ​ ​ 4,305.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ ​ (15.7) ​ ​ (22.9) ​ ​ (14.9) ​ ​ (17.3) ​ (3) Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI, including foreign currency translation adjustments related to Principal International, relating to positions still held were: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ (4.4) ​ $ (4.4) ​ $ (4.5) ​ $ (22.0) Corporate ​ ​ (33.5) ​ ​ (1.7) ​ ​ (41.1) ​ ​ (29.8) Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.6) Collateralized debt obligations ​ ​ (0.5) ​ ​ (0.8) ​ ​ 0.7 ​ ​ (1.3) Other debt obligations ​ ​ (9.3) ​ ​ (11.5) ​ ​ (29.8) ​ ​ (12.2) Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ (47.7) ​ ​ (18.7) ​ ​ (74.7) ​ ​ (65.9) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.2) ​ (4) Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements were: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net purchases, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ sales, issuances ​ Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements and settlements ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​

Segment Information

Segment Information	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Segment Information
Segment Information	17. Segment Information We provide financial products and services through the following segments: Retirement and Income Solutions, Principal Asset Management and Benefits and Protection. In addition, we have a Corporate segment. The segments are managed and reported separately because they provide different products and services, have different strategies or have different markets and distribution channels. Prior to 2023, we separately reported Principal Global Investors and Principal International as segments. Those are now integrated into our Principal Asset Management segment. The new segment presentation has been applied retrospectively to our segment results, which have been recast for LDTI, but did not impact our consolidated financial statements. The Retirement and Income Solutions segment provides retirement and related financial products and services primarily to businesses, their employees and other individuals. The segment includes workplace savings and retirement solutions, banking, trust and custodial services, individual variable annuities, pension risk transfer, investment only and our exited retail fixed annuities business. The Principal Asset Management segment provides global investment solutions to institutional, retirement, retail and high net worth investors in the U.S. and select emerging markets. The segment is organized into Principal Global Investors, which provides public, multi-asset and private market capabilities across all asset classes, including equity, fixed income, real estate and alternatives, to serve a breadth of client investment objectives; and Principal International, which provides long-term savings and retirement solutions through pension accumulation, mutual funds and income annuities, along with retail asset management services in Asia and Latin America. The Benefits and Protection (formerly known as U.S. Insurance Solutions) segment focuses on solutions primarily for small-to-mid sized businesses and their employees. The segment is organized into Specialty Benefits, which provides group dental, group life insurance, group disability insurance (including short-term disability, long-term disability and paid family and medical leave), supplemental health products (including vision, critical illness, accident and hospital indemnity) and individual disability insurance; and Life Insurance, which provides life insurance, with a focus on the business market customer, including universal life and variable universal life (including indexed universal life) and traditional life insurance (including term life insurance). All remaining customers are part of the legacy life block of business, including universal and variable universal life insurance (including indexed universal life), traditional life insurance (including participating whole life, adjustable life products and term life insurance) and our exited ULSG business. Our Corporate segment manages the assets representing capital that has not been allocated to any other segment. Financial results of the Corporate segment primarily reflect our financing activities (including financing costs), income on capital not allocated to other segments, inter-segment eliminations, income tax risks and certain income, expenses and other adjustments not allocated to the segments based on the nature of such items. Results of Principal Securities, Inc. (“PSI”), our retail broker-dealer and registered investment advisor (“RIA”); and our exited group medical and long-term care insurance businesses are reported in this segment. Management uses segment pre-tax operating earnings in evaluating performance, which is consistent with the financial results provided to and discussed with securities analysts. We determine segment pre-tax operating earnings by adjusting U.S. GAAP income before income taxes for pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted, pre-tax income (loss) from exited business, pre-tax other adjustments that management believes are not indicative of overall operating trends and certain adjustments related to equity method investments and noncontrolling interest. While these items may be significant components in understanding and assessing the consolidated financial performance, management believes the presentation of pre-tax operating earnings enhances the understanding of our results of operations by highlighting pre-tax earnings attributable to the normal, ongoing operations of the business. The pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted, excluded from pre-tax operating earnings reflects consolidated U.S. GAAP pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses) excluding the following items that are included in pre-tax operating earnings: ● Periodic settlements and accruals on derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, ● Certain market value adjustments of derivatives and embedded derivatives and ● Certain market value adjustments of derivative instruments used to economically hedge embedded derivatives. Pre-tax income (loss) from exited business includes amounts associated with our exited U.S. retail fixed annuity and ULSG businesses, including the change in fair value of the funds withheld embedded derivative, net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets, strategic review costs and impacts, amortization of reinsurance gain (loss) and other impacts of reinsured business. The strategic review costs and impacts primarily include actuarial balance re-cohorting impacts resulting from the Strategic Review and costs to close the Reinsurance Transaction. Other impacts of reinsured business primarily include DAC amortization. Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted, are further adjusted for: ● Amortization of hedge accounting book value adjustments for certain discontinued hedges, ● Certain hedge accounting market value revenue adjustments, ● Certain market value adjustments to fee revenues, ● Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses) adjustments related to equity method investments, ● Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses) adjustments related to sponsored investment funds, ● Certain variable annuity fees, ● Market value adjustments of market risk benefits, ● Related changes in the amortization pattern of actuarial balances, ● Certain hedge accounting market value expense adjustments and ● Net realized capital gains (losses) distributed. Segment operating revenues reflect consolidated U.S. GAAP total revenues excluding: ● Net realized capital gains (losses), except periodic settlements and accruals on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments and certain market value adjustments of derivative instruments used to economically hedge embedded derivatives, and their impact on: ● Amortization of hedge accounting book value adjustments for certain discontinued hedges, ● Certain hedge accounting market value revenue adjustments, ● Certain variable annuity fees, ● Certain market value adjustments to fee revenues, ● Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses) adjustments related to equity method investments and ● Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses) adjustments related to sponsored investment funds. ● Pre-tax revenues from exited business, ● Pre-tax other adjustments and income taxes of equity method investments and ● Pre-tax other adjustments management believes are not indicative of overall operating trends. The accounting policies of the segments are consistent with the accounting policies for the consolidated financial statements, with the exception of: (1) pension and other postretirement employee benefits (“OPEB”) cost allocations, (2) certain expenses deemed to benefit the entire organization and (3) income tax allocations. For purposes of determining pre-tax operating earnings, the segments are allocated the service component of pension and other postretirement benefit costs. The Corporate segment reflects the non-service components of pension and other postretirement benefit costs as assumptions are established and funding decisions are managed from a company-wide perspective. Additionally, the Corporate segment reflects expenses that benefit the entire organization for which the segments are not able to influence the spend. This includes expenses such as public company costs, executive management costs, acquisition and disposition costs, among others. The Corporate segment functions to absorb the risk inherent in interpreting and applying tax law. For purposes of determining non-GAAP operating earnings, the segments are allocated tax adjustments consistent with the positions we took on tax returns. The Corporate segment results reflect any differences between the tax returns and the estimated resolution of any disputes. The following tables summarize select financial information by segment, including operating revenues for our products and services, and reconcile segment totals to those reported in the consolidated financial statements: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Retirement and Income Solutions ​ $ 201,802.1 ​ $ 202,294.2 Principal Asset Management ​ 43,789.9 ​ 45,950.7 Benefits and Protection ​ 41,707.7 ​ 40,048.3 Corporate ​ 648.3 ​ 2,285.1 Total consolidated assets ​ $ 287,948.0 ​ $ 290,578.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Operating revenues by segment: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Retirement and Income Solutions (1) ​ $ 1,651.1 ​ $ 1,563.8 ​ $ 4,940.9 ​ $ 4,144.6 Principal Asset Management: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Principal Global Investors ​ 424.6 ​ 406.0 ​ ​ 1,207.4 ​ 1,304.9 Principal International ​ 249.6 ​ 382.7 ​ ​ 857.0 ​ 1,154.7 Eliminations ​ ​ (5.4) ​ ​ (5.7) ​ ​ (16.2) ​ ​ (18.3) Total Principal Asset Management (2) ​ ​ 668.8 ​ ​ 783.0 ​ ​ 2,048.2 ​ ​ 2,441.3 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits ​ ​ 816.6 ​ ​ 749.0 ​ ​ 2,391.0 ​ ​ 2,218.3 Life Insurance ​ 335.0 ​ 336.9 ​ ​ 989.6 ​ 1,014.6 Eliminations ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ (0.5) ​ ​ (0.4) Total Benefits and Protection ​ ​ 1,151.4 ​ ​ 1,085.8 ​ ​ 3,380.1 ​ ​ 3,232.5 Corporate ​ ​ 6.7 ​ ​ (10.2) ​ ​ 48.9 ​ ​ (4.9) Total segment operating revenues ​ ​ 3,478.0 ​ ​ 3,422.4 ​ ​ 10,418.1 ​ ​ 9,813.5 Net realized capital gains (losses), net of related revenue adjustments ​ ​ 226.2 ​ ​ (21.2) ​ ​ 141.6 ​ ​ (365.9) Revenues from exited business (3) ​ ​ 924.9 ​ ​ 1,249.6 ​ ​ 508.2 ​ ​ 5,010.8 Adjustments related to equity method investments ​ ​ (18.5) ​ ​ (16.9) ​ ​ (57.9) ​ ​ (47.7) Market risk benefit derivative settlements ​ ​ (11.9) ​ ​ (8.6) ​ ​ (35.0) ​ ​ (25.4) Total revenues per consolidated statements of operations ​ $ 4,598.7 ​ $ 4,625.3 ​ $ 10,975.0 ​ $ 14,385.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pre-tax operating earnings (losses) by segment: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Retirement and Income Solutions ​ $ 304.7 ​ $ 206.3 ​ $ 786.8 ​ $ 755.1 Principal Asset Management ​ 222.4 ​ 206.0 ​ ​ 598.4 ​ 686.4 Benefits and Protection ​ ​ 169.0 ​ ​ 181.8 ​ ​ 393.2 ​ ​ 432.2 Corporate ​ (114.8) ​ (100.8) ​ ​ (308.3) ​ (382.7) Total segment pre-tax operating earnings ​ 581.3 ​ 493.3 ​ ​ 1,470.1 ​ 1,491.0 Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted (4) ​ 155.5 ​ (16.2) ​ ​ 70.1 ​ (413.6) Pre-tax income from exited business (5) ​ ​ 879.2 ​ ​ 1,178.9 ​ ​ 352.3 ​ ​ 4,903.4 Adjustments related to equity method investments and noncontrolling interest ​ ​ (11.1) ​ ​ (15.6) ​ ​ (46.5) ​ ​ 8.6 Income before income taxes per consolidated statements of operations ​ $ 1,604.9 ​ $ 1,640.4 ​ $ 1,846.0 ​ $ 5,989.4 (1) Reflects inter-segment revenues of $101.8 million and $89.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, $293.6 million and $275.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (2) Reflects inter-segment revenues of $79.9 million and $69.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, $220.5 million and $231.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (3) Revenues from exited business is derived as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Revenues from exited business: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivative ​ $ 925.6 ​ $ 1,237.7 ​ $ 392.9 ​ $ 4,305.0 Net realized capital gains on funds withheld assets ​ ​ 1.0 ​ ​ 8.5 ​ ​ 119.8 ​ ​ 697.5 Amortization of reinsurance gain ​ ​ 1.6 ​ ​ 3.4 ​ ​ 4.5 ​ ​ 8.3 Other impacts of reinsured business ​ (3.3) ​ — ​ (9.0) ​ — Total revenues from exited business ​ $ 924.9 ​ $ 1,249.6 ​ $ 508.2 ​ $ 5,010.8 ​ (4) Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted, is derived as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Net realized capital gains (losses): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net realized capital gains (losses) ​ $ 179.3 ​ $ (27.4) ​ $ 40.5 ​ $ (353.4) Derivative and hedging-related revenue adjustments ​ ​ 26.6 ​ ​ (24.3) ​ ​ 23.7 ​ (81.3) Market value adjustments to fee revenues ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ 0.1 Certain variable annuity fees ​ ​ 18.5 ​ ​ 18.7 ​ ​ 55.3 ​ ​ 57.8 Adjustments related to equity method investments ​ ​ (4.1) ​ ​ 6.6 ​ ​ 4.2 ​ ​ (6.0) Adjustments related to sponsored investment funds ​ ​ 5.8 ​ ​ 5.2 ​ ​ 17.6 ​ ​ 16.9 Net realized capital gains (losses), net of related revenue adjustments ​ 226.2 ​ (21.2) ​ ​ 141.6 ​ (365.9) Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and other actuarial balances ​ (0.3) ​ 0.1 ​ ​ (0.2) ​ — Capital (gains) losses distributed ​ (31.8) ​ 25.5 ​ ​ (30.2) ​ 146.1 Derivative and hedging-related expense adjustments ​ ​ 0.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.9 ​ ​ — Market value adjustments of market risk benefits ​ ​ (30.1) ​ ​ (16.1) ​ ​ (41.0) ​ ​ (152.7) Market value adjustments of embedded derivatives ​ (9.3) ​ (4.5) ​ ​ (1.0) ​ (41.1) Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted (a) ​ $ 155.5 ​ $ (16.2) ​ $ 70.1 ​ $ (413.6) (a) As adjusted before noncontrolling interest capital gains (losses). ​ (5) Pre -tax income (loss) from exited business included: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Pre-tax income from exited business ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivative ​ $ 925.6 ​ $ 1,237.7 ​ $ 392.9 ​ $ 4,305.0 Net realized capital gains on funds withheld assets ​ ​ 1.0 ​ ​ 8.5 ​ ​ 119.8 ​ ​ 697.5 Strategic review costs and impacts ​ ​ — ​ ​ (27.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 36.4 Amortization of reinsurance loss ​ ​ (8.1) ​ ​ (7.7) ​ ​ (50.5) ​ ​ (38.2) Other impacts of reinsured business ​ ​ (39.3) ​ ​ (32.0) ​ ​ (109.9) ​ ​ (97.3) Total pre-tax income from exited business ​ $ 879.2 ​ $ 1,178.9 ​ $ 352.3 ​ $ 4,903.4 ​

Revenues from Contracts with Cu

Revenues from Contracts with Customers	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Revenues from Contracts with Customers
Revenues from Contracts with Customers	18. Revenues from Contracts with Customers The following tables summarize disaggregation of revenues from contracts with customers, including select financial information by segment, and reconcile totals to those reported in the consolidated financial statements. Revenues from contracts with customers are included in fees and other revenues on the consolidated statements of operations. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Revenue from contracts with customers by segment: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Retirement and Income Solutions ​ $ 141.1 $ 133.8 ​ ​ 410.9 ​ $ 419.5 Principal Asset Management: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Principal Global Investors ​ 406.5 ​ 395.8 ​ 1,168.3 ​ 1,277.0 Principal International ​ 115.1 ​ 102.3 ​ 345.2 ​ 321.9 Eliminations ​ ​ (5.4) ​ ​ (5.7) ​ ​ (16.1) ​ ​ (18.3) Total Principal Asset Management ​ ​ 516.2 ​ ​ 492.4 ​ ​ 1,497.4 ​ ​ 1,580.6 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits ​ 4.0 ​ 3.7 ​ 12.0 ​ 11.4 Life Insurance ​ 19.4 ​ 17.0 ​ 54.5 ​ 48.6 Eliminations ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ (0.1) Total Benefits and Protection ​ ​ 23.3 ​ ​ 20.7 ​ ​ 66.4 ​ ​ 59.9 Corporate ​ 44.4 ​ 44.8 ​ 134.4 ​ 130.1 Total segment revenue from contracts with customers ​ 725.0 ​ 691.7 ​ 2,109.1 ​ 2,190.1 Adjustments for fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance (1) ​ 300.5 ​ 294.5 ​ 889.4 ​ 882.7 Pre-tax other adjustments (2) ​ 20.2 ​ 22.1 ​ 60.1 ​ 66.2 Total fees and other revenues per consolidated statements of operations ​ $ 1,045.7 ​ $ 1,008.3 ​ $ 3,058.6 ​ $ 3,139.0 (1) Fees and other revenues not within the scope of the revenue recognition guidance primarily represent revenue on contracts accounted for under the financial instruments or insurance contracts standards. (2) Pre-tax other adjustments relate to revenues from exited business, certain variable annuity fees and market value adjustments to fee revenues. Retirement and Income Solutions Retirement and Income Solutions offers service and trust agreements for defined contribution retirement plans, including 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans, and employee stock ownership plans. The investment components of these service agreements are in the form of mutual fund offerings. In addition, plan sponsor retirement plan trust and custody services are also available through our trust company. Individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”) are offered through Principal Bank. Furthermore, services and trust agreements are offered to non-retirement customers including insurance companies, endowments and other financial institutions. Administrative service fee revenues are earned for administrative activities performed for the defined contribution retirement plans including recordkeeping and reporting as well as trust and custody, asset management and investment services. Administrative service fee revenues are earned for administrative activities performed for non-retirement plan customers including trust and custody services, defined benefit administration and investment management activities. The majority of these activities are performed daily over time. Fee-for-service transactions are also provided upon client request. These services are considered distinct or grouped into a bundle until a distinct performance obligation is identified. Some performance obligations are considered a series of distinct services, which are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Administrative service fee revenues can be based on a fixed contractual rate for these services or can be variable based upon contractual rates applied to the market value of the client’s investments or assets under administration. If the consideration for this series of performance obligations is based on market value, it is considered variable during the billing period as the services are performed over time. The consideration becomes unconstrained and thus recognized as revenue for each billing period’s series of distinct services once the market value of the client’s investments or assets under administration is determined at market close. Additionally, fixed fees and other revenues are recognized point-in-time as fee-for-service transactions upon completion. IRAs are primarily funded by retirement savings rolled over from qualified retirement plans. The IRAs are held in savings accounts, money market accounts and certificates of deposit. Deposit account fee revenues are earned as the performance of establishing and maintaining IRA accounts is completed. Fee-for-service transactions are also provided upon client request. The establishment fees and annual maintenance fees are accrued into earnings over a period of time using the average account life. Upfront and recurring bank fees are related to performance obligations that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer and are recognized in income over time with control transferred to the customers utilizing the output method. These fees are based on a fixed contractual rate. Fixed fees and other revenues are also recognized point-in-time as fee-for-service transactions upon completion. Additionally, commission income is earned on advisory services provided to customers. The revenues are earned over time as the service is performed based upon contractual rates applied to the market value of the clients’ portfolios. The types of revenues from contracts with customers were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Administrative service fee revenue ​ $ 137.0 ​ $ 129.9 ​ $ 398.8 ​ $ 408.9 Deposit account fee revenue ​ ​ 2.8 ​ ​ 2.6 ​ ​ 8.5 ​ ​ 7.6 Commission income ​ ​ 0.5 ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ 1.3 ​ ​ 0.9 Other fee revenue ​ ​ 0.8 ​ ​ 0.9 ​ ​ 2.3 ​ ​ 2.1 Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ ​ 141.1 ​ ​ 133.8 ​ ​ 410.9 ​ ​ 419.5 Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance ​ ​ 276.8 ​ ​ 273.4 ​ ​ 833.2 ​ ​ 844.7 Total fees and other revenues ​ 417.9 ​ 407.2 ​ 1,244.1 ​ 1,264.2 Premiums and other considerations ​ 561.0 ​ 607.3 ​ 1,763.0 ​ 1,197.6 Net investment income ​ 672.2 ​ 549.3 ​ 1,933.8 ​ 1,682.8 Total operating revenues ​ $ 1,651.1 ​ $ 1,563.8 ​ $ 4,940.9 ​ $ 4,144.6 ​ Principal Asset Management Fees and other revenues earned for asset management, investment advisory and distribution services provided to institutional and retail clients in addition to trustee and/or administrative services performed for retirement savings plans. Fees are based largely upon contractual rates applied to the specified amounts of the clients’ portfolios. Each service is a distinct performance obligation; however, if the services are not distinct on their own, we combine them into a distinct bundle or we have a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Fees and other revenues received for performance obligations such as asset management and other services are typically recognized over time utilizing the output method as the service is performed. Performance fees and transaction fees on certain accounts are recognized in income when the probability of significant reversal will not occur upon resolution of the uncertainty, which could be based on a variety of factors such as market performance or other internal metrics. Asset management fees are accrued each month based on the fee terms within the applicable agreement and are generally billed quarterly when values used for the calculation are available. Management fees and performance fees are variable consideration as they are subject to fluctuation based on assets under management (“AUM”) and other constraints. These fees are not recognized until unconstrained at the end of each reporting period. Incentive-based fees are recognized in income when the probability of significant reversal will not occur upon the resolution of the uncertainty, which is based on market performance. Fees for managing customers’ mandatory retirement savings accounts in Latin America are collected with each monthly deposit made by our customers. If a customer stops contributing before retirement age, we collect no fees but services are still provided. We recognize revenue from these contracts as services are performed over the life of the contract and review annually. The types of revenues from contracts with customers were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Principal Global Investors: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Management fee revenue ​ $ 348.2 ​ $ 351.7 ​ $ 1,028.8 ​ $ 1,095.2 Other fee revenue ​ 58.3 ​ 44.1 ​ 139.5 ​ 181.8 Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ 406.5 ​ 395.8 ​ 1,168.3 ​ 1,277.0 Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance ​ ​ 9.1 ​ ​ 6.4 ​ ​ 16.3 ​ ​ 20.6 Total fees and other revenues ​ 415.6 ​ 402.2 ​ 1,184.6 ​ 1,297.6 Net investment income ​ 9.0 ​ 3.8 ​ 22.8 ​ 7.3 Total operating revenues ​ $ 424.6 ​ $ 406.0 ​ $ 1,207.4 ​ $ 1,304.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Principal International: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Management fee revenue ​ $ 113.3 ​ $ 100.1 ​ $ 339.2 ​ $ 314.6 Other fee revenue ​ 1.8 ​ 2.2 ​ 6.0 ​ 7.3 Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ 115.1 ​ 102.3 ​ 345.2 ​ 321.9 Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance ​ ​ 1.4 ​ ​ 1.1 ​ ​ 4.3 ​ ​ 3.4 Total fees and other revenues ​ 116.5 ​ 103.4 ​ 349.5 ​ 325.3 Premiums and other considerations ​ 2.3 ​ 33.8 ​ 17.2 ​ 74.2 Net investment income ​ 130.8 ​ 245.5 ​ 490.3 ​ 755.2 Total operating revenues ​ $ 249.6 ​ $ 382.7 ​ $ 857.0 ​ $ 1,154.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Revenues from contracts with customers by region: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Latin America ​ $ 87.3 ​ $ 74.7 ​ $ 262.4 ​ $ 238.9 Asia ​ 28.0 ​ 27.7 ​ 83.4 ​ 83.5 Eliminations ​ (0.2) ​ (0.1) ​ (0.6) ​ (0.5) Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ $ 115.1 ​ $ 102.3 ​ $ 345.2 ​ $ 321.9 ​ Benefits and Protection Fees and other revenues are earned for administrative services performed including recordkeeping and reporting services for fee-for-service products, nonqualified benefit plans, separate accounts and dental networks. Services within contracts are not distinct on their own; however, we combine the services into a distinct bundle and account for the bundle as a single performance obligation, which is satisfied over time utilizing the output method as services are rendered. The transaction price corresponds with the performance completed to date, for which the value is recognized as revenue during the period. Variability of consideration is resolved at the end of each period and payments are due when billed. Commission income is earned through sponsored brokerage services. Performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time, upon delivery of a placed case, and the transaction price calculated per the compensation schedule is recognized as revenue. The types of revenues from contracts with customers were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Administrative service fees ​ $ 4.0 ​ $ 3.7 ​ $ 12.0 ​ $ 11.4 Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ ​ 4.0 ​ 3.7 ​ ​ 12.0 ​ 11.4 Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance ​ ​ 4.6 ​ ​ 4.8 ​ ​ 13.7 ​ ​ 14.0 Total fees and other revenues ​ ​ 8.6 ​ 8.5 ​ ​ 25.7 ​ 25.4 Premiums and other considerations ​ ​ 762.7 ​ 704.0 ​ ​ 2,237.9 ​ 2,056.4 Net investment income ​ ​ 45.3 ​ 36.5 ​ ​ 127.4 ​ 136.5 Total operating revenues ​ $ 816.6 ​ $ 749.0 ​ $ 2,391.0 ​ $ 2,218.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Administrative service fees ​ $ 8.9 ​ $ 7.0 ​ $ 23.6 ​ $ 20.9 Commission income ​ ​ 10.5 ​ 10.0 ​ ​ 30.9 ​ 27.7 Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ ​ 19.4 ​ 17.0 ​ ​ 54.5 ​ 48.6 Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance ​ ​ 85.7 ​ ​ 84.2 ​ ​ 246.7 ​ ​ 243.3 Total fees and other revenues ​ ​ 105.1 ​ 101.2 ​ ​ 301.2 ​ 291.9 Premiums and other considerations ​ ​ 136.7 ​ 142.7 ​ ​ 394.4 ​ 415.1 Net investment income ​ ​ 93.2 ​ 93.0 ​ ​ 294.0 ​ 307.6 Total operating revenues ​ $ 335.0 ​ $ 336.9 ​ $ 989.6 ​ $ 1,014.6 ​ Corporate Fees and other revenues are earned on the performance of selling and servicing of securities and related products offered through PSI, an introducing broker-dealer registered with the FINRA. PSI enters into selling and distribution agreements with the obligation to sell or distribute the securities products, such as mutual funds, annuities and products sold through RIAs, to individual clients in return for front-end sales charges, 12b-1 service fees, annuity fees and asset-based fees. Front-end sales charges, 12b-1 fees and annuity fees are related to a single sale and are earned at the time of sale. PSI also enters into agreements with individual customers to provide securities trade execution and custody through a brokerage services platform in return for ticket charge and other service fee revenue. These services are bundled as one single distinct service referred to as brokerage services. This revenue is related to distinct transactions and is earned at a point in time. PSI also enters into agreements with individual customers to provide trade execution, clearing services, custody services and investment research services through our proprietary offered fee-based products. These services are bundled as one single distinct service referred to as advisory services. In addition, for outside RIA business PSI performs sales and distribution services only. The revenues are earned over time as the service is performed utilizing the output method. A majority of our revenue is based upon contractual rates applied to the market value of the clients’ portfolios and considered variable consideration. The Corporate segment also includes inter-segment eliminations of fees and other revenues. The types of revenues from contracts with customers were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 ​ 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Commission income ​ $ 94.9 ​ $ 89.5 ​ $ 276.9 ​ $ 280.1 Other fee revenue ​ 21.3 ​ 20.4 ​ ​ 62.5 ​ ​ 59.1 Eliminations ​ (71.8) ​ (65.1) ​ ​ (205.0) ​ ​ (209.1) Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ 44.4 ​ 44.8 ​ ​ 134.4 ​ ​ 130.1 Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance ​ ​ (76.9) ​ ​ (75.2) ​ ​ (224.2) ​ ​ (242.8) Total fees and other revenues ​ (32.5) ​ (30.4) ​ ​ (89.8) ​ ​ (112.7) Premiums and other considerations ​ ​ (1.4) ​ ​ (1.2) ​ ​ (3.9) ​ ​ (2.9) Net investment income ​ 40.6 ​ 21.4 ​ ​ 142.6 ​ ​ 110.7 Total operating revenues ​ $ 6.7 ​ $ (10.2) ​ $ 48.9 ​ $ (4.9) ​ Contract Costs Sales compensation and other incremental costs of obtaining a contract are capitalized and amortized over the period of contract benefit if the costs are expected to be recovered. The contract cost asset, which is included in other assets on the consolidated statements of financial position, was $217.1 million and $204.9 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. We apply the practical expedient for certain costs where we recognize the incremental costs of obtaining these contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets is one year or less. These costs, along with costs that are not deferrable, are included in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. Deferred contract costs consist primarily of commissions and variable compensation. We amortize capitalized contract costs on a straight-line basis over the expected contract life, reflecting lapses as they are incurred. Deferred contract costs are subject to impairment testing on an annual basis, or when a triggering event occurs that could warrant an impairment. To the extent future revenues less future maintenance expenses are not adequate to cover the asset balance, an impairment is recognized. Amortization expense of $10.0 million and $8.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and $27.3 million and $26.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, was recorded in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and no impairment loss was recognized in relation to the costs capitalized.

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

Stock-Based Compensation Plans	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Stock-Based Compensation Plans	19. Stock-Based Compensation Plans As of September 30, 2023, we had the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2020 Directors Stock Plan, the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, the 2014 Directors Stock Plan, the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2005 Directors Stock Plan, the Stock Incentive Plan and the Directors Stock Plan (“Stock-Based Compensation Plans”). No new grants will be made under the 2020 Directors Stock Plan, the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2014 Directors Stock Plan, the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2005 Directors Stock Plan, the Stock Incentive Plan or the Directors Stock Plan. Under the terms of the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, grants may be nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options qualifying under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, performance units or other stock-based awards. To date, we have not granted any incentive stock options, restricted stock or performance units under any plans. As part of our fair value process, we assess the impact of material nonpublic information on our share price or expected volatility, as applicable, at the time of grant. No awards in 2023 required a fair value adjustment. As of September 30, 2023, the maximum number of new shares of common stock available for grant under the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan was 21.8 million. For awards with graded vesting, we use an accelerated expense attribution method. The compensation cost that was charged against net income for stock-based awards granted under the Stock-Based Compensation Plans was as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, ​ 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Compensation cost ​ $ 77.4 ​ $ 70.3 Related income tax benefit ​ 12.8 ​ 15.7 Capitalized as part of an asset ​ 3.3 ​ 1.1 ​ Nonqualified Stock Options No nonqualified stock options were granted to employees during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2023, we had $0.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average service period of approximately 0.4 years. Performance Share Awards Performance share awards were granted to certain employees under the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan. Total performance share awards granted were 0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The performance share awards granted represent initial target awards and do not reflect potential increases or decreases resulting from the final performance results to be determined at the end of the performance period. The actual number of common shares to be awarded at the end of each performance period will range between 0% and 180% of the initial target awards. Effective in 2022, we added a relative total shareholder return modifier to the performance share awards under which the number of shares ultimately granted is also impacted by our actual shareholder return relative to our S&P 500 Financial Sector Index peer group. The fair value of performance share awards is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The weighted-average grant date fair value of these performance share awards granted was $91.47 per common share. As of September 30, 2023, we had $20.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested performance share awards granted. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average service period of approximately 1.7 years. Restricted Stock Units Restricted stock units were issued to certain employees and non-employee directors pursuant to the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan. Total restricted stock units granted were 0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The fair value of restricted stock units is determined based on the closing stock price of our common shares on the grant date. The weighted-average grant date fair value of these restricted stock units granted was $87.74 per common share. As of September 30, 2023, we had $86.7 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock unit awards granted. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.7 years. Employee Stock Purchase Plan Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, employees purchased 0.4 million shares for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The weighted average fair value of the discount on the stock purchased was $7.41 per share. As of September 30, 2023, a total of 3.0 million of new shares were available to be made issuable by us for this plan.

Earnings Per Common Share

Earnings Per Common Share	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Earnings Per Common Share
Earnings Per Common Share	20. Earnings Per Common Share The computations of the basic and diluted per share amounts were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions, except per share data) Net income ​ $ 1,250.1 ​ $ 1,311.6 ​ $ 1,509.3 ​ $ 4,788.7 Subtract: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest ​ ​ 3.9 ​ ​ (4.1) ​ ​ 14.4 ​ ​ 15.6 Total ​ $ 1,246.2 ​ $ 1,315.7 ​ $ 1,494.9 ​ $ 4,773.1 Weighted-average shares outstanding: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Basic ​ ​ 241.1 ​ ​ 248.0 ​ ​ 242.4 ​ ​ 253.3 Dilutive effects: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Stock options ​ ​ 0.9 ​ ​ 1.4 ​ ​ 0.9 ​ ​ 1.5 Restricted stock units ​ ​ 2.0 ​ ​ 2.1 ​ ​ 2.0 ​ ​ 2.1 Performance share awards ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ 0.4 Diluted ​ ​ 244.3 ​ ​ 251.9 ​ ​ 245.7 ​ ​ 257.3 Net income per common share: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Basic ​ $ 5.17 ​ $ 5.31 ​ $ 6.17 ​ $ 18.84 Diluted ​ $ 5.10 ​ $ 5.22 ​ $ 6.08 ​ $ 18.55 ​ The calculation of diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, excludes the incremental effect related to certain outstanding stock-based compensation grants due to their anti-dilutive effect. When a net loss is reported, our basic weighted-average shares are used to calculate diluted earnings per share, as dilutive shares would have an antidilutive effect and result in a lower loss per share.

Nature of Operations and Sign_2

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation - Policy	Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Principal Financial Group, Inc. (“PFG”) have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial statements and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ended December 31, 2023, especially when considering risks and uncertainties that may impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Our use of estimates and assumptions affect amounts reported and disclosed and includes, but is not limited to, the fair value of investments in the absence of quoted market values, investment impairments and valuation allowances, the fair value of derivatives, the fair value of market risk benefits (“MRBs”), funds withheld embedded derivative, deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and other actuarial balances, measurement of goodwill and intangible assets, the liability for future policy benefits and claims, the value of pension and other postretirement benefits and accounting for income taxes and the valuation of deferred tax assets. Our estimates and assumptions could change in the future. Our results of operations and financial condition may also be impacted by other uncertainties including evolving regulatory, legislative and standard-setter accounting interpretations and guidance. These interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our annual audited financial statements as of December 31, 2022, included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The accompanying condensed consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2022, has been derived from the audited consolidated statement of financial position but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. On January 1, 2023, we adopted the guidance commonly referred to as long-duration targeted improvements (“LDTI”), which updates certain requirements in the accounting for long-duration insurance and annuity contracts. The guidance was applied as of the January 1, 2021, transition date. As such, results for 2022 and 2021 have been recast and are also presented under the new LDTI guidance. In the first quarter of 2023 we implemented changes to our organizational structure to better align businesses, distribution teams and product offerings for future growth. We integrated our global asset management and international pension businesses under one segment, Principal Asset Management. Results of our historically reported Principal Global Investors and Principal International segments are reported within this segment. Additionally, we are now reporting results for our Retirement and Income Solutions segment in total and not separated into Fee and Spread components. Finally, we updated the name of our U.S. Insurance Solutions segment to Benefits and Protection and will continue to report the results of Specialty Benefits and Life Insurance within this segment. Our segment results have been modified to reflect these changes, which did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 17, Segment Information, for financial results of our segments. During the second quarter of 2022, we closed a coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance transaction with Talcott Life & Annuity Re, Ltd. (“Talcott Life & Annuity Re”), a limited liability company organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands and an affiliate of Talcott Resolution Life, Inc., a subsidiary of Sixth Street, pursuant to which we ceded our in-force U.S. retail fixed annuity and universal life insurance with secondary guarantee (“ULSG”) blocks of business (the “Reinsurance Transaction”). The economics of the Reinsurance Transaction were effective as of January 1, 2022. See Note 10, Reinsurance, for further details. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods relating to the presentation of our loss adjustment expense (“LAE”) liability and the change in that liability to conform to the current presentation. See Note 8, Future Policy Benefits and Claims. The LAE liability was previously reported in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial position and the change in the liability was previously reported in operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. The LAE liability is now reported in future policy benefits and claims in the consolidated statements of financial position and the change in the liability is now reported in benefits, claims and settlement expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
Consolidation - Policy	Consolidation We have relationships with various special purpose entities and other legal entities that must be evaluated to determine if the entities meet the criteria of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) or a voting interest entity (“VOE”). This assessment is performed by reviewing contractual, ownership and other rights, including involvement of related parties, and requires use of judgment. First, we determine if we hold a variable interest in an entity by assessing if we have the right to receive expected losses and expected residual returns of the entity. If we hold a variable interest, then the entity is assessed to determine if it is a VIE. An entity is a VIE if the equity at risk is not sufficient to support its activities, if the equity holders lack a controlling financial interest or if the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. In addition to the previous criteria, if the entity is a limited partnership or similar entity, it is a VIE if the limited partners do not have the power to direct the entity’s most significant activities through substantive kick-out rights or participating rights. A VIE is evaluated to determine the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the enterprise with (1) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. When we are the primary beneficiary, we are required to consolidate the entity in our financial statements. We reassess our involvement with VIEs on a quarterly basis. For further information about VIEs, refer to Note 2, Variable Interest Entities. If an entity is not a VIE, it is considered a VOE. VOEs are generally consolidated if we own a greater than 50% voting interest. If we determine our involvement in an entity no longer meets the requirements for consolidation under either the VIE or VOE models, the entity is deconsolidated. Entities in which we have management influence over the operating and financing decisions but are not required to consolidate, other than investments accounted for at fair value under the fair value option, are reported using the equity method. ​ ​
Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Policy	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Description Date of adoption Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters Standards adopted: ​ ​ Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts This authoritative guidance updated certain requirements in the accounting for long-duration insurance and annuity contracts. 1. The assumptions used to calculate the liability for future policy benefits on traditional and limited-payment contracts are reviewed and updated periodically. Cash flow assumptions are reviewed at least annually and updated when necessary with the impact recognized in net income. Discount rate assumptions are prescribed as the current upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed income instrument yield and are updated quarterly with the impact recognized in other comprehensive income (“OCI”). 2. MRBs, which are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk, are measured at fair value. The periodic change in fair value is recognized in net income with the exception of the periodic change in fair value related to our own nonperformance risk, which is recognized in OCI. 3. DAC and other actuarial balances for all insurance and annuity contracts are amortized on a constant basis over the expected term of the related contracts. January 1, 2023 We created a governance framework and a plan to support implementation of the standard. Our implementation and evaluation process included, but was not limited to the following: ● identifying and documenting contracts and contract features in scope of the guidance; ● identifying the actuarial models, systems and processes to be updated; ● evaluating and selecting our systems solutions for implementing the new guidance; ● building models and evaluating preliminary output as models are developed; ● evaluating and finalizing our key accounting policies; ● assessing the impact to our chart of accounts; ● developing format and content of new disclosures; Description Date of adoption Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters 4. Additional disclosures are required, including disaggregated rollforwards of significant insurance liabilities and other account balances as well as disclosures about significant inputs, judgments, assumptions and methods used in measurement. The guidance for the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment contracts and DAC was applied on a modified retrospective basis; that is, to contracts in force as of the beginning of the earliest period presented (January 1, 2021, also referred to as the transition date) based on their existing carrying amounts. An entity could elect to apply the changes retrospectively. The guidance for market risk benefits was applied retrospectively. ​ ● conducting financial dry runs using model output and updated chart of accounts; ● evaluating transition requirements and impacts and ● establishing and documenting appropriate internal controls. This guidance changed how we account for many of our insurance and annuity products. The guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated statements of operations. Further details about transition impacts of the guidance are included under the caption “Adoption of Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts Guidance.” The additional disclosure requirements can be found in the following notes: ● Note 5, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances ● Note 6, Separate Account Balances ● Note 7, Contractholder Funds ● Note 8, Future Policy Benefits and Claims ● Note 9, Market Risk Benefits Troubled debt restructurings and vintage disclosures This authoritative guidance eliminated the accounting requirements for Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDRs”) by creditors and enhanced the disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructuring by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The update required entities to disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases. The amendments in this update were applied prospectively, except for the transition method related to the recognition and measurement of troubled debt restructurings, for which an entity had the option to apply a modified retrospective transition method. Early adoption was permitted. January 1, 2023 This guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Description Date of adoption Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters Targeted improvements to accounting for hedging activities – portfolio layer method This authoritative guidance is intended to further align the economics of a company’s risk management activities in its financial statements with hedge accounting requirements. The guidance expanded the current single-layer method to allow multiple hedge layers of a single closed portfolio. Non-prepayable assets can also be included in the same portfolio. This guidance also clarified the current guidance on accounting for fair value basis adjustments applicable to both a single hedged layer and multiple hedged layers. Upon adoption, the application of these hedge strategies was applied prospectively. Early adoption was permitted. January 1, 2023 This guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Facilitation of the effects of reference rate reform on financial reporting This authoritative guidance provided optional expedients and exceptions for contracts and hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform. An entity could elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by reference rate reform and instead account for the modified contract as a continuation of the existing contract. Also, an entity could apply optional expedients to continue hedge accounting for hedging relationships in which the critical terms changed due to reference rate reform. This guidance eased the financial reporting impacts of reference rate reform on contracts and hedging relationships and was effective until December 31, 2022. A subsequent amendment issued in December 2022 extended the relief date from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, and was effective upon issuance. March 12, 2020 We adopted the guidance upon issuance prospectively and elected the applicable optional expedients and exceptions for contracts and hedging relationships impacted by reference rate reform through December 31, 2024. The guidance did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption. ​ When we adopt new accounting standards, we have a process in place to perform a thorough review of the pronouncement, identify the financial statement and system impacts and create an implementation plan among our impacted business units to ensure we are compliant with the pronouncement on the date of adoption. This includes having effective processes and controls in place to support the reported amounts.
Adoption of Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts Guidance - Policy	Adoption of Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts Guidance As mentioned above, we adopted LDTI on January 1, 2023. For traditional and limited-payment long-duration contracts, we review and update, if necessary, assumptions used to measure cash flows for the liability for future policy benefits during the third quarter of each year, or more frequently if evidence suggests assumptions should be revised. The change in our liability estimate as a result of updating cash flow assumptions is recognized in net income. Actual cash flows are grouped into issue-year cohorts for the liability calculation and updated quarterly. Cohorts are used as the unit of account for liability measurement. Discount rate assumptions are prescribed as the current upper-medium grade (low-credit-risk) fixed-income instrument yield. The discount rate is updated quarterly at each reporting date with the impact recognized in OCI. The provision for risk of adverse deviation is eliminated, as is premium deficiency, or loss recognition, testing. We also removed unrealized gain (loss) adjustments, previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), attributable to the impact of unrealized gains and losses on premium deficiency testing. Under LDTI, market risk benefits (“MRBs”), which are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk, are measured at fair value. The periodic change in fair value is recognized in net income with the exception of the periodic change in fair value related to our own nonperformance risk, which is recognized in OCI. Certain contract features previously accounted for as an embedded derivative or as an additional liability for annuitization benefits or death or other insurance benefits are recorded as MRBs under LDTI. LDTI simplified the amortization of DAC and other actuarial balances such as the unearned revenue liability and sales inducement asset for long-duration contracts. These balances were previously amortized in proportion to premiums, estimated gross profits, estimated gross margins or estimated gross revenues; however, these balances are now amortized on a constant level basis over the expected life of the related contracts. Impairment testing is no longer applicable for DAC. We also removed unrealized gain (loss) adjustments, previously recorded in AOCI, as the LDTI amortization is not impacted by investment gains and losses. LDTI also requires disaggregated rollforwards for the liability for future policy benefits, additional liability for certain benefit features, MRBs, DAC and other actuarial balances required to be amortized on a basis consistent with DAC. Although the accounting for the additional liability for certain benefit features, separate account liabilities and contractholder funds does not change under LDTI, the guidance requires disaggregated rollforwards for those balances. Further, for certain actuarial balances, disclosures are required for the significant inputs, judgments, assumptions and methods used in measurement, including changes in those inputs, judgments and assumptions, and the effect of those changes on measurement. The LDTI guidance is not prescriptive as to the appropriate level of aggregation for disclosures; however, amounts from different reportable segments cannot be aggregated. Factors to consider in determining the level of aggregation for disclosures include the type of coverage, geography and market or type of customer. We have identified the following levels of aggregation for LDTI disclosures. The disclosures do not include levels of aggregation for insignificant balances. ● Retirement and Income Solutions: o Workplace savings and retirement solutions – Group annuity contracts offered to the plan sponsors of defined contribution plans or defined benefit plans o Individual variable annuities – Variable deferred annuities and registered index-linked annuities (“RILAs”) offered to individuals for both qualified and nonqualified retirement savings o Pension risk transfer – Single premium group annuities offered to pension plan sponsors and other institutions o Individual fixed deferred annuities – An exited business that offered single premium deferred annuity contracts and flexible premium deferred annuities (“FPDAs”) to individuals for both qualified and nonqualified retirement savings o Individual fixed income annuities – An exited business that offered single premium immediate annuities (“SPIAs”) and deferred income annuities (“DIAs”) to individuals for both qualified and nonqualified retirement savings; also includes supplementary contracts generated by annuitizations from other individual product lines o Investment only – Primarily guaranteed investment contracts (“GICs”) and funding agreements offered to retirement plan sponsors and other institutions ● Principal Asset Management – Principal International o Latin America: ◾ Individual fixed income annuities – SPIAs offered to individuals ◾ Pension – Certain retirement accumulation products where the segregated funds and associated obligation to the client are consolidated within our financial statements as separate account assets and liabilities and are only in the scope of LDTI disclosures for separate accounts o Asia: ◾ Guaranteed pension – Pension savings schemes offered to both employers and employees ● Benefits and Protection – Specialty Benefits: o Individual disability – Disability insurance providing protection to individuals and/or business owners ● Benefits and Protection – Life Insurance: o Universal life – Universal life, variable universal life and indexed universal life insurance products offered to individuals and/or business owners, which will be collectively referred to hereafter as “universal life” contracts; includes our exited ULSG business o Term life – Term life insurance products offered to individuals and/or business owners o Participating life – Participating life insurance contracts offered to individuals, some of which are part of a closed block of business and are only in the scope of LDTI disclosures for DAC ● Corporate: o Long-term care insurance – A closed block of long-term care insurance that is fully reinsured, which was offered on both a group and individual basis. For the separate account liability disclosures, our Retirement and Income Solutions segment will use a Group retirement contracts level of aggregation. This consists primarily of separate account liabilities for the workplace savings and retirement solutions business as well as amounts for the investment only and pension risk transfer businesses. Impact of Adoption We adopted the guidance for the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment contracts and DAC and other actuarial balances on a modified retrospective basis; that is, to contracts in force as of the beginning of the earliest period presented based on their existing carrying amounts. We adopted the guidance for MRBs and cost of reinsurance retrospectively. Results for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2021, within our consolidated financial statements are presented under the new guidance. A cumulative effect adjustment of $159.9 million was recorded as a decrease to retained earnings and a cumulative effect adjustment of $5,128.0 million was recorded as a decrease to AOCI as of January 1, 2021, as shown below. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accumulated other ​ ​ Retained earnings ​ comprehensive income ​ Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax ​ (in millions) DAC and other actuarial balances: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment for reversal of unrealized loss from AOCI (1) ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 421.5 ​ $ (88.5) ​ $ 333.0 Cost of reinsurance asset (liability): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative effect of amortization basis change ​ (9.0) ​ 1.9 ​ (7.1) ​ — ​ — ​ — Adjustment of unrealized loss in AOCI ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 16.1 ​ (3.4) ​ 12.7 Reinsurance recoverable: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain from AOCI (2) ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (45.5) ​ 9.5 ​ (36.0) Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach (3) ​ 31.4 ​ (6.6) ​ 24.8 ​ — ​ — ​ — Effect of remeasurement of the recoverable at the current discount rate ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 201.8 ​ (42.4) ​ 159.4 Liability for future policy benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment for reversal of unrealized loss from AOCI (2) ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 1,965.3 ​ (452.2) ​ 1,513.1 Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach (3) ​ (119.1) ​ 29.8 ​ (89.3) ​ 17.9 ​ (4.8) ​ 13.1 Effect of remeasurement of the liability at the current discount rate ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (9,043.1) ​ 2,024.8 ​ (7,018.3) Market risk benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (4.8) ​ 1.0 ​ (3.8) Adjustments to the host contract for differences between previous carrying amount and measurement of the MRB ​ 20.9 ​ (4.4) ​ 16.5 ​ — ​ — ​ — Retained earnings adjustment for the valuation of contracts as MRBs (exclusive of nonperformance risk changes) ​ (258.8) ​ 54.4 ​ (204.4) ​ — ​ — ​ — Reclassification of nonperformance risk changes between retained earnings and AOCI (4) ​ 108.4 ​ (22.5) ​ 85.9 ​ (108.4) ​ 22.5 ​ (85.9) Investment in equity method subsidiary impacted by LDTI (5) ​ 22.8 ​ (9.1) ​ 13.7 ​ (25.5) ​ 10.2 ​ (15.3) Total impact on opening balance as of January 1, 2021 ​ $ (203.4) ​ $ 43.5 ​ $ (159.9) ​ $ (6,604.7) ​ $ 1,476.7 ​ $ (5,128.0) (1) Includes the impact for DAC, sales inducement asset and the unearned revenue liability. We have not included the disaggregated rollforwards for the sales inducement asset within the footnote disclosures due to immateriality. (2) Prior period unrealized gain (loss) adjustments in AOCI were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI. (3) The impact of loss cohorts, those with net premiums in excess of gross premiums, and cohorts with negative reserves, was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings upon adoption of LDTI. The foreign currency translation related to the liability for future policy benefits was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI. (4) The cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date for contract features previously accounted for as an embedded derivative was recorded as a reclassification from retained earnings to AOCI. (5) Reflects the impact from our equity method investment in Brasilprev Seguros e Previdencia, which had transition impacts for the liability for future policy benefits and the additional liability for certain benefit features. The table below reflects the increase (decrease) to the impacted line items in the consolidated statements of financial position related to the cumulative effect adjustment as of January 1, 2021. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Increase (decrease) ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ Other investments (1) ​ $ (1.6) Reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable ​ 187.7 Premiums due and other receivables (2) ​ (24.4) Deferred acquisition costs ​ 450.9 Market risk benefit asset (3) ​ 18.9 Other assets (4) ​ 19.3 Total assets ​ $ 650.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ Contractholder funds (5) ​ $ (397.9) Future policy benefits and claims (6) ​ 7,143.4 Market risk benefit liability (3) ​ 663.5 Other policyholder funds (7) ​ 48.8 Deferred income taxes ​ (1,519.1) Total liabilities ​ 5,938.7 Stockholders’ equity ​ Retained earnings ​ (159.9) Accumulated other comprehensive income ​ (5,128.0) Total stockholders’ equity ​ (5,287.9) Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity ​ $ 650.8 (1) Reflects the impact on our investment in Brasilprev Seguros e Previdencia, which is accounted for using the equity method. (2) Includes the impact on the cost of reinsurance asset. (3) This is a new line item on the consolidated statements of financial position as a result of implementing LDTI. These contract features were previously recorded as embedded derivatives within contractholder funds or additional liabilities for certain benefit features within future policy benefits and claims on the consolidated statements of financial position. (4) Reflects the impact on the sales inducement asset. (5) Reflects the impact of contract features previously recorded as embedded derivatives that are recorded as MRBs under LDTI. (6) Includes the impact on the liability for future policy benefits and cost of reinsurance liability. Also includes the impact on contract features classified as additional liabilities for certain benefit features that are recorded as MRBs under LDTI. (7) Reflects the impact on the unearned revenue liability. The disaggregated rollforwards below reconcile the ending asset or liability balances as of December 31, 2020, to the opening balance as of January 1, 2021, which is the earliest period presented within the consolidated financial statements, for those balances impacted by LDTI with associated disaggregated disclosure requirements. The level of aggregation presented within the rollforwards is consistent with the disaggregated rollforwards required by the guidance. The balances as of December 31, 2020, shown in the rollforwards below, do not equal amounts reported on the consolidated statements of financial position as they do not include balances for short-duration contracts, insignificant balances not included in our levels of aggregation for disclosures and other amounts not within the scope of the disaggregated rollforwards. Deferred Acquisition Costs ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ for reversal of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance as of ​ unrealized loss ​ Balance as of ​ December 31, 2020 from AOCI (1) January 1, 2021 (2) ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ Workplace savings and retirement solutions ​ $ 424.6 ​ $ 52.6 ​ $ 477.2 Individual variable annuities ​ 281.7 ​ 0.2 ​ 281.9 Pension risk transfer (3) ​ — ​ — ​ — Individual fixed deferred annuities ​ 11.5 ​ 181.2 ​ 192.7 Investment only ​ 12.6 ​ — ​ 12.6 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 730.4 ​ 234.0 ​ 964.4 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ 529.8 ​ — ​ 529.8 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 1,443.0 ​ 165.3 ​ 1,608.3 Term life ​ 607.9 ​ — ​ 607.9 Participating life ​ 60.3 ​ 51.6 ​ 111.9 Total Benefits and Protection ​ 2,641.0 ​ 216.9 ​ 2,857.9 Total ​ $ 3,371.4 ​ $ 450.9 ​ $ 3,822.3 (1) Prior period adjustments in AOCI were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI. (2) Does not include DAC for short-duration contracts or insignificant balances for long-duration contracts not included in our levels of aggregation for disclosures. Refer to Note 5, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances, for further information on DAC. (3) This product began recording DAC upon implementing LDTI. The balances and changes in DAC for 2021 for each level of aggregation were as follows: Retirement and Income Solutions ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ Workplace ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ savings and ​ Individual ​ Pension ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ retirement variable risk fixed deferred Investment ​ ​ solutions ​ annuities ​ transfer (1) ​ annuities ​ only ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 477.2 ​ $ 281.9 ​ $ — ​ $ 192.7 ​ $ 12.6 Costs deferred ​ 50.1 ​ 26.4 ​ 2.7 ​ 7.6 ​ 9.1 Amortized to expense ​ (38.3) ​ (27.1) ​ — ​ (38.1) ​ (3.6) Balance at end of period ​ $ 489.0 ​ $ 281.2 ​ $ 2.7 ​ $ 162.2 ​ $ 18.1 (1) Amortization during 2021 was nominal. Benefits and Protection ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ Specialty ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits ​ Life Insurance ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ disability Universal life Term life Participating life ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 529.8 ​ $ 1,608.3 ​ $ 607.9 ​ $ 111.9 Costs deferred ​ 89.8 ​ 84.3 ​ 126.5 ​ 1.9 Amortized to expense ​ (38.9) ​ (96.4) ​ (55.5) ​ (11.5) Balance at end of period ​ $ 580.7 ​ $ 1,596.2 ​ $ 678.9 ​ $ 102.3 ​ Unearned Revenue Liability ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ for reversal of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance as of ​ unrealized gain ​ Balance as of ​ December 31, 2020 from AOCI (1) January 1, 2021 (2) ​ ​ (in millions) Benefits and Protection - Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ $ 335.6 ​ $ 48.8 ​ $ 384.4 Total ​ $ 335.6 ​ $ 48.8 ​ $ 384.4 (1) Prior period adjustments in AOCI were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI. (2) Reported within other policyholder funds in the consolidated statements of financial position. Refer to Note 5, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances, for further information on the unearned revenue liability. Benefits and Protection The balances and changes in the unearned revenue liability for 2021 for Life Insurance – Universal life were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended ​ ​ December 31, 2021 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 384.4 Deferrals ​ 66.1 Revenue recognized ​ (25.2) Balance at end of period ​ $ 425.3 ​ Liability for Future Policy Benefits ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Effect of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment ​ remeasurement ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment ​ under the ​ of the liability ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance as of ​ for reversal of ​ modified ​ at the current ​ Balance as of ​ ​ December 31, ​ unrealized loss ​ retrospective ​ discount ​ January 1, ​ 2020 from AOCI (1) approach (2) rate (3) 2021 (4) ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pension risk transfer ​ $ 21,982.8 ​ $ (947.0) ​ $ — ​ $ 4,827.9 ​ $ 25,863.7 Individual fixed income annuities ​ 6,147.2 ​ (215.0) ​ 0.1 ​ 1,213.5 ​ 7,145.8 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 28,130.0 ​ (1,162.0) ​ 0.1 ​ 6,041.4 ​ 33,009.5 Principal Asset Management - Principal International: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities ​ 5,038.4 ​ (634.6) ​ 61.7 ​ 2,096.0 ​ 6,561.5 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ 2,173.8 ​ (168.7) ​ 2.4 ​ 493.4 ​ 2,500.9 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Term life ​ 834.5 ​ — ​ 7.0 ​ 318.8 ​ 1,160.3 Total Benefits and Protection ​ 3,008.3 ​ (168.7) ​ 9.4 ​ 812.2 ​ 3,661.2 Corporate: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Long-term care insurance ​ 134.1 ​ — ​ 30.0 ​ 93.5 ​ 257.6 Total ​ $ 36,310.8 ​ $ (1,965.3) ​ $ 101.2 ​ $ 9,043.1 ​ $ 43,489.8 (1) Prior period adjustments in AOCI related to premium deficiency testing were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI. (2) As a result of updating cash flow assumptions and measuring the liability for future policy benefits at the issue-year cohort level, the impact of loss cohorts, those with net premiums in excess of gross premiums, and cohorts with negative reserves, was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings upon adoption of LDTI. (3) The remeasurement of the liability at the current upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yield, which was generally lower than the locked-in interest accretion rate, was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI. (4) Reported within future policy benefits and claims in the consolidated statements of financial position. Refer to Note 8, Future Policy Benefits and Claims, for further information on the liability for future policy benefits. The balances and changes in the liability for future policy benefits for 2021 for each level of aggregation were as follows: Retirement and Income Solutions and Principal Asset Management – Principal International ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Principal ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Asset ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Management – ​ ​ Retirement and Income ​ Principal ​ ​ Solutions ​ International ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Latin America ​ ​ Pension ​ Individual ​ Individual ​ ​ risk ​ fixed income ​ fixed income ​ transfer annuities annuities ​ ​ (in millions) Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 25,863.7 ​ $ 7,145.8 ​ $ 6,561.5 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (4,827.9) ​ (1,213.5) ​ (2,096.0) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 21,035.8 ​ 5,932.3 ​ 4,465.5 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ (2.4) ​ (1.3) ​ (4.9) Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 21,033.4 ​ 5,931.0 ​ 4,460.6 Interest accrual ​ 916.7 ​ 240.5 ​ 444.3 Benefit payments ​ (1,772.5) ​ (532.0) ​ (436.0) Issuances ​ 1,801.7 ​ 82.9 ​ 141.3 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ — ​ — ​ (751.9) Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 21,979.3 ​ 5,722.4 ​ 3,858.3 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 3,386.5 ​ 812.6 ​ 478.5 Future policy benefits ​ $ 25,365.8 ​ $ 6,535.0 ​ $ 4,336.8 ​ Benefits and Protection and Corporate ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ Benefits and Protection ​ Corporate ​ ​ Specialty ​ Life ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits ​ Insurance ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ Long-term ​ disability Term life care insurance ​ (in millions) Present value of expected net premiums ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 3,148.3 ​ $ 3,799.0 ​ $ 66.7 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (340.7) ​ (861.1) ​ (17.6) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 2,807.6 ​ 2,937.9 ​ 49.1 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ — ​ — ​ 2.8 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 122.0 ​ 211.4 ​ (0.8) Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 2,929.6 ​ 3,149.3 ​ 51.1 Interest accrual ​ 95.4 ​ 151.1 ​ 2.9 Net premiums collected ​ (280.4) ​ (315.0) ​ (5.2) Issuances ​ 206.4 ​ 518.2 ​ — Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 2,951.0 ​ 3,503.6 ​ 48.8 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 198.9 ​ 690.1 ​ 14.0 Balance at end of period ​ $ 3,149.9 ​ $ 4,193.7 ​ $ 62.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 5,649.2 ​ $ 4,959.3 ​ $ 324.3 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (834.1) ​ (1,179.9) ​ (111.1) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 4,815.1 ​ 3,779.4 ​ 213.2 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ — ​ — ​ 0.5 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 118.8 ​ 216.0 ​ (4.6) Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 4,933.9 ​ 3,995.4 ​ 209.1 Interest accrual ​ 181.0 ​ 194.3 ​ 12.4 Benefit payments ​ (179.7) ​ (335.7) ​ (13.5) Issuances ​ 212.1 ​ 543.4 ​ — Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 5,147.3 ​ 4,397.4 ​ 208.0 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 501.0 ​ 913.9 ​ 89.5 Balance at end of period ​ $ 5,648.3 ​ $ 5,311.3 ​ $ 297.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Future policy benefits (1) ​ $ 2,498.4 ​ $ 1,117.6 ​ $ 234.7 Reinsurance impact ​ (549.9) ​ (0.1) ​ (234.7) Future policy benefits after reinsurance ​ $ 1,948.5 ​ $ 1,117.5 ​ $ — (1) Represents the present value of expected future policy benefit payments less the present value of expected net premiums. ​ Additional Liability for Certain Benefit Features Benefits and Protection The balances and changes in the additional liability for certain benefits features for 2021 for Life Insurance - Universal life were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended, ​ ​ December 31, 2021 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 3,463.9 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ (11.1) Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 18.1 Interest accrual ​ 158.3 Net assessments collected ​ 324.7 Benefit payments ​ (83.1) Other (1) ​ (56.6) Balance at end of period ​ $ 3,814.2 (1) ​ Market Risk Benefits ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ effect of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ changes in the ​ Retained earnings ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ nonperformance ​ adjustment ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ risk between the ​ for the valuation of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ original contract ​ contracts as MRBs ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Asset (liability) ​ issue date and ​ (exclusive of ​ Asset (liability) ​ ​ balance as of ​ the transition ​ nonperformance ​ balance as of ​ December 31, 2020 (1) date (2) risk changes) (3) January 1, 2021 (4) ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual variable annuities ​ $ (348.6) ​ $ (4.8) ​ $ (237.9) ​ $ (591.3) Principal Asset Management - Principal International: ​ ​ ​ ​ Asia: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Guaranteed pension (5) ​ (53.3) ​ — ​ — ​ (53.3) Total ​ $ (401.9) ​ $ (4.8) ​ $ (237.9) ​ $ (644.6) (1) The balance as of December 31, 2020, for MRBs represents the contract features that meet the definition of an MRB under LDTI and the related carrying amount of those features prior to adoption. These contract features were previously accounted for as an embedded derivative, or as an additional liability for annuitization benefits or death or other insurance benefits. (2) The cumulative effect of the change in our own nonperformance risk between the original contract issuance date and the transition date of LDTI for contract features previously accounted for as an additional liability for certain benefit features was recorded as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI. (3) The cumulative difference, exclusive of the nonperformance risk change, between the pre-adoption carrying amount and the fair value measurement for MRBs was recorded as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. (4) Refer to Note 9, Market Risk Benefits, for further information on MRBs. The cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date for contract features previously accounted for as an embedded derivative was recorded as a reclassification from retained earnings to AOCI. (5) This product had nominal transition adjustments. The balances and changes in MRBs for 2021 for each level of aggregation were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ Retirement and Income ​ Principal Asset Management – ​ ​ Solutions ​ Principal International ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Asia ​ Individual variable annuities Guaranteed pension ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ (591.3) ​ $ (53.3) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period ​ 106.7 ​ 6.5 Adjusted balance at beginning of period ​ (484.6) ​ (46.8) Effect of: ​ ​ Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior ​ (120.7) ​ (5.3) Benefit payments ​ 0.4 ​ 5.7 Changes in interest rates ​ 154.3 ​ 7.6 Changes in equity markets ​ 106.4 ​ 1.4 Changes in equity index volatility ​ 15.1 ​ — Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior ​ 2.3 ​ 3.6 Changes in future expected policyholder behavior ​ (96.6) ​ 0.5 Changes in other future expected assumptions ​ 38.2 ​ 2.3 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ — ​ 0.2 Adjusted balance at end of period ​ (385.2) ​ (30.8) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period ​ (109.5) ​ (4.3) Balance at end of period ​ $ (494.7) ​ $ (35.1)

Nature of Operations and Sign_3

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Schedule of Impact of Adoption of Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accumulated other ​ ​ Retained earnings ​ comprehensive income ​ Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax ​ (in millions) DAC and other actuarial balances: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment for reversal of unrealized loss from AOCI (1) ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 421.5 ​ $ (88.5) ​ $ 333.0 Cost of reinsurance asset (liability): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative effect of amortization basis change ​ (9.0) ​ 1.9 ​ (7.1) ​ — ​ — ​ — Adjustment of unrealized loss in AOCI ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 16.1 ​ (3.4) ​ 12.7 Reinsurance recoverable: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain from AOCI (2) ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (45.5) ​ 9.5 ​ (36.0) Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach (3) ​ 31.4 ​ (6.6) ​ 24.8 ​ — ​ — ​ — Effect of remeasurement of the recoverable at the current discount rate ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 201.8 ​ (42.4) ​ 159.4 Liability for future policy benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment for reversal of unrealized loss from AOCI (2) ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 1,965.3 ​ (452.2) ​ 1,513.1 Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach (3) ​ (119.1) ​ 29.8 ​ (89.3) ​ 17.9 ​ (4.8) ​ 13.1 Effect of remeasurement of the liability at the current discount rate ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (9,043.1) ​ 2,024.8 ​ (7,018.3) Market risk benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (4.8) ​ 1.0 ​ (3.8) Adjustments to the host contract for differences between previous carrying amount and measurement of the MRB ​ 20.9 ​ (4.4) ​ 16.5 ​ — ​ — ​ — Retained earnings adjustment for the valuation of contracts as MRBs (exclusive of nonperformance risk changes) ​ (258.8) ​ 54.4 ​ (204.4) ​ — ​ — ​ — Reclassification of nonperformance risk changes between retained earnings and AOCI (4) ​ 108.4 ​ (22.5) ​ 85.9 ​ (108.4) ​ 22.5 ​ (85.9) Investment in equity method subsidiary impacted by LDTI (5) ​ 22.8 ​ (9.1) ​ 13.7 ​ (25.5) ​ 10.2 ​ (15.3) Total impact on opening balance as of January 1, 2021 ​ $ (203.4) ​ $ 43.5 ​ $ (159.9) ​ $ (6,604.7) ​ $ 1,476.7 ​ $ (5,128.0) (1) Includes the impact for DAC, sales inducement asset and the unearned revenue liability. We have not included the disaggregated rollforwards for the sales inducement asset within the footnote disclosures due to immateriality. (2) Prior period unrealized gain (loss) adjustments in AOCI were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI. (3) The impact of loss cohorts, those with net premiums in excess of gross premiums, and cohorts with negative reserves, was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings upon adoption of LDTI. The foreign currency translation related to the liability for future policy benefits was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI. (4) The cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date for contract features previously accounted for as an embedded derivative was recorded as a reclassification from retained earnings to AOCI. (5) Reflects the impact from our equity method investment in Brasilprev Seguros e Previdencia, which had transition impacts for the liability for future policy benefits and the additional liability for certain benefit features. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Increase (decrease) ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ Other investments (1) ​ $ (1.6) Reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable ​ 187.7 Premiums due and other receivables (2) ​ (24.4) Deferred acquisition costs ​ 450.9 Market risk benefit asset (3) ​ 18.9 Other assets (4) ​ 19.3 Total assets ​ $ 650.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ Contractholder funds (5) ​ $ (397.9) Future policy benefits and claims (6) ​ 7,143.4 Market risk benefit liability (3) ​ 663.5 Other policyholder funds (7) ​ 48.8 Deferred income taxes ​ (1,519.1) Total liabilities ​ 5,938.7 Stockholders’ equity ​ Retained earnings ​ (159.9) Accumulated other comprehensive income ​ (5,128.0) Total stockholders’ equity ​ (5,287.9) Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity ​ $ 650.8 (1) Reflects the impact on our investment in Brasilprev Seguros e Previdencia, which is accounted for using the equity method. (2) Includes the impact on the cost of reinsurance asset. (3) This is a new line item on the consolidated statements of financial position as a result of implementing LDTI. These contract features were previously recorded as embedded derivatives within contractholder funds or additional liabilities for certain benefit features within future policy benefits and claims on the consolidated statements of financial position. (4) Reflects the impact on the sales inducement asset. (5) Reflects the impact of contract features previously recorded as embedded derivatives that are recorded as MRBs under LDTI. (6) Includes the impact on the liability for future policy benefits and cost of reinsurance liability. Also includes the impact on contract features classified as additional liabilities for certain benefit features that are recorded as MRBs under LDTI. (7) Reflects the impact on the unearned revenue liability.
Disaggregated Rollforward at Adoption - Deferred Acquisition Costs (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ Workplace savings and retirement solutions ​ $ 504.1 ​ $ 498.0 Individual variable annuities ​ 277.7 ​ 278.0 Pension risk transfer ​ 13.8 ​ 8.1 Individual fixed deferred annuities ​ 112.2 ​ 131.0 Investment only ​ 12.7 ​ 14.9 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 920.5 ​ 930.0 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ 658.0 ​ 626.1 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 1,549.3 ​ 1,569.7 Term life ​ 692.1 ​ 685.7 Participating life ​ 86.6 ​ 93.0 Total Benefits and Protection ​ 2,986.0 ​ 2,974.5 Short-duration contracts ​ 34.2 ​ 34.7 Other balances (1) ​ 7.7 ​ 8.8 Total DAC per consolidated statements of financial position ​ $ 3,948.4 ​ $ 3,948.0 (1) Includes insignificant balances for long-duration contracts.
Disaggregated Rollforward at Adoption - Unearned Revenue Liability (Table)	Benefits and Protection The balances and changes in the unearned revenue liability for 2021 for Life Insurance – Universal life were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended ​ ​ December 31, 2021 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 384.4 Deferrals ​ 66.1 Revenue recognized ​ (25.2) Balance at end of period ​ $ 425.3
Disaggregated Rollforward at Adoption - Liability for Future Policy Benefits (Table)	Retirement and Income Solutions and Principal Asset Management – Principal International ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Principal ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Asset ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Management – ​ ​ Retirement and Income ​ Principal ​ ​ Solutions ​ International ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Latin America ​ ​ Pension ​ Individual ​ Individual ​ ​ risk ​ fixed income ​ fixed income ​ transfer annuities annuities ​ ​ (in millions) Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 25,863.7 ​ $ 7,145.8 ​ $ 6,561.5 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (4,827.9) ​ (1,213.5) ​ (2,096.0) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 21,035.8 ​ 5,932.3 ​ 4,465.5 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ (2.4) ​ (1.3) ​ (4.9) Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 21,033.4 ​ 5,931.0 ​ 4,460.6 Interest accrual ​ 916.7 ​ 240.5 ​ 444.3 Benefit payments ​ (1,772.5) ​ (532.0) ​ (436.0) Issuances ​ 1,801.7 ​ 82.9 ​ 141.3 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ — ​ — ​ (751.9) Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 21,979.3 ​ 5,722.4 ​ 3,858.3 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 3,386.5 ​ 812.6 ​ 478.5 Future policy benefits ​ $ 25,365.8 ​ $ 6,535.0 ​ $ 4,336.8 Benefits and Protection and Corporate ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ Benefits and Protection ​ Corporate ​ ​ Specialty ​ Life ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits ​ Insurance ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ Long-term ​ disability Term life care insurance ​ (in millions) Present value of expected net premiums ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 3,148.3 ​ $ 3,799.0 ​ $ 66.7 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (340.7) ​ (861.1) ​ (17.6) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 2,807.6 ​ 2,937.9 ​ 49.1 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ — ​ — ​ 2.8 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 122.0 ​ 211.4 ​ (0.8) Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 2,929.6 ​ 3,149.3 ​ 51.1 Interest accrual ​ 95.4 ​ 151.1 ​ 2.9 Net premiums collected ​ (280.4) ​ (315.0) ​ (5.2) Issuances ​ 206.4 ​ 518.2 ​ — Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 2,951.0 ​ 3,503.6 ​ 48.8 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 198.9 ​ 690.1 ​ 14.0 Balance at end of period ​ $ 3,149.9 ​ $ 4,193.7 ​ $ 62.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 5,649.2 ​ $ 4,959.3 ​ $ 324.3 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (834.1) ​ (1,179.9) ​ (111.1) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 4,815.1 ​ 3,779.4 ​ 213.2 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ — ​ — ​ 0.5 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 118.8 ​ 216.0 ​ (4.6) Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 4,933.9 ​ 3,995.4 ​ 209.1 Interest accrual ​ 181.0 ​ 194.3 ​ 12.4 Benefit payments ​ (179.7) ​ (335.7) ​ (13.5) Issuances ​ 212.1 ​ 543.4 ​ — Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 5,147.3 ​ 4,397.4 ​ 208.0 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 501.0 ​ 913.9 ​ 89.5 Balance at end of period ​ $ 5,648.3 ​ $ 5,311.3 ​ $ 297.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Future policy benefits (1) ​ $ 2,498.4 ​ $ 1,117.6 ​ $ 234.7 Reinsurance impact ​ (549.9) ​ (0.1) ​ (234.7) Future policy benefits after reinsurance ​ $ 1,948.5 ​ $ 1,117.5 ​ $ — (1) Represents the present value of expected future policy benefit payments less the present value of expected net premiums.
Disaggregated Rollforward at Adoption - Additional Liability for Certain Benefit Features (Table)	Additional Liability for Certain Benefit Features Benefits and Protection The balances and changes in the additional liability for certain benefits features for 2021 for Life Insurance - Universal life were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended, ​ ​ December 31, 2021 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 3,463.9 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ (11.1) Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 18.1 Interest accrual ​ 158.3 Net assessments collected ​ 324.7 Benefit payments ​ (83.1) Other (1) ​ (56.6) Balance at end of period ​ $ 3,814.2 (1)
Disaggregated Rollforward at Adoption - Market Risk Benefits (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ Retirement and Income ​ Principal Asset Management – ​ ​ Solutions ​ Principal International ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Asia ​ Individual variable annuities Guaranteed pension ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ (591.3) ​ $ (53.3) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period ​ 106.7 ​ 6.5 Adjusted balance at beginning of period ​ (484.6) ​ (46.8) Effect of: ​ ​ Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior ​ (120.7) ​ (5.3) Benefit payments ​ 0.4 ​ 5.7 Changes in interest rates ​ 154.3 ​ 7.6 Changes in equity markets ​ 106.4 ​ 1.4 Changes in equity index volatility ​ 15.1 ​ — Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior ​ 2.3 ​ 3.6 Changes in future expected policyholder behavior ​ (96.6) ​ 0.5 Changes in other future expected assumptions ​ 38.2 ​ 2.3 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ — ​ 0.2 Adjusted balance at end of period ​ (385.2) ​ (30.8) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period ​ (109.5) ​ (4.3) Balance at end of period ​ $ (494.7) ​ $ (35.1)
Actuarial recohorting pre-tax impacts to comprehensive income (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine ​ ​ months ended ​ ​ September 30, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Increase to income before taxes ​ Cost of reinsurance amortization (1) ​ $ 33.7 Change in additional liability for certain benefit features (1) ​ 167.4 Total increase to income before income taxes ​ 201.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ Increase to pre-tax other comprehensive income ​ Cost of reinsurance unrealized losses ​ (2.1) Change in additional liability for certain benefit features unrealized gains ​ 7.8 Total increase to pre-tax other comprehensive income ​ 5.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ Total increase to pre-tax comprehensive income ​ $ 206.8 (1) Reported in liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss.
Deferred acquisition costs
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Schedule of Impact of Adoption of Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ for reversal of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance as of ​ unrealized loss ​ Balance as of ​ December 31, 2020 from AOCI (1) January 1, 2021 (2) ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ Workplace savings and retirement solutions ​ $ 424.6 ​ $ 52.6 ​ $ 477.2 Individual variable annuities ​ 281.7 ​ 0.2 ​ 281.9 Pension risk transfer (3) ​ — ​ — ​ — Individual fixed deferred annuities ​ 11.5 ​ 181.2 ​ 192.7 Investment only ​ 12.6 ​ — ​ 12.6 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 730.4 ​ 234.0 ​ 964.4 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ 529.8 ​ — ​ 529.8 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 1,443.0 ​ 165.3 ​ 1,608.3 Term life ​ 607.9 ​ — ​ 607.9 Participating life ​ 60.3 ​ 51.6 ​ 111.9 Total Benefits and Protection ​ 2,641.0 ​ 216.9 ​ 2,857.9 Total ​ $ 3,371.4 ​ $ 450.9 ​ $ 3,822.3 (1) Prior period adjustments in AOCI were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI. (2) Does not include DAC for short-duration contracts or insignificant balances for long-duration contracts not included in our levels of aggregation for disclosures. Refer to Note 5, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances, for further information on DAC. (3) This product began recording DAC upon implementing LDTI.
Unearned revenue liability
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Schedule of Impact of Adoption of Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts (Table)	Unearned Revenue Liability ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ for reversal of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance as of ​ unrealized gain ​ Balance as of ​ December 31, 2020 from AOCI (1) January 1, 2021 (2) ​ ​ (in millions) Benefits and Protection - Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ $ 335.6 ​ $ 48.8 ​ $ 384.4 Total ​ $ 335.6 ​ $ 48.8 ​ $ 384.4 (1) Prior period adjustments in AOCI were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI. (2) Reported within other policyholder funds in the consolidated statements of financial position. Refer to Note 5, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances, for further information on the unearned revenue liability.
Liability for future policy benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Schedule of Impact of Adoption of Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts (Table)	Liability for Future Policy Benefits ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Effect of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment ​ remeasurement ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Adjustment ​ under the ​ of the liability ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance as of ​ for reversal of ​ modified ​ at the current ​ Balance as of ​ ​ December 31, ​ unrealized loss ​ retrospective ​ discount ​ January 1, ​ 2020 from AOCI (1) approach (2) rate (3) 2021 (4) ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pension risk transfer ​ $ 21,982.8 ​ $ (947.0) ​ $ — ​ $ 4,827.9 ​ $ 25,863.7 Individual fixed income annuities ​ 6,147.2 ​ (215.0) ​ 0.1 ​ 1,213.5 ​ 7,145.8 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 28,130.0 ​ (1,162.0) ​ 0.1 ​ 6,041.4 ​ 33,009.5 Principal Asset Management - Principal International: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities ​ 5,038.4 ​ (634.6) ​ 61.7 ​ 2,096.0 ​ 6,561.5 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ 2,173.8 ​ (168.7) ​ 2.4 ​ 493.4 ​ 2,500.9 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Term life ​ 834.5 ​ — ​ 7.0 ​ 318.8 ​ 1,160.3 Total Benefits and Protection ​ 3,008.3 ​ (168.7) ​ 9.4 ​ 812.2 ​ 3,661.2 Corporate: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Long-term care insurance ​ 134.1 ​ — ​ 30.0 ​ 93.5 ​ 257.6 Total ​ $ 36,310.8 ​ $ (1,965.3) ​ $ 101.2 ​ $ 9,043.1 ​ $ 43,489.8 (1) Prior period adjustments in AOCI related to premium deficiency testing were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI. (2) As a result of updating cash flow assumptions and measuring the liability for future policy benefits at the issue-year cohort level, the impact of loss cohorts, those with net premiums in excess of gross premiums, and cohorts with negative reserves, was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings upon adoption of LDTI. (3) The remeasurement of the liability at the current upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yield, which was generally lower than the locked-in interest accretion rate, was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI. (4) Reported within future policy benefits and claims in the consolidated statements of financial position. Refer to Note 8, Future Policy Benefits and Claims, for further information on the liability for future policy benefits.
Market risk benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Schedule of Impact of Adoption of Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts (Table)	Market Risk Benefits ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ effect of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ changes in the ​ Retained earnings ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ nonperformance ​ adjustment ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ risk between the ​ for the valuation of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ original contract ​ contracts as MRBs ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Asset (liability) ​ issue date and ​ (exclusive of ​ Asset (liability) ​ ​ balance as of ​ the transition ​ nonperformance ​ balance as of ​ December 31, 2020 (1) date (2) risk changes) (3) January 1, 2021 (4) ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual variable annuities ​ $ (348.6) ​ $ (4.8) ​ $ (237.9) ​ $ (591.3) Principal Asset Management - Principal International: ​ ​ ​ ​ Asia: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Guaranteed pension (5) ​ (53.3) ​ — ​ — ​ (53.3) Total ​ $ (401.9) ​ $ (4.8) ​ $ (237.9) ​ $ (644.6) (1) The balance as of December 31, 2020, for MRBs represents the contract features that meet the definition of an MRB under LDTI and the related carrying amount of those features prior to adoption. These contract features were previously accounted for as an embedded derivative, or as an additional liability for annuitization benefits or death or other insurance benefits. (2) The cumulative effect of the change in our own nonperformance risk between the original contract issuance date and the transition date of LDTI for contract features previously accounted for as an additional liability for certain benefit features was recorded as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI. (3) The cumulative difference, exclusive of the nonperformance risk change, between the pre-adoption carrying amount and the fair value measurement for MRBs was recorded as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. (4) Refer to Note 9, Market Risk Benefits, for further information on MRBs. The cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date for contract features previously accounted for as an embedded derivative was recorded as a reclassification from retained earnings to AOCI. (5) This product had nominal transition adjustments.
ASU 2018-12 - Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Disaggregated Rollforward at Adoption - Deferred Acquisition Costs (Table)	Retirement and Income Solutions ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ Workplace ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ savings and ​ Individual ​ Pension ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ retirement variable risk fixed deferred Investment ​ ​ solutions ​ annuities ​ transfer (1) ​ annuities ​ only ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 477.2 ​ $ 281.9 ​ $ — ​ $ 192.7 ​ $ 12.6 Costs deferred ​ 50.1 ​ 26.4 ​ 2.7 ​ 7.6 ​ 9.1 Amortized to expense ​ (38.3) ​ (27.1) ​ — ​ (38.1) ​ (3.6) Balance at end of period ​ $ 489.0 ​ $ 281.2 ​ $ 2.7 ​ $ 162.2 ​ $ 18.1 (1) Amortization during 2021 was nominal. Benefits and Protection ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ Specialty ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits ​ Life Insurance ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ disability Universal life Term life Participating life ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 529.8 ​ $ 1,608.3 ​ $ 607.9 ​ $ 111.9 Costs deferred ​ 89.8 ​ 84.3 ​ 126.5 ​ 1.9 Amortized to expense ​ (38.9) ​ (96.4) ​ (55.5) ​ (11.5) Balance at end of period ​ $ 580.7 ​ $ 1,596.2 ​ $ 678.9 ​ $ 102.3

Variable Interest Entities (Tab

Variable Interest Entities (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Variable Interest Entities
Carrying Amounts of Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated Variable Interest Entities (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Total ​ Total ​ Total ​ Total ​ assets liabilities assets liabilities ​ ​ (in millions) Mandatory retirement savings funds (1) ​ $ 33,189.6 ​ $ 32,847.0 ​ $ 34,876.9 ​ $ 34,528.3 Real estate (2) ​ 844.0 ​ 52.6 ​ 689.6 ​ 42.2 Sponsored investment funds (3) ​ 516.7 ​ 10.6 ​ 471.4 ​ 2.6 Residential mortgage loans (4) ​ 1,082.9 ​ 23.1 ​ 1,182.6 ​ 41.8 Asset-backed limited partnership (5) ​ ​ 115.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Total ​ $ 35,748.2 ​ $ 32,933.3 ​ $ 37,220.5 ​ $ 34,614.9 (1) The assets of the mandatory retirement savings funds primarily include separate account assets and equity securities. The liabilities primarily include separate account liabilities and contractholder funds. (2) The assets of the real estate VIEs primarily include real estate, other investments and cash. Liabilities primarily include other liabilities. (3) The assets of sponsored investment funds are primarily fixed maturities and equity securities, certain of which are reported with other investments, and cash. The consolidated statements of financial position included a $237.1 million and $235.3 million redeemable noncontrolling interest for sponsored investment funds as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. (4) The assets of the residential mortgage loans VIEs primarily include residential mortgage loans. The liabilities primarily include other liabilities. (5) The assets of the asset-backed limited partnership VIE primarily include consumer loans, auto loans, other loans and credit facilities. These assets are reported with other investments and fixed maturities, trading on the consolidated statements of financial position. As of September 30, 2023, unfunded commitments to the VIE were $ 135.0 million. Unfunded commitments are not liabilities on our consolidated statements of financial position because we are only required to fund additional capital when called upon to do so by the investment manager.
Asset Carrying Value and Maximum Loss Exposure of Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Maximum exposure to ​ Asset carrying value loss (1) ​ ​ (in millions) September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate ​ $ 260.7 ​ $ 313.7 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 2,683.7 ​ ​ 2,978.7 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 4,659.6 ​ ​ 5,438.8 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 5,133.8 ​ ​ 5,232.7 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 7,219.5 ​ ​ 8,684.2 Fixed maturities, trading: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 10.1 ​ ​ 10.1 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 53.3 ​ ​ 53.3 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 3.0 ​ ​ 3.0 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 138.6 ​ ​ 138.6 Equity securities ​ ​ 108.0 ​ ​ 108.0 Other investments: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other limited partnership and fund interests (3) ​ ​ 1,838.6 ​ ​ 3,215.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate ​ $ 111.8 ​ $ 127.2 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 2,228.7 ​ ​ 2,420.6 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 4,864.6 ​ ​ 5,572.2 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 4,566.4 ​ ​ 4,820.0 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 6,507.6 ​ ​ 7,566.2 Fixed maturities, trading: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 5.4 ​ ​ 5.4 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 83.4 ​ ​ 83.4 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 5.7 ​ ​ 5.7 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 80.0 ​ ​ 80.0 Equity securities ​ ​ 99.8 ​ 99.8 Other investments: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other limited partnership and fund interests (3) ​ ​ 1,473.5 ​ ​ 2,434.9 (1) Our risk of loss is limited to our initial investment measured at amortized cost for fixed maturities, available-for-sale, plus any unfunded commitments and/or guarantees and similar provisions for collateralized debt obligations and other debt obligations. Our risk of loss is limited to our investment measured at fair value for our fixed maturities, trading and equity securities. Our risk of loss is limited to our carrying value plus any unfunded commitments and/or guarantees and similar provisions for our other investments. A carrying value of zero is used if distributions have been received in excess of our investment, resulting in a negative carrying value for the investment. Unfunded commitments are not liabilities on our consolidated statements of financial position because we are only required to fund additional equity when called upon to do so by the general partner or investment manager. (2) Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans. (3) As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the maximum exposure to loss for other limited partnership and fund interests includes $241.4 million and $144.3 million, respectively, of debt within certain of our managed international real estate funds that is fully secured by assets whose value exceeds the amount of the debt, but also includes recourse to the investment manager.

Investments (Tables)

Investments (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Investments
Available-for-Sale Securities (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross ​ Gross ​ Allowance ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amortized ​ unrealized ​ unrealized ​ for credit ​ ​ ​ ​ cost (1) gains losses loss Fair value ​ ​ (in millions) September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 1,772.3 ​ $ — ​ $ 313.5 ​ $ — ​ $ 1,458.8 Non-U.S. governments ​ ​ 552.8 ​ ​ 12.9 ​ ​ 87.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 478.4 States and political subdivisions ​ ​ 7,724.8 ​ ​ 1.7 ​ ​ 1,455.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,271.0 Corporate ​ ​ 38,898.2 ​ ​ 200.6 ​ ​ 5,422.5 ​ ​ 6.4 ​ ​ 33,669.9 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 2,978.7 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 295.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2,683.7 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 5,438.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 779.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,659.6 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 5,135.3 ​ ​ 41.4 ​ ​ 42.9 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 5,133.8 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 8,062.8 ​ ​ 5.8 ​ ​ 841.7 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 7,226.8 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ 70,563.7 ​ $ 262.5 ​ $ 9,237.7 ​ $ 6.5 ​ $ 61,582.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross ​ Gross ​ Allowance ​ ​ ​ ​ Amortized ​ unrealized ​ unrealized ​ for credit ​ ​ ​ cost (1) gains losses loss Fair value ​ ​ (in millions) December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 1,990.9 ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ 251.2 ​ $ — ​ $ 1,739.8 Non-U.S. governments ​ ​ 611.2 ​ ​ 20.9 ​ ​ 64.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 567.3 States and political subdivisions ​ ​ 7,355.4 ​ ​ 13.7 ​ ​ 1,136.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,232.3 Corporate ​ ​ 40,370.4 ​ ​ 461.0 ​ ​ 4,640.5 ​ ​ 7.7 ​ ​ 36,183.2 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 2,420.6 ​ ​ 6.2 ​ ​ 198.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2,228.7 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 5,572.2 ​ ​ 0.5 ​ ​ 708.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,864.6 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 4,705.6 ​ ​ 4.5 ​ ​ 143.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,566.4 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 7,236.8 ​ ​ 5.7 ​ ​ 734.8 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 6,507.6 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ 70,263.1 ​ $ 512.6 ​ $ 7,878.0 ​ $ 7.8 ​ $ 62,889.9 (1) Amortized cost excludes accrued interest receivable of $650.0 million and $578.0 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. (2) Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans.
Fixed Maturities Available-for-Sale by Contractual Maturity (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amortized cost Fair value ​ ​ (in millions) Due in one year or less ​ $ 1,282.4 ​ $ 1,265.7 Due after one year through five years ​ ​ 9,308.1 ​ ​ 8,904.5 Due after five years through ten years ​ ​ 10,066.3 ​ ​ 9,016.4 Due after ten years ​ ​ 28,291.3 ​ ​ 22,691.5 Subtotal ​ ​ 48,948.1 ​ ​ 41,878.1 Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities ​ ​ 21,615.6 ​ ​ 19,703.9 Total ​ $ 70,563.7 ​ $ 61,582.0 ​
Net Realized Capital Gains and Losses (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross gains ​ $ 8.4 ​ $ 20.0 ​ $ 49.1 ​ $ 26.0 Gross losses ​ (17.7) ​ (50.7) ​ (92.5) ​ (163.3) Net credit recoveries (losses) ​ 1.0 ​ 4.3 ​ (19.8) ​ (5.8) Hedging, net (1) ​ (1.7) ​ — ​ (2.3) ​ (0.7) Fixed maturities, trading (2) ​ (6.4) ​ (12.3) ​ (11.6) ​ (21.8) Equity securities (3) ​ 29.6 ​ (37.1) ​ 32.3 ​ (187.5) Mortgage loans ​ (8.1) ​ (2.5) ​ (82.4) ​ (19.3) Derivatives (1) ​ 91.2 ​ 74.2 ​ 54.8 ​ 178.7 Other ​ 83.0 ​ (23.3) ​ 112.9 ​ (159.7) Net realized capital gains (losses) ​ $ 179.3 ​ $ (27.4) ​ $ 40.5 ​ $ (353.4) (1) The change in fair value of fixed maturities, available-for-sale and the change in fair value of derivative hedging instruments in fair value hedging relationships are reported in net investment income with the earnings effect of fixed maturities, available-for-sale. Gains (losses) for fixed maturities, available-for-sale related to terminated cash flow hedges continue to be reflected in net realized capital gains (losses). (2) Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, trading still held at the reporting date were $(6.6) million and $(5.8) million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $(13.0) million and $(12.0) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This excludes $(1.1) million and $(4.3) million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0.1 million and $(17.3) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of unrealized gains (losses) that were reported in market risk benefit remeasurement (gain) loss. In addition, this excludes $(4.9) million and $0.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $(6.7) million and $0.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, that were reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets. (3) Unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities still held at the reporting date were $33.0 million and $(37.1) million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $40.6 million and $(184.0) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This excludes $(2.0) million and $(7.2) million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respective ly, and $4.3 million and $(17.7) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of unrealized gains (losses) that were reported in net investment income. In addition, this excludes $0.0 million and $0.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $1.7 million and $0.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, that were reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets.
Allowance for credit loss (Tables)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ mortgage- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ backed ​ Commercial ​ Collateralized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. ​ ​ ​ ​ States and ​ ​ ​ ​ pass- ​ mortgage- ​ debt ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ government ​ Non-U.S. ​ political ​ ​ ​ ​ through ​ backed ​ obligations ​ debt ​ ​ ​ ​ and agencies governments subdivisions Corporate securities securities (1) obligations Total ​ ​ (in millions) Beginning balance ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 8.4 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ 8.5 Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.5) Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.5) Ending balance ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 6.4 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ 6.5 Accrued interest written off to net investment income ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 0.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ mortgage- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ backed ​ Commercial ​ Collateralized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. ​ ​ ​ ​ States and ​ ​ ​ ​ pass- ​ mortgage- ​ debt ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ government ​ Non-U.S. ​ political ​ ​ ​ ​ through ​ backed ​ obligations ​ debt ​ ​ ​ ​ and agencies governments subdivisions Corporate securities securities (1) obligations Total ​ ​ (in millions) Beginning balance ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 12.5 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 12.5 Additions for credit losses not previously recorded ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 1.8 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 0.1 ​ 1.9 Reductions for securities sold during the period ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (1.2) ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (1.2) Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (6.4) ​ — ​ 0.2 ​ — ​ — ​ (6.2) Write-offs charged against allowance ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (0.2) ​ — ​ — ​ (0.2) Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 0.1 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 0.1 Ending balance ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 6.8 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ 6.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ mortgage- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ backed ​ Commercial ​ Collateralized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. ​ ​ ​ ​ States and ​ ​ ​ ​ pass- ​ mortgage- ​ debt ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ government ​ Non-U.S. ​ political ​ ​ ​ ​ through ​ backed ​ obligations ​ debt ​ ​ ​ ​ and agencies governments subdivisions Corporate securities securities (1) obligations Total ​ ​ (in millions) Beginning balance ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 7.7 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ 7.8 Additions for credit losses not previously recorded ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 6.2 ​ ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 6.2 Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (7.5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (7.5) Ending balance $ — $ — $ — $ 6.4 ​ $ — $ — $ — $ 0.1 $ 6.5 Accrued interest written off to net investment income $ — $ — $ — $ 0.1 ​ $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 0.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ mortgage- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ backed ​ Commercial ​ Collateralized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. ​ ​ ​ ​ States and ​ ​ ​ ​ pass- ​ mortgage- ​ debt ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ government ​ Non-U.S. ​ political ​ ​ ​ ​ through ​ backed ​ obligations ​ debt ​ ​ ​ ​ and agencies governments subdivisions Corporate securities securities (1) obligations Total ​ ​ (in millions) Beginning balance $ — $ — $ — $ 15.1 ​ $ — $ 0.3 $ — $ 0.1 $ 15.5 Additions for credit losses not previously recorded ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 5.0 ​ ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 0.1 ​ 5.1 Reductions for securities sold during the period ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (8.7) ​ ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (8.7) Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ (3.4) ​ ​ — ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (3.4) Write-offs charged against allowance ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ (0.4) Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.2) Ending balance $ — $ — $ — $ 6.8 ​ $ — $ — $ — $ 0.1 $ 6.9 (1) Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans.
Available-for-Sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions Without an Allowance for Credit Loss (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ ​ Less than ​ Greater than or ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ twelve months ​ equal to twelve months ​ Total ​ ​ Gross ​ Gross ​ Gross ​ ​ Fair ​ unrealized ​ Fair ​ unrealized ​ Fair ​ unrealized ​ ​ value ​ losses ​ value ​ losses ​ value ​ losses ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (1): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 391.1 ​ $ 11.5 ​ $ 1,052.8 ​ $ 302.0 ​ $ 1,443.9 ​ $ 313.5 Non-U.S. governments ​ ​ 55.2 ​ ​ 6.6 ​ ​ 307.9 ​ ​ 80.8 ​ ​ 363.1 ​ ​ 87.4 States and political subdivisions ​ ​ 1,258.4 ​ ​ 106.6 ​ ​ 4,756.6 ​ ​ 1,348.9 ​ ​ 6,015.0 ​ ​ 1,455.5 Corporate ​ ​ 7,731.5 ​ ​ 548.3 ​ ​ 21,781.1 ​ ​ 4,872.0 ​ ​ 29,512.6 ​ ​ 5,420.3 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 1,427.7 ​ ​ 63.7 ​ ​ 1,236.4 ​ ​ 231.4 ​ ​ 2,664.1 ​ ​ 295.1 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 438.7 ​ ​ 13.9 ​ ​ 4,156.5 ​ ​ 762.7 ​ ​ 4,595.2 ​ ​ 776.6 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ ​ 258.4 ​ ​ 2.6 ​ ​ 2,530.2 ​ ​ 41.5 ​ ​ 2,788.6 ​ ​ 44.1 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 2,265.5 ​ ​ 65.7 ​ ​ 4,410.6 ​ ​ 775.7 ​ ​ 6,676.1 ​ ​ 841.4 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ 13,826.5 ​ $ 818.9 ​ $ 40,232.1 ​ $ 8,415.0 ​ $ 54,058.6 ​ $ 9,233.9 (1) Fair value and gross unrealized losses are excluded for available-for-sale securities for which an allowance for credit loss has been recorded. (2) Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Less than ​ Greater than or ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ twelve months ​ equal to twelve months ​ Total ​ ​ Gross ​ ​ Gross ​ Gross ​ ​ Fair ​ unrealized ​ Fair ​ unrealized ​ Fair ​ unrealized ​ ​ value ​ losses ​ value ​ losses ​ value ​ losses ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (1): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 1,528.3 ​ $ 209.4 ​ $ 181.5 ​ $ 41.8 ​ $ 1,709.8 ​ $ 251.2 Non-U.S. governments ​ 407.5 ​ ​ 57.7 ​ ​ 19.9 ​ ​ 7.1 ​ ​ 427.4 ​ ​ 64.8 States and political subdivisions ​ 5,303.5 ​ 1,008.9 ​ 391.9 ​ 127.8 ​ 5,695.4 ​ 1,136.7 Corporate ​ 27,309.5 ​ 3,944.6 ​ 2,944.1 ​ 698.0 ​ 30,253.6 ​ 4,642.6 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ 1,201.7 ​ 97.5 ​ 574.8 ​ 105.7 ​ 1,776.5 ​ 203.2 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 3,648.5 ​ 484.0 ​ 1,124.8 ​ 222.5 ​ 4,773.3 ​ 706.5 Collateralized debt obligations (2) ​ 2,832.2 ​ 89.0 ​ 1,330.1 ​ 54.7 ​ 4,162.3 ​ 143.7 Other debt obligations ​ 3,419.8 ​ 292.0 ​ 2,283.8 ​ 437.6 ​ 5,703.6 ​ 729.6 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ 45,651.0 ​ $ 6,183.1 ​ $ 8,850.9 ​ $ 1,695.2 ​ $ 54,501.9 ​ $ 7,878.3 (1) Fair value and gross unrealized losses are excluded for available-for-sale securities for which an allowance for credit loss has been recorded. (2) Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans.
Net Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities and Derivative Instruments (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Net unrealized losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale (1) ​ $ (9,086.6) ​ $ (7,445.7) Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments ​ 25.2 ​ 50.7 Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns ​ (5.1) ​ (1.7) Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities ​ 1.4 ​ 0.5 Net unrealized gains on other investments and noncontrolling interest adjustments ​ 22.4 ​ 7.9 Provision for deferred income tax benefits ​ 1,930.1 ​ 1,570.1 Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities and derivative instruments ​ $ (7,112.6) ​ $ (5,818.2) (1) Excludes net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, available-for-sale included in fair value hedging relationships.
Financing Receivable Credit Quality Indicators (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total ​ ​ ​ (in millions) Commercial mortgage loans: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A- and above $ 412.0 ​ $ 1,152.7 ​ $ 2,327.8 ​ $ 1,748.2 ​ $ 2,117.0 ​ $ 5,839.4 ​ $ 13,597.1 BBB+ thru BBB- ​ 207.2 ​ ​ 452.7 ​ ​ 408.6 ​ ​ 119.7 ​ ​ 180.5 ​ ​ 876.2 ​ ​ 2,244.9 BB+ thru BB- ​ 101.4 ​ ​ 133.3 ​ ​ 16.1 ​ ​ 2.9 ​ ​ 118.9 ​ ​ 169.3 ​ ​ 541.9 B+ and below ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 63.8 ​ ​ 63.8 Total $ 720.6 ​ $ 1,738.7 ​ $ 2,752.5 ​ $ 1,870.8 ​ $ 2,416.4 ​ $ 6,948.7 ​ $ 16,447.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Direct financing leases: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A- and above $ 1.1 ​ $ 117.2 ​ $ 12.0 ​ $ 55.2 ​ $ 1.3 ​ $ 210.6 ​ $ 397.4 BBB+ thru BBB- ​ 2.6 ​ ​ 22.8 ​ ​ 20.0 ​ ​ 45.5 ​ ​ 6.4 ​ ​ 74.1 ​ ​ 171.4 BB+ thru BB- ​ 40.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 15.2 ​ ​ 7.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.6 ​ ​ 65.1 Total $ 44.3 ​ $ 140.0 ​ $ 47.2 ​ $ 108.4 ​ $ 7.7 ​ $ 286.3 ​ $ 633.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential mortgage loans: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Performing $ 464.9 ​ $ 1,077.9 ​ $ 1,361.0 ​ $ 421.1 ​ $ 122.0 ​ $ 430.3 ​ $ 3,877.2 Non-performing ​ 0.4 ​ ​ 3.6 ​ ​ 4.6 ​ ​ 3.1 ​ ​ 2.1 ​ ​ 5.7 ​ ​ 19.5 Total $ 465.3 ​ $ 1,081.5 ​ $ 1,365.6 ​ $ 424.2 ​ $ 124.1 ​ $ 436.0 ​ $ 3,896.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other loans: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Performing ​ $ 103.4 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 103.4 Total ​ $ 103.4 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 103.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 20,221.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total ​ ​ (in millions) Commercial mortgage loans: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A- and above ​ $ 1,036.4 ​ $ 2,277.9 ​ $ 1,807.3 ​ $ 2,210.2 ​ $ 2,187.9 ​ $ 4,624.9 ​ $ 14,144.6 BBB+ thru BBB- ​ 385.6 ​ 439.6 ​ 156.8 ​ 418.7 ​ 238.9 ​ 691.7 ​ 2,331.3 BB+ thru BB- ​ 104.0 ​ 16.8 ​ 3.0 ​ — ​ 8.9 ​ 71.7 ​ 204.4 B+ and below ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 8.3 ​ 41.7 ​ 50.0 Total ​ $ 1,526.0 ​ $ 2,734.3 ​ $ 1,967.1 ​ $ 2,628.9 ​ $ 2,444.0 ​ $ 5,430.0 ​ $ 16,730.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Direct financing leases: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A- and above ​ $ 110.5 ​ $ 13.0 ​ $ 39.9 ​ $ 1.4 ​ $ 42.9 ​ $ 167.3 ​ $ 375.0 BBB+ thru BBB- ​ 33.9 ​ 21.9 ​ 62.4 ​ 11.9 ​ 11.7 ​ 70.4 ​ 212.2 BB+ thru BB- ​ 2.7 ​ 57.3 ​ 12.1 ​ 2.0 ​ — ​ 2.1 ​ 76.2 B+ and below ​ — ​ 1.6 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 1.6 Total ​ $ 147.1 ​ $ 93.8 ​ $ 114.4 ​ $ 15.3 ​ $ 54.6 ​ $ 239.8 ​ $ 665.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Residential mortgage loans: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Performing ​ $ 1,144.8 ​ $ 1,740.7 ​ $ 447.1 ​ $ 133.0 ​ $ 75.4 ​ $ 417.8 ​ $ 3,958.8 Non-performing ​ 8.0 ​ 4.7 ​ 2.2 ​ 1.7 ​ 0.6 ​ 7.0 ​ 24.2 Total ​ $ 1,152.8 ​ $ 1,745.4 ​ $ 449.3 ​ $ 134.7 ​ $ 76.0 ​ $ 424.8 ​ $ 3,983.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 21,156.7 ​
Non-Accrual Financing Receivables (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amortized cost ​ ​ Beginning ​ Ending ​ of nonaccrual ​ ​ amortized cost ​ amortized cost ​ assets without ​ ​ on nonaccrual ​ on nonaccrual ​ a valuation ​ status status allowance ​ ​ ​ (in millions) Commercial mortgage loans ​ $ 50.0 ​ $ 63.7 ​ $ — Residential mortgage loans ​ ​ 17.8 ​ ​ 11.7 ​ ​ 0.5 Total ​ $ 67.8 ​ $ 75.4 ​ $ 0.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amortized cost ​ ​ Beginning ​ Ending ​ of nonaccrual ​ ​ amortized cost ​ amortized cost ​ assets without ​ ​ on nonaccrual ​ on nonaccrual ​ a valuation ​ status status allowance ​ ​ ​ (in millions) Commercial mortgage loans ​ $ 13.2 ​ $ 50.0 ​ $ — Residential mortgage loans ​ 4.0 ​ 17.8 ​ 0.6 Total $ 17.2 $ 67.8 $ 0.6
Schedule of Interest Income Recognized on Non-accrual Financing Receivables (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Commercial mortgage loans $ 0.7 $ — ​ $ 0.7 $ 0.8 Total ​ $ 0.7 ​ $ — ​ $ 0.7 ​ $ 0.8
Financing Receivables Aging (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amortized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ cost ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 90 days or ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 90 days or ​ ​ 30-59 days ​ 60-89 days ​ more past ​ Total past ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ more and ​ ​ past due ​ past due ​ due ​ due ​ Current ​ Total (1) ​ accruing ​ ​ (in millions) Commercial mortgage loans ​ $ 37.7 ​ $ 1.7 ​ $ 21.0 ​ $ 60.4 ​ $ 16,387.3 ​ $ 16,447.7 ​ $ 6.9 Direct financing leases ​ ​ 3.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3.7 ​ ​ 630.2 ​ ​ 633.9 ​ ​ — Residential mortgage loans ​ ​ 39.4 ​ ​ 13.7 ​ ​ 16.5 ​ ​ 69.6 ​ ​ 3,827.1 ​ ​ 3,896.7 ​ ​ 7.8 Other loans ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 103.4 ​ ​ 103.4 ​ ​ — Total ​ $ 80.8 ​ $ 15.4 ​ $ 37.5 ​ $ 133.7 ​ $ 20,948.0 ​ $ 21,081.7 ​ $ 14.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amortized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ cost ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 90 days or ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 90 days or ​ ​ 30-59 days ​ 60-89 days ​ more past ​ Total past ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ more and ​ ​ past due ​ past due ​ due ​ due ​ Current ​ Total (1) ​ accruing ​ ​ (in millions) Commercial mortgage loans ​ $ 45.9 ​ $ 7.5 ​ $ 14.4 ​ $ 67.8 ​ $ 16,662.5 ​ $ 16,730.3 ​ $ — Direct financing leases ​ 6.6 ​ 6.2 ​ 1.6 ​ 14.4 ​ 650.6 ​ 665.0 ​ 1.6 Residential mortgage loans ​ 73.1 ​ 15.4 ​ 16.2 ​ 104.7 ​ 3,878.3 ​ 3,983.0 ​ 6.4 Total ​ $ 125.6 ​ $ 29.1 ​ $ 32.2 ​ $ 186.9 ​ $ 21,191.4 ​ $ 21,378.3 ​ $ 8.0 (1) As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no reinsurance recoverables or deposit receivables were considered past due.
Financing Receivables Valuation Allowance (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Direct ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Commercial ​ financing ​ Residential ​ Reinsurance ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ mortgage loans leases mortgage loans recoverables loans Total ​ ​ ​ (in millions) Beginning balance ​ $ 101.5 ​ $ 1.1 ​ $ 6.8 ​ $ 2.7 ​ $ — ​ $ 112.1 Provision ​ 6.0 ​ — ​ 1.1 ​ — ​ — ​ 7.1 Charge-offs ​ — ​ — ​ (0.1) ​ — ​ — ​ (0.1) Recoveries ​ — ​ — ​ 0.4 ​ — ​ — ​ 0.4 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.4) Ending balance $ 107.3 $ 1.0 $ 8.1 $ 2.7 $ — $ 119.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Direct ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Commercial ​ financing ​ Residential ​ Reinsurance ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ mortgage loans leases mortgage loans recoverables loans Total ​ ​ (in millions) Beginning balance ​ $ 63.6 ​ $ 0.3 ​ $ 1.7 ​ $ 2.6 ​ $ — ​ $ 68.2 Provision ​ 2.0 ​ 0.3 ​ 0.5 ​ — ​ — ​ 2.8 Recoveries ​ — ​ — ​ 0.5 ​ — ​ — ​ 0.5 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.2) Ending balance $ 65.5 $ 0.6 $ 2.6 $ 2.6 $ — $ 71.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Direct ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Commercial ​ financing ​ Residential ​ Reinsurance ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ mortgage loans leases mortgage loans recoverables loans Total ​ ​ ​ (in millions) Beginning balance ​ $ 77.9 ​ $ 0.6 ​ $ 5.6 ​ $ 2.7 ​ $ — ​ $ 86.8 Provision ​ 29.5 ​ 0.5 ​ 1.6 ​ — ​ — ​ 31.6 Charge-offs ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.2) Recoveries ​ — ​ — ​ 1.1 ​ — ​ — ​ 1.1 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.2) Ending balance $ 107.3 $ 1.0 $ 8.1 $ 2.7 $ — $ 119.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Direct ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Commercial ​ financing ​ Residential ​ Reinsurance ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ mortgage loans leases mortgage loans recoverables loans Total ​ ​ ​ (in millions) Beginning balance ​ $ 43.9 ​ $ 0.4 ​ $ 2.0 ​ $ 2.7 ​ $ — ​ $ 49.0 Provision ​ 21.9 ​ 0.2 ​ (1.1) ​ (0.1) ​ — ​ 20.9 Charge-offs ​ — ​ — ​ (0.1) ​ — ​ — ​ (0.1) Recoveries ​ — ​ — ​ 1.9 ​ — ​ — ​ 1.9 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.4) Ending balance $ 65.5 $ 0.6 $ 2.6 $ 2.6 $ — $ 71.3
Mortgage Loans Purchased and Sold (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Commercial mortgage loans: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Purchased ​ $ 0.5 ​ $ 98.2 ​ $ 108.4 ​ $ 144.4 Sold ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 Residential mortgage loans: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Purchased (1) ​ 74.6 ​ 476.1 ​ 497.0 ​ 1,657.5 Sold ​ 4.1 ​ 4.8 ​ 25.4 ​ 490.8 (1) Includes mortgage loans purchased by residential mortgage loan VIEs in 2022.
Commercial Mortgage Loans by Geographic Distribution and Property Type Distribution (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ Amortized Percent Amortized Percent ​ ​ cost ​ of total ​ cost ​ of total ​ ​ ($ in millions) Geographic distribution ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ New England ​ $ 377.8 ​ 2.3 % $ 512.1 ​ 3.1 % Middle Atlantic ​ 4,446.5 ​ 26.9 ​ 4,505.6 ​ 26.9 ​ East North Central ​ 586.7 ​ 3.6 ​ 652.5 ​ 3.9 ​ West North Central ​ 330.7 ​ 2.0 ​ ​ 370.9 ​ 2.2 ​ South Atlantic ​ 2,640.8 ​ 16.1 ​ 2,558.3 ​ 15.3 ​ East South Central ​ 432.2 ​ 2.6 ​ 339.8 ​ 2.0 ​ West South Central ​ 1,259.5 ​ 7.7 ​ 1,204.9 ​ 7.2 ​ Mountain ​ 858.5 ​ 5.2 ​ 938.7 ​ 5.6 ​ Pacific ​ 4,997.4 ​ 30.5 ​ 5,115.3 ​ 30.6 ​ International ​ 517.6 ​ 3.1 ​ 532.2 ​ 3.2 ​ Total ​ $ 16,447.7 ​ 100.0 % $ 16,730.3 ​ 100.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Property type distribution ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Office ​ $ 3,676.3 ​ 22.3 % $ 4,322.0 ​ 25.9 % Retail ​ 1,503.4 ​ 9.1 ​ 1,499.4 ​ 9.0 ​ Industrial ​ 3,507.4 ​ 21.3 ​ 3,235.9 ​ 19.3 ​ Apartments ​ 6,925.7 ​ 42.2 ​ 6,827.1 ​ 40.8 ​ Hotel ​ 69.5 ​ 0.4 ​ 72.5 ​ 0.4 ​ Mixed use/other ​ 765.4 ​ 4.7 ​ 773.4 ​ 4.6 ​ Total ​ $ 16,447.7 ​ 100.0 % $ 16,730.3 ​ 100.0 %
Mortgage Loans Modified as a Troubled Debt Restructuring (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, 2022 ​ ​ Number of ​ Recorded ​ contracts investment ​ ​ ​ ​ (in millions) Commercial mortgage loans 1 ​ $ 34.9 Total 1 ​ $ 34.9
Financial Assets Subject to Netting Agreements (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross amounts not offset in the ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ consolidated statements ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ of financial position ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross amount ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ of recognized ​ Financial ​ Collateral ​ ​ ​ ​ assets (1) instruments (2) received Net amount ​ ​ (in millions) September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivative assets ​ $ 279.1 ​ $ (150.0) ​ $ (116.4) ​ $ 12.7 Reverse repurchase agreements ​ ​ 166.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (166.6) ​ ​ — Total ​ $ 445.7 ​ $ (150.0) ​ $ (283.0) ​ $ 12.7 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivative assets ​ $ 321.0 ​ $ (135.7) ​ $ (151.9) ​ $ 33.4 Reverse repurchase agreements ​ 124.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (124.4) ​ ​ — Total ​ $ 445.4 ​ $ (135.7) ​ $ (276.3) ​ $ 33.4 (1) The gross amount of recognized derivative and reverse repurchase agreement assets are reported with other investments and cash and cash equivalents, respectively, on the consolidated statements of financial position. The gross amounts of derivative and reverse repurchase agreement assets are not netted against offsetting liabilities for presentation on the consolidated statements of financial position. (2) Represents amount of offsetting derivative liabilities that are subject to an enforceable master netting agreement or similar agreement that are not netted against the gross derivative assets for presentation on the consolidated statements of financial position.
Financial Liabilities Subject to Netting Agreements (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross amounts not offset in the ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ consolidated statements ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ of financial position ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross amount ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ of recognized ​ Financial ​ Collateral ​ ​ ​ ​ liabilities (1) instruments (2) pledged Net amount ​ ​ (in millions) September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivative liabilities ​ $ 674.6 ​ $ (150.0) ​ $ (520.7) ​ $ 3.9 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivative liabilities ​ $ 634.2 ​ $ (135.7) ​ $ (485.1) ​ $ 13.4 (1) The gross amount of recognized derivative liabilities is reported with other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial position. The above excludes derivative liabilities, which are primarily embedded derivatives that are not subject to master netting agreements or similar agreements. The gross amounts of derivative liabilities are not netted against offsetting assets for presentation on the consolidated statements of financial position. (2) Represents amount of offsetting derivative assets that are subject to an enforceable master netting agreement or similar agreement that are not netted against the gross derivative liabilities for presentation on the consolidated statements of financial position.

Derivative Financial Instrume_2

Derivative Financial Instruments (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Derivative Financial Instruments
Derivative Financial Instruments, Exposure (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Notional amounts of derivative instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate swaps ​ $ 55,478.2 ​ $ 52,249.9 Interest rate options ​ ​ 3,016.9 ​ ​ 4,418.9 Interest rate forwards ​ 2,172.6 ​ 2,527.5 Interest rate futures ​ 1,707.2 ​ 877.5 Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Currency swaps ​ ​ 1,757.3 ​ ​ 1,634.7 Currency forwards ​ ​ 1,016.7 ​ ​ 1,123.1 Equity contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Equity options ​ 2,254.8 ​ 2,049.3 Equity futures ​ 573.8 ​ 574.1 Credit contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Credit default swaps ​ 305.0 ​ 400.0 Other contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Embedded derivatives ​ 22,776.8 ​ 23,209.3 Total notional amounts at end of period ​ $ 91,059.3 ​ $ 89,064.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Credit exposure of derivative instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate swaps ​ $ 38.3 ​ $ 64.2 Interest rate options ​ 34.2 ​ 41.7 Interest rate forwards ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Currency swaps ​ 146.0 ​ 171.1 Currency forwards ​ 20.1 ​ 34.0 Equity contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Equity options ​ 45.4 ​ 16.5 Credit contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Credit default swaps ​ 4.0 ​ 3.6 Total gross credit exposure ​ 288.0 ​ 331.2 Less: collateral received ​ 165.1 ​ 191.9 Net credit exposure ​ $ 122.9 ​ $ 139.3 ​
Derivative Financial Instruments, Fair Value Disclosures (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivative assets (1) ​ Derivative liabilities (2) ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Derivatives designated as hedging instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts ​ $ 12.5 ​ $ 20.0 ​ $ 104.3 ​ $ 105.1 Foreign exchange contracts ​ 120.5 ​ 134.6 ​ 15.4 ​ 19.7 Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments ​ $ 133.0 ​ $ 154.6 ​ $ 119.7 ​ $ 124.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts ​ $ 55.0 ​ $ 81.1 ​ $ 471.1 ​ $ 439.9 Foreign exchange contracts ​ 41.8 ​ 65.9 ​ 18.3 ​ 21.9 Equity contracts ​ 45.4 ​ 16.5 ​ 64.7 ​ 45.6 Credit contracts ​ 3.9 ​ 3.5 ​ 1.3 ​ 2.0 Other contracts ​ — ​ — ​ (3,966.9) ​ (3,606.4) Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ​ 146.1 ​ 167.0 ​ (3,411.5) ​ (3,097.0) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total derivative instruments ​ $ 279.1 ​ $ 321.6 ​ $ (3,291.8) ​ $ (2,972.2) (1) The fair value of derivative assets is reported with other investments on the consolidated statements of financial position. (2) The fair value of derivative liabilities is reported with other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial position, with the exception of certain embedded derivative liabilities. Embedded derivatives with a net liability fair value of $78.8 million and $46.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, are reported with contractholder funds on the consolidated statements of financial position. Embedded derivatives with a net (asset) liability fair value of $(4,045.7) million and $(3,652.8) million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, are reported with funds withheld payable on the consolidated statements of financial position.
Credit Derivatives Sold (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Maximum ​ average ​ ​ Notional ​ Fair ​ future ​ expected life ​ amount value payments (in years) ​ ​ (in millions) ​ ​ Single name credit default swaps ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate debt ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A ​ $ 40.0 ​ $ 0.3 ​ $ 40.0 1.7 BBB ​ ​ 140.0 ​ ​ 2.9 ​ ​ 140.0 3.3 BB ​ ​ 20.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 20.0 ​ 3.7 Sovereign ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A ​ ​ 20.0 ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ 20.0 ​ 1.7 Total credit default swap protection sold ​ $ 220.0 ​ $ 3.5 ​ $ 220.0 2.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Maximum ​ average ​ ​ Notional ​ Fair ​ future ​ expected life ​ amount value payments (in years) ​ ​ (in millions) ​ ​ Single name credit default swaps ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate debt ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A ​ $ 40.0 ​ $ 0.4 ​ $ 40.0 2.5 BBB ​ 190.0 ​ ​ 2.2 ​ ​ 190.0 3.1 BB ​ ​ 20.0 ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ 20.0 ​ 4.5 Sovereign ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A ​ ​ 20.0 ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ 20.0 ​ 2.5 Total credit default swap protection sold ​ $ 270.0 ​ $ 2.6 ​ $ 270.0 3.1
Fair Value Hedges (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative amount of fair ​ ​ ​ ​ value hedging basis adjustment Line item in the consolidated statements ​ ​ ​ increase/(decrease) included in the of financial position in which the ​ Carrying amount of hedged item ​ carrying amount of the hedged item hedged item is included September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (1): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Active hedging relationships ​ $ 3,400.3 ​ $ 3,498.6 ​ $ (150.7) ​ $ (153.4) Discontinued hedging relationships ​ ​ 67.8 ​ ​ 48.8 ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ 1.3 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale in active or discontinued hedging relationships ​ $ 3,468.1 ​ $ 3,547.4 ​ $ (150.4) ​ $ (152.1) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Active hedging relationships ​ $ 294.8 ​ $ — ​ $ (9.4) ​ $ — Total investment contracts in active or discontinued hedging relationships ​ $ 294.8 ​ $ — ​ $ (9.4) ​ $ — (1) These amounts include the amortized cost basis of closed portfolios used to designate portfolio layer hedging relationships in which the hedged layer amount is expected to remain at the end of the hedging relationship. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $3,177.4 million and $3,256.9 million, respectively, the cumulative basis adjustments associated with these hedging relationships was $(109.0) million and $(102.4) million, respectively, and the amount of the designated hedged items were $1,210.0 million and $1,110.0 million, respectively.
Cash Flow Hedges (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amount of gain (loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended Derivatives in cash ​ ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, flow hedging relationships Related hedged item 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ (in millions) Interest rate contracts Fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ (20.3) ​ $ (17.5) ​ $ (1.8) ​ $ (117.2) Interest rate contracts Investment contracts ​ (3.1) ​ ​ 4.9 ​ (7.7) ​ 16.9 Foreign exchange contracts Fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ 6.4 ​ ​ 117.4 ​ (10.4) ​ 183.9 Total ​ ​ ​ $ (17.0) ​ $ 104.8 ​ $ (19.9) ​ $ 83.6
Effect of Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedges on Consolidated Statements of Operations (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits, ​ ​ Net investment ​ Net realized ​ claims and ​ ​ income related ​ capital gains ​ settlement ​ ​ to hedges ​ (losses) related to ​ expenses ​ ​ of fixed ​ hedges of fixed ​ related to ​ ​ maturities, ​ maturities, ​ hedges of ​ ​ available- ​ available- ​ investment ​ for-sale for-sale contracts ​ ​ (in millions) Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported ​ $ 989.2 ​ $ 179.3 ​ $ 1,710.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Loss recognized on hedged item ​ $ (12.4) ​ $ — ​ $ (6.8) Gain recognized on derivatives ​ ​ 12.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6.0 Amortization of hedged item basis adjustments ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ 16.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.2) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Loss recognized on hedged item ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.4) ​ ​ — Gain recognized on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.3 ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ — Total gain (loss) recognized for fair value hedging relationships ​ $ 16.7 ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ (2.0) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains on cash flow hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain reclassified from AOCI on derivatives ​ $ 1.0 ​ $ — ​ $ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain reclassified from AOCI on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ 5.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Total gain recognized for cash flow hedging relationships ​ $ 6.4 ​ $ 0.3 ​ $ 3.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits, ​ ​ Net investment ​ Net realized ​ claims and ​ ​ income related ​ capital gains ​ settlement ​ ​ to hedges ​ (losses) related to ​ expenses ​ ​ of fixed ​ hedges of fixed ​ related to ​ ​ maturities, ​ maturities, ​ hedges of ​ ​ available- ​ available- ​ investment ​ for-sale for-sale contracts ​ ​ (in millions) Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported ​ $ 911.7 ​ $ (27.4) ​ $ 1,801.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains on fair value hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Loss recognized on hedged item ​ $ (58.2) ​ $ — ​ $ — Gain recognized on derivatives ​ ​ 57.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Amortization of hedged item basis adjustments ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ 2.9 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Total gain recognized for fair value hedging relationships ​ $ 2.1 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains on cash flow hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain reclassified from AOCI on derivatives ​ $ 1.7 ​ $ — ​ $ — Gain reclassified from AOCI as a result that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2.7 ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ 3.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Total gain recognized for cash flow hedging relationships ​ $ 5.4 ​ $ 2.7 ​ $ 1.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits, ​ ​ Net investment ​ Net realized ​ claims and ​ ​ income related ​ capital gains ​ settlement ​ ​ to hedges ​ (losses) related to ​ expenses ​ ​ of fixed ​ hedges of fixed ​ related to ​ ​ maturities, ​ maturities, ​ hedges of ​ ​ available- ​ available- ​ investment ​ for-sale for-sale contracts ​ ​ (in millions) Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported ​ $ 2,964.0 ​ $ 40.5 ​ $ 5,318.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Loss recognized on hedged item ​ $ (8.9) ​ $ — ​ $ (9.4) Gain recognized on derivatives ​ ​ 10.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 8.5 Amortization of hedged item basis adjustments ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ 44.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.3) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Loss recognized on hedged item ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.8) ​ ​ — Gain recognized on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.7 ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ — Total gain (loss) recognized for fair value hedging relationships ​ $ 45.6 ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ (2.2) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains on cash flow hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives ​ $ 3.1 ​ $ — ​ $ (0.1) Gain reclassified from AOCI as a result that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.7 ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 10.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain reclassified from AOCI on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.5 ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ 16.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Total gain recognized for cash flow hedging relationships ​ $ 19.1 ​ $ 3.2 ​ $ 10.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits, ​ ​ Net investment ​ Net realized ​ claims and ​ ​ income related ​ capital gains ​ settlement ​ ​ to hedges ​ (losses) related to ​ expenses ​ ​ of fixed ​ hedges of fixed ​ related to ​ ​ maturities, ​ maturities, ​ hedges of ​ ​ available- ​ available- ​ investment ​ for-sale for-sale contracts ​ ​ (in millions) Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported ​ $ 2,857.1 ​ $ (353.4) ​ $ 4,735.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Losses on fair value hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ Loss recognized on hedged item ​ $ (164.6) ​ $ — ​ $ — Gain recognized on derivatives ​ 160.7 ​ — ​ — Amortization of hedged item basis adjustments ​ (1.0) ​ — ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ (4.0) ​ — ​ — Total loss recognized for fair value hedging relationships ​ $ (8.9) ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains on cash flow hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives ​ $ 7.7 ​ $ — ​ $ (0.1) Gain reclassified from AOCI as a result that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring ​ — ​ ​ 13.5 ​ ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign exchange contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain reclassified from AOCI on derivatives ​ — ​ 0.7 ​ — Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives ​ 9.4 ​ — ​ — Total gain recognized for cash flow hedging relationships ​ $ 17.1 ​ $ 14.2 ​ $ 1.2 ​
Net Investment Hedges (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amount of loss ​ ​ Amount of gain recognized ​ reclassified from AOCI into ​ ​ in AOCI on derivatives ​ net realized capital gains (losses) ​ ​ for the three months ended ​ for the three months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, Derivatives in net investment hedging relationships ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Foreign exchange contracts ​ $ 0.9 ​ $ 2.0 ​ $ — ​ $ — Total ​ $ 0.9 ​ $ 2.0 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amount of loss ​ ​ Amount of gain recognized ​ reclassified from AOCI into ​ ​ in AOCI on derivatives ​ net realized capital gains (losses) ​ ​ for the nine months ended ​ for the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, Derivatives in net investment hedging relationships 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Foreign exchange contracts ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ 3.6 ​ $ — ​ $ — Total ​ $ 0.1 ​ $ 3.6 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amount of gain (loss) recognized in ​ Amount of gain (loss) recognized in ​ ​ net income on derivatives for the ​ net income on derivatives for the ​ ​ three months ended September 30, ​ nine months ended September 30, Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Interest rate contracts ​ $ 73.2 ​ $ (0.4) ​ $ 29.0 ​ $ (282.3) Foreign exchange contracts ​ ​ (66.1) ​ ​ (14.4) ​ (50.2) ​ 10.0 Equity contracts ​ ​ 19.3 ​ ​ 16.9 ​ (102.3) ​ 99.1 Credit contracts ​ ​ 0.8 ​ ​ 0.7 ​ 2.6 ​ (2.9) Other contracts (1) ​ ​ 916.5 ​ ​ 1,240.2 ​ 360.5 ​ 4,342.0 Total ​ $ 943.7 ​ $ 1,243.0 ​ $ 239.6 ​ $ 4,165.9 (1) Includes the change in fair value of the funds withheld embedded derivative.

Deferred Acquisition Costs an_2

Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Disaggregated DAC amounts and reconciliation (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ Workplace savings and retirement solutions ​ $ 504.1 ​ $ 498.0 Individual variable annuities ​ 277.7 ​ 278.0 Pension risk transfer ​ 13.8 ​ 8.1 Individual fixed deferred annuities ​ 112.2 ​ 131.0 Investment only ​ 12.7 ​ 14.9 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 920.5 ​ 930.0 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ 658.0 ​ 626.1 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 1,549.3 ​ 1,569.7 Term life ​ 692.1 ​ 685.7 Participating life ​ 86.6 ​ 93.0 Total Benefits and Protection ​ 2,986.0 ​ 2,974.5 Short-duration contracts ​ 34.2 ​ 34.7 Other balances (1) ​ 7.7 ​ 8.8 Total DAC per consolidated statements of financial position ​ $ 3,948.4 ​ $ 3,948.0 (1) Includes insignificant balances for long-duration contracts.
Disaggregated unearned revenue liability amounts and reconciliation (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Benefits and Protection - Life Insurance: ​ ​ Universal life ​ $ 479.7 ​ $ 459.0 Other balances (1) ​ 7.2 ​ 8.4 Total unearned revenue liability ​ $ 486.9 ​ $ 467.4 (1) Includes insignificant balances for long-duration contracts.
Disaggregated Rollforward at Adoption - Unearned Revenue Liability (Table)	Benefits and Protection The balances and changes in the unearned revenue liability for 2021 for Life Insurance – Universal life were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended ​ ​ December 31, 2021 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 384.4 Deferrals ​ 66.1 Revenue recognized ​ (25.2) Balance at end of period ​ $ 425.3
Retirement and Income Solutions
Disaggregated DAC amounts and reconciliation (Table)	Retirement and Income Solutions ​ The balances and changes in DAC were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Workplace ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ savings and ​ Individual ​ Pension ​ fixed ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ retirement ​ variable ​ risk ​ deferred ​ Investment ​ solutions annuities transfer annuities only ​ ​ (in millions) Balances as of January 1, 2022 ​ $ 489.0 ​ $ 281.2 ​ $ 2.7 ​ $ 162.2 ​ $ 18.1 Costs deferred ​ 48.3 ​ 22.5 ​ 5.6 ​ — ​ 1.4 Amortized to expense ​ (39.3) ​ (25.7) ​ (0.2) ​ (31.2) ​ (4.6) Balances as of December 31, 2022 ​ ​ 498.0 ​ ​ 278.0 ​ ​ 8.1 ​ ​ 131.0 ​ ​ 14.9 Costs deferred ​ ​ 35.7 ​ ​ 19.1 ​ ​ 6.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.4 Amortized to expense ​ ​ (29.6) ​ ​ (19.4) ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ (18.8) ​ ​ (3.6) Balances as of September 30, 2023 ​ $ 504.1 ​ $ 277.7 ​ $ 13.8 ​ $ 112.2 ​ $ 12.7
Benefits and Protection
Disaggregated DAC amounts and reconciliation (Table)	Benefits and Protection ​ The balances and changes in DAC were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits ​ Life Insurance ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ disability Universal life Term life Participating life ​ ​ (in millions) Balances as of January 1, 2022 ​ $ 580.7 ​ $ 1,596.2 ​ $ 678.9 ​ $ 102.3 Costs deferred ​ 87.6 ​ 70.6 ​ 66.7 ​ 1.4 Amortized to expense ​ (42.2) ​ (97.1) ​ (59.9) ​ (10.7) Balances as of December 31, 2022 ​ ​ 626.1 ​ ​ 1,569.7 ​ ​ 685.7 ​ ​ 93.0 Costs deferred ​ ​ 65.4 ​ ​ 51.4 ​ ​ 52.5 ​ ​ 1.0 Amortized to expense ​ ​ (33.5) ​ ​ (71.8) ​ ​ (46.1) ​ ​ (7.4) Balances as of September 30, 2023 ​ $ 658.0 ​ $ 1,549.3 ​ $ 692.1 ​ $ 86.6
Disaggregated Rollforward at Adoption - Unearned Revenue Liability (Table)	Benefits and Protection ​ The balances and changes in the unearned revenue liability for Life Insurance – Universal life contracts were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 459.0 ​ $ 425.3 Deferrals ​ 42.9 ​ 61.8 Revenue recognized ​ (22.2) ​ (28.1) Balance at end of period ​ 479.7 ​ 459.0 Reinsurance impact ​ (226.0) ​ (227.9) Balance at end of period after reinsurance ​ $ 253.7 ​ $ 231.1 ​

Separate Account Balance (Table

Separate Account Balance (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Summary of separate account assets by investment category (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities: ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 8,156.2 ​ $ 7,339.6 Non-U.S. governments ​ 7,618.1 ​ 8,424.3 States and political subdivisions ​ 198.5 ​ 211.7 Corporate ​ 12,808.7 ​ 14,429.7 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ 3,776.9 ​ 3,894.5 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 213.1 ​ 206.2 Other debt obligations ​ 485.6 ​ 299.5 Total fixed maturities ​ 33,257.1 ​ 34,805.5 Equity securities ​ 108,349.0 ​ 105,053.3 Real estate ​ 497.0 ​ 610.6 Other investments ​ 8,688.9 ​ 10,278.6 Cash and cash equivalents ​ 3,757.2 ​ 3,583.8 Other assets ​ 929.0 ​ 1,043.3 Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position ​ $ 155,478.2 ​ $ 155,375.1
Summary of disaggregated separate account liability amounts and changes in separate account liabilities (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ Group retirement contracts ​ $ 108,677.4 ​ $ 107,240.1 Individual variable annuities ​ 8,574.3 ​ 8,659.0 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 117,251.7 ​ 115,899.1 Principal Asset Management — ​ ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ Pension ​ 31,680.8 ​ 33,316.7 Asia: ​ ​ ​ Guaranteed pension ​ 892.1 ​ 915.0 Total Principal Asset Management — Principal International ​ 32,572.9 ​ 34,231.7 Benefits and Protection - Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 5,416.3 ​ 5,011.0 Other balances (1) ​ 237.3 ​ 233.3 Total separate account liabilities per consolidated statements of financial position ​ $ 155,478.2 ​ $ 155,375.1 (1) Includes insignificant balances for long-duration contracts.
Retirement and Income Solutions
Summary of disaggregated separate account liability amounts and changes in separate account liabilities (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Group ​ Individual ​ Group ​ Individual ​ ​ retirement ​ variable ​ retirement ​ variable ​ contracts annuities contracts annuities ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 107,240.1 ​ $ 8,659.0 ​ $ 131,188.6 ​ $ 11,000.0 Premiums and deposits (1) ​ 8,623.2 ​ 259.0 ​ 14,859.3 ​ 354.1 Policy charges ​ (253.0) ​ (154.0) ​ (383.7) ​ (211.1) Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments (1) ​ (10,148.7) ​ (720.5) ​ (14,479.4) ​ (790.1) Investment performance ​ 5,403.7 ​ 481.9 ​ (20,641.3) ​ (1,723.3) Net transfers (to) from general account (1) ​ (2,057.8) ​ 27.4 ​ (2,571.7) ​ 29.4 Other (2) ​ (130.1) ​ 21.5 ​ (731.7) ​ — Balance at end of period ​ $ 108,677.4 ​ $ 8,574.3 ​ $ 107,240.1 ​ $ 8,659.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash surrender value (3) ​ $ 107,646.9 ​ $ 8,458.8 ​ $ 106,125.7 ​ $ 8,538.7 (1) Within the policyholder account balances rollforwards in Note 7, Contractholder Funds, amounts in these lines for Individual variable annuities and Workplace savings and retirement solutions included in Group retirement contracts are reflected in net transfers from (to) separate account. (2) Includes amounts to be settled between the separate account and general account due to the timing of trade settlements as of the reporting date. (3) Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholders’ account balances distributable at the end of the reporting period less surrender charges.
Principal Asset Management | Principal International
Summary of disaggregated separate account liability amounts and changes in separate account liabilities (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ Latin America Asia Latin America Asia ​ ​ ​ Guaranteed ​ ​ ​ Guaranteed ​ Pension pension Pension pension ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 33,316.7 ​ $ 915.0 ​ $ 33,030.6 ​ $ 971.3 Premiums and deposits ​ 2,786.4 ​ 166.8 ​ 3,620.4 ​ 276.2 Policy charges ​ (13.7) ​ (14.7) ​ (18.2) ​ (19.8) Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments ​ (3,215.3) ​ (201.0) ​ (3,984.6) ​ (247.0) Investment performance ​ 396.7 ​ 29.3 ​ 498.8 ​ (64.0) Other ​ 2.7 ​ (0.2) ​ (0.8) ​ (0.4) Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ (1,592.7) ​ (3.1) ​ 170.5 ​ (1.3) Balance at end of period ​ $ 31,680.8 ​ $ 892.1 ​ $ 33,316.7 ​ $ 915.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash surrender value ​ $ 31,680.8 ​ $ 892.1 ​ $ 33,316.7 ​ $ 915.0
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Universal life
Summary of disaggregated separate account liability amounts and changes in separate account liabilities (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended ​ For the year ended ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 5,011.0 $ 5,886.1 Premiums and deposits (1) ​ ​ 404.9 ​ 514.7 Policy charges ​ ​ (96.5) ​ (122.1) Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments (1) ​ ​ (271.2) ​ (208.6) Investment performance ​ ​ 361.1 ​ (1,054.5) Net transfers (to) from general account (1) ​ ​ 7.0 ​ (4.6) Balance at end of period ​ $ 5,416.3 ​ $ 5,011.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash surrender value (2) ​ $ 5,474.4 ​ $ 5,055.8 (1) Within the policyholder account balances rollforwards in Note 7, Contractholder Funds, amounts in these lines are reflected in net transfers from (to) separate account. (2) Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholders’ account balances distributable at the end of the reporting period less surrender charges. Certain products include surrender value enhancement riders that result in cash surrender values greater than account balances.

Contractholder Funds (Tables)

Contractholder Funds (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Policyholder account balances
Schedule of disaggregated policyholder account balance amounts and reconcile the totals to contractholder funds (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ Workplace savings and retirement solutions ​ $ 12,571.2 ​ $ 12,154.7 Individual variable annuities ​ 436.6 ​ 381.4 Individual fixed deferred annuities ​ 5,949.3 ​ 7,228.3 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 18,957.1 ​ 19,764.4 Benefits and Protection – ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 6,888.1 ​ 6,947.9 Corporate: ​ ​ ​ Inter-segment eliminations ​ (356.4) ​ (362.7) Total policyholder account balances for contracts with significant insurance risk or investment contracts with significant fee revenue ​ 25,488.8 ​ 26,349.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Reconciling items: ​ ​ ​ Investment contracts without significant fee revenue (1) ​ 16,453.4 ​ 16,104.0 Embedded derivatives (2) ​ 78.8 ​ 46.4 Other balances (3) ​ 282.9 ​ 325.3 Total contractholder funds per consolidated statements of financial position ​ $ 42,303.9 ​ $ 42,825.3 (1) Includes GICs, funding agreements, individual fixed income annuities and guaranteed pension contracts. These contracts are not included within the disaggregated rollforward or guaranteed minimum interest rate (“GMIR”) disclosures below. (2) Refer to Note 16, Fair Value Measurements, for details on the changes in Level 3 fair value measurements of embedded derivatives. (3) Includes insignificant balances for long-duration contracts and amounts that are not accrued to the benefit of the contractholder and, therefore, are not included within the disaggregated rollforward or GMIR disclosures below.
Schedule of guaranteed minimum interest rate (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ ​ Excess of crediting rates over GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 0.50% ​ 0.51% to 1.00% ​ 1.01% to 2.00% ​ 2.01% or more ​ ​ ​ At GMIR above GMIR above GMIR above GMIR above GMIR Total ​ ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Workplace savings and retirement solutions ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ — $ 3.7 $ 105.4 $ 1,048.5 $ 303.8 $ 1,461.4 1.01% - 2.00% ​ ​ — ​ 5,519.6 ​ 1,172.4 ​ — ​ 1,454.4 ​ 8,146.4 2.01% - 3.00% ​ ​ 410.6 ​ 0.1 ​ 0.8 ​ 25.7 ​ 497.0 ​ 934.2 3.01% - 4.00% ​ ​ 7.6 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 7.6 4.01% and above ​ 18.0 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 18.0 Subtotal ​ 436.2 ​ 5,523.4 ​ 1,278.6 ​ 1,074.2 ​ 2,255.2 ​ 10,567.6 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2,003.6 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 12,571.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual variable annuities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ 25.8 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 25.8 1.01% - 2.00% ​ ​ 5.7 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 5.7 2.01% - 3.00% ​ ​ 293.1 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 293.1 3.01% - 4.00% ​ ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — 4.01% and above ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — Subtotal ​ 324.6 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 324.6 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 112.0 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 436.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed deferred annuities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ 336.6 $ 134.4 $ 144.4 $ 488.1 $ 1,000.5 $ 2,104.0 1.01% - 2.00% ​ ​ 107.4 ​ 1.0 ​ 29.8 ​ 224.7 ​ 1.2 ​ 364.1 2.01% - 3.00% ​ ​ 3,066.7 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 3,066.7 3.01% - 4.00% ​ ​ 160.9 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 160.9 4.01% and above ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — Subtotal ​ 3,671.6 ​ 135.4 ​ 174.2 ​ 712.8 ​ 1,001.7 ​ 5,695.7 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 253.6 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 5,949.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits and Protection - Life Insurance ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ — $ 0.5 $ 16.7 $ — $ 1.7 $ 18.9 1.01% - 2.00% ​ ​ 300.0 ​ — ​ 412.8 ​ 472.8 ​ 405.6 ​ 1,591.2 2.01% - 3.00% ​ ​ 750.7 ​ 686.9 ​ 850.5 ​ 346.6 ​ 0.6 ​ 2,635.3 3.01% - 4.00% ​ ​ 1,657.3 ​ 48.7 ​ 43.6 ​ 28.9 ​ 3.2 ​ 1,781.7 4.01% and above ​ 37.7 ​ 12.1 ​ 3.4 ​ 1.5 ​ — ​ 54.7 Subtotal ​ 2,745.7 ​ 748.2 ​ 1,327.0 ​ 849.8 ​ 411.1 ​ 6,081.8 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 806.3 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 6,888.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Excess of crediting rates over GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 0.50% ​ 0.51% to 1.00% ​ 1.01% to 2.00% ​ 2.01% or more ​ ​ ​ ​ At GMIR above GMIR above GMIR above GMIR above GMIR Total ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Workplace savings and retirement solutions ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ 3.9 ​ $ 24.8 ​ $ 1,188.9 ​ $ 307.8 ​ $ 364.9 ​ $ 1,890.3 1.01% - 2.00% ​ — ​ 549.9 ​ 6,090.2 ​ 1,477.0 ​ 9.4 ​ 8,126.5 2.01% - 3.00% ​ 15.1 ​ 0.1 ​ — ​ 0.1 ​ — ​ 15.3 3.01% - 4.00% ​ 7.8 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 7.8 4.01% and above ​ 18.8 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 18.8 Subtotal ​ 45.6 ​ 574.8 ​ 7,279.1 ​ 1,784.9 ​ 374.3 ​ 10,058.7 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2,096.0 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 12,154.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual variable annuities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ 33.0 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 33.0 1.01% - 2.00% ​ 3.6 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 3.6 2.01% - 3.00% ​ 331.8 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 331.8 3.01% - 4.00% ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — 4.01% and above ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — Subtotal ​ 368.4 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 368.4 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 13.0 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 381.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed deferred annuities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ 426.4 ​ $ 161.7 ​ $ 236.2 ​ $ 879.2 ​ $ 993.0 ​ $ 2,696.5 1.01% - 2.00% ​ 139.8 ​ 1.4 ​ 39.9 ​ 250.5 ​ 0.6 ​ 432.2 2.01% - 3.00% ​ 3,617.1 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 3,617.1 3.01% - 4.00% ​ 169.7 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 169.7 4.01% and above ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — Subtotal ​ 4,353.0 ​ 163.1 ​ 276.1 ​ 1,129.7 ​ 993.6 ​ 6,915.5 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 312.8 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 7,228.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits and Protection - Life Insurance ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Up to 1.00% ​ $ — ​ $ 8.4 ​ $ 10.1 ​ $ — ​ $ 0.7 ​ $ 19.2 1.01% - 2.00% ​ 315.7 ​ — ​ 407.0 ​ 695.5 ​ 155.0 ​ 1,573.2 2.01% - 3.00% ​ 865.9 ​ 951.2 ​ 903.5 ​ 59.9 ​ 0.4 ​ 2,780.9 3.01% - 4.00% ​ 1,698.9 ​ 35.8 ​ 21.9 ​ 25.3 ​ 3.2 ​ 1,785.1 4.01% and above ​ 40.6 ​ 10.1 ​ 3.4 ​ 1.6 ​ — ​ 55.7 Subtotal ​ 2,921.1 ​ 1,005.5 ​ 1,345.9 ​ 782.3 ​ 159.3 ​ 6,214.1 No GMIR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 733.8 Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 6,947.9 ​
Retirement and Income Solutions
Policyholder account balances
Schedule of changes in policyholder account balances (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ​ For the year ended December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Workplace ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Workplace ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ savings and ​ Individual ​ Individual ​ savings and ​ Individual ​ Individual ​ ​ retirement ​ variable ​ fixed deferred ​ retirement ​ variable ​ fixed deferred ​ solutions annuities annuities (1) solutions annuities annuities (1) ​ ​ ($ in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 12,154.7 ​ $ 381.4 ​ $ 7,228.3 ​ $ 10,996.2 ​ $ 380.9 ​ $ 9,646.3 ​ Premiums and deposits ​ 3,308.2 ​ 405.2 ​ 28.9 ​ 3,719.5 ​ 426.5 ​ 35.9 ​ Policy charges ​ (23.0) ​ — ​ — ​ (28.5) ​ — ​ — ​ Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments ​ (3,451.0) ​ (791.6) ​ (1,431.5) ​ (2,866.7) ​ (843.2) ​ (2,655.6) ​ Net transfers from (to) separate account (2) ​ 403.5 ​ 434.1 ​ — ​ 164.6 ​ 406.6 ​ — ​ Interest credited ​ 203.6 ​ 7.5 ​ 123.6 ​ 194.3 ​ 10.6 ​ 201.7 ​ Other ​ (24.8) ​ — ​ — ​ (24.7) ​ — ​ — ​ Balance at end of period ​ $ 12,571.2 ​ $ 436.6 ​ $ 5,949.3 ​ $ 12,154.7 ​ $ 381.4 ​ $ 7,228.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average crediting rate (3) ​ 2.40 % 2.82 % 2.78 % 1.94 % 2.79 % 2.63 % Cash surrender value (4) ​ $ 10,871.5 ​ $ 334.5 ​ $ 5,836.2 ​ $ 10,341.7 ​ $ 378.6 ​ $ 7,081.4 ​ (1) We use the deposit method of accounting for the reinsurance of this exited business. (2) Within the separate account liabilities rollforwards in Note 6, Separate Account Balances, these transfers for Individual variable annuities and Workplace savings and retirement solutions included in Group retirement contracts are reflected in premiums and deposits; surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments; and net transfers (to) from general account. (3) The weighted-average crediting rate is the crediting rate as of the end of each reporting period weighted by account value. (4) Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholders’ account balances distributable at the end of the reporting period less surrender charges.
Universal life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Policyholder account balances
Schedule of changes in policyholder account balances (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ($ in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 6,947.9 ​ $ 6,962.5 ​ Premiums and deposits ​ 942.4 ​ 1,267.2 ​ Policy charges ​ (640.8) ​ (837.8) ​ Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments ​ (396.8) ​ (390.0) ​ Net transfers from (to) separate account (1) ​ (140.7) ​ (301.5) ​ Interest credited ​ 176.3 ​ 247.5 ​ Other ​ (0.2) ​ — ​ Balance at end of period ​ 6,888.1 ​ 6,947.9 ​ Reinsurance impact ​ ​ (3,427.6) ​ ​ (3,528.9) ​ Balance at end of period after reinsurance ​ $ 3,460.5 ​ $ 3,419.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average crediting rate (2) ​ 3.75 % 3.35 % Net amount at risk (3) ​ $ 86,494.3 ​ $ 86,547.9 ​ Cash surrender value (4) ​ $ 5,904.0 ​ $ 5,911.5 ​ (1) Within the separate account liabilities rollforwards in Note 6, Separate Account Balances, these transfers are reflected in premiums and deposits; surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments; and net transfers (to) from general account. (2) The weighted-average crediting rate is the crediting rate as of the end of each reporting period weighted by account value, including indexed credits. (3) For those guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the death benefit in excess of the current account balance or the fixed death benefit at the consolidated statement of financial position date. (4) Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholders’ account balances distributable at the end of the reporting period less surrender charges.

Future Policy Benefits and Cl_2

Future Policy Benefits and Claims (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Disaggregated Future Policy Benefits and Claims amounts and reconciliation (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Liability for future policy benefits by segment (1): ​ ​ Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ Pension risk transfer ​ $ 21,355.2 $ 21,211.4 Individual fixed income annuities ​ 4,661.9 ​ 5,019.4 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 26,017.1 ​ 26,230.8 Principal Asset Management – ​ ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities ​ 4,225.1 ​ 5,042.3 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ 1,604.5 ​ 1,698.8 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Term life ​ 949.7 ​ 909.0 Total Benefits and Protection ​ 2,554.2 ​ 2,607.8 Corporate: ​ ​ ​ Long-term care insurance ​ 153.0 ​ 183.5 Total liability for future policy benefits ​ 32,949.4 ​ 34,064.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional liability for certain benefit features by segment (2): ​ ​ ​ Benefits and Protection – ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 5,176.7 ​ 4,095.2 Total additional liability for certain benefit features ​ 5,176.7 ​ 4,095.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Reconciling items: ​ ​ ​ Participating contracts ​ 3,089.8 ​ 3,207.2 Short-duration contracts ​ 1,272.5 ​ 1,295.6 Cost of reinsurance liability ​ 150.2 ​ 191.1 Reinsurance recoverable liability ​ ​ 40.6 ​ ​ 39.4 Other (3) ​ 6.7 ​ 132.4 Future policy benefits and claims per consolidated statements of financial position ​ $ 42,685.9 $ 43,025.3 (1) Amounts include the deferred profit liability. (2) Includes reserves on certain long-duration contracts where benefit features result in gains in early years followed by losses in later years. (3) Includes other miscellaneous reserves and the impact of unrealized gains (losses) on the additional liability for certain benefit features.
Summary of balances and the changes in the present value for expected net premiums and expected future policy benefits expected future policy benefits (Table)	Retirement and Income Solutions and Principal Asset Management – Principal International ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Principal ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Asset ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Management – ​ ​ Retirement and Income ​ Principal ​ ​ Solutions ​ International ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Latin America ​ ​ Pension ​ Individual ​ Individual ​ ​ risk ​ fixed income ​ fixed income ​ transfer annuities annuities ​ ​ (in millions) Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 25,863.7 ​ $ 7,145.8 ​ $ 6,561.5 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (4,827.9) ​ (1,213.5) ​ (2,096.0) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 21,035.8 ​ 5,932.3 ​ 4,465.5 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ (2.4) ​ (1.3) ​ (4.9) Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 21,033.4 ​ 5,931.0 ​ 4,460.6 Interest accrual ​ 916.7 ​ 240.5 ​ 444.3 Benefit payments ​ (1,772.5) ​ (532.0) ​ (436.0) Issuances ​ 1,801.7 ​ 82.9 ​ 141.3 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ — ​ — ​ (751.9) Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 21,979.3 ​ 5,722.4 ​ 3,858.3 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 3,386.5 ​ 812.6 ​ 478.5 Future policy benefits ​ $ 25,365.8 ​ $ 6,535.0 ​ $ 4,336.8 Benefits and Protection and Corporate ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ Benefits and Protection ​ Corporate ​ ​ Specialty ​ Life ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits ​ Insurance ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ Long-term ​ disability Term life care insurance ​ (in millions) Present value of expected net premiums ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 3,148.3 ​ $ 3,799.0 ​ $ 66.7 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (340.7) ​ (861.1) ​ (17.6) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 2,807.6 ​ 2,937.9 ​ 49.1 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ — ​ — ​ 2.8 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 122.0 ​ 211.4 ​ (0.8) Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 2,929.6 ​ 3,149.3 ​ 51.1 Interest accrual ​ 95.4 ​ 151.1 ​ 2.9 Net premiums collected ​ (280.4) ​ (315.0) ​ (5.2) Issuances ​ 206.4 ​ 518.2 ​ — Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 2,951.0 ​ 3,503.6 ​ 48.8 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 198.9 ​ 690.1 ​ 14.0 Balance at end of period ​ $ 3,149.9 ​ $ 4,193.7 ​ $ 62.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 5,649.2 ​ $ 4,959.3 ​ $ 324.3 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (834.1) ​ (1,179.9) ​ (111.1) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 4,815.1 ​ 3,779.4 ​ 213.2 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ — ​ — ​ 0.5 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 118.8 ​ 216.0 ​ (4.6) Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 4,933.9 ​ 3,995.4 ​ 209.1 Interest accrual ​ 181.0 ​ 194.3 ​ 12.4 Benefit payments ​ (179.7) ​ (335.7) ​ (13.5) Issuances ​ 212.1 ​ 543.4 ​ — Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 5,147.3 ​ 4,397.4 ​ 208.0 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 501.0 ​ 913.9 ​ 89.5 Balance at end of period ​ $ 5,648.3 ​ $ 5,311.3 ​ $ 297.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Future policy benefits (1) ​ $ 2,498.4 ​ $ 1,117.6 ​ $ 234.7 Reinsurance impact ​ (549.9) ​ (0.1) ​ (234.7) Future policy benefits after reinsurance ​ $ 1,948.5 ​ $ 1,117.5 ​ $ — (1) Represents the present value of expected future policy benefit payments less the present value of expected net premiums.
Schedule of Liability for Unpaid Claims (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, ​ 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 1,395.0 ​ $ 1,370.9 Less: reinsurance recoverable ​ 68.6 ​ 68.7 Net balance at beginning of period ​ 1,326.4 ​ 1,302.2 Incurred: ​ ​ ​ ​ Current year ​ 1,233.1 ​ 1,176.6 Prior years ​ (92.1) ​ (11.2) Total incurred ​ 1,141.0 ​ 1,165.4 Payments: ​ ​ ​ ​ Current year ​ 856.6 ​ 825.8 Prior years ​ 295.4 ​ 318.8 Total payments ​ 1,152.0 ​ 1,144.6 Net balance at end of period ​ 1,315.4 ​ 1,323.0 Plus: reinsurance recoverable ​ 66.5 ​ 71.0 Balance at end of period ​ $ 1,381.9 ​ $ 1,394.0
Summary of gross premiums or assessments and interest accretion recognized by segment (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross premiums or assessments (1) ​ ​ For the three months ended For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ ​ Pension risk transfer ​ $ 553.9 ​ $ 603.4 $ 1,741.8 $ 1,186.2 Individual fixed income annuities ​ 11.6 ​ 6.3 ​ 31.6 ​ 20.6 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ 565.5 ​ 609.7 ​ 1,773.4 ​ 1,206.8 Principal Asset Management – ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities ​ 2.4 ​ 34.2 ​ 17.6 ​ 75.2 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ 161.9 ​ 155.5 ​ 467.2 ​ 448.4 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ 170.7 ​ 168.3 ​ 512.8 ​ 429.0 Term life ​ 162.3 ​ 158.6 ​ 485.2 ​ 473.0 Total Benefits and Protection ​ 494.9 ​ 482.4 ​ 1,465.2 ​ 1,350.4 Corporate: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Long-term care insurance ​ 1.2 ​ 1.3 ​ 3.9 ​ 4.0 Total per consolidated statements of operations ​ $ 1,064.0 ​ $ 1,127.6 $ 3,260.1 $ 2,636.4 (1) Gross premiums are included within premiums and other considerations on the consolidated statements of operations. Assessments, which are only applicable to the Life Insurance - Universal life level of aggregation, are included within fees and other revenues on the consolidated statements of operations. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest accretion (1) ​ ​ For the three months ended For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pension risk transfer ​ $ 254.4 ​ $ 233.7 $ 749.5 $ 697.6 Individual fixed income annuities ​ ​ 54.5 ​ 57.1 ​ 165.3 ​ 173.4 Total Retirement and Income Solutions ​ ​ 308.9 ​ 290.8 ​ 914.8 ​ 871.0 Principal Asset Management – Principal International: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities (2) ​ ​ 56.7 ​ 172.7 ​ 276.4 ​ 523.2 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ ​ 23.8 ​ 22.5 ​ 70.5 ​ 67.5 Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Universal life ​ ​ 56.7 ​ 42.8 ​ 150.6 ​ 127.1 Term life ​ ​ 12.3 ​ 11.0 ​ 35.4 ​ 32.5 Total Benefits and Protection ​ ​ 92.8 ​ 76.3 ​ 256.5 ​ 227.1 Corporate: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Long-term care insurance ​ ​ 2.3 ​ 2.5 ​ 7.4 ​ 7.3 Total per consolidated statements of operations ​ $ 460.7 ​ $ 542.3 $ 1,455.1 $ 1,628.6 (1) Interest accretion is included within benefits, claims and settlement expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. (2) Includes inflation adjustments included within the liability for future policy benefits rollforward for interest accretion.
Summary of balances and the changes in the additional liability for certain benefits features (Table)	Additional Liability for Certain Benefit Features Benefits and Protection The balances and changes in the additional liability for certain benefits features for 2021 for Life Insurance - Universal life were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended, ​ ​ December 31, 2021 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 3,463.9 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ (11.1) Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 18.1 Interest accrual ​ 158.3 Net assessments collected ​ 324.7 Benefit payments ​ (83.1) Other (1) ​ (56.6) Balance at end of period ​ $ 3,814.2 (1)
Summary of amounts of expected undiscounted future benefit payments, expected undiscounted future gross premiums and expected discounted future gross premiums (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ Pension risk transfer ​ ​ Expected undiscounted future benefit payments ​ $ 34,656.4 $ 33,691.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities ​ ​ ​ Expected undiscounted future benefit payments ​ $ 7,393.6 $ 7,716.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Principal Asset Management – Principal International: ​ ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities ​ ​ ​ Expected undiscounted future benefit payments ​ $ 6,118.5 $ 6,449.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits and Protection – Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ Individual disability ​ ​ ​ Expected discounted future gross premiums ​ $ 5,082.4 $ 5,140.9 Expected undiscounted future gross premiums ​ $ 8,213.6 $ 7,978.7 Expected undiscounted future benefit payments ​ $ 8,899.8 $ 8,473.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Benefits and Protection – Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ Term life ​ ​ ​ Expected discounted future gross premiums ​ $ 5,911.1 $ 6,104.6 Expected undiscounted future gross premiums ​ $ 10,229.4 $ 10,146.3 Expected undiscounted future benefit payments ​ $ 7,736.1 $ 7,202.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate: ​ ​ ​ Long-term care insurance ​ ​ ​ Expected discounted future gross premiums ​ $ 40.8 ​ $ 64.6 Expected undiscounted future gross premiums ​ $ 60.9 $ 96.5 Expected undiscounted future benefit payments ​ $ 373.7 $ 483.4
Summary of weighted-average rates of interest accretion and current discount (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest accretion rate ​ Current discount rate ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ Pension risk transfer 4.45 % 4.38 % 5.90 % 5.31 % Individual fixed income annuities 4.22 % 4.22 % 5.89 % 5.30 % Principal Asset Management – ​ ​ Latin America: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual fixed income annuities ​ 4.23 % 4.24 % 3.82 % 2.43 % Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ Individual disability 3.97 % 4.03 % 5.95 % 5.36 % Life Insurance: ​ ​ Universal life 4.76 % 4.73 % See note (2) See note (2) ​ Term life 4.84 % 4.89 % 5.86 % 5.22 % Corporate: ​ ​ Long-term care insurance 6.16 % 6.16 % 5.91 % 5.34 % (1) The interest accretion rate and current discount rate are Chilean real rates, excluding inflation, in the local currency. (2) The additional liability for certain benefit features for Life Insurance – Universal life is measured using the discount rate at contract inception. Therefore, the current discount rate is not applicable for this product.
Retirement and Income Solutions
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Summary of balances and the changes in the present value for expected net premiums and expected future policy benefits expected future policy benefits (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Pension ​ Individual ​ Pension ​ Individual ​ ​ risk ​ fixed income ​ risk ​ fixed income ​ transfer annuities transfer annuities ​ ($ in millions) Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 21,211.4 ​ $ 5,019.4 ​ $ 25,365.8 ​ $ 6,535.0 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ 1,799.6 ​ 439.0 ​ (3,386.5) ​ (812.6) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 23,011.0 ​ 5,458.4 ​ 21,979.3 ​ 5,722.4 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ (53.4) ​ (1.3) ​ (7.9) ​ (3.0) Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ (9.8) ​ (0.7) ​ (3.2) ​ — Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 22,947.8 ​ 5,456.4 ​ 21,968.2 ​ 5,719.4 Interest accrual ​ 749.5 ​ 165.3 ​ 935.7 ​ 229.7 Benefit payments ​ (1,471.6) ​ (378.5) ​ (1,841.7) ​ (520.4) Issuances ​ 1,747.7 ​ 31.2 ​ 1,948.8 ​ 29.7 Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 23,973.4 ​ 5,274.4 ​ 23,011.0 ​ 5,458.4 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ (2,618.2) ​ (612.5) ​ (1,799.6) ​ (439.0) Future policy benefits ​ 21,355.2 ​ 4,661.9 ​ 21,211.4 ​ 5,019.4 Reinsurance impact ​ — ​ (4,344.7) ​ — ​ (4,714.0) Future policy benefits after reinsurance ​ $ 21,355.2 ​ $ 317.2 ​ $ 21,211.4 ​ $ 305.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (years) ​ 8.0 ​ 7.6 ​ 8.5 ​ 7.9 (1) Represents the average of the cohort-level duration of the benefit cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort.
Benefits and Protection
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Summary of balances and the changes in the present value for expected net premiums and expected future policy benefits expected future policy benefits (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended ​ For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Specialty ​ Life ​ Specialty ​ Life ​ ​ Benefits ​ Insurance ​ Benefits ​ Insurance ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual ​ ​ ​ ​ disability Term life disability Term life ​ ​ ($ in millions) Present value of expected net premiums ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 2,341.8 ​ $ 3,423.2 ​ $ 3,149.9 ​ $ 4,193.7 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ 395.2 ​ 196.0 ​ (198.9) ​ (690.1) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 2,737.0 ​ 3,619.2 ​ 2,951.0 ​ 3,503.6 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ (37.6) ​ 143.5 ​ (413.1) ​ — Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 204.1 ​ 92.7 ​ 235.9 ​ 128.6 Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 2,903.5 ​ 3,855.4 ​ 2,773.8 ​ 3,632.2 Interest accrual ​ 71.3 ​ 127.5 ​ 95.2 ​ 162.9 Net premiums collected ​ (204.7) ​ (266.4) ​ (276.5) ​ (346.6) Issuances ​ 81.1 ​ 158.1 ​ 144.5 ​ 170.7 Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 2,851.2 ​ 3,874.6 ​ 2,737.0 ​ 3,619.2 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ (485.4) ​ (362.4) ​ (395.2) ​ (196.0) Balance at end of period ​ $ 2,365.8 ​ $ 3,512.2 ​ $ 2,341.8 ​ $ 3,423.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 4,040.6 ​ $ 4,332.2 ​ $ 5,648.3 ​ $ 5,311.3 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ 1,021.4 ​ 251.6 ​ (501.0) ​ (913.9) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 5,062.0 ​ 4,583.8 ​ 5,147.3 ​ 4,397.4 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ (51.5) ​ 181.8 ​ (476.3) ​ — Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 218.7 ​ 106.9 ​ 240.0 ​ 139.0 Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 5,229.2 ​ 4,872.5 ​ 4,911.0 ​ 4,536.4 Interest accrual ​ 141.8 ​ 162.9 ​ 185.4 ​ 206.8 Benefit payments ​ (149.6) ​ (268.2) ​ (183.7) ​ (340.6) Issuances ​ 83.6 ​ 170.0 ​ 149.3 ​ 181.2 Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 5,305.0 ​ 4,937.2 ​ 5,062.0 ​ 4,583.8 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ (1,334.7) ​ (475.3) ​ (1,021.4) ​ (251.6) Balance at end of period ​ $ 3,970.3 ​ $ 4,461.9 ​ $ 4,040.6 ​ $ 4,332.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Future policy benefits (1) ​ $ 1,604.5 ​ $ 949.7 ​ $ 1,698.8 ​ $ 909.0 Reinsurance impact ​ (365.9) ​ 40.7 ​ (386.8) ​ 25.6 Future policy benefits after reinsurance ​ $ 1,238.6 ​ $ 990.4 ​ $ 1,312.0 ​ $ 934.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (years) (2) ​ 18.3 ​ 9.5 ​ 18.5 ​ 9.6 (1) Represents the present value of expected future policy benefit payments less the present value of expected net premiums. (2) Represents the average of the cohort-level duration of the benefits less the net premium cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort.
Summary of balances and the changes in the additional liability for certain benefits features (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended ​ For the year ended ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ($ in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 4,095.2 ​ $ 3,814.2 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ 725.4 ​ (6.0) Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 27.7 ​ 54.9 Interest accrual ​ 150.6 ​ 171.2 Net assessments collected ​ 277.1 ​ 320.3 Benefit payments ​ (99.3) ​ (91.9) Other (1) ​ — ​ (167.5) Balance at end of period ​ 5,176.7 ​ 4,095.2 Reinsurance impact ​ (5,158.8) ​ (4,091.4) Balance at end of period after reinsurance ​ $ 17.9 ​ $ 3.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average duration for additional liability (years) (2) ​ 27.0 ​ 27.6 (1) Reflects the impact of re-cohorting in 2022 as a result of our decision to manage the ULSG business separately from our other UL business following the Strategic Review. (2) Represents the average of the cohort-level duration of the benefits less the net assessment cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort.
Principal Asset Management | Principal International
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Summary of balances and the changes in the present value for expected net premiums and expected future policy benefits expected future policy benefits (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ($ in millions) Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 5,042.3 ​ $ 4,336.8 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (754.6) ​ (478.5) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 4,287.7 ​ 3,858.3 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ (0.1) ​ (4.7) Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 4,287.6 ​ 3,853.6 Interest accrual (1) ​ 276.4 ​ 662.0 Benefit payments ​ (271.0) ​ (325.8) Issuances ​ 18.8 ​ 86.4 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ (201.9) ​ 11.5 Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 4,109.9 ​ 4,287.7 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 115.2 ​ 754.6 Future policy benefits ​ $ 4,225.1 ​ $ 5,042.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (years) (2) ​ 9.7 ​ 10.9 (1) Includes inflation adjustments. (2) Represents the average of the cohort-level duration of the benefit cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort.
Corporate
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Summary of balances and the changes in the present value for expected net premiums and expected future policy benefits expected future policy benefits (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended ​ For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ($ in millions) Present value of expected net premiums ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 64.6 ​ $ 62.8 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (3.6) ​ (14.0) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 61.0 ​ 48.8 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ (13.3) ​ 10.0 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ (5.9) ​ 4.1 Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 41.8 ​ 62.9 Interest accrual ​ 2.2 ​ 3.3 Net premiums collected ​ (4.0) ​ (5.2) Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 40.0 ​ 61.0 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 0.8 ​ 3.6 Balance at end of period ​ $ 40.8 ​ $ 64.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Present value of expected future policy benefit payments ​ ​ ​ Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 248.1 ​ $ 297.5 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period ​ (18.9) ​ (89.5) Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate ​ 229.2 ​ 208.0 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions ​ (40.5) ​ 17.2 Effect of actual variances from expected experience ​ 2.0 ​ 3.7 Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate ​ 190.7 ​ 228.9 Interest accrual ​ 9.6 ​ 13.1 Benefit payments ​ (10.4) ​ (12.8) Balance at end of period at original discount rate ​ 189.9 ​ 229.2 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period ​ 3.9 ​ 18.9 Balance at end of period ​ $ 193.8 ​ $ 248.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Future policy benefits (1) ​ $ 153.0 ​ $ 183.5 Reinsurance impact ​ (153.0) ​ (183.5) Future policy benefits after reinsurance ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (years) (2) ​ 10.0 ​ 11.8 (1) Represents the present value of expected future policy benefit payments less the present value of expected net premiums. (2) Represents the average of cohort-level duration of the benefits less the net premium cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort.

Market Risk Benefits (Tables)

Market Risk Benefits (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Market Risk Benefits
Summary of disaggregated MRB amounts in an asset and liability position (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net asset ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net asset ​ Asset Liability (liability) Asset Liability (liability) ​ ​ (in millions) Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Individual variable annuities ​ $ 173.1 ​ $ 90.8 ​ $ 82.3 $ 109.2 $ 181.4 $ (72.2) Principal Asset Management – ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Asia: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Guaranteed pension ​ ​ — ​ ​ 21.7 ​ ​ (21.7) — 26.0 (26.0) Total MRB per consolidated statements of financial position ​ $ 173.1 ​ $ 112.5 ​ $ 60.6 $ 109.2 $ 207.4 $ (98.2)
Summary of net asset (liability) balances and the changes in the valuation of the MRBs (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the year ended December 31, 2021 ​ ​ Retirement and Income ​ Principal Asset Management – ​ ​ Solutions ​ Principal International ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Asia ​ Individual variable annuities Guaranteed pension ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ (591.3) ​ $ (53.3) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period ​ 106.7 ​ 6.5 Adjusted balance at beginning of period ​ (484.6) ​ (46.8) Effect of: ​ ​ Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior ​ (120.7) ​ (5.3) Benefit payments ​ 0.4 ​ 5.7 Changes in interest rates ​ 154.3 ​ 7.6 Changes in equity markets ​ 106.4 ​ 1.4 Changes in equity index volatility ​ 15.1 ​ — Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior ​ 2.3 ​ 3.6 Changes in future expected policyholder behavior ​ (96.6) ​ 0.5 Changes in other future expected assumptions ​ 38.2 ​ 2.3 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ — ​ 0.2 Adjusted balance at end of period ​ (385.2) ​ (30.8) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period ​ (109.5) ​ (4.3) Balance at end of period ​ $ (494.7) ​ $ (35.1)
Summary of quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for fair value measurements of MRBs (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted- ​ ​ Range of inputs Average Range of inputs Average Retirement and Income Solutions: ​ Individual variable annuities ​ Long-term interest rate (1) 4.70 - 4.90 % 4.80 % 3.97 - 4.12 % 4.04 % Long-term equity market volatility 18.00 - 33.00 % 22.00 % 18.10 - 34.15 % 22.07 % Nonperformance risk 0.90 - 1.80 % 1.60 % 0.90 - 1.96 % 1.65 % Lapse rate 1.10 - 55.00 % 5.80 % 1.25 - 24.75 % 5.76 % Principal Asset Management - Principal International: ​ ​ ​ ​ Asia: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Guaranteed pension ​ ​ ​ ​ Long-term interest rate (1) 4.20 - 4.37 % 4.28 % 3.80 - 3.98 % 3.88 % Long-term equity market volatility 16.77 - 24.24 % 19.70 % 18.06 - 25.16 % 20.69 % Nonperformance risk 0.92 - 1.92 % 1.64 % 0.90 - 1.98 % 1.68 % Lapse rate 4.95 - 19.35 % 13.40 % 4.95 - 19.35 % 13.40 % (1) Represents the range of rate curves used in the valuation analysis that we have determined market participants would use when pricing the instrument. The rate curves are derived from an interpolation between various observable swap rates.
Retirement and Income Solutions
Market Risk Benefits
Summary of significant changes to inputs and assumptions that impacted the change in the MRB fair value measurement	​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended ​ For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Change in net ​ Change in net ​ ​ Change in input ​ MRB liability ​ Change in input ​ MRB liability Long-term interest rate ​ Increased ​ Favorable ​ Increased ​ Favorable Equity markets ​ Increased ​ Favorable ​ Decreased ​ Unfavorable Equity market volatilities ​ Decreased ​ Favorable ​ Increased ​ Unfavorable Own nonperformance risk ​ Decreased ​ Unfavorable ​ Increased ​ Favorable
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities
Market Risk Benefits
Summary of net asset (liability) balances and the changes in the valuation of the MRBs (Table)	The net asset (liability) balances and the changes in the valuation of the MRBs for Individual variable annuities were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ($ in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ (72.2) ​ $ (494.7) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period ​ (31.7) ​ 109.5 Adjusted balance at beginning of period ​ (103.9) ​ (385.2) Effect of: ​ ​ Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior ​ (57.7) ​ (90.1) Benefit payments ​ 0.3 ​ 1.3 Changes in interest rates ​ 126.0 ​ 539.1 Changes in equity markets ​ 76.0 ​ (112.4) Changes in equity index volatility ​ 40.4 ​ (50.2) Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior ​ (2.8) ​ 1.5 Changes in future expected policyholder behavior ​ — ​ (6.1) Changes in other future expected assumptions ​ (5.3) ​ (1.8) Adjusted balance at end of period ​ 73.0 ​ (103.9) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period ​ 9.3 ​ 31.7 Balance at end of period ​ $ 82.3 ​ $ (72.2) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average attained age of policyholders (years) (1) ​ 67.7 ​ 67.4 Net amount at risk (2) ​ $ 292.7 ​ $ 415.5 (1) The weighted-average attained age is calculated at the contract level using the total contributions since inception and the age of the contractholders. (2) The net amount at risk for our GMDB riders is defined as the current GMDB amount in excess of the current account balance. The net amount at risk for our GMWB riders is defined as the greater of the present value of the GMWB payments less the current account balance or zero. For contracts with both GMDB and GMWB riders, the net amount at risk is the greater of the GMDB or GMWB net amount at risk. A decrease in the net amount at risk in 2023 as a result of increases in the equity markets was partially offset by an increase in the net amount at risk as a result of increases in interest rates. Decreases in the equity markets and increases in interest rates resulted in an increase in the net amount at risk in 2022.
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Asia | Guaranteed pension
Market Risk Benefits
Summary of net asset (liability) balances and the changes in the valuation of the MRBs (Table)	The net asset (liability) balances and the changes in the valuation of the MRBs for Asia – Guaranteed pension were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended For the year ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ($ in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ (26.0) ​ $ (35.1) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period ​ 1.2 ​ 4.3 Adjusted balance at beginning of period ​ (24.8) ​ (30.8) Effect of: ​ ​ ​ Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior ​ (7.6) ​ (7.1) Benefit payments ​ 10.4 ​ 9.5 Changes in interest rates ​ 1.1 ​ 3.9 Changes in equity markets ​ 0.2 ​ (1.0) Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior ​ (0.1) ​ 0.7 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — Adjusted balance at end of period ​ (20.7) ​ (24.8) Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period ​ (1.0) ​ (1.2) Balance at end of period ​ $ (21.7) ​ $ (26.0) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted-average attained age of policyholders (years) (1) ​ 50.2 ​ 50.0 Net amount at risk (2) ​ $ 76.1 ​ $ 91.0 (1) The weighted-average attained age is calculated at the contract level using the guarantee amounts and the age of the underlying members of the contracts. (2) The net amount at risk for the minimum guarantee on withdrawal is defined as the current guaranteed balance in excess of the current account balance.

Reinsurance (Tables)

Reinsurance (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Reinsurance
Schedule of information pertaining to effects of reinsurance on premiums and other considerations and policy and contract benefits (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, ​ For the nine months ended September 30, ​ 2023 2022 ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Premiums and other considerations: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Direct ​ $ 1,575.3 ​ $ 1,591.6 ​ $ 4,757.5 ​ $ 4,068.8 Ceded ​ (117.4) ​ (105.1) ​ (358.3) ​ (328.7) Net premiums and other considerations ​ $ 1,457.9 ​ $ 1,486.5 ​ $ 4,399.2 ​ $ 3,740.1 Benefits, claims and settlement expenses: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Direct ​ $ 2,143.0 ​ $ 2,174.8 ​ $ 6,504.9 ​ $ 5,826.4 Ceded ​ (432.4) ​ (373.2) ​ (1,186.3) ​ (1,090.9) Net benefits, claims and settlement expenses ​ $ 1,710.6 ​ $ 1,801.6 ​ $ 5,318.6 ​ $ 4,735.5 Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement gain: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Direct ​ $ 697.4 ​ $ (68.0) ​ $ 721.7 ​ $ (199.6) Ceded ​ ​ (739.7) ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ (768.9) ​ ​ (68.4) Net liability for future policy benefits remeasurement gain ​ $ (42.3) ​ $ (67.6) ​ $ (47.2) ​ $ (268.0) ​
Schedule of information pertaining to cost of reinsurance asset and liability included on the consolidated statements of financial position (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Cost of reinsurance asset ​ $ 3,286.6 ​ $ 3,339.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cost of reinsurance liability ​ $ 150.2 ​ $ 191.1
Schedule of assets held in support of reserves associated with coinsurance with funds withheld agreement (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ 14,779.3 ​ $ 15,693.5 Fixed maturities, trading ​ 215.3 ​ ​ 100.8 Equity securities ​ 0.3 ​ ​ 11.0 Mortgage loans ​ 2,527.9 ​ ​ 2,810.8 Other investments ​ 434.1 ​ ​ 179.8 Cash and cash equivalents ​ 746.9 ​ ​ 1,762.9 Accrued interest income ​ 203.7 ​ ​ 178.7 Net other liabilities ​ (49.8) ​ ​ (33.6) Net assets ​ $ 18,857.7 ​ $ 20,703.9
Schedule of components of net realized gains (losses) on the funds withheld assets that were passed to coinsurer (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ $ (22.7) ​ $ (53.2) ​ $ (146.3) ​ $ 60.7 Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ — ​ ​ (5.6) ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ (6.4) Equity securities ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ (1.2) ​ ​ (2.4) Mortgage loans ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ (9.2) ​ ​ (1.8) Derivatives ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ (0.5) ​ ​ 5.0 ​ ​ (1.0) Other ​ ​ — ​ ​ 11.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 5.4 Net realized capital gains (losses) ​ $ (23.1) ​ $ (47.3) ​ $ (151.8) ​ $ 54.5 ​

Long-Term Debt (Tables)

Long-Term Debt (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Long-Term Debt.
Long-Term Debt (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net unamortized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ discount, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ premium and ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ debt issuance ​ Carrying ​ Principal costs amount ​ ​ (in millions) 3.4% notes payable, due 2025 $ 400.0 $ (0.8) $ 399.2 3.1% notes payable, due 2026 ​ 350.0 ​ (1.2) ​ 348.8 3.7% notes payable, due 2029 ​ 500.0 ​ (4.0) ​ 496.0 2.125% notes payable, due 2030 ​ 600.0 ​ (3.3) ​ 596.7 5.375% notes payable, due 2033 ​ 400.0 ​ (3.9) ​ 396.1 6.05% notes payable, due 2036 ​ 505.6 ​ (2.2) ​ 503.4 4.625% notes payable, due 2042 ​ 300.0 ​ (2.8) ​ 297.2 4.35% notes payable, due 2043 ​ 300.0 ​ (2.9) ​ 297.1 4.3% notes payable, due 2046 ​ 300.0 ​ (3.0) ​ 297.0 5.5% notes payable, due 2053 ​ 300.0 ​ (4.3) ​ 295.7 Non-recourse mortgages and notes payable ​ 3.1 ​ (0.1) ​ 3.0 Total long-term debt $ 3,958.7 $ (28.5) $ 3,930.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net unamortized ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ discount, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ premium and ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ debt issuance ​ Carrying ​ Principal costs amount ​ ​ (in millions) 3.125% notes payable, due 2023 $ 300.0 $ (0.1) $ 299.9 3.4% notes payable, due 2025 ​ 400.0 ​ (1.2) ​ 398.8 3.1% notes payable, due 2026 ​ 350.0 ​ (1.4) ​ 348.6 3.7% notes payable, due 2029 ​ 500.0 ​ (4.3) ​ 495.7 2.125% notes payable, due 2030 ​ ​ 600.0 ​ ​ (3.6) ​ ​ 596.4 6.05% notes payable, due 2036 ​ 505.6 ​ (2.3) ​ 503.3 4.625% notes payable, due 2042 ​ 300.0 ​ (2.9) ​ 297.1 4.35% notes payable, due 2043 ​ 300.0 ​ (3.0) ​ 297.0 4.3% notes payable, due 2046 ​ 300.0 ​ (3.1) ​ 296.9 Floating rate notes payable, due 2055 ​ 400.0 ​ (4.5) ​ 395.5 Non-recourse mortgages and notes payable ​ 67.1 ​ 0.7 ​ 67.8 Total long-term debt ​ $ 4,022.7 ​ $ (25.7) ​ $ 3,997.0

Income Taxes (Tables)

Income Taxes (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Income Taxes
Reconciliation Between U.S. Corporate Income Tax Rate and Effective Income Tax Rate from Continuing Operations (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ U.S. corporate income tax rate ​ 21 % ​ 21 % ​ 21 % ​ 21 % Dividends received deduction ​ (1) ​ (1) ​ ​ (3) ​ (1) ​ Tax credits ​ (1) ​ ​ (1) ​ ​ (3) ​ ​ (1) ​ Impact of equity method presentation ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1) ​ ​ — ​ Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ​ 2 ​ ​ 1 ​ ​ 3 ​ ​ 1 ​ Low income housing tax credit amortization ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2 ​ ​ — ​ Other ​ 1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1) ​ ​ — ​ Effective income tax rate ​ 22 % ​ 20 % ​ 18 % ​ 20 %

Employee and Agent Benefits (Ta

Employee and Agent Benefits (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Employee and Agent Benefits
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Income) (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other postretirement ​ ​ Pension benefits ​ benefits ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the three months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Service cost ​ $ 13.9 ​ $ 19.7 ​ $ — ​ $ — Interest cost ​ ​ 40.0 ​ 28.2 ​ 0.8 ​ 0.6 Expected return on plan assets ​ ​ (40.7) ​ (44.8) ​ (1.2) ​ (1.3) Amortization of prior service benefit ​ ​ (4.2) ​ (4.2) ​ (0.3) ​ (0.3) Recognized net actuarial (gain) loss ​ ​ 10.2 ​ 13.9 ​ (0.1) ​ (0.2) Net periodic benefit cost (income) ​ $ 19.2 ​ $ 12.8 ​ $ (0.8) ​ $ (1.2) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other postretirement ​ ​ Pension benefits ​ benefits ​ ​ For the nine months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Service cost ​ $ 41.7 ​ $ 58.8 ​ $ — ​ $ — Interest cost ​ 120.0 ​ 84.6 ​ 2.5 ​ 1.7 Expected return on plan assets ​ (122.3) ​ (134.2) ​ (3.5) ​ (3.7) Amortization of prior service benefit ​ (12.6) ​ (12.6) ​ (0.8) ​ (0.8) Recognized net actuarial (gain) loss ​ 30.7 ​ 41.8 ​ (0.5) ​ (0.8) Net periodic benefit cost (income) ​ $ 57.5 ​ $ 38.4 ​ $ (2.3) ​ $ (3.6) ​

Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

Stockholders' Equity (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock Dividends (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 Dividends declared per common share ​ $ 0.65 $ 0.64 ​ $ 1.93 $ 1.92 ​
Reconciliation of Outstanding Common Shares (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 Beginning balance 242,037,833 249,852,601 243,549,782 261,673,076 Shares issued 187,895 991,881 2,186,549 3,320,049 Treasury stock acquired (2,567,868) (5,984,661) (6,078,471) (20,133,304) Ending balance 239,657,860 244,859,821 239,657,860 244,859,821 ​
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ September 30, 2023 ​ Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax ​ ​ (in millions) Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities during the period ​ $ (2,333.5) ​ $ 501.0 ​ $ (1,832.5) ​ $ (1,840.4) ​ $ 398.8 ​ $ (1,441.6) Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (1) ​ 30.3 ​ ​ (6.2) ​ ​ 24.1 ​ ​ 214.0 ​ ​ (44.7) ​ ​ 169.3 Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns ​ (1.8) ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ (1.4) ​ ​ (2.5) ​ ​ 0.6 ​ ​ (1.9) Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities ​ 0.6 ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ 0.7 ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ 0.5 Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities ​ (2,304.4) ​ ​ 495.0 ​ ​ (1,809.4) ​ ​ (1,628.2) ​ ​ 354.5 ​ ​ (1,273.7) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net unrealized losses on derivative instruments during the period ​ (16.8) ​ ​ 3.5 ​ ​ (13.3) ​ ​ (19.3) ​ ​ 4.1 ​ ​ (15.2) Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (2) ​ (1.3) ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ (1.0) ​ ​ (6.2) ​ ​ 1.3 ​ ​ (4.9) Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns ​ (0.9) ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ (0.7) ​ ​ (0.9) ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ (0.7) Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities ​ 0.2 ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ 0.1 Net unrealized losses on derivative instruments ​ ​ (18.8) ​ ​ 3.9 ​ ​ (14.9) ​ ​ (26.2) ​ ​ 5.5 ​ ​ (20.7) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liability for future policy benefits discount rate remeasurement gain (3) ​ ​ 1,773.5 ​ ​ (399.9) ​ ​ 1,373.6 ​ ​ 1,746.1 ​ ​ (404.2) ​ ​ 1,341.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Market risk benefit nonperformance risk loss ​ ​ (22.6) ​ ​ 4.7 ​ ​ (17.9) ​ ​ (22.2) ​ ​ 4.7 ​ ​ (17.5) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency translation adjustment during the period ​ ​ (149.1) ​ ​ 15.6 ​ ​ (133.5) ​ ​ 1.6 ​ ​ 6.6 ​ ​ 8.2 Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.4 Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ (149.0) ​ ​ 15.6 ​ ​ (133.4) ​ 2.0 ​ 6.6 ​ 8.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation during the period ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ (18.3) ​ ​ 4.8 ​ ​ (13.5) Amortization of amounts included in net periodic benefit cost (6) ​ 5.6 ​ ​ (1.5) ​ ​ 4.1 ​ ​ 16.8 ​ ​ (4.4) ​ ​ 12.4 Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation ​ 5.6 ​ ​ (1.4) ​ ​ 4.2 ​ ​ (1.5) ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ (1.1) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other comprehensive income (loss) ​ $ (715.7) ​ $ 117.9 ​ $ (597.8) ​ $ 70.0 ​ $ (32.5) ​ $ 37.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, 2022 ​ September 30, 2022 ​ Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax Pre-Tax Tax After-Tax ​ ​ (in millions) Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities during the period ​ $ (3,653.1) ​ $ 778.2 ​ $ (2,874.9) ​ $ (14,038.6) ​ $ 2,975.2 ​ $ (11,063.4) Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (1) ​ 76.3 ​ (15.6) ​ 60.7 ​ 83.8 ​ (21.0) ​ 62.8 Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns ​ (1.1) ​ 0.2 ​ (0.9) ​ (3.8) ​ 0.8 ​ (3.0) Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities ​ 0.3 ​ (0.1) ​ 0.2 ​ 273.1 ​ (57.5) ​ 215.6 Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities ​ (3,577.6) ​ 762.7 ​ (2,814.9) ​ (13,685.5) ​ 2,897.5 ​ (10,788.0) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments during the period ​ 104.6 ​ (22.0) ​ 82.6 ​ 84.2 ​ (17.7) ​ 66.5 Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (2) ​ (4.4) ​ 1.0 ​ (3.4) ​ (21.8) ​ 4.6 ​ (17.2) Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 0.4 ​ (0.1) ​ 0.3 Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments ​ 100.2 ​ (21.0) ​ 79.2 ​ 62.7 ​ (13.2) ​ 49.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liability for future policy benefits discount rate remeasurement gain (3) ​ ​ 1,936.7 ​ ​ (425.1) ​ ​ 1,511.6 ​ ​ 6,775.1 ​ ​ (1,435.1) ​ ​ 5,340.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Market risk benefit nonperformance risk gain (loss) (4) ​ ​ (3.7) ​ ​ 0.8 ​ ​ (2.9) ​ ​ 165.7 ​ ​ (34.7) ​ ​ 131.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ ​ (63.8) ​ ​ 9.5 ​ ​ (54.3) ​ ​ (172.2) ​ ​ 4.5 ​ ​ (167.7) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation during the period ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2.2 ​ ​ (0.6) ​ ​ 1.6 Amortization of amounts included in net periodic benefit cost (6) ​ 9.2 ​ ​ (2.2) ​ ​ 7.0 ​ ​ 27.6 ​ ​ (7.2) ​ ​ 20.4 Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation ​ 9.3 ​ ​ (2.3) ​ ​ 7.0 ​ ​ 29.8 ​ ​ (7.8) ​ ​ 22.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other comprehensive loss ​ $ (1,598.9) ​ $ 324.6 ​ $ (1,274.3) ​ $ (6,824.4) ​ $ 1,411.2 ​ $ (5,413.2) (1) Pre-tax reclassification adjustments relating to available-for-sale securities are reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations. (2) See Note 4, Derivative Financial Instruments, under the caption “Effect of Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedges on Consolidated Statements of Operations” for further details. (3) Includes the discount rate remeasurement gain (loss) associated with the liability for future policy benefits and the associated reinsurance recoverable. See Note 8, Future Policy Benefits and Claims, under the caption “Liability for Future Policy Benefits” for further details. (4) See Note 9, Market Risk Benefits, for further details. (5) The 2023 pre-tax reclassification adjustment related to the release of the cumulative translation adjustment from the dissolution of foreign subsidiaries. (6) Amount is comprised of amortization of prior service cost (benefit) and recognized net actuarial (gain) loss, which is reported in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 13, Employee and Agent Benefits, under the caption “Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost” for further details.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net unrealized ​ Net unrealized ​ LFPB ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign ​ Unrecognized ​ Accumulated ​ ​ losses on ​ gains ​ discount rate ​ MRB ​ currency ​ postretirement ​ other ​ ​ available-for-sale ​ on derivative ​ remeasurement ​ nonperformance ​ translation ​ benefit ​ comprehensive ​ securities (1) instruments gain (loss) risk gain adjustment obligation loss ​ ​ (in millions) Balances as of July 1, 2022 ​ $ (3,984.2) ​ $ 33.1 ​ $ (209.2) ​ $ 43.8 ​ $ (1,660.0) ​ $ (329.7) ​ $ (6,106.2) Other comprehensive loss, during the period net of adjustments ​ (2,875.5) ​ ​ 82.6 ​ ​ 1,511.6 ​ ​ (2.9) ​ ​ (55.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1,339.3) Amounts reclassified from AOCI ​ 60.7 ​ ​ (3.4) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 7.0 ​ ​ 64.3 Other comprehensive loss ​ (2,814.8) ​ ​ 79.2 ​ ​ 1,511.6 ​ ​ (2.9) ​ ​ (55.1) ​ ​ 7.0 ​ ​ (1,275.0) Balances as of September 30, 2022 ​ $ (6,799.0) ​ $ 112.3 ​ $ 1,302.4 ​ $ 40.9 ​ $ (1,715.1) ​ $ (322.7) ​ $ (7,381.2) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balances as of July 1, 2023 ​ $ (5,322.2) ​ $ 33.9 ​ $ 709.2 ​ $ 24.4 ​ $ (1,431.1) ​ $ (259.4) ​ $ (6,245.2) Other comprehensive loss during the period, net of adjustments ​ (1,833.5) ​ ​ (13.9) ​ ​ 1,373.6 ​ ​ (17.9) ​ ​ (131.4) ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ (623.0) Amounts reclassified from AOCI ​ 24.1 ​ ​ (1.0) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ 4.1 ​ ​ 27.3 Other comprehensive loss ​ (1,809.4) ​ ​ (14.9) ​ ​ 1,373.6 ​ ​ (17.9) ​ ​ (131.3) ​ ​ 4.2 ​ ​ (595.7) Balances as of September 30, 2023 ​ $ (7,131.6) ​ $ 19.0 ​ $ 2,082.8 ​ $ 6.5 ​ $ (1,562.4) ​ $ (255.2) ​ $ (6,840.9) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net unrealized ​ Net unrealized ​ LFPB ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign ​ Unrecognized ​ Accumulated ​ ​ gains (losses) on ​ gains ​ discount rate ​ MRB ​ currency ​ postretirement ​ other ​ ​ available-for-sale ​ on derivative ​ remeasurement ​ nonperformance ​ translation ​ benefit ​ comprehensive ​ securities (1) instruments gain (loss) risk gain (loss) adjustment obligation loss ​ ​ (in millions) Balances as of January 1, 2022 ​ $ 3,880.4 ​ $ 56.6 ​ $ (4,037.6) ​ $ (90.1) ​ $ (1,548.7) ​ $ (344.7) ​ $ (2,084.1) Other comprehensive loss during the period, net of adjustments ​ (10,850.6) ​ ​ 66.7 ​ ​ 5,340.0 ​ ​ 131.0 ​ ​ (166.4) ​ ​ 1.6 ​ ​ (5,477.7) Amounts reclassified from AOCI ​ 62.8 ​ ​ (17.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 20.4 ​ ​ 66.0 Other comprehensive loss ​ (10,787.8) ​ ​ 49.5 ​ ​ 5,340.0 ​ ​ 131.0 ​ ​ (166.4) ​ ​ 22.0 ​ ​ (5,411.7) Adjustment for reinsurance (2) ​ ​ 108.4 ​ ​ 6.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 114.6 Balances as of September 30, 2022 ​ $ (6,799.0) ​ $ 112.3 ​ $ 1,302.4 ​ $ 40.9 ​ $ (1,715.1) ​ $ (322.7) ​ $ (7,381.2) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balances as of January 1, 2023 ​ $ (5,857.9) ​ $ 39.7 ​ $ 740.9 ​ $ 24.0 ​ $ (1,571.6) ​ $ (254.1) ​ $ (6,879.0) Other comprehensive loss during the period, net of adjustments ​ (1,443.0) ​ ​ (15.8) ​ 1,341.9 ​ (17.5) ​ ​ 8.8 ​ ​ (13.5) ​ ​ (139.1) Amounts reclassified from AOCI ​ 169.3 ​ ​ (4.9) ​ — ​ — ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ 12.4 ​ ​ 177.2 Other comprehensive income ​ (1,273.7) ​ ​ (20.7) ​ 1,341.9 ​ (17.5) ​ ​ 9.2 ​ ​ (1.1) ​ ​ 38.1 Balances as of September 30, 2023 ​ $ (7,131.6) ​ $ 19.0 ​ $ 2,082.8 ​ $ 6.5 ​ $ (1,562.4) ​ $ (255.2) ​ $ (6,840.9) (1) Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities for which an allowance for credit loss has been recorded were $(3.8) million and $0.9 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (2) Reflects the January 1, 2022, balance associated with our ULSG business that was ceded to Talcott Life & Annuity Re.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Balance at beginning of period ​ $ 266.7 ​ $ 268.5 ​ $ 262.0 ​ $ 332.5 Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ (2.8) ​ ​ (4.6) ​ 5.3 ​ (38.0) Redeemable noncontrolling interest of deconsolidated entities (1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (2.8) ​ ​ (3.0) ​ ​ (2.8) Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ 8.3 ​ ​ 17.2 ​ ​ 31.6 ​ ​ 48.2 Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ (11.6) ​ ​ (22.7) ​ (34.4) ​ (84.1) Purchase of subsidiary shares from redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.1) ​ ​ (1.6) ​ ​ (1.1) Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ (0.8) ​ ​ (0.5) ​ ​ (0.7) ​ ​ (0.1) Stock-based compensation attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ 1.1 ​ ​ 0.2 ​ ​ 0.5 Balance at end of period ​ $ 259.5 ​ $ 255.1 ​ $ 259.5 ​ $ 255.1 (1) We deconsolidated certain sponsored investment funds as they no longer met the requirements for consolidation.

Fair Value Measurements (Tables

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ ​ Assets/ ​ Amount ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liabilities) ​ measured at ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ measured at ​ net asset ​ Fair value hierarchy level ​ fair value value (5) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 1,458.8 ​ $ — ​ $ 1,132.4 ​ $ 326.4 ​ $ — Non-U.S. governments ​ ​ 478.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ 478.1 ​ ​ — States and political subdivisions ​ ​ 6,271.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,205.8 ​ ​ 65.2 Corporate ​ ​ 33,669.9 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 27.2 ​ ​ 31,610.8 ​ ​ 2,031.9 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ ​ 2,683.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2,683.7 ​ ​ — Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ 4,659.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,656.5 ​ ​ 3.1 Collateralized debt obligations (1) ​ ​ 5,133.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 5,076.1 ​ ​ 57.7 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 7,226.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,170.5 ​ ​ 1,056.3 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ 61,582.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,159.9 ​ ​ 57,207.9 ​ ​ 3,214.2 Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ 722.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 65.4 ​ ​ 361.7 ​ ​ 295.1 Equity securities ​ ​ 1,760.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 569.1 ​ ​ 1,191.1 ​ ​ — Derivative assets (2) ​ ​ 279.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 278.4 ​ ​ 0.7 Other investments ​ ​ 757.0 ​ ​ 77.6 ​ ​ 217.6 ​ ​ 356.6 ​ ​ 105.2 Cash equivalents ​ ​ 3,194.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 111.9 ​ ​ 3,082.4 ​ ​ — Market risk benefit asset (3) ​ ​ 173.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 173.1 Sub-total excluding separate account assets ​ ​ 68,467.9 ​ ​ 77.6 ​ ​ 2,123.9 ​ ​ 62,478.1 ​ ​ 3,788.3 Separate account assets ​ ​ 155,478.2 ​ ​ 8,301.0 ​ ​ 95,974.0 ​ ​ 50,438.7 ​ ​ 764.5 Total assets ​ $ 223,946.1 ​ $ 8,378.6 ​ $ 98,097.9 ​ $ 112,916.8 ​ $ 4,552.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts (4) ​ $ (78.8) ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (78.8) Market risk benefit liability (3) ​ ​ (112.5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (112.5) Funds withheld payable embedded derivative (4) ​ ​ 4,045.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,045.7 Derivative liabilities (2) ​ ​ (675.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (657.1) ​ ​ (18.0) Other liabilities ​ ​ (1.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.3) ​ ​ — Total liabilities ​ $ 3,178.0 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (658.4) ​ $ 3,836.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net assets ​ $ 227,124.1 ​ $ 8,378.6 ​ $ 98,097.9 ​ $ 112,258.4 ​ $ 8,389.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Assets/ ​ Amount ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liabilities) ​ measured at ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ measured at ​ net asset ​ Fair value hierarchy level ​ fair value value (5) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. government and agencies ​ $ 1,739.8 ​ $ — ​ $ 1,359.1 ​ $ 380.7 ​ $ — Non-U.S. governments ​ 567.3 ​ — ​ ​ 1.4 ​ ​ 565.9 ​ ​ — States and political subdivisions ​ 6,232.3 ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,161.4 ​ ​ 70.9 Corporate ​ 36,183.2 ​ — ​ ​ 26.6 ​ ​ 34,588.3 ​ ​ 1,568.3 Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ​ 2,228.7 ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2,228.7 ​ ​ — Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 4,864.6 ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,861.2 ​ ​ 3.4 Collateralized debt obligations (1) ​ 4,566.4 ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,510.2 ​ ​ 56.2 Other debt obligations ​ 6,507.6 ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,039.8 ​ ​ 467.8 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ 62,889.9 ​ — ​ ​ 1,387.1 ​ ​ 59,336.2 ​ ​ 2,166.6 Fixed maturities, trading ​ 760.7 ​ — ​ ​ 78.6 ​ ​ 548.1 ​ ​ 134.0 Equity securities ​ 1,708.6 ​ — ​ ​ 492.4 ​ ​ 1,216.2 ​ ​ — Derivative assets (2) ​ 321.6 ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 320.9 ​ ​ 0.7 Other investments ​ 701.1 ​ 81.4 ​ ​ 311.7 ​ ​ 306.1 ​ ​ 1.9 Cash equivalents ​ 3,604.1 ​ — ​ ​ 973.5 ​ ​ 2,630.6 ​ ​ — Market risk benefit asset (3) ​ ​ 109.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 109.2 Sub-total excluding separate account assets ​ 70,095.2 ​ 81.4 ​ ​ 3,243.3 ​ ​ 64,358.1 ​ ​ 2,412.4 Separate account assets ​ 155,375.1 ​ 9,120.9 ​ ​ 92,010.7 ​ ​ 53,208.6 ​ ​ 1,034.9 Total assets ​ $ 225,470.3 ​ $ 9,202.3 ​ $ 95,254.0 ​ $ 117,566.7 ​ $ 3,447.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts (4) ​ $ (46.4) ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (46.4) Market risk benefit liability (3) ​ ​ (207.4) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (207.4) Funds withheld payable embedded derivative ​ ​ 3,652.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3,652.8 Derivative liabilities (2) ​ (634.2) ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (630.1) ​ ​ (4.1) Other liabilities ​ (0.4) ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ — Total liabilities ​ $ 2,764.4 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (630.5) ​ $ 3,394.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net assets ​ $ 228,234.7 ​ $ 9,202.3 ​ $ 95,254.0 ​ $ 116,936.2 ​ $ 6,842.2 (1) Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans. (2) Within the consolidated statements of financial position, derivative assets are reported with other investments and derivative liabilities are reported with other liabilities. The amounts are presented gross in the tables above to reflect the presentation on the consolidated statements of financial position; however, are presented net for purposes of the rollforward in the Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements tables. Refer to Note 4, Derivative Financial Instruments, for further information on fair value by class of derivative instruments. (3) Refer to Note 9, Market Risk Benefits, for further information on the change in the Level 3 fair value measurements of MRBs. (4) Includes bifurcated embedded derivatives that are reported at net asset (liability) fair value within the same line item in the consolidated statements of financial position in which the host contract is reported. The funds withheld payable embedded derivative could be in either an asset or (liability) position. (5) Certain investments are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Other investments using the NAV practical expedient consist of certain fund interests that are restricted until maturity with unfunded commitments totaling $ 7.1 million and $7.8 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Separate account assets using the NAV practical expedient consist of hedge funds and a real estate fund with varying investment strategies that also have a variety of redemption terms and conditions. We do not have unfunded commitments associated with these funds.
Reconciliation for All Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ Beginning ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Ending ​ ​ asset/ ​ Total realized/unrealized ​ purchases, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ asset/ ​ ​ (liability) ​ gains (losses) ​ sales, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liability) ​ ​ balance ​ ​ ​ Included in ​ issuances ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ balance ​ ​ as of ​ Included in ​ other ​ and ​ Transfers ​ Transfers ​ as of ​ ​ July 1, ​ net income ​ comprehensive ​ settlements ​ into ​ out of ​ September 30, ​ 2023 (2) income (3) (4) Level 3 Level 3 2023 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ 70.0 ​ $ — ​ $ (4.3) ​ $ (0.5) ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 65.2 Corporate ​ 1,818.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (32.5) ​ ​ 197.7 ​ ​ 82.2 ​ ​ (34.3) ​ ​ 2,031.9 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 3.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3.1 Collateralized debt obligations ​ 65.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.5) ​ ​ 2.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (9.9) ​ ​ 57.7 Other debt obligations ​ 916.8 ​ ​ (1.6) ​ ​ (9.4) ​ ​ 129.3 ​ ​ 21.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,056.3 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ 2,874.4 ​ ​ (1.6) ​ ​ (46.7) ​ ​ 328.9 ​ ​ 103.4 ​ ​ (44.2) ​ ​ 3,214.2 Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ 171.0 ​ ​ (3.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 127.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 295.1 Other investments ​ 1.9 ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 103.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 105.2 Separate account assets (1) ​ 838.1 ​ ​ (3.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (70.4) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 764.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ (69.6) ​ ​ 3.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (12.7) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (78.8) Funds withheld payable embedded derivative ​ ​ 3,120.1 ​ ​ 925.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,045.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ 0.2 ​ ​ (20.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3.0 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (17.3) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ Beginning ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Ending ​ ​ asset/ ​ Total realized/unrealized ​ purchases, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ asset/ ​ ​ (liability) ​ gains (losses) ​ sales, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liability) ​ ​ balance ​ Included ​ Included in ​ issuances ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ balance ​ ​ as of ​ in net ​ other ​ and ​ Transfers ​ Transfers ​ as of ​ ​ July 1, ​ income ​ comprehensive ​ settlements ​ into ​ out of ​ September 30, ​ 2022 (2) income (3) (4) Level 3 Level 3 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ 86.7 ​ $ — ​ $ (4.5) ​ $ (0.4) ​ $ — ​ $ (10.2) ​ $ 71.6 Corporate ​ ​ 1,248.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.5) ​ ​ 232.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,479.5 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 3.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3.4 Collateralized debt obligations ​ 1.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.7) ​ ​ 42.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 42.7 Other debt obligations ​ 20.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (11.5) ​ ​ 239.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.0) ​ ​ 247.4 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ 1,361.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (18.5) ​ ​ 513.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (11.2) ​ ​ 1,844.6 Fixed maturities, trading ​ 85.7 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 38.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 123.9 Other investments ​ 1.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.4 Separate account assets (1) ​ 1,058.6 ​ ​ 23.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,081.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ (45.3) ​ ​ 6.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (2.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (41.1) Funds withheld payable embedded derivative ​ ​ 3,067.3 ​ ​ 1,237.7 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,305.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ (0.2) ​ ​ (17.7) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (17.4) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ Beginning ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Ending ​ ​ asset/ ​ Total realized/unrealized ​ purchases, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ asset/ ​ ​ (liability) ​ gains (losses) ​ sales, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liability) ​ ​ balance ​ Included ​ Included in ​ issuances ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ balance ​ ​ as of ​ in net ​ other ​ and ​ Transfers ​ Transfers ​ as of ​ ​ January 1, ​ income ​ comprehensive ​ settlements ​ into ​ out of ​ September 30, ​ 2023 (2) income (3) (4) Level 3 Level 3 2023 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ 70.9 ​ $ — ​ $ (4.4) ​ $ (1.3) ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 65.2 Corporate ​ ​ 1,568.3 ​ ​ (3.8) ​ ​ (42.6) ​ ​ 415.5 ​ ​ 171.7 ​ ​ (77.2) ​ ​ 2,031.9 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 3.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3.1 Collateralized debt obligations ​ 56.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ 147.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (146.0) ​ ​ 57.7 Other debt obligations ​ 467.8 ​ ​ (1.0) ​ ​ (30.5) ​ ​ 380.5 ​ ​ 239.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,056.3 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ 2,166.6 ​ ​ (4.8) ​ ​ (77.8) ​ ​ 942.2 ​ ​ 411.2 ​ ​ (223.2) ​ ​ 3,214.2 Fixed maturities, trading ​ 134.0 ​ ​ (3.9) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 165.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 295.1 Other investments ​ 1.9 ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 103.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 105.2 Separate account assets (1) ​ 1,034.9 ​ ​ (4.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (266.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 764.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ (46.4) ​ ​ (14.8) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (17.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (78.8) Funds withheld payable embedded derivative ​ ​ 3,652.8 ​ ​ 392.9 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,045.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ (3.4) ​ ​ (18.0) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4.0 ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (17.3) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ Beginning ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Ending ​ ​ asset/ ​ Total realized/unrealized ​ purchases, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ asset/ ​ ​ (liability) ​ gains (losses) ​ sales, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liability) ​ ​ balance ​ ​ ​ Included in ​ issuances ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ balance ​ ​ as of ​ Included in ​ other ​ and ​ Transfers ​ Transfers ​ as of ​ ​ January 1, ​ net income ​ comprehensive ​ settlements ​ into ​ out of ​ September 30, ​ 2022 (2) income (3) (4) Level 3 Level 3 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ 94.8 ​ $ — ​ $ (23.8) ​ $ (1.2) ​ $ 12.0 ​ $ (10.2) ​ $ 71.6 Corporate ​ ​ 834.3 ​ ​ (3.4) ​ ​ (28.1) ​ ​ 500.4 ​ ​ 176.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,479.5 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ 19.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.0) ​ ​ (4.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (10.2) ​ ​ 3.4 Collateralized debt obligations ​ 85.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.4) ​ ​ 97.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (139.3) ​ ​ 42.7 Other debt obligations ​ 42.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (12.1) ​ ​ 238.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (21.0) ​ ​ 247.4 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ 1,076.2 ​ ​ (3.4) ​ ​ (66.4) ​ ​ 830.6 ​ ​ 188.3 ​ ​ (180.7) ​ ​ 1,844.6 Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ 4.9 ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 90.4 ​ ​ 29.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 123.9 Other investments ​ 2.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.7) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.4 Separate account assets (1) ​ 945.3 ​ ​ 138.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (2.7) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,081.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ (83.2) ​ ​ 38.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (41.1) Funds withheld payable embedded derivative ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,305.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,305.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ — ​ ​ (19.7) ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ 2.9 ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ (17.4) (1) Gains and losses for separate account assets do not impact net income as the change in value of separate account assets is offset by a change in value of separate account liabilities. Foreign currency translation adjustments related to the Principal International separate account assets are recorded in AOCI and are offset by foreign currency translation adjustments of the corresponding separate account liabilities. (2) Both realized gains (losses) and mark-to-market unrealized gains (losses) are generally reported in net realized capital gains (losses), net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets or change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivative within the consolidated statements of operations. Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on certain securities with an investment objective to realize economic value through mark-to-market changes are reported in net investment income within the consolidated statements of operations. Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held were: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (3.7) ​ $ — Other debt obligations ​ ​ (1.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.6) ​ ​ — Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ (1.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (5.3) ​ ​ — Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ (3.3) ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ (4.0) ​ ​ (0.4) Other investments ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — Separate account assets ​ ​ (17.8) ​ ​ 13.1 ​ ​ (76.2) ​ ​ 126.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ ​ 1.5 ​ ​ 4.6 ​ (11.1) ​ 29.1 Funds withheld payable embedded derivative ​ ​ 925.6 ​ ​ 1,237.7 ​ ​ 392.9 ​ ​ 4,305.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ ​ (15.7) ​ ​ (22.9) ​ ​ (14.9) ​ ​ (17.3) ​ (3) Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI, including foreign currency translation adjustments related to Principal International, relating to positions still held were: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ (4.4) ​ $ (4.4) ​ $ (4.5) ​ $ (22.0) Corporate ​ ​ (33.5) ​ ​ (1.7) ​ ​ (41.1) ​ ​ (29.8) Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.6) Collateralized debt obligations ​ ​ (0.5) ​ ​ (0.8) ​ ​ 0.7 ​ ​ (1.3) Other debt obligations ​ ​ (9.3) ​ ​ (11.5) ​ ​ (29.8) ​ ​ (12.2) Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ (47.7) ​ ​ (18.7) ​ ​ (74.7) ​ ​ (65.9) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.2) ​ (4) Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements were: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net purchases, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ sales, issuances ​ Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements and settlements ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (0.5) ​ $ (0.5) Corporate ​ ​ 261.6 ​ ​ (4.4) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (59.5) ​ ​ 197.7 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ (0.1) Collateralized debt obligations ​ ​ 2.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2.5 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 131.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (2.0) ​ ​ 129.3 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ 395.4 ​ ​ (4.4) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (62.1) ​ ​ 328.9 Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ 142.9 ​ ​ (8.7) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (6.9) ​ ​ 127.3 Other investments ​ ​ 103.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 103.4 Separate account assets (5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (62.7) ​ ​ (8.1) ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ (70.4) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (22.6) ​ ​ 9.9 ​ ​ (12.7) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ 2.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net purchases, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ sales, issuances ​ Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements and settlements ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (0.4) ​ $ (0.4) Corporate ​ ​ 308.2 ​ ​ (11.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (64.7) ​ ​ 232.3 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ (0.1) Collateralized debt obligations ​ ​ 42.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 42.1 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 242.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (2.9) ​ ​ 239.1 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ 592.3 ​ ​ (11.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (68.1) ​ ​ 513.0 Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ 38.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 38.1 Separate account assets (5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (4.4) ​ ​ 2.2 ​ ​ (2.2) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net purchases, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ sales, issuances ​ Purchases Sales Issuances ​ Settlements and settlements ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (1.3) ​ $ (1.3) Corporate ​ ​ 534.7 ​ ​ (16.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (103.1) ​ ​ 415.5 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.3) ​ ​ (0.3) Collateralized debt obligations ​ ​ 149.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (1.2) ​ ​ 147.8 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 391.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (10.8) ​ ​ 380.5 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ 1,075.0 ​ ​ (16.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (116.7) ​ ​ 942.2 Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ 185.1 ​ ​ (12.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (7.8) ​ ​ 165.0 Other investments ​ ​ 103.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 103.4 Separate account assets (5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (286.3) ​ ​ (37.4) ​ ​ 57.6 ​ ​ (266.1) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (41.5) ​ ​ 23.9 ​ ​ (17.6) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ 3.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net purchases, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ sales, issuances ​ Purchases Sales Issuances ​ Settlements and settlements ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ (1.2) ​ $ (1.2) Corporate ​ ​ 659.1 ​ ​ (36.5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (122.2) ​ ​ 500.4 Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ — ​ ​ (4.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ (4.6) Collateralized debt obligations ​ ​ 97.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 97.6 Other debt obligations ​ ​ 242.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (3.6) ​ ​ 238.4 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ 998.7 ​ ​ (40.7) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (127.4) ​ ​ 830.6 Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ 90.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ 90.4 Separate account assets (5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (2.0) ​ ​ (0.7) ​ ​ (2.7) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (16.5) ​ ​ 20.6 ​ ​ 4.1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2.9 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2.9 (5) Issuances and settlements include amounts related to mortgage encumbrances associated with real estate in our separate accounts.
Transfers (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2023 ​ Transfers out Transfers out Transfers out Transfers out ​ ​ of Level 1 into ​ of Level 2 into ​ of Level 3 into ​ of Level 3 into ​ ​ Level 3 ​ Level 3 ​ Level 1 ​ Level 2 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate ​ $ — ​ $ 82.2 ​ $ — ​ $ 34.3 Collateralized debt obligations ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 9.9 Other debt obligations ​ ​ — ​ ​ 21.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ — ​ ​ 103.4 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 44.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended September 30, 2022 ​ Transfers out Transfers out Transfers out Transfers out ​ ​ of Level 1 into ​ of Level 2 into ​ of Level 3 into ​ of Level 3 into ​ ​ Level 3 ​ Level 3 ​ Level 1 ​ Level 2 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 10.2 Other debt obligations ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1.0 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 11.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ​ Transfers out Transfers out Transfers out Transfers out ​ ​ of Level 1 into ​ of Level 2 into ​ of Level 3 into ​ of Level 3 into ​ ​ Level 3 ​ Level 3 ​ Level 1 ​ Level 2 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate ​ $ — ​ $ 171.7 ​ $ — ​ $ 77.2 Collateralized debt obligations ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 146.0 Other debt obligations ​ ​ — ​ ​ 239.5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ — ​ ​ 411.2 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 223.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 ​ Transfers out Transfers out Transfers out Transfers out ​ ​ of Level 1 into ​ of Level 2 into ​ of Level 3 into ​ of Level 3 into ​ ​ Level 3 ​ Level 3 ​ Level 1 ​ Level 2 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ States and political subdivisions ​ $ — ​ $ 12.0 ​ $ — ​ $ 10.2 Corporate ​ ​ — ​ ​ 176.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Commercial mortgage-backed securities ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 10.2 Collateralized debt obligations ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 139.3 Other debt obligations ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 21.0 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale ​ ​ — ​ ​ 188.3 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 180.7 Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ — ​ ​ 29.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net derivative assets (liabilities) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.3 ​
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ Assets / ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liabilities) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ measured at ​ Valuation ​ Unobservable ​ Input/range of ​ Weighted ​ ​ fair value ​ technique(s) ​ input description ​ inputs ​ average ​ ​ (in millions) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: Corporate ​ $ 1,756.4 Discounted cash flow Discount rate (1) ​ 6.2 % - 26.0 % ​ 12.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization multiple ​ ​ ​ 3.25 x ​ 3.25 x ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Illiquidity premium ​ 0 basis points (“bps”) - 482 bps ​ 96 bps Collateralized debt obligations ​ ​ 54.3 ​ Discounted cash flow ​ Discount rate (1) ​ ​ ​ 5.1 % ​ 5.1 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Comparability adjustment ​ ​ ​ 47 bps ​ 47 bps Other debt obligations ​ ​ 741.9 Discounted cash flow Discount rate (1) 6.3 % - 11.8 % ​ 9.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Illiquidity premium 0 bps- 650 bps ​ 235 bps ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Comparability adjustment ​ 0 bps- 158 bps ​ 108 bps Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ 152.3 ​ Discounted cash flow ​ Discount rate (1) ​ 11.3 % - 19.9 % ​ 13.2 % Separate account assets ​ ​ 764.7 Discounted cash flow - real estate Discount rate (1) 5.0 % - 10.0 % ​ 6.5 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Terminal capitalization rate 5.8 % - 9.5 % ​ 6.9 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Average market rent growth rate 2.0 % - 3.4 % ​ 2.9 % ​ ​ ​ ​ Discounted cash flow - real estate debt Loan to value 47.7 % - 67.4 % ​ 52.8 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Market interest rate 5.2 % - 8.1 % ​ 6.6 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts ​ ​ (78.8) Discounted cash flow Long duration interest rate ​ 2.9 % - 5.5 % (2) 4.3 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Long-term equity market volatility 15.2 % - 42.6 % ​ 19.5 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nonperformance risk 0.9 % - 1.8 % ​ 1.2 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Lapse rate 0.0 % - 55.0 % ​ 5.2 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Mortality rate See note (3) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ Assets / ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (liabilities) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ measured at ​ Valuation ​ Unobservable ​ Input/range of ​ Weighted ​ ​ fair value ​ technique(s) ​ input description ​ inputs ​ average ​ ​ (in millions) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: Corporate ​ $ 1,479.9 Discounted cash flow Discount rate (1) ​ 2.7 % 33.1 % ​ 11.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Illiquidity premium ​ ​ 0 bps- 467 bps ​ 50 bps ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Comparability adjustment ​ ​ (16) bps- 0 bps ​ (11) bps Collateralized debt obligations ​ 39.5 Discounted cash flow Discount rate (1) ​ ​ ​ ​ 4.4 % ​ 4.4 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Comparability adjustment ​ ​ ​ ​ 55 bps ​ 55 bps Other debt obligations ​ 467.8 Discounted cash flow Discount rate (1) ​ 5.6 % 8.2 % ​ 7.6 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Illiquidity premium ​ 0 bps- 260 bps ​ 220 bps ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Comparability adjustment ​ ​ 1 bps- 139 bps ​ 77 bps Fixed maturities, trading ​ ​ 119.7 ​ Discounted cash flow ​ Discount rate (1) ​ ​ 9.6 % - 15.2 % ​ 11.0 % Separate account assets ​ 1,034.1 Discounted cash flow - real estate Discount rate (1) ​ 5.5 % 10.0 % ​ 7.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Terminal capitalization rate ​ 4.5 % 9.5 % ​ 5.8 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Average market rent growth rate ​ 2.0 % 3.8 % ​ 3.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ Discounted cash flow - real estate debt Loan to value ​ 43.6 % 62.2 % ​ 50.6 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Market interest rate ​ 5.3 % 8.6 % ​ 6.6 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Investment and universal life contracts (4) ​ (46.4) Discounted cash flow Long duration interest rate ​ 2.4 % 4.7 % (2) 3.1 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Long-term equity market volatility ​ 17.8 % 36.9 % ​ 22.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nonperformance risk ​ ​ ​ 0.9 % ​ 0.9 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Lapse rate ​ ​ ​ 0.0 % ​ 0.0 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Mortality rate ​ See note (3) ​ ​ (1) Represents market comparable interest rate or an index adjusted rate used as the base rate in the discounted cash flow analysis prior to any illiquidity or other adjustments, where applicable. (2) Represents the range of rate curves used in the valuation analysis that we have determined market participants would use when pricing the instrument. Derived from interpolation between various observable swap rates. (3) This input is based on an appropriate industry mortality table and a range does not provide a meaningful presentation. (4) Includes bifurcated embedded derivatives that are reported at net asset (liability) fair value within the same line item in the consolidated statements of financial position in which the host contract is reported.
Fair Value Option (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Other loans of consolidated VIE (1) ​ ​ Fair value (1) ​ $ 103.3 ​ $ — Aggregate contractual principal ​ 103.3 ​ — (1) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ 2022 ​ 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Other loans of consolidated VIE ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in fair value pre-tax loss (1) ​ $ (0.1) ​ $ — ​ $ (0.1) ​ $ — Interest income (2) ​ 1.3 ​ — ​ 1.3 ​ — (1) (2)
Financial Instruments Not Reported at Fair Value (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair value hierarchy level ​ Carrying amount Fair value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets (liabilities) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Mortgage loans ​ $ 20,229.0 ​ $ 17,813.3 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 17,813.3 Policy loans ​ 799.3 ​ 803.7 ​ — ​ — ​ 803.7 Other investments ​ 266.2 ​ 263.6 ​ — ​ 142.5 ​ 121.1 Cash and cash equivalents ​ 1,370.0 ​ 1,370.0 ​ 1,330.3 ​ 39.7 ​ — Reinsurance deposit receivable ​ ​ 6,520.2 ​ ​ 5,676.6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 5,676.6 Cash collateral receivable ​ ​ 13.8 ​ ​ 13.8 ​ ​ 13.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Investment contracts ​ (34,856.9) ​ ​ (32,147.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (7,621.2) ​ ​ (24,526.4) Short-term debt ​ (23.8) ​ ​ (23.8) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (23.8) ​ ​ — Long-term debt ​ (3,930.2) ​ ​ (3,474.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (3,473.7) ​ ​ (0.4) Separate account liabilities ​ (141,237.5) ​ ​ (140,350.2) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (140,350.2) Bank deposits (1) ​ (389.5) ​ ​ (370.5) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (370.5) ​ ​ — Cash collateral payable ​ (271.0) ​ ​ (271.0) ​ ​ (271.0) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair value hierarchy level ​ Carrying amount Fair value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets (liabilities) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Mortgage loans ​ $ 20,629.8 ​ $ 18,754.5 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 18,754.5 Policy loans ​ 784.7 ​ 804.0 ​ — ​ — ​ 804.0 Other investments ​ 250.6 ​ 238.0 ​ — ​ 133.5 ​ 104.5 Cash and cash equivalents ​ 1,243.9 ​ 1,243.9 ​ 1,232.5 ​ 11.4 ​ — Reinsurance deposit receivable ​ ​ 7,901.0 ​ ​ 6,859.9 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,859.9 Cash collateral receivable ​ ​ 281.0 ​ ​ 281.0 ​ ​ 281.0 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Investment contracts ​ (35,380.1) ​ ​ (32,367.4) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (7,279.0) ​ ​ (25,088.4) Short-term debt ​ (80.7) ​ ​ (80.7) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (80.7) ​ ​ — Long-term debt ​ (3,997.0) ​ ​ (3,680.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (3,620.1) ​ ​ (60.5) Separate account liabilities ​ (141,459.3) ​ ​ (140,533.9) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ (140,533.9) Bank deposits (1) ​ (352.4) ​ ​ (336.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (336.3) ​ ​ — Cash collateral payable ​ (291.3) ​ ​ (291.3) ​ ​ (291.3) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — (1) Excludes deposit liabilities without defined or contractual maturities.

Segment Information (Tables)

Segment Information (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Segment Information
Reconciliation of Assets from Segment to Consolidated (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Assets: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Retirement and Income Solutions ​ $ 201,802.1 ​ $ 202,294.2 Principal Asset Management ​ 43,789.9 ​ 45,950.7 Benefits and Protection ​ 41,707.7 ​ 40,048.3 Corporate ​ 648.3 ​ 2,285.1 Total consolidated assets ​ $ 287,948.0 ​ $ 290,578.3
Reconciliation of Operating Revenues and Pre-tax Operating Earnings (Losses) by Segment (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Operating revenues by segment: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Retirement and Income Solutions (1) ​ $ 1,651.1 ​ $ 1,563.8 ​ $ 4,940.9 ​ $ 4,144.6 Principal Asset Management: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Principal Global Investors ​ 424.6 ​ 406.0 ​ ​ 1,207.4 ​ 1,304.9 Principal International ​ 249.6 ​ 382.7 ​ ​ 857.0 ​ 1,154.7 Eliminations ​ ​ (5.4) ​ ​ (5.7) ​ ​ (16.2) ​ ​ (18.3) Total Principal Asset Management (2) ​ ​ 668.8 ​ ​ 783.0 ​ ​ 2,048.2 ​ ​ 2,441.3 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits ​ ​ 816.6 ​ ​ 749.0 ​ ​ 2,391.0 ​ ​ 2,218.3 Life Insurance ​ 335.0 ​ 336.9 ​ ​ 989.6 ​ 1,014.6 Eliminations ​ ​ (0.2) ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ (0.5) ​ ​ (0.4) Total Benefits and Protection ​ ​ 1,151.4 ​ ​ 1,085.8 ​ ​ 3,380.1 ​ ​ 3,232.5 Corporate ​ ​ 6.7 ​ ​ (10.2) ​ ​ 48.9 ​ ​ (4.9) Total segment operating revenues ​ ​ 3,478.0 ​ ​ 3,422.4 ​ ​ 10,418.1 ​ ​ 9,813.5 Net realized capital gains (losses), net of related revenue adjustments ​ ​ 226.2 ​ ​ (21.2) ​ ​ 141.6 ​ ​ (365.9) Revenues from exited business (3) ​ ​ 924.9 ​ ​ 1,249.6 ​ ​ 508.2 ​ ​ 5,010.8 Adjustments related to equity method investments ​ ​ (18.5) ​ ​ (16.9) ​ ​ (57.9) ​ ​ (47.7) Market risk benefit derivative settlements ​ ​ (11.9) ​ ​ (8.6) ​ ​ (35.0) ​ ​ (25.4) Total revenues per consolidated statements of operations ​ $ 4,598.7 ​ $ 4,625.3 ​ $ 10,975.0 ​ $ 14,385.3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pre-tax operating earnings (losses) by segment: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Retirement and Income Solutions ​ $ 304.7 ​ $ 206.3 ​ $ 786.8 ​ $ 755.1 Principal Asset Management ​ 222.4 ​ 206.0 ​ ​ 598.4 ​ 686.4 Benefits and Protection ​ ​ 169.0 ​ ​ 181.8 ​ ​ 393.2 ​ ​ 432.2 Corporate ​ (114.8) ​ (100.8) ​ ​ (308.3) ​ (382.7) Total segment pre-tax operating earnings ​ 581.3 ​ 493.3 ​ ​ 1,470.1 ​ 1,491.0 Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted (4) ​ 155.5 ​ (16.2) ​ ​ 70.1 ​ (413.6) Pre-tax income from exited business (5) ​ ​ 879.2 ​ ​ 1,178.9 ​ ​ 352.3 ​ ​ 4,903.4 Adjustments related to equity method investments and noncontrolling interest ​ ​ (11.1) ​ ​ (15.6) ​ ​ (46.5) ​ ​ 8.6 Income before income taxes per consolidated statements of operations ​ $ 1,604.9 ​ $ 1,640.4 ​ $ 1,846.0 ​ $ 5,989.4 (1) Reflects inter-segment revenues of $101.8 million and $89.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, $293.6 million and $275.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (2) Reflects inter-segment revenues of $79.9 million and $69.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, $220.5 million and $231.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Revenues from exited business (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Revenues from exited business: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivative ​ $ 925.6 ​ $ 1,237.7 ​ $ 392.9 ​ $ 4,305.0 Net realized capital gains on funds withheld assets ​ ​ 1.0 ​ ​ 8.5 ​ ​ 119.8 ​ ​ 697.5 Amortization of reinsurance gain ​ ​ 1.6 ​ ​ 3.4 ​ ​ 4.5 ​ ​ 8.3 Other impacts of reinsured business ​ (3.3) ​ — ​ (9.0) ​ — Total revenues from exited business ​ $ 924.9 ​ $ 1,249.6 ​ $ 508.2 ​ $ 5,010.8
Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted from exited business (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Net realized capital gains (losses): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net realized capital gains (losses) ​ $ 179.3 ​ $ (27.4) ​ $ 40.5 ​ $ (353.4) Derivative and hedging-related revenue adjustments ​ ​ 26.6 ​ ​ (24.3) ​ ​ 23.7 ​ (81.3) Market value adjustments to fee revenues ​ ​ 0.1 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ 0.1 Certain variable annuity fees ​ ​ 18.5 ​ ​ 18.7 ​ ​ 55.3 ​ ​ 57.8 Adjustments related to equity method investments ​ ​ (4.1) ​ ​ 6.6 ​ ​ 4.2 ​ ​ (6.0) Adjustments related to sponsored investment funds ​ ​ 5.8 ​ ​ 5.2 ​ ​ 17.6 ​ ​ 16.9 Net realized capital gains (losses), net of related revenue adjustments ​ 226.2 ​ (21.2) ​ ​ 141.6 ​ (365.9) Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and other actuarial balances ​ (0.3) ​ 0.1 ​ ​ (0.2) ​ — Capital (gains) losses distributed ​ (31.8) ​ 25.5 ​ ​ (30.2) ​ 146.1 Derivative and hedging-related expense adjustments ​ ​ 0.8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 0.9 ​ ​ — Market value adjustments of market risk benefits ​ ​ (30.1) ​ ​ (16.1) ​ ​ (41.0) ​ ​ (152.7) Market value adjustments of embedded derivatives ​ (9.3) ​ (4.5) ​ ​ (1.0) ​ (41.1) Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted (a) ​ $ 155.5 ​ $ (16.2) ​ $ 70.1 ​ $ (413.6) (a) As adjusted before noncontrolling interest capital gains (losses).
Pre-tax income (loss) from exited business (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ 2023 ​ 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Pre-tax income from exited business ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivative ​ $ 925.6 ​ $ 1,237.7 ​ $ 392.9 ​ $ 4,305.0 Net realized capital gains on funds withheld assets ​ ​ 1.0 ​ ​ 8.5 ​ ​ 119.8 ​ ​ 697.5 Strategic review costs and impacts ​ ​ — ​ ​ (27.6) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 36.4 Amortization of reinsurance loss ​ ​ (8.1) ​ ​ (7.7) ​ ​ (50.5) ​ ​ (38.2) Other impacts of reinsured business ​ ​ (39.3) ​ ​ (32.0) ​ ​ (109.9) ​ ​ (97.3) Total pre-tax income from exited business ​ $ 879.2 ​ $ 1,178.9 ​ $ 352.3 ​ $ 4,903.4 ​

Revenues from Contracts with _2

Revenues from Contracts with Customers (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Revenues from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregation of Revenues from Contracts with Customers (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Revenue from contracts with customers by segment: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Retirement and Income Solutions ​ $ 141.1 $ 133.8 ​ ​ 410.9 ​ $ 419.5 Principal Asset Management: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Principal Global Investors ​ 406.5 ​ 395.8 ​ 1,168.3 ​ 1,277.0 Principal International ​ 115.1 ​ 102.3 ​ 345.2 ​ 321.9 Eliminations ​ ​ (5.4) ​ ​ (5.7) ​ ​ (16.1) ​ ​ (18.3) Total Principal Asset Management ​ ​ 516.2 ​ ​ 492.4 ​ ​ 1,497.4 ​ ​ 1,580.6 Benefits and Protection: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Specialty Benefits ​ 4.0 ​ 3.7 ​ 12.0 ​ 11.4 Life Insurance ​ 19.4 ​ 17.0 ​ 54.5 ​ 48.6 Eliminations ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (0.1) ​ ​ (0.1) Total Benefits and Protection ​ ​ 23.3 ​ ​ 20.7 ​ ​ 66.4 ​ ​ 59.9 Corporate ​ 44.4 ​ 44.8 ​ 134.4 ​ 130.1 Total segment revenue from contracts with customers ​ 725.0 ​ 691.7 ​ 2,109.1 ​ 2,190.1 Adjustments for fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance (1) ​ 300.5 ​ 294.5 ​ 889.4 ​ 882.7 Pre-tax other adjustments (2) ​ 20.2 ​ 22.1 ​ 60.1 ​ 66.2 Total fees and other revenues per consolidated statements of operations ​ $ 1,045.7 ​ $ 1,008.3 ​ $ 3,058.6 ​ $ 3,139.0 (1) Fees and other revenues not within the scope of the revenue recognition guidance primarily represent revenue on contracts accounted for under the financial instruments or insurance contracts standards. (2) Pre-tax other adjustments relate to revenues from exited business, certain variable annuity fees and market value adjustments to fee revenues.
Retirement and Income Solutions
Revenues from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregation of Revenues from Contracts with Customers (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Administrative service fee revenue ​ $ 137.0 ​ $ 129.9 ​ $ 398.8 ​ $ 408.9 Deposit account fee revenue ​ ​ 2.8 ​ ​ 2.6 ​ ​ 8.5 ​ ​ 7.6 Commission income ​ ​ 0.5 ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ 1.3 ​ ​ 0.9 Other fee revenue ​ ​ 0.8 ​ ​ 0.9 ​ ​ 2.3 ​ ​ 2.1 Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ ​ 141.1 ​ ​ 133.8 ​ ​ 410.9 ​ ​ 419.5 Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance ​ ​ 276.8 ​ ​ 273.4 ​ ​ 833.2 ​ ​ 844.7 Total fees and other revenues ​ 417.9 ​ 407.2 ​ 1,244.1 ​ 1,264.2 Premiums and other considerations ​ 561.0 ​ 607.3 ​ 1,763.0 ​ 1,197.6 Net investment income ​ 672.2 ​ 549.3 ​ 1,933.8 ​ 1,682.8 Total operating revenues ​ $ 1,651.1 ​ $ 1,563.8 ​ $ 4,940.9 ​ $ 4,144.6 ​
Principal Asset Management | Principal International
Revenues from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregation of Revenues from Contracts with Customers (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Principal International: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Management fee revenue ​ $ 113.3 ​ $ 100.1 ​ $ 339.2 ​ $ 314.6 Other fee revenue ​ 1.8 ​ 2.2 ​ 6.0 ​ 7.3 Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ 115.1 ​ 102.3 ​ 345.2 ​ 321.9 Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance ​ ​ 1.4 ​ ​ 1.1 ​ ​ 4.3 ​ ​ 3.4 Total fees and other revenues ​ 116.5 ​ 103.4 ​ 349.5 ​ 325.3 Premiums and other considerations ​ 2.3 ​ 33.8 ​ 17.2 ​ 74.2 Net investment income ​ 130.8 ​ 245.5 ​ 490.3 ​ 755.2 Total operating revenues ​ $ 249.6 ​ $ 382.7 ​ $ 857.0 ​ $ 1,154.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Revenues from contracts with customers by region: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Latin America ​ $ 87.3 ​ $ 74.7 ​ $ 262.4 ​ $ 238.9 Asia ​ 28.0 ​ 27.7 ​ 83.4 ​ 83.5 Eliminations ​ (0.2) ​ (0.1) ​ (0.6) ​ (0.5) Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ $ 115.1 ​ $ 102.3 ​ $ 345.2 ​ $ 321.9
Principal Asset Management | Principal Global Investors
Revenues from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregation of Revenues from Contracts with Customers (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Principal Global Investors: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Management fee revenue ​ $ 348.2 ​ $ 351.7 ​ $ 1,028.8 ​ $ 1,095.2 Other fee revenue ​ 58.3 ​ 44.1 ​ 139.5 ​ 181.8 Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ 406.5 ​ 395.8 ​ 1,168.3 ​ 1,277.0 Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance ​ ​ 9.1 ​ ​ 6.4 ​ ​ 16.3 ​ ​ 20.6 Total fees and other revenues ​ 415.6 ​ 402.2 ​ 1,184.6 ​ 1,297.6 Net investment income ​ 9.0 ​ 3.8 ​ 22.8 ​ 7.3 Total operating revenues ​ $ 424.6 ​ $ 406.0 ​ $ 1,207.4 ​ $ 1,304.9
Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits
Revenues from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregation of Revenues from Contracts with Customers (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Specialty Benefits: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Administrative service fees ​ $ 4.0 ​ $ 3.7 ​ $ 12.0 ​ $ 11.4 Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ ​ 4.0 ​ 3.7 ​ ​ 12.0 ​ 11.4 Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance ​ ​ 4.6 ​ ​ 4.8 ​ ​ 13.7 ​ ​ 14.0 Total fees and other revenues ​ ​ 8.6 ​ 8.5 ​ ​ 25.7 ​ 25.4 Premiums and other considerations ​ ​ 762.7 ​ 704.0 ​ ​ 2,237.9 ​ 2,056.4 Net investment income ​ ​ 45.3 ​ 36.5 ​ ​ 127.4 ​ 136.5 Total operating revenues ​ $ 816.6 ​ $ 749.0 ​ $ 2,391.0 ​ $ 2,218.3
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Revenues from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregation of Revenues from Contracts with Customers (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Life Insurance: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Administrative service fees ​ $ 8.9 ​ $ 7.0 ​ $ 23.6 ​ $ 20.9 Commission income ​ ​ 10.5 ​ 10.0 ​ ​ 30.9 ​ 27.7 Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ ​ 19.4 ​ 17.0 ​ ​ 54.5 ​ 48.6 Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance ​ ​ 85.7 ​ ​ 84.2 ​ ​ 246.7 ​ ​ 243.3 Total fees and other revenues ​ ​ 105.1 ​ 101.2 ​ ​ 301.2 ​ 291.9 Premiums and other considerations ​ ​ 136.7 ​ 142.7 ​ ​ 394.4 ​ 415.1 Net investment income ​ ​ 93.2 ​ 93.0 ​ ​ 294.0 ​ 307.6 Total operating revenues ​ $ 335.0 ​ $ 336.9 ​ $ 989.6 ​ $ 1,014.6
Corporate
Revenues from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregation of Revenues from Contracts with Customers (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 ​ 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Commission income ​ $ 94.9 ​ $ 89.5 ​ $ 276.9 ​ $ 280.1 Other fee revenue ​ 21.3 ​ 20.4 ​ ​ 62.5 ​ ​ 59.1 Eliminations ​ (71.8) ​ (65.1) ​ ​ (205.0) ​ ​ (209.1) Total revenues from contracts with customers ​ 44.4 ​ 44.8 ​ ​ 134.4 ​ ​ 130.1 Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance ​ ​ (76.9) ​ ​ (75.2) ​ ​ (224.2) ​ ​ (242.8) Total fees and other revenues ​ (32.5) ​ (30.4) ​ ​ (89.8) ​ ​ (112.7) Premiums and other considerations ​ ​ (1.4) ​ ​ (1.2) ​ ​ (3.9) ​ ​ (2.9) Net investment income ​ 40.6 ​ 21.4 ​ ​ 142.6 ​ ​ 110.7 Total operating revenues ​ $ 6.7 ​ $ (10.2) ​ $ 48.9 ​ $ (4.9) ​

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Stock-Based Compensation Disclosures (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, ​ 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions) Compensation cost ​ $ 77.4 ​ $ 70.3 Related income tax benefit ​ 12.8 ​ 15.7 Capitalized as part of an asset ​ 3.3 ​ 1.1 ​

Earnings Per Common Share (Tabl

Earnings Per Common Share (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Earnings Per Common Share
Earnings Per Common Share (Table)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the three months ended ​ For the nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ 2023 2022 2023 2022 ​ ​ (in millions, except per share data) Net income ​ $ 1,250.1 ​ $ 1,311.6 ​ $ 1,509.3 ​ $ 4,788.7 Subtract: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest ​ ​ 3.9 ​ ​ (4.1) ​ ​ 14.4 ​ ​ 15.6 Total ​ $ 1,246.2 ​ $ 1,315.7 ​ $ 1,494.9 ​ $ 4,773.1 Weighted-average shares outstanding: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Basic ​ ​ 241.1 ​ ​ 248.0 ​ ​ 242.4 ​ ​ 253.3 Dilutive effects: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Stock options ​ ​ 0.9 ​ ​ 1.4 ​ ​ 0.9 ​ ​ 1.5 Restricted stock units ​ ​ 2.0 ​ ​ 2.1 ​ ​ 2.0 ​ ​ 2.1 Performance share awards ​ ​ 0.3 ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​ 0.4 Diluted ​ ​ 244.3 ​ ​ 251.9 ​ ​ 245.7 ​ ​ 257.3 Net income per common share: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Basic ​ $ 5.17 ​ $ 5.31 ​ $ 6.17 ​ $ 18.84 Diluted ​ $ 5.10 ​ $ 5.22 ​ $ 6.08 ​ $ 18.55 ​

Nature of Operations and Sign_4

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings and AOCI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, After-Tax	$ 17,717	$ 16,697.3
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, After-Tax	$ (6,840.9)	$ (6,879)
Cumulative effect adjustment | Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | DAC and other actuarial balances
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Pre-Tax			$ 421.5
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Tax			(88.5)
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, After-Tax			333
Cumulative effect adjustment | Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Reinsurance recoverables
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Pre-Tax			(45.5)
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Tax			9.5
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, After-Tax			(36)
Cumulative effect adjustment | Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Liability for future policy benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Pre-Tax			1,965.3
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Tax			(452.2)
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, After-Tax			1,513.1
Cumulative effect adjustment | Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach | Reinsurance recoverables
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Pre-Tax			31.4
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Tax			(6.6)
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, After-Tax			24.8
Cumulative effect adjustment | Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach | Liability for future policy benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Pre-Tax			(119.1)
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Tax			29.8
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, After-Tax			(89.3)
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Pre-Tax			17.9
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Tax			(4.8)
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, After-Tax			13.1
Cumulative effect adjustment | Effect of remeasurement at the current discount rate | Reinsurance recoverables
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Pre-Tax			201.8
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Tax			(42.4)
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, After-Tax			159.4
Cumulative effect adjustment | Effect of remeasurement at the current discount rate | Liability for future policy benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Pre-Tax			(9,043.1)
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Tax			2,024.8
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, After-Tax			(7,018.3)
Cumulative effect adjustment | Investment in equity method subsidiary impacted by LDTI | Other investments
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Pre-Tax			22.8
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Tax			(9.1)
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, After-Tax			13.7
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Pre-Tax			(25.5)
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Tax			10.2
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, After-Tax			(15.3)
Cumulative effect adjustment | Cumulative effect of amortization basis change | Cost of reinsurance asset (liability)
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Pre-Tax			(9)
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Tax			1.9
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, After-Tax			(7.1)
Cumulative effect adjustment | Adjustment of unrealized loss in AOCI | Cost of reinsurance asset (liability)
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Pre-Tax			16.1
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Tax			(3.4)
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, After-Tax			12.7
Cumulative effect adjustment | Cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date | Market risk benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Pre-Tax			(4.8)
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Tax			1
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, After-Tax			(3.8)
Cumulative effect adjustment | Adjustments to the host contract for differences between previous carrying amount and measurement of the MRB | Market risk benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Pre-Tax			20.9
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Tax			(4.4)
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, After-Tax			16.5
Cumulative effect adjustment | Retained earnings adjustment for the valuation of contracts as MRBs (exclusive of nonperformance risk changes) | Market risk benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Pre-Tax			(258.8)
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Tax			54.4
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, After-Tax			(204.4)
Cumulative effect adjustment | Reclassification of nonperformance risk changes between retained earnings and AOCI | Market risk benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Pre-Tax			108.4
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Tax			(22.5)
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, After-Tax			85.9
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Pre-Tax			(108.4)
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Tax			22.5
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, After-Tax			(85.9)
ASU 2018-12 - Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts | Cumulative effect adjustment
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Pre-Tax			(203.4)
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, Tax			43.5
Increase (Decrease) Retained earnings, After-Tax			(159.9)
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Pre-Tax			(6,604.7)
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, Tax			1,476.7
Increase (Decrease) Accumulated other comprehensive income, After-Tax			$ (5,128)

Nature of Operations and Sign_5

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Cumulative effect adjustment on consolidated statements of financial position (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020
Assets
Other investments	$ 6,569.2	$ 6,122
Reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable	20,219.1	21,154
Premiums due and other receivables	3,897	3,933.3
Deferred acquisition costs	3,948.4	3,948	$ 3,822.3
Market risk benefit asset	173.1	109.2
Other assets	833.9	1,205.6
Total assets	287,948	290,578.3
Liabilities
Contractholder funds	42,303.9	42,825.3
Future policy benefits and claims	42,685.9	43,025.3
Market risk benefit liability	112.5	207.4
Other policyholder funds	946	911.5
Deferred income taxes	1,481.4	1,324.2
Total liabilities	276,965.6	280,298.5
Stockholders' equity
Retained earnings	17,717	16,697.3
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(6,840.9)	(6,879)
Total stockholders' equity	10,671.6	9,976.7
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 287,948	$ 290,578.3
Effects of implementation of accounting change | ASU 2018-12 - Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts
Assets
Other investments			(1.6)
Reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable			187.7
Premiums due and other receivables			(24.4)
Deferred acquisition costs			450.9
Market risk benefit asset			18.9
Other assets			19.3
Total assets			650.8
Liabilities
Contractholder funds			(397.9)
Future policy benefits and claims			7,143.4
Market risk benefit liability			663.5
Other policyholder funds			48.8
Deferred income taxes			(1,519.1)
Total liabilities			5,938.7
Stockholders' equity
Retained earnings			(159.9)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			(5,128)
Total stockholders' equity			(5,287.9)
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity			$ 650.8

Nature of Operations and Sign_6

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Deferred Acquisition Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs	$ 3,948.4	$ 3,948		$ 3,822.3
Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs	920.5	930		964.4
Benefits and Protection
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs	2,986	2,974.5		2,857.9
Previously reported
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				3,371.4
Previously reported | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				730.4
Previously reported | Benefits and Protection
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				2,641
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs	504.1	498	$ 489	477.2
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Previously reported | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				424.6
Individual variable annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs	277.7	278	281.2	281.9
Individual variable annuities | Previously reported | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				281.7
Pension risk transfer | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs	13.8	8.1	2.7
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs	112.2	131	162.2	192.7
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Previously reported | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				11.5
Investment only | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs	12.7	14.9	18.1	12.6
Investment only | Previously reported | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				12.6
Individual disability | Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs	658	626.1	580.7	529.8
Individual disability | Previously reported | Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				529.8
Universal life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs	1,549.3	1,569.7	1,596.2	1,608.3
Universal life | Previously reported | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				1,443
Term life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs	692.1	685.7	678.9	607.9
Term life | Previously reported | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				607.9
Participating life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs	$ 86.6	$ 93	$ 102.3	111.9
Participating life | Previously reported | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				60.3
ASU 2018-12 - Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts | Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				450.9
ASU 2018-12 - Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts | Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				234
ASU 2018-12 - Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts | Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Benefits and Protection
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				216.9
ASU 2018-12 - Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts | Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				52.6
ASU 2018-12 - Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts | Individual variable annuities | Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				0.2
ASU 2018-12 - Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts | Individual fixed deferred annuities | Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				181.2
ASU 2018-12 - Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts | Universal life | Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				165.3
ASU 2018-12 - Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts | Participating life | Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Deferred acquisition costs				$ 51.6

Nature of Operations and Sign_7

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Balances and changes in DAC (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Change in deferred acquisition costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	$ 3,948		$ 3,822.3
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	3,948.4	$ 3,948
Retirement and Income Solutions
Change in deferred acquisition costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	930		964.4
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	920.5	930
Benefits and Protection
Change in deferred acquisition costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	2,974.5		2,857.9
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	2,986	2,974.5
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Retirement and Income Solutions
Change in deferred acquisition costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	498	489	477.2
Costs deferred	35.7	48.3	50.1
Amortized to expense	(29.6)	(39.3)	(38.3)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	504.1	498	489
Individual variable annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Change in deferred acquisition costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	278	281.2	281.9
Costs deferred	19.1	22.5	26.4
Amortized to expense	(19.4)	(25.7)	(27.1)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	277.7	278	281.2
Pension risk transfer | Retirement and Income Solutions
Change in deferred acquisition costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	8.1	2.7
Costs deferred	6.1	5.6	2.7
Amortized to expense	(0.4)	(0.2)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	13.8	8.1	2.7
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Change in deferred acquisition costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	131	162.2	192.7
Costs deferred			7.6
Amortized to expense	(18.8)	(31.2)	(38.1)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	112.2	131	162.2
Investment only | Retirement and Income Solutions
Change in deferred acquisition costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	14.9	18.1	12.6
Costs deferred	1.4	1.4	9.1
Amortized to expense	(3.6)	(4.6)	(3.6)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	12.7	14.9	18.1
Individual disability | Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits
Change in deferred acquisition costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	626.1	580.7	529.8
Costs deferred	65.4	87.6	89.8
Amortized to expense	(33.5)	(42.2)	(38.9)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	658	626.1	580.7
Universal life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Change in deferred acquisition costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	1,569.7	1,596.2	1,608.3
Costs deferred	51.4	70.6	84.3
Amortized to expense	(71.8)	(97.1)	(96.4)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	1,549.3	1,569.7	1,596.2
Term life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Change in deferred acquisition costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	685.7	678.9	607.9
Costs deferred	52.5	66.7	126.5
Amortized to expense	(46.1)	(59.9)	(55.5)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	692.1	685.7	678.9
Participating life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Change in deferred acquisition costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	93	102.3	111.9
Costs deferred	1	1.4	1.9
Amortized to expense	(7.4)	(10.7)	(11.5)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	$ 86.6	$ 93	$ 102.3

Nature of Operations and Sign_8

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Unearned Revenue Liability (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Unearned Revenue Liability	$ 486.9	$ 467.4
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Unearned Revenue Liability				$ 384.4
Universal life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Unearned Revenue Liability	$ 479.7	$ 459	$ 425.3	384.4
Previously reported | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Unearned Revenue Liability				335.6
Previously reported | Universal life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Unearned Revenue Liability				335.6
Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | ASU 2018-12 - Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Unearned Revenue Liability				48.8
Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | ASU 2018-12 - Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts | Universal life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Unearned Revenue Liability				$ 48.8

Nature of Operations and Sign_9

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Balances and changes in the unearned revenue liability (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Change in unearned revenue liability
Beginning balance, Unearned Revenue Liability	$ 467.4
Ending balance, Unearned Revenue Liability	486.9	$ 467.4
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Change in unearned revenue liability
Beginning balance, Unearned Revenue Liability			$ 384.4
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Universal life
Change in unearned revenue liability
Beginning balance, Unearned Revenue Liability	459	425.3	384.4
Deferrals	42.9	61.8	66.1
Revenue recognized	(22.2)	(28.1)	(25.2)
Ending balance, Unearned Revenue Liability	$ 479.7	$ 459	$ 425.3

Nature of Operations and Sig_10

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Liability for Future Policy Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits	$ 32,949.4	$ 34,064.4		$ 43,489.8
Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits	26,017.1	26,230.8		33,009.5
Benefits and Protection
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits	2,554.2	2,607.8		3,661.2
Pension risk transfer | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits	21,355.2	21,211.4		25,863.7
Individual fixed income annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits	4,661.9	5,019.4		7,145.8
Individual fixed income annuities | Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Latin America
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits	4,225.1	5,042.3		6,561.5
Individual disability | Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits	1,604.5	1,698.8	$ 2,498.4	2,500.9
Term life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits	949.7	909	1,117.6	1,160.3
Long-term care insurance | Corporate
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits	$ 153	$ 183.5	$ 234.7	257.6
Previously reported
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				36,310.8
Previously reported | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				28,130
Previously reported | Benefits and Protection
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				3,008.3
Previously reported | Pension risk transfer | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				21,982.8
Previously reported | Individual fixed income annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				6,147.2
Previously reported | Individual fixed income annuities | Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Latin America
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				5,038.4
Previously reported | Individual disability | Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				2,173.8
Previously reported | Term life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				834.5
Previously reported | Long-term care insurance | Corporate
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				134.1
Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				(1,965.3)
Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				(1,162)
Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Benefits and Protection
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				(168.7)
Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Pension risk transfer | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				(947)
Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Individual fixed income annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				(215)
Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Individual fixed income annuities | Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Latin America
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				(634.6)
Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain (loss) from AOCI | Individual disability | Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				(168.7)
Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				101.2
Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				0.1
Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach | Benefits and Protection
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				9.4
Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach | Individual fixed income annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				0.1
Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach | Individual fixed income annuities | Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Latin America
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				61.7
Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach | Individual disability | Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				2.4
Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach | Term life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				7
Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach | Long-term care insurance | Corporate
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				30
Effect of remeasurement at the current discount rate
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				9,043.1
Effect of remeasurement at the current discount rate | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				6,041.4
Effect of remeasurement at the current discount rate | Benefits and Protection
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				812.2
Effect of remeasurement at the current discount rate | Pension risk transfer | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				4,827.9
Effect of remeasurement at the current discount rate | Individual fixed income annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				1,213.5
Effect of remeasurement at the current discount rate | Individual fixed income annuities | Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Latin America
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				2,096
Effect of remeasurement at the current discount rate | Individual disability | Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				493.4
Effect of remeasurement at the current discount rate | Term life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				318.8
Effect of remeasurement at the current discount rate | Long-term care insurance | Corporate
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Liability for future policy benefits				$ 93.5

Nature of Operations and Sig_11

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Retirement and Income Solutions and Principal Asset Management - Principal International (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Retirement and Income Solutions | Pension risk transfer
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	$ 21,211.4	$ 25,365.8	$ 25,863.7
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	1,799.6	(3,386.5)	(4,827.9)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	23,011	21,979.3	21,035.8
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(9.8)	(3.2)	(2.4)
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	22,947.8	21,968.2	21,033.4
Interest accrual	749.5	935.7	916.7
Benefit payments	(1,471.6)	(1,841.7)	(1,772.5)
Issuances	1,747.7	1,948.8	1,801.7
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	23,973.4	23,011	21,979.3
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	2,618.2	1,799.6	(3,386.5)
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	21,355.2	21,211.4	25,365.8
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual fixed income annuities
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	5,019.4	6,535	7,145.8
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	439	(812.6)	(1,213.5)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	5,458.4	5,722.4	5,932.3
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(0.7)		(1.3)
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	5,456.4	5,719.4	5,931
Interest accrual	165.3	229.7	240.5
Benefit payments	(378.5)	(520.4)	(532)
Issuances	31.2	29.7	82.9
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	5,274.4	5,458.4	5,722.4
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	612.5	439	(812.6)
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	4,661.9	5,019.4	6,535
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Latin America | Individual fixed income annuities
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	5,042.3	4,336.8	6,561.5
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	(754.6)	(478.5)	(2,096)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	4,287.7	3,858.3	4,465.5
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(0.1)	(4.7)	(4.9)
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	4,287.6	3,853.6	4,460.6
Interest accrual	276.4	662	444.3
Benefit payments	(271)	(325.8)	(436)
Issuances	18.8	86.4	141.3
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(201.9)	11.5	(751.9)
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	4,109.9	4,287.7	3,858.3
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	(115.2)	(754.6)	(478.5)
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	$ 4,225.1	$ 5,042.3	$ 4,336.8

Nature of Operations and Sig_12

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Balances and changes in LFPB for Benefits and Protection and Corporate (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Future policy benefits	$ 32,949.4	$ 34,064.4		$ 43,489.8
Benefits and Protection
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Future policy benefits	2,554.2	2,607.8		3,661.2
Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits | Individual disability
Present value of expected net premiums
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected net premiums		3,149.9	$ 3,148.3
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	395.2	(198.9)	(340.7)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	2,737	2,951	2,807.6
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	(37.6)	(413.1)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	204.1	235.9	122
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	2,903.5	2,773.8	2,929.6
Interest accrual	71.3	95.2	95.4
Net premiums collected	(204.7)	(276.5)	(280.4)
Issuances	81.1	144.5	206.4
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	2,851.2	2,737	2,951
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	(485.4)	(395.2)	198.9
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected net premiums			3,149.9
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	4,040.6	5,648.3	5,649.2
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	1,021.4	(501)	(834.1)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	5,062	5,147.3	4,815.1
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	(51.5)	(476.3)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	218.7	240	118.8
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	5,229.2	4,911	4,933.9
Interest accrual	141.8	185.4	181
Benefit payments	(149.6)	(183.7)	(179.7)
Issuances	83.6	149.3	212.1
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	5,305	5,062	5,147.3
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	1,334.7	1,021.4	(501)
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	3,970.3	4,040.6	5,648.3
Future policy benefits	1,604.5	1,698.8	2,498.4	2,500.9
Reinsurance Impact	(365.9)	(386.8)	(549.9)
Future policy benefits after reinsurance	1,238.6	1,312	1,948.5
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Term life
Present value of expected net premiums
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected net premiums		4,193.7	3,799
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	196	(690.1)	(861.1)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	3,619.2	3,503.6	2,937.9
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	143.5
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	92.7	128.6	211.4
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	3,855.4	3,632.2	3,149.3
Interest accrual	127.5	162.9	151.1
Net premiums collected	(266.4)	(346.6)	(315)
Issuances	158.1	170.7	518.2
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	3,874.6	3,619.2	3,503.6
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	(362.4)	(196)	690.1
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected net premiums			4,193.7
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	4,332.2	5,311.3	4,959.3
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	251.6	(913.9)	(1,179.9)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	4,583.8	4,397.4	3,779.4
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	181.8
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	106.9	139	216
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	4,872.5	4,536.4	3,995.4
Interest accrual	162.9	206.8	194.3
Benefit payments	(268.2)	(340.6)	(335.7)
Issuances	170	181.2	543.4
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	4,937.2	4,583.8	4,397.4
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	475.3	251.6	(913.9)
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	4,461.9	4,332.2	5,311.3
Future policy benefits	949.7	909	1,117.6	1,160.3
Reinsurance Impact	40.7	25.6	(0.1)
Future policy benefits after reinsurance	990.4	934.6	1,117.5
Corporate | Long-term care insurance
Present value of expected net premiums
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected net premiums		62.8	66.7
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	(3.6)	(14)	(17.6)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	61	48.8	49.1
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	(13.3)	10	2.8
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(5.9)	4.1	(0.8)
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	41.8	62.9	51.1
Interest accrual	2.2	3.3	2.9
Net premiums collected	(4)	(5.2)	(5.2)
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	40	61	48.8
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	0.8	3.6	14
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected net premiums			62.8
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	248.1	297.5	324.3
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	(18.9)	(89.5)	(111.1)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	229.2	208	213.2
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	(40.5)	17.2	0.5
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	2	3.7	(4.6)
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	190.7	228.9	209.1
Interest accrual	9.6	13.1	12.4
Benefit payments	(10.4)	(12.8)	(13.5)
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	189.9	229.2	208
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	(3.9)	(18.9)	(89.5)
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	193.8	248.1	297.5
Future policy benefits	153	183.5	234.7	$ 257.6
Reinsurance Impact	$ (153)	$ (183.5)	$ (234.7)

Nature of Operations and Sig_13

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Balances and changes in Additional Liability for Certain Benefit Features (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Changes in the additional liability for certain benefits features
Balance at end of period	$ 5,176.7	$ 4,095.2
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Universal life
Changes in the additional liability for certain benefits features
Balance at beginning of period	4,095.2	3,814.2	$ 3,463.9
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	725.4	(6)	(11.1)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	27.7	54.9	18.1
Interest accrual	150.6	171.2	158.3
Net assessments collected	277.1	320.3	324.7
Benefit payments	(99.3)	(91.9)	(83.1)
Other		(167.5)	(56.6)
Balance at end of period	$ 5,176.7	$ 4,095.2	$ 3,814.2

Nature of Operations and Sig_14

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Market Risk Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Market risk benefits			$ (644.6)
Previously reported
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Market risk benefits			(401.9)
Cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Market risk benefits			(4.8)
Retained earnings adjustment for the valuation of contracts as MRBs (exclusive of nonperformance risk changes)
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Market risk benefits			(237.9)
Individual variable annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Market risk benefits	$ (292.7)	$ (415.5)	(591.3)
Individual variable annuities | Previously reported | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Market risk benefits			(348.6)
Individual variable annuities | Cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Market risk benefits			(4.8)
Individual variable annuities | Retained earnings adjustment for the valuation of contracts as MRBs (exclusive of nonperformance risk changes) | Retirement and Income Solutions
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Market risk benefits			(237.9)
Guaranteed pension | Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Asia
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Market risk benefits	$ (76.1)	$ (91)	(53.3)
Guaranteed pension | Previously reported | Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Asia
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Market risk benefits			$ (53.3)

Nature of Operations and Sig_15

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Balances and changes in MRBs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Balances and changes in MRBs
Balance at beginning of period, market risk benefits	$ (98.2)
Balance at end of period, market risk benefits	60.6	$ (98.2)
Individual variable annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Balances and changes in MRBs
Balance at beginning of period, market risk benefits	(72.2)	(494.7)	$ (591.3)
Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period	31.7	(109.5)	106.7
Adjusted balance at beginning of period, market risk benefits	(103.9)	(385.2)	(484.6)
Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior	(57.7)	(90.1)	(120.7)
Benefit payments	0.3	1.3	0.4
Changes in interest rates	126	539.1	154.3
Changes in equity markets	76	(112.4)	106.4
Changes in equity index volatility	40.4	(50.2)	15.1
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior	(2.8)	1.5	2.3
Changes in future expected policyholder behavior		(6.1)	(96.6)
Changes in other future expected assumptions	(5.3)	(1.8)	38.2
Adjusted balance at end of period, market risk benefits	73	(103.9)	(385.2)
Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period	9.3	31.7	(109.5)
Balance at end of period, market risk benefits	82.3	(72.2)	(494.7)
Guaranteed pension | Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Asia
Balances and changes in MRBs
Balance at beginning of period, market risk benefits	(26)	(35.1)	(53.3)
Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period	(1.2)	(4.3)	6.5
Adjusted balance at beginning of period, market risk benefits	(24.8)	(30.8)	(46.8)
Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior	(7.6)	(7.1)	(5.3)
Benefit payments	10.4	9.5	5.7
Changes in interest rates	1.1	3.9	7.6
Changes in equity markets	0.2	(1)	1.4
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior	(0.1)	0.7	3.6
Changes in future expected policyholder behavior			0.5
Changes in other future expected assumptions			2.3
Foreign currency translation adjustment			0.2
Adjusted balance at end of period, market risk benefits	(20.7)	(24.8)	(30.8)
Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period	(1)	(1.2)	(4.3)
Balance at end of period, market risk benefits	$ (21.7)	$ (26)	$ (35.1)

Nature of Operations and Sig_16

Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Pre-tax Impacts To Comprehensive Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Increase to income before taxes
Cost of reinsurance amortization	$ 25	$ (7.6)	$ (8.2)	$ (2.6)
Income (loss) before income taxes	$ 1,604.9	$ 1,640.4	$ 1,846	5,989.4
Adjustment related to actuarial balance re-cohorting
Increase to income before taxes
Cost of reinsurance amortization				33.7
Change in additional liability for certain benefit features				167.4
Income (loss) before income taxes				201.1
Increase to pre-tax other comprehensive income
Cost of reinsurance unrealized gains (losses)				(2.1)
Change in additional liability for certain benefit features unrealized gains				7.8
Total increase to pre-tax other comprehensive income				5.7
Total increase to pre-tax comprehensive income				$ 206.8

Variable Interest Entities - Co

Variable Interest Entities - Consolidated VIEs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Carrying amounts of consolidated VIE assets and liabilities
Total assets	$ 287,948		$ 290,578.3
Total liabilities	276,965.6		280,298.5
Redeemable noncontrolling interest	259.5	$ 266.7	262	$ 255.1	$ 268.5	$ 332.5
Aggregate consolidated variable interest entities
Carrying amounts of consolidated VIE assets and liabilities
Total assets	35,748.2		37,220.5
Total liabilities	32,933.3		34,614.9
Redeemable noncontrolling interest	237.1		235.3
Mandatory retirement savings funds
Carrying amounts of consolidated VIE assets and liabilities
Total assets	33,189.6		34,876.9
Total liabilities	32,847		34,528.3
Real estate VIE
Carrying amounts of consolidated VIE assets and liabilities
Total assets	844		689.6
Total liabilities	52.6		42.2
Sponsored investment funds
Carrying amounts of consolidated VIE assets and liabilities
Total assets	516.7		471.4
Total liabilities	10.6		2.6
Redeemable noncontrolling interest	237.1		235.3
Residential mortgage loans VIE
Carrying amounts of consolidated VIE assets and liabilities
Total assets	1,082.9		1,182.6
Total liabilities	23.1		$ 41.8
Asset-backed limited partnership
Carrying amounts of consolidated VIE assets and liabilities
Total assets	115
Unfunded commitments	$ 135

Variable Interest Entities - Un

Variable Interest Entities - Unconsolidated VIEs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entity disclosures
Asset carrying value	$ 287,948	$ 290,578.3
Money Market Funds
Total assets of unconsolidated money market mutual funds	4,200	4,200
Variable Interest Entity
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entity disclosures
Carrying value used if distributions received are in excess of investment	0	0
Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale | Variable Interest Entity
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entity disclosures
Asset carrying value	260.7	111.8
Maximum exposure to loss	313.7	127.2
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities | Available-for-sale | Variable Interest Entity
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entity disclosures
Asset carrying value	2,683.7	2,228.7
Maximum exposure to loss	2,978.7	2,420.6
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities | Trading | Variable Interest Entity
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entity disclosures
Asset carrying value	10.1	5.4
Maximum exposure to loss	10.1	5.4
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | Available-for-sale | Variable Interest Entity
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entity disclosures
Asset carrying value	4,659.6	4,864.6
Maximum exposure to loss	5,438.8	5,572.2
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | Trading | Variable Interest Entity
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entity disclosures
Asset carrying value	53.3	83.4
Maximum exposure to loss	53.3	83.4
Collateralized debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Variable Interest Entity
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entity disclosures
Asset carrying value	5,133.8	4,566.4
Maximum exposure to loss	5,232.7	4,820
Collateralized debt obligations | Trading | Variable Interest Entity
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entity disclosures
Asset carrying value	3	5.7
Maximum exposure to loss	3	5.7
Other debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Variable Interest Entity
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entity disclosures
Asset carrying value	7,219.5	6,507.6
Maximum exposure to loss	8,684.2	7,566.2
Other debt obligations | Trading | Variable Interest Entity
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entity disclosures
Asset carrying value	138.6	80
Maximum exposure to loss	138.6	80
Equity securities | Variable Interest Entity
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entity disclosures
Asset carrying value	108	99.8
Maximum exposure to loss	108	99.8
Other investments: Other limited partnership and fund interests | Variable Interest Entity
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entity disclosures
Asset carrying value	1,838.6	1,473.5
Maximum exposure to loss	3,215.5	2,434.9
Fully secured debt of international real estate funds with recourse to the investment manager, included in maximum loss exposure	$ 241.4	$ 144.3

Investments - Fixed Maturities

Investments - Fixed Maturities and Equity Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Available-for-sale securities
Amortized cost, fixed maturities	$ 70,563.7		$ 70,263.1
Gross unrealized gains, fixed maturities	262.5		512.6
Gross unrealized losses, fixed maturities	9,237.7		7,878
Allowance, fixed maturities	6.5	$ 8.5	7.8	$ 6.9	$ 12.5	$ 15.5
Fair value, fixed maturities	61,582		62,889.9
Accrued interest receivable	650		578
U.S. government and agencies
Available-for-sale securities
Amortized cost, fixed maturities	1,772.3		1,990.9
Gross unrealized gains, fixed maturities			0.1
Gross unrealized losses, fixed maturities	313.5		251.2
Fair value, fixed maturities	1,458.8		1,739.8
Non-U.S. governments
Available-for-sale securities
Amortized cost, fixed maturities	552.8		611.2
Gross unrealized gains, fixed maturities	12.9		20.9
Gross unrealized losses, fixed maturities	87.3		64.8
Fair value, fixed maturities	478.4		567.3
States and political subdivisions
Available-for-sale securities
Amortized cost, fixed maturities	7,724.8		7,355.4
Gross unrealized gains, fixed maturities	1.7		13.7
Gross unrealized losses, fixed maturities	1,455.5		1,136.8
Fair value, fixed maturities	6,271		6,232.3
Corporate debt securities
Available-for-sale securities
Amortized cost, fixed maturities	38,898.2		40,370.4
Gross unrealized gains, fixed maturities	200.6		461
Gross unrealized losses, fixed maturities	5,422.5		4,640.5
Allowance, fixed maturities	6.4	8.4	7.7	6.8	$ 12.5	15.1
Fair value, fixed maturities	33,669.9		36,183.2
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities
Available-for-sale securities
Amortized cost, fixed maturities	2,978.7		2,420.6
Gross unrealized gains, fixed maturities	0.1		6.2
Gross unrealized losses, fixed maturities	295.1		198.1
Fair value, fixed maturities	2,683.7		2,228.7
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Available-for-sale securities
Amortized cost, fixed maturities	5,438.8		5,572.2
Gross unrealized gains, fixed maturities			0.5
Gross unrealized losses, fixed maturities	779.2		708.1
Allowance, fixed maturities						0.3
Fair value, fixed maturities	4,659.6		4,864.6
Collateralized debt obligations
Available-for-sale securities
Amortized cost, fixed maturities	5,135.3		4,705.6
Gross unrealized gains, fixed maturities	41.4		4.5
Gross unrealized losses, fixed maturities	42.9		143.7
Fair value, fixed maturities	5,133.8		4,566.4
Other debt obligations
Available-for-sale securities
Amortized cost, fixed maturities	8,062.8		7,236.8
Gross unrealized gains, fixed maturities	5.8		5.7
Gross unrealized losses, fixed maturities	841.7		734.8
Allowance, fixed maturities	0.1	$ 0.1	0.1	$ 0.1		$ 0.1
Fair value, fixed maturities	$ 7,226.8		$ 6,507.6

Investments - Amortization by E

Investments - Amortization by Expected Maturity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Amortized cost of fixed maturities available-for-sale
Due in one year or less	$ 1,282.4
Due after one year through five years	9,308.1
Due after five years through ten years	10,066.3
Due after ten years	28,291.3
Subtotal	48,948.1
Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities	21,615.6
Amortized cost, fixed maturities	70,563.7	$ 70,263.1
Fair value of fixed maturities available-for-sale
Due in one year or less	1,265.7
Due after one year through five years	8,904.5
Due after five years through ten years	9,016.4
Due after ten years	22,691.5
Subtotal	41,878.1
Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities	19,703.9
Fair value, fixed maturities	$ 61,582	$ 62,889.9

Investments - Net Realized Capi

Investments - Net Realized Capital Gains and Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Major components of net realized capital gains (losses) on investments
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: Gross gains		$ 8.4	$ 20	$ 49.1	$ 26
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: Gross losses		(17.7)	(50.7)	(92.5)	(163.3)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: Net credit recoveries (losses)		1	4.3	(19.8)	(5.8)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: Hedging, net		(1.7)		(2.3)	(0.7)
Fixed maturities, trading		(6.4)	(12.3)	(11.6)	(21.8)
Equity securities		29.6	(37.1)	32.3	(187.5)
Mortgage loans gains (losses)		(8.1)	(2.5)	(82.4)	(19.3)
Derivative net realized capital gains (losses)		91.2	74.2	54.8	178.7
Other gains (losses)		83	(23.3)	112.9	(159.7)
Net realized capital gains (losses)	[1]	179.3	(27.4)	40.5	(353.4)
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, trading		(6.6)	(5.8)	(13)	(12)
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, trading, reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets		(4.9)	0	(6.7)	0
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, trading still head at reported in market risk benefit remeasurement (gain) loss		(1.1)	(4.3)	0.1	(17.3)
Unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		33	(37.1)	40.6	(184)
Unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities reported in net investment income		(2)	(7.2)	4.3	(17.7)
Unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets		0	0	1.7	0
Proceeds from sales of investments
Proceeds from sales of investments in fixed maturities, available-for-sale		$ 755.4	$ 2,989.7	$ 3,852.5	$ 10,531
[1] Includes realized and unrealized gains (losses). See Note 3, Investments, for further details.

Investments - Allowance for Cre

Investments - Allowance for Credit Loss (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Rollforward of the allowance for credit loss by major security type
Beginning balance	$ 8.5	$ 12.5	$ 7.8	$ 15.5
Additions for credit losses not previously recorded		1.9	6.2	5.1
Reductions for securities sold during the period		(1.2)		(8.7)
Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period	(1.5)	(6.2)	(7.5)	(3.4)
Write-offs charged against allowance		(0.2)		(0.4)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(0.5)	0.1		(1.2)
Ending balance	6.5	6.9	6.5	6.9
Accrued interest written off to net investment income	0.1		0.1
Corporate debt securities
Rollforward of the allowance for credit loss by major security type
Beginning balance	8.4	12.5	7.7	15.1
Additions for credit losses not previously recorded		1.8	6.2	5
Reductions for securities sold during the period		(1.2)		(8.7)
Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period	(1.5)	(6.4)	(7.5)	(3.4)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(0.5)	0.1		(1.2)
Ending balance	6.4	6.8	6.4	6.8
Accrued interest written off to net investment income	0.1		0.1
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Rollforward of the allowance for credit loss by major security type
Beginning balance				0.3
Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period		0.2
Write-offs charged against allowance		(0.2)		(0.3)
Other debt obligations
Rollforward of the allowance for credit loss by major security type
Beginning balance	0.1		0.1	0.1
Additions for credit losses not previously recorded		0.1		0.1
Write-offs charged against allowance				(0.1)
Ending balance	$ 0.1	$ 0.1	$ 0.1	$ 0.1

Investments - Gross Unrealized

Investments - Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities (Details) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) item
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Fair value	$ 13,826.5	$ 45,651
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	818.9	6,183.1
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Fair value	40,232.1	8,850.9
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	8,415	1,695.2
Fixed maturities, Total, Fair value	54,058.6	54,501.9
Fixed maturities, Total, Gross unrealized losses	9,233.9	7,878.3
U.S. government and agencies
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Fair value	391.1	1,528.3
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	11.5	209.4
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Fair value	1,052.8	181.5
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	302	41.8
Fixed maturities, Total, Fair value	1,443.9	1,709.8
Fixed maturities, Total, Gross unrealized losses	313.5	251.2
Non-U.S. governments
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Fair value	55.2	407.5
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	6.6	57.7
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Fair value	307.9	19.9
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	80.8	7.1
Fixed maturities, Total, Fair value	363.1	427.4
Fixed maturities, Total, Gross unrealized losses	87.4	64.8
States and political subdivisions
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Fair value	1,258.4	5,303.5
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	106.6	1,008.9
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Fair value	4,756.6	391.9
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	1,348.9	127.8
Fixed maturities, Total, Fair value	6,015	5,695.4
Fixed maturities, Total, Gross unrealized losses	1,455.5	1,136.7
Corporate debt securities
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Fair value	7,731.5	27,309.5
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	548.3	3,944.6
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Fair value	21,781.1	2,944.1
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	4,872	698
Fixed maturities, Total, Fair value	29,512.6	30,253.6
Fixed maturities, Total, Gross unrealized losses	5,420.3	4,642.6
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Fair value	1,427.7	1,201.7
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	63.7	97.5
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Fair value	1,236.4	574.8
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	231.4	105.7
Fixed maturities, Total, Fair value	2,664.1	1,776.5
Fixed maturities, Total, Gross unrealized losses	295.1	203.2
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Fair value	438.7	3,648.5
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	13.9	484
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Fair value	4,156.5	1,124.8
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	762.7	222.5
Fixed maturities, Total, Fair value	4,595.2	4,773.3
Fixed maturities, Total, Gross unrealized losses	776.6	706.5
Collateralized debt obligations
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Fair value	258.4	2,832.2
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	2.6	89
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Fair value	2,530.2	1,330.1
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	41.5	54.7
Fixed maturities, Total, Fair value	2,788.6	4,162.3
Fixed maturities, Total, Gross unrealized losses	44.1	143.7
Other debt obligations
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Fair value	2,265.5	3,419.8
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	65.7	292
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Fair value	4,410.6	2,283.8
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	775.7	437.6
Fixed maturities, Total, Fair value	6,676.1	5,703.6
Fixed maturities, Total, Gross unrealized losses	841.4	729.6
Principal Life Insurance Company
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Fair value	12,608	44,857
Fixed maturities, Less than twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	737.2	6,096.3
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Fair value	39,508.4	8,496.1
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	8,251.3	1,645.1
Fixed maturities, Total, Fair value	52,116.4	53,353.1
Fixed maturities, Total, Gross unrealized losses	$ 8,988.5	$ 7,741.4
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Qualitative Disclosure
Available-for-sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Qualitative Disclosure, Percent Investment Grade (as a percent)	95%	94%
Available-for-sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Qualitative Disclosure, Average Price (percent of carrying value to amortized cost)	85%	87%
Available-for-sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Qualitative Disclosure, Number of Positions, Less Than Twelve Months | item	2,321	7,589
Available-for-sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Average Price, Less Than Twelve Months (percent of carrying value to amortized cost)	94%	88%
Available-for-sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Percent Investment Grade, Less Than Twelve Months (as a percent)	90%	95%
Available-for-sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses On Investment Grade Investments, Less Than Twelve Months	$ 712.2	$ 5,920.4
Available-for-sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Qualitative Disclosure, Number of Positions, Twelve Months or Longer | item	7,223	1,654
Available-for-sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Average Price, Twelve Months or Longer (percent of carrying value to amortized cost)	83%	84%
Principal Life Insurance Company | States and political subdivisions
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	$ 1,337.1	$ 126.8
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Qualitative Disclosure
Available-for-sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Average Price, Twelve Months or Longer (percent of carrying value to amortized cost)	78%	75%
Principal Life Insurance Company | Corporate debt securities
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	$ 4,735.6	$ 654.9
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Qualitative Disclosure
Available-for-sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Average Price, Twelve Months or Longer (percent of carrying value to amortized cost)	82%	80%
Principal Life Insurance Company | Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	$ 757.4	$ 220.9
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Qualitative Disclosure
Available-for-sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Average Price, Twelve Months or Longer (percent of carrying value to amortized cost)	84%	83%
Principal Life Insurance Company | Collateralized mortgage obligation security
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities, Greater than or equal to twelve months, Gross unrealized losses	$ 612.3	$ 320.2
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Qualitative Disclosure
Available-for-sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Average Price, Twelve Months or Longer (percent of carrying value to amortized cost)	80%	81%

Investments - Net Unrealized Ga

Investments - Net Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities and Derivative Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Net Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities and Derivative Instruments
Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$ (9,086.6)	$ (7,445.7)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments	25.2	50.7
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns	(5.1)	(1.7)
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities	1.4	0.5
Net unrealized gains (losses) other investments and noncontrolling interest adjustments	22.4	7.9
Provision for deferred income tax benefits (taxes)	1,930.1	1,570.1
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities and derivative instruments	$ (7,112.6)	$ (5,818.2)

Investments - Mortgage Loan Cre

Investments - Mortgage Loan Credit Monitoring (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Vintage year, Direct financing leases
2023	$ 44.3
2022	140	$ 147.1
2021	47.2	93.8
2020	108.4	114.4
2019	7.7	15.3
2018		54.6
Prior	286.3	239.8
Direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	633.9	665
Reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable	20,221.8	21,156.7
Accrued interest receivable	650	578
Accrued interest receivable on direct financing leases	0	0
A- and above
Vintage year, Direct financing leases
2023	1.1
2022	117.2	110.5
2021	12	13
2020	55.2	39.9
2019	1.3	1.4
2018		42.9
Prior	210.6	167.3
Direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	397.4	375
BBB+ thru BBB-
Vintage year, Direct financing leases
2023	2.6
2022	22.8	33.9
2021	20	21.9
2020	45.5	62.4
2019	6.4	11.9
2018		11.7
Prior	74.1	70.4
Direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	171.4	212.2
BB+ thru BB-
Vintage year, Direct financing leases
2023	40.6
2022		2.7
2021	15.2	57.3
2020	7.7	12.1
2019		2
Prior	1.6	2.1
Direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	65.1	76.2
B+ and below
Vintage year, Direct financing leases
2021		1.6
Direct financing leases, Total amortized cost		1.6
Commercial mortgage loans
Vintage year, Mortgage loans
2023	720.6
2022	1,738.7	1,526
2021	2,752.5	2,734.3
2020	1,870.8	1,967.1
2019	2,416.4	2,628.9
2018		2,444
Prior	6,948.7	5,430
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	16,447.7	16,730.3
Vintage year, Direct financing leases
Accrued interest receivable	51.7	57.7
Commercial mortgage loans | A- and above
Vintage year, Mortgage loans
2023	412
2022	1,152.7	1,036.4
2021	2,327.8	2,277.9
2020	1,748.2	1,807.3
2019	2,117	2,210.2
2018		2,187.9
Prior	5,839.4	4,624.9
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	13,597.1	14,144.6
Commercial mortgage loans | BBB+ thru BBB-
Vintage year, Mortgage loans
2023	207.2
2022	452.7	385.6
2021	408.6	439.6
2020	119.7	156.8
2019	180.5	418.7
2018		238.9
Prior	876.2	691.7
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	2,244.9	2,331.3
Commercial mortgage loans | BB+ thru BB-
Vintage year, Mortgage loans
2023	101.4
2022	133.3	104
2021	16.1	16.8
2020	2.9	3
2019	118.9
2018		8.9
Prior	169.3	71.7
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	541.9	204.4
Commercial mortgage loans | B+ and below
Vintage year, Mortgage loans
2018		8.3
Prior	63.8	41.7
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	63.8	50
Residential mortgage loans
Vintage year, Mortgage loans
2023	465.3
2022	1,081.5	1,152.8
2021	1,365.6	1,745.4
2020	424.2	449.3
2019	124.1	134.7
2018		76
Prior	436	424.8
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	3,896.7	3,983
Vintage year, Direct financing leases
Accrued interest receivable	11.1	19.6
Residential mortgage loans | Performing
Vintage year, Mortgage loans
2023	464.9
2022	1,077.9	1,144.8
2021	1,361	1,740.7
2020	421.1	447.1
2019	122	133
2018		75.4
Prior	430.3	417.8
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	3,877.2	3,958.8
Residential mortgage loans | Non-performing
Vintage year, Mortgage loans
2023	0.4
2022	3.6	8
2021	4.6	4.7
2020	3.1	2.2
2019	2.1	1.7
2018		0.6
Prior	5.7	7
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 19.5	24.2
Vintage year, Direct financing leases
Mortgage loans, delinquent to be considered non-performing (in days)	90 days
Other loans
Vintage year, Mortgage loans
2023	$ 103.4
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	103.4
Vintage year, Direct financing leases
Accrued interest receivable	1.3	$ 0
Other loans | Performing
Vintage year, Mortgage loans
2023	103.4
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 103.4

Investments - Financing Receiva

Investments - Financing Receivable, Non-Accrual and Aging (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Financing receivables, Non-accrual status	$ 75.4	$ 75.4			$ 67.8	$ 17.2
Financing receivables, Non-accrual assets without a valuation allowance	0.5	0.5			0.6
Financing receivables, Nonaccrual, Interest Income	0.7	0.7	$ 0.8
Direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	633.9	633.9			665
Mortgage loans and direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	21,081.7	21,081.7			21,378.3
Direct financing leases, Recorded investment 90 days or more past due and accruing					1.6
Mortgage loans and direct financing leases, Recorded investment 90 days or more past due and accruing	14.7	14.7			8
Reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable	20,221.8	20,221.8			21,156.7
30 to 59 Days Past Due
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	3.7	3.7			6.6
Mortgage loans and direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	80.8	80.8			125.6
60 to 89 Days Past Due
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Direct financing leases, Total amortized cost					6.2
Mortgage loans and direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	15.4	15.4			29.1
90 Days or More Past Due
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Direct financing leases, Total amortized cost					1.6
Mortgage loans and direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	37.5	37.5			32.2
Past Due
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	3.7	3.7			14.4
Mortgage loans and direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	133.7	133.7			186.9
Reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable				$ 0	0
Current
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	630.2	630.2			650.6
Mortgage loans and direct financing leases, Total amortized cost	20,948	20,948			21,191.4
Commercial mortgage loans
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Financing receivables, Non-accrual status	63.7	63.7			50	13.2
Financing receivables, Nonaccrual, Interest Income	0.7	0.7	$ 0.8
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	16,447.7	16,447.7			16,730.3
Mortgage loans, Recorded investment 90 days or more past due and accruing	6.9	6.9
Commercial mortgage loans | 30 to 59 Days Past Due
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	37.7	37.7			45.9
Commercial mortgage loans | 60 to 89 Days Past Due
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	1.7	1.7			7.5
Commercial mortgage loans | 90 Days or More Past Due
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	21	21			14.4
Commercial mortgage loans | Past Due
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	60.4	60.4			67.8
Commercial mortgage loans | Current
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	16,387.3	16,387.3			16,662.5
Residential mortgage loans
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Financing receivables, Non-accrual status	11.7	11.7			17.8	$ 4
Financing receivables, Non-accrual assets without a valuation allowance	0.5	0.5			0.6
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	3,896.7	3,896.7			3,983
Mortgage loans, Recorded investment 90 days or more past due and accruing	7.8	7.8			6.4
Residential mortgage loans | 30 to 59 Days Past Due
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	39.4	39.4			73.1
Residential mortgage loans | 60 to 89 Days Past Due
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	13.7	13.7			15.4
Residential mortgage loans | 90 Days or More Past Due
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	16.5	16.5			16.2
Residential mortgage loans | Past Due
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	69.6	69.6			104.7
Residential mortgage loans | Current
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	3,827.1	3,827.1			$ 3,878.3
Other loans
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	103.4	103.4
Other loans | Current
Financing receivables, non-accrual and aging disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 103.4	$ 103.4

Investments - Mortgage Loan Val

Investments - Mortgage Loan Valuation Allowance (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Direct financing leases, Changes in financing receivable valuation allowance
Beginning balance, Direct financing lease valuation allowance	$ 1.1	$ 0.3	$ 0.6	$ 0.4
Provision: Direct financing lease valuation allowance		0.3	0.5	0.2
Foreign currency translation adjustment: Direct financing lease valuation allowance	(0.1)		(0.1)
Ending balance, Direct financing lease valuation allowance	1	0.6	1	0.6
Total, Changes in financing receivable valuation allowance
Beginning balance valuation allowance	112.1	68.2	86.8	49
Provision	7.1	2.8	31.6	20.9
Charge-offs	(0.1)		(0.2)	(0.1)
Recoveries	0.4	0.5	1.1	1.9
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(0.4)	(0.2)	(0.2)	(0.4)
Ending balance valuation allowance	119.1	71.3	119.1	71.3
Commercial mortgage loans
Mortgage loans and reinsurance recoverables, Changes in financing receivable valuation allowance
Beginning balance, Financing receivable valuation allowance	101.5	63.6	77.9	43.9
Provision: Financing receivable valuation allowance	6	2	29.5	21.9
Foreign currency translation adjustment: Financing receivable valuation allowance	(0.2)	(0.1)	(0.1)	(0.3)
Ending balance, Financing receivable valuation allowance	107.3	65.5	$ 107.3	65.5
Total, Changes in financing receivable valuation allowance
Mortgage loans, Days delinquent to be analyzed for valuation allowance			60 days
Residential mortgage loans
Mortgage loans and reinsurance recoverables, Changes in financing receivable valuation allowance
Beginning balance, Financing receivable valuation allowance	6.8	1.7	$ 5.6	2
Provision: Financing receivable valuation allowance	1.1	0.5	1.6	(1.1)
Charge-offs: Financing receivable valuation allowance	(0.1)		(0.2)	(0.1)
Recoveries: Financing receivable valuation allowance	0.4	0.5	1.1	1.9
Foreign currency translation adjustment: Financing receivable valuation allowance	(0.1)	(0.1)		(0.1)
Ending balance, Financing receivable valuation allowance	8.1	2.6	$ 8.1	2.6
Total, Changes in financing receivable valuation allowance
Mortgage loans, Days delinquent to be analyzed for valuation allowance			60 days
Reinsurance recoverables
Mortgage loans and reinsurance recoverables, Changes in financing receivable valuation allowance
Beginning balance, Financing receivable valuation allowance	2.7	2.6	$ 2.7	2.7
Provision: Financing receivable valuation allowance				(0.1)
Ending balance, Financing receivable valuation allowance	$ 2.7	$ 2.6	$ 2.7	$ 2.6

Investments - Mortgage Loans (D

Investments - Mortgage Loans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Commercial mortgage loans
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, purchased	$ 0.5	$ 98.2	$ 108.4	$ 144.4
Mortgage loans, sold		0.1		0.1
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 16,447.7		$ 16,447.7		$ 16,730.3
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	100%		100%		100%
Commercial mortgage loans | Office
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 3,676.3		$ 3,676.3		$ 4,322
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	22.30%		22.30%		25.90%
Commercial mortgage loans | Retail
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 1,503.4		$ 1,503.4		$ 1,499.4
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	9.10%		9.10%		9%
Commercial mortgage loans | Industrial
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 3,507.4		$ 3,507.4		$ 3,235.9
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	21.30%		21.30%		19.30%
Commercial mortgage loans | Apartments
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 6,925.7		$ 6,925.7		$ 6,827.1
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	42.20%		42.20%		40.80%
Commercial mortgage loans | Hotel
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 69.5		$ 69.5		$ 72.5
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	0.40%		0.40%		0.40%
Commercial mortgage loans | Mixed use/other
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 765.4		$ 765.4		$ 773.4
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	4.70%		4.70%		4.60%
Commercial mortgage loans | New England
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 377.8		$ 377.8		$ 512.1
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	2.30%		2.30%		3.10%
Commercial mortgage loans | Middle Atlantic
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 4,446.5		$ 4,446.5		$ 4,505.6
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	26.90%		26.90%		26.90%
Commercial mortgage loans | East North Central
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 586.7		$ 586.7		$ 652.5
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	3.60%		3.60%		3.90%
Commercial mortgage loans | West North Central
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 330.7		$ 330.7		$ 370.9
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	2%		2%		2.20%
Commercial mortgage loans | South Atlantic
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 2,640.8		$ 2,640.8		$ 2,558.3
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	16.10%		16.10%		15.30%
Commercial mortgage loans | East South Central
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 432.2		$ 432.2		$ 339.8
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	2.60%		2.60%		2%
Commercial mortgage loans | West South Central
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 1,259.5		$ 1,259.5		$ 1,204.9
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	7.70%		7.70%		7.20%
Commercial mortgage loans | Mountain
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 858.5		$ 858.5		$ 938.7
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	5.20%		5.20%		5.60%
Commercial mortgage loans | Pacific
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 4,997.4		$ 4,997.4		$ 5,115.3
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	30.50%		30.50%		30.60%
Commercial mortgage loans | International
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 517.6		$ 517.6		$ 532.2
Percent of mortgage loans (as a percent)	3.10%		3.10%		3.20%
Residential mortgage loans
Mortgage loan disclosures
Mortgage loans, purchased	$ 74.6	476.1	$ 497	1,657.5
Mortgage loans, sold	4.1	$ 4.8	25.4	$ 490.8
Mortgage loans, Total amortized cost	$ 3,896.7		$ 3,896.7		$ 3,983

Investments - Mortgage Loan Mod

Investments - Mortgage Loan Modifications (Details) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) contract
Mortgage Loan Modifications
Number of contracts | contract	1
Recorded investment | $	$ 34.9
Commercial mortgage loans
Mortgage Loan Modifications
Number of contracts | contract	1
Recorded investment | $	$ 34.9

Investments - Securities Posted

Investments - Securities Posted as Collateral (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Securities Posted as Collateral
Mortgage loans	$ 20,229	$ 20,629.8
Pledged as collateral
Securities Posted as Collateral
Fixed maturities available-for-sale and trading securities posted as collateral for a reinsurance arrangement, derivative credit support annex (collateral) agreements, Futures Commission Merchant agreements, a lending arrangement and an obligation under funding agreements with Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines	4,355.3	3,569.7
Pledged as collateral | Funding agreements with Federal Home Loan Bank
Securities Posted as Collateral
Mortgage loans	6,753.7	6,411
Pledged as collateral with right to be sold or repledged
Securities Posted as Collateral
Securities posted as collateral eligible to be sold or repledged	$ 769.2	$ 503.8

Investments - Balance Sheet Off

Investments - Balance Sheet Offsetting, Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Financial Asset Offsetting
Gross amount of recognized assets subject to netting agreements	$ 445.7	$ 445.4
Amount of liabilities that offset the gross amount of assets subject to netting agreements not offset in statement of financial position	(150)	(135.7)
Collateral received, financial assets	(283)	(276.3)
Net amount of assets subject to netting agreements	12.7	33.4
Derivative assets
Financial Asset Offsetting
Gross amount of recognized assets subject to netting agreements	279.1	321
Amount of liabilities that offset the gross amount of assets subject to netting agreements not offset in statement of financial position	(150)	(135.7)
Collateral received, financial assets	(116.4)	(151.9)
Net amount of assets subject to netting agreements	12.7	33.4
Reverse repurchase agreements
Financial Asset Offsetting
Gross amount of recognized assets subject to netting agreements	166.6	124.4
Collateral received, financial assets	$ (166.6)	$ (124.4)

Investments - Balance Sheet O_2

Investments - Balance Sheet Offsetting, Liabilities (Details) - Derivative liabilities - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Financial Liability Offsetting
Gross amount of recognized liabilities subject to netting agreements	$ 674.6	$ 634.2
Amount of assets that offset the gross amount of liabilities subject to netting agreements not offset in statement of financial position	(150)	(135.7)
Collateral pledged, financial liabilities	(520.7)	(485.1)
Net amount of liabilities subject to netting agreements	$ 3.9	$ 13.4

Derivative Financial Instrume_3

Derivative Financial Instruments - Notional Amounts and Credit Exposure (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivative Financial Instruments, exposure
Cash and securities posted under collateral arrangements associated with derivative credit support agreements and Futures Commission Merchant agreements	$ 756.9	$ 750.9
Aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position	654	632.6
Collateral and initial margin posted supporting derivatives with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position	756.9	750.9
Additional collateral required to be posted if derivative credit-risk-related contingent features were triggered	75.7
Cash collateral received associated with derivative credit support annex agreements and Futures Commission Merchant agreements	129.1	148.8
Notional amount	91,059.3	89,064.3
Gross credit exposure	288	331.2
Less: collateral received	165.1	191.9
Net credit exposure	122.9	139.3
Interest rate swaps
Derivative Financial Instruments, exposure
Cash exchanged under contract	0
Principal payments made under contract	0
Notional amount	55,478.2	52,249.9
Gross credit exposure	38.3	64.2
Interest rate options
Derivative Financial Instruments, exposure
Notional amount	3,016.9	4,418.9
Gross credit exposure	34.2	41.7
Interest rate forwards
Derivative Financial Instruments, exposure
Notional amount	2,172.6	2,527.5
Gross credit exposure		0.1
Interest rate futures
Derivative Financial Instruments, exposure
Notional amount	1,707.2	877.5
Currency swaps
Derivative Financial Instruments, exposure
Notional amount	1,757.3	1,634.7
Gross credit exposure	146	171.1
Currency forwards
Derivative Financial Instruments, exposure
Notional amount	1,016.7	1,123.1
Gross credit exposure	20.1	34
Equity options
Derivative Financial Instruments, exposure
Notional amount	2,254.8	2,049.3
Gross credit exposure	45.4	16.5
Equity futures
Derivative Financial Instruments, exposure
Notional amount	573.8	574.1
Credit default swaps
Derivative Financial Instruments, exposure
Notional amount	305	400
Gross credit exposure	4	3.6
Embedded derivative financial instruments
Derivative Financial Instruments, exposure
Notional amount	$ 22,776.8	$ 23,209.3

Derivative Financial Instrume_4

Derivative Financial Instruments - Fair Value of Derivatives (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivatives, fair value disclosures
Derivative instruments, assets	$ 279.1	$ 321.6
Derivative instruments, liabilities	(3,291.8)	(2,972.2)
Fair value of embedded derivative liabilities reported with contractholder funds	78.8	46.4
Fair value of net (asset) liability embedded derivative reported with funds withheld payable	(4,045.7)	(3,652.8)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Derivatives, fair value disclosures
Derivative instruments, assets	133	154.6
Derivative instruments, liabilities	119.7	124.8
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Derivatives, fair value disclosures
Derivative instruments, assets	146.1	167
Derivative instruments, liabilities	(3,411.5)	(3,097)
Interest rate contracts | Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Derivatives, fair value disclosures
Derivative instruments, assets	12.5	20
Derivative instruments, liabilities	104.3	105.1
Interest rate contracts | Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Derivatives, fair value disclosures
Derivative instruments, assets	55	81.1
Derivative instruments, liabilities	471.1	439.9
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Derivatives, fair value disclosures
Derivative instruments, assets	120.5	134.6
Derivative instruments, liabilities	15.4	19.7
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Derivatives, fair value disclosures
Derivative instruments, assets	41.8	65.9
Derivative instruments, liabilities	18.3	21.9
Equity contracts | Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Derivatives, fair value disclosures
Derivative instruments, assets	45.4	16.5
Derivative instruments, liabilities	64.7	45.6
Credit contracts | Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Derivatives, fair value disclosures
Derivative instruments, assets	3.9	3.5
Derivative instruments, liabilities	1.3	2
Other contracts | Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Derivatives, fair value disclosures
Derivative instruments, liabilities	$ (3,966.9)	$ (3,606.4)

Derivative Financial Instrume_5

Derivative Financial Instruments - Credit Derivatives Sold (Details) - Single name credit default swaps - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Credit derivatives sold disclosures
Notional amount	$ 220	$ 270
Fair value	3.5	2.6
Maximum future payments	$ 220	$ 270
Weighted average expected life	2 years 10 months 24 days	3 years 1 month 6 days
Corporate debt securities | A
Credit derivatives sold disclosures
Notional amount	$ 40	$ 40
Fair value	0.3	0.4
Maximum future payments	$ 40	$ 40
Weighted average expected life	1 year 8 months 12 days	2 years 6 months
Corporate debt securities | BBB
Credit derivatives sold disclosures
Notional amount	$ 140	$ 190
Fair value	2.9	2.2
Maximum future payments	$ 140	$ 190
Weighted average expected life	3 years 3 months 18 days	3 years 1 month 6 days
Corporate debt securities | BB
Credit derivatives sold disclosures
Notional amount	$ 20	$ 20
Fair value		(0.2)
Maximum future payments	$ 20	$ 20
Weighted average expected life	3 years 8 months 12 days	4 years 6 months
Sovereign | A
Credit derivatives sold disclosures
Notional amount	$ 20	$ 20
Fair value	0.3	0.2
Maximum future payments	$ 20	$ 20
Weighted average expected life	1 year 8 months 12 days	2 years 6 months

Derivative Financial Instrume_6

Derivative Financial Instruments - Fair Value Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Hedges
Carrying amount of hedged asset - Active hedging relationships	$ 3,400.3		$ 3,400.3		$ 3,498.6
Hedged Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Excluding Accrued Interest		Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Excluding Accrued Interest		Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Excluding Accrued Interest
Carrying amount of hedged asset - Discontinued hedging relationships	$ 67.8		$ 67.8		$ 48.8
Carrying amount of hedged asset - Active or discontinued hedging relationships	3,468.1		3,468.1		3,547.4
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging basis adjustment - Active hedging relationships	(150.7)		(150.7)		(153.4)
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging basis adjustment - Discontinued hedging relationships	0.3		0.3		1.3
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging basis adjustment - Active or discontinued hedging relationships	(150.4)		(150.4)		$ (152.1)
Carrying amount of hedged liability - Active hedging relationships	$ 294.8		$ 294.8
Hedged Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Contractholder Funds.		Contractholder Funds.		Contractholder Funds.
Carrying amount of hedged liability - Active or discontinued hedging relationships	$ 294.8		$ 294.8
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging basis adjustment - Active hedging relationships	(9.4)		(9.4)
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging basis adjustment - Active or discontinued hedging relationships	(9.4)		(9.4)
Amortized cost basis of closed portfolio used in portfolio layer hedging relationship	3,177.4		3,177.4		$ 3,256.9
Cumulative basis adjustments associated with portfolio layer hedging relationship	(109)		(109)		(102.4)
Amount of hedged item in portfolio layer hedging relationship	1,210		1,210		$ 1,110
Gain (loss) from components excluded from assessment of fair value hedge effectiveness	$ (0.2)	$ 0	$ (1)	$ 0

Derivative Financial Instrume_7

Derivative Financial Instruments - Cash Flow Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash Flow Hedges
Maximum length of time hedging exposure to variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions			3 years 4 months 24 days
Net gains (losses) reported in AOCI related to active cash flow hedges of forecasted transactions	$ (1.8)		$ (1.8)
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships	(17)	$ 104.8	(19.9)	$ 83.6
Net gains (losses) expected to be reclassified from accumulated OCI into net income in the next 12 months			24.4
Interest rate contracts | Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
Cash Flow Hedges
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships	(20.3)	(17.5)	(1.8)	(117.2)
Interest rate contracts | Investment contracts
Cash Flow Hedges
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships	(3.1)	4.9	(7.7)	16.9
Foreign exchange contracts | Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
Cash Flow Hedges
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships	$ 6.4	$ 117.4	$ (10.4)	$ 183.9

Derivative Financial Instrume_8

Derivative Financial Instruments - Effect of Hedges on Consolidated Statements of Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Net investment income (loss)		$ 989.2	$ 911.7	$ 2,964	$ 2,857.1
Net realized capital gains (losses)	[1]	179.3	(27.4)	40.5	(353.4)
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses		1,710.6	1,801.6	5,318.6	4,735.5
Fair Value Hedges | Net investment income
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Total gain (loss) recognized for hedging relationships		16.7		45.6
Fair Value Hedges | Net realized capital gains (losses)
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Total gain (loss) recognized for hedging relationships		0.1		0.1
Fair Value Hedges | Benefits, claims and settlement expenses
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Total gain (loss) recognized for hedging relationships		(2)		(2.2)
Fair Value Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Net investment income
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Gain (loss) recognized on hedged item		(12.4)	(58.2)	(8.9)	(164.6)
Gain (loss) recognized on derivatives		12.7	57.7	10.7	160.7
Amortization of hedged item basis adjustments		(0.1)	(0.3)	(0.2)	(1)
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives		16.5	2.9	44	(4)
Total gain (loss) recognized for hedging relationships			2.1		(8.9)
Fair Value Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Benefits, claims and settlement expenses
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Gain (loss) recognized on hedged item		(6.8)		(9.4)
Gain (loss) recognized on derivatives		6		8.5
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives		(1.2)		(1.3)
Fair Value Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Net realized capital gains (losses)
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Gain (loss) recognized on hedged item		(1.4)		(0.8)
Gain (loss) recognized on derivatives		1.3		0.7
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives		0.2		0.2
Cash Flow Hedges | Net investment income
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Total gain (loss) recognized for hedging relationships		6.4	5.4	19.1	17.1
Cash Flow Hedges | Net realized capital gains (losses)
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Total gain (loss) recognized for hedging relationships		0.3	2.7	3.2	14.2
Cash Flow Hedges | Benefits, claims and settlement expenses
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Total gain (loss) recognized for hedging relationships		3.7	1.3	10.2	1.2
Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Net investment income (loss)		1	1.7	3.1	7.7
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses				(0.1)	(0.1)
Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Net realized capital gains (losses)
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into net income as a result that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring			2.7	1.7	13.5
Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Benefits, claims and settlement expenses
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives		3.7	1.3	10.3	1.3
Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Net realized capital gains (losses)		0.3		1.5	0.7
Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Net investment income
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives		5.4	3.7	16	9.4
Net investment hedging relationships
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in accumulated OCI on derivatives		0.9	2	0.1	3.6
Net investment hedging relationships | Foreign exchange contracts
Gains (losses) recognized for hedging relationships
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in accumulated OCI on derivatives		$ 0.9	$ 2	$ 0.1	$ 3.6
[1] Includes realized and unrealized gains (losses). See Note 3, Investments, for further details.

Derivative Financial Instrume_9

Derivative Financial Instruments - Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the consolidated statements of operations
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	$ 943.7	$ 1,243	$ 239.6	$ 4,165.9
Interest rate contracts
Effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the consolidated statements of operations
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	73.2	(0.4)	29	(282.3)
Foreign exchange contracts
Effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the consolidated statements of operations
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	(66.1)	(14.4)	(50.2)	10
Equity contracts
Effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the consolidated statements of operations
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	19.3	16.9	(102.3)	99.1
Credit contracts
Effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the consolidated statements of operations
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	0.8	0.7	2.6	(2.9)
Other contracts
Effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the consolidated statements of operations
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives	$ 916.5	$ 1,240.2	$ 360.5	$ 4,342

Deferred Acquisition Costs an_3

Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Long-duration and short-duration insurance
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs	$ 97.5	$ 97.1	$ 292.8	$ 289.5

Deferred Acquisition Costs an_4

Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances - Disaggregated DAC amounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	$ 3,948.4	$ 3,948		$ 3,822.3
Short-duration contracts
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	34.2	34.7
Other balances
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	7.7	8.8
Retirement and Income Solutions
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	920.5	930		964.4
Retirement and Income Solutions | Workplace savings and retirement solutions
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	504.1	498	$ 489	477.2
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	277.7	278	281.2	281.9
Retirement and Income Solutions | Pension risk transfer
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	13.8	8.1	2.7
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual fixed deferred annuities
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	112.2	131	162.2	192.7
Retirement and Income Solutions | Investment only
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	12.7	14.9	18.1	12.6
Benefits and Protection
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	2,986	2,974.5		2,857.9
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Universal life
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	1,549.3	1,569.7	1,596.2	1,608.3
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Term life
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	692.1	685.7	678.9	607.9
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Participating life
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	86.6	93	102.3	111.9
Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits | Individual disability
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred acquisition costs	$ 658	$ 626.1	$ 580.7	$ 529.8

Deferred Acquisition Costs an_5

Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances - Retirement and Income Solutions - Balances and changes in DAC (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	$ 3,948		$ 3,822.3
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	3,948.4	$ 3,948
Retirement and Income Solutions
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	930		964.4
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	920.5	930
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Retirement and Income Solutions
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	498	489	477.2
Costs deferred	35.7	48.3	50.1
Amortized to expense	(29.6)	(39.3)	(38.3)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	504.1	498	489
Individual variable annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	278	281.2	281.9
Costs deferred	19.1	22.5	26.4
Amortized to expense	(19.4)	(25.7)	(27.1)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	277.7	278	281.2
Pension risk transfer | Retirement and Income Solutions
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	8.1	2.7
Costs deferred	6.1	5.6	2.7
Amortized to expense	(0.4)	(0.2)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	13.8	8.1	2.7
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	131	162.2	192.7
Costs deferred			7.6
Amortized to expense	(18.8)	(31.2)	(38.1)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	112.2	131	162.2
Investment only | Retirement and Income Solutions
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	14.9	18.1	12.6
Costs deferred	1.4	1.4	9.1
Amortized to expense	(3.6)	(4.6)	(3.6)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	$ 12.7	$ 14.9	$ 18.1

Deferred Acquisition Costs an_6

Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances - Benefits and Protection - Balances and changes in DAC (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	$ 3,948		$ 3,822.3
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	3,948.4	$ 3,948
Benefits and Protection
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	2,974.5		2,857.9
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	2,986	2,974.5
Individual disability | Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	626.1	580.7	529.8
Costs deferred	65.4	87.6	89.8
Amortized to expense	(33.5)	(42.2)	(38.9)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	658	626.1	580.7
Universal life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	1,569.7	1,596.2	1,608.3
Costs deferred	51.4	70.6	84.3
Amortized to expense	(71.8)	(97.1)	(96.4)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	1,549.3	1,569.7	1,596.2
Term life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	685.7	678.9	607.9
Costs deferred	52.5	66.7	126.5
Amortized to expense	(46.1)	(59.9)	(55.5)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	692.1	685.7	678.9
Participating life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Beginning balance, Deferred acquisition costs	93	102.3	111.9
Costs deferred	1	1.4	1.9
Amortized to expense	(7.4)	(10.7)	(11.5)
Ending balance, Deferred acquisition costs	$ 86.6	$ 93	$ 102.3

Deferred Acquisition Costs an_7

Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances - Unearned Revenue Liability (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Other Actuarial Balances
Total unearned revenue liability	$ 486.9	$ 467.4
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Other Actuarial Balances
Total unearned revenue liability				$ 384.4
Universal life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Other Actuarial Balances
Total unearned revenue liability	479.7	459	$ 425.3	$ 384.4
Other balances
Other Actuarial Balances
Total unearned revenue liability	$ 7.2	$ 8.4

Deferred Acquisition Costs an_8

Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances - Unearned Revenue Liability Balances and Changes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Other Actuarial Balances
Beginning balance, Unearned Revenue Liability	$ 467.4
Ending balance, Unearned Revenue Liability	486.9	$ 467.4
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Other Actuarial Balances
Beginning balance, Unearned Revenue Liability			$ 384.4
Universal life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Other Actuarial Balances
Beginning balance, Unearned Revenue Liability	459	425.3	384.4
Deferrals	42.9	61.8	66.1
Revenue recognized	(22.2)	(28.1)	(25.2)
Ending balance, Unearned Revenue Liability	479.7	459	$ 425.3
Reinsurance impact	(226)	(227.9)
Balance at end of period after reinsurance	$ 253.7	$ 231.1

Separate Account Balances (Deta

Separate Account Balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Separate Account Balances
Separate account that primarily includes shares of Principal Financial Group, Inc. stock that were allocated and issued to eligible participants of qualified employee benefit plans as part of the 2001 demutualization	$ 82.4	$ 101.4

Separate Account Balances - Sep

Separate Account Balances - Separate Account Asset (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	$ 155,478.2	$ 155,375.1
Fixed maturities
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	33,257.1	34,805.5
Fixed maturities | U.S. government and agencies
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	8,156.2	7,339.6
Fixed maturities | Non-U.S. governments
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	7,618.1	8,424.3
Fixed maturities | States and political subdivisions
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	198.5	211.7
Fixed maturities | Corporate debt securities
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	12,808.7	14,429.7
Fixed maturities | Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	3,776.9	3,894.5
Fixed maturities | Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	213.1	206.2
Fixed maturities | Other debt obligations
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	485.6	299.5
Equity securities
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	108,349	105,053.3
Real estate
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	497	610.6
Other investments
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	8,688.9	10,278.6
Cash and cash equivalents
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	3,757.2	3,583.8
Other assets
Separate Account Assets
Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position	$ 929	$ 1,043.3

Separate Account Balances - S_2

Separate Account Balances - Separate Account Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Separate Account Balances
Separate account liabilities	$ 155,478.2	$ 155,375.1
Other balances
Separate Account Balances
Separate account liabilities	237.3	233.3
Retirement and Income Solutions
Separate Account Balances
Separate account liabilities	117,251.7	115,899.1
Retirement and Income Solutions | Group retirement contracts
Separate Account Balances
Separate account liabilities	108,677.4	107,240.1	$ 131,188.6
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities
Separate Account Balances
Separate account liabilities	8,574.3	8,659	11,000
Principal Asset Management | Principal International
Separate Account Balances
Separate account liabilities	32,572.9	34,231.7
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Pension | Latin America
Separate Account Balances
Separate account liabilities	31,680.8	33,316.7	33,030.6
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia
Separate Account Balances
Separate account liabilities	892.1	915	971.3
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Universal life
Separate Account Balances
Separate account liabilities	$ 5,416.3	$ 5,011	$ 5,886.1

Separate Account Balances - Ret

Separate Account Balances - Retirement and Income Solutions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Changes in separate account liabilities
Balance at beginning of period	$ 155,375.1
Balance at end of period	155,478.2	$ 155,375.1
Retirement and Income Solutions
Changes in separate account liabilities
Balance at beginning of period	115,899.1
Balance at end of period	117,251.7	115,899.1
Retirement and Income Solutions | Group retirement contracts
Changes in separate account liabilities
Balance at beginning of period	107,240.1	131,188.6
Premiums and deposits	8,623.2	14,859.3
Policy charges	(253)	(383.7)
Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments	(10,148.7)	(14,479.4)
Investment performance	5,403.7	(20,641.3)
Net transfers (to) from general account	(2,057.8)	(2,571.7)
Other	(130.1)	(731.7)
Balance at end of period	108,677.4	107,240.1
Cash surrender value	107,646.9	106,125.7
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities
Changes in separate account liabilities
Balance at beginning of period	8,659	11,000
Premiums and deposits	259	354.1
Policy charges	(154)	(211.1)
Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments	(720.5)	(790.1)
Investment performance	481.9	(1,723.3)
Net transfers (to) from general account	27.4	29.4
Other	21.5
Balance at end of period	8,574.3	8,659
Cash surrender value	$ 8,458.8	$ 8,538.7

Separate Account Balances - Pri

Separate Account Balances - Principal Asset Management - Principal International (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Changes in separate account liabilities
Balance at beginning of period	$ 155,375.1
Balance at end of period	155,478.2	$ 155,375.1
Principal Asset Management | Principal International
Changes in separate account liabilities
Balance at beginning of period	34,231.7
Balance at end of period	32,572.9	34,231.7
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Pension | Latin America
Changes in separate account liabilities
Balance at beginning of period	33,316.7	33,030.6
Premiums and deposits	2,786.4	3,620.4
Policy charges	(13.7)	(18.2)
Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments	(3,215.3)	(3,984.6)
Investment performance	396.7	498.8
Other	2.7	(0.8)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(1,592.7)	170.5
Balance at end of period	31,680.8	33,316.7
Cash surrender value	31,680.8	33,316.7
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia
Changes in separate account liabilities
Balance at beginning of period	915	971.3
Premiums and deposits	166.8	276.2
Policy charges	(14.7)	(19.8)
Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments	(201)	(247)
Investment performance	29.3	(64)
Other	(0.2)	(0.4)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(3.1)	(1.3)
Balance at end of period	892.1	915
Cash surrender value	$ 892.1	$ 915

Separate Account Balances - Ben

Separate Account Balances - Benefits and Protection (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Changes in separate account liabilities
Balance at beginning of period	$ 155,375.1
Balance at end of period	155,478.2	$ 155,375.1
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Universal life
Changes in separate account liabilities
Balance at beginning of period	5,011	5,886.1
Premiums and deposits	404.9	514.7
Policy charges	(96.5)	(122.1)
Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments	(271.2)	(208.6)
Investment performance	361.1	(1,054.5)
Net transfers (to) from general account	7	(4.6)
Balance at end of period	5,416.3	5,011
Cash surrender value	$ 5,474.4	$ 5,055.8

Contractholder Funds (Details)

Contractholder Funds (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Contract holder Funds
Total policyholder account balances for contracts with significant insurance risk or investment contracts with significant fee revenue	$ 25,488.8	$ 26,349.6
Investment contracts without significant fee revenue	16,453.4	16,104
Embedded derivatives	78.8	46.4
Other balances	282.9	325.3
Total contract holder funds per consolidated statements of financial position	42,303.9	42,825.3
Retirement and Income Solutions
Contract holder Funds
Total policyholder account balances for contracts with significant insurance risk or investment contracts with significant fee revenue	18,957.1	19,764.4
Retirement and Income Solutions | Workplace savings and retirement solutions
Contract holder Funds
Total policyholder account balances for contracts with significant insurance risk or investment contracts with significant fee revenue	12,571.2	12,154.7	$ 10,996.2
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities
Contract holder Funds
Total policyholder account balances for contracts with significant insurance risk or investment contracts with significant fee revenue	436.6	381.4	380.9
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual fixed deferred annuities
Contract holder Funds
Total policyholder account balances for contracts with significant insurance risk or investment contracts with significant fee revenue	5,949.3	7,228.3	9,646.3
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Universal life
Contract holder Funds
Total policyholder account balances for contracts with significant insurance risk or investment contracts with significant fee revenue	6,888.1	6,947.9	$ 6,962.5
Corporate | Inter-segment eliminations
Contract holder Funds
Total policyholder account balances for contracts with significant insurance risk or investment contracts with significant fee revenue	$ (356.4)	$ (362.7)

Contractholder Funds - Changes

Contractholder Funds - Changes in Policyholder Account Balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Changes in policyholder account balances
Policyholder account balance, beginning of period	$ 26,349.6
Policyholder account balance, end of period	25,488.8	$ 26,349.6
Retirement and Income Solutions
Changes in policyholder account balances
Policyholder account balance, beginning of period	19,764.4
Policyholder account balance, end of period	18,957.1	19,764.4
Retirement and Income Solutions | Workplace savings and retirement solutions
Changes in policyholder account balances
Policyholder account balance, beginning of period	12,154.7	10,996.2
Premiums and deposits	3,308.2	3,719.5
Policy charges	(23)	(28.5)
Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments	(3,451)	(2,866.7)
Net transfers from (to) separate account	403.5	164.6
Interest credited	203.6	194.3
Other	(24.8)	(24.7)
Policyholder account balance, end of period	$ 12,571.2	$ 12,154.7
Weighted-average crediting rate	2.40%	1.94%
Cash surrender value	$ 10,871.5	$ 10,341.7
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities
Changes in policyholder account balances
Policyholder account balance, beginning of period	381.4	380.9
Premiums and deposits	405.2	426.5
Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments	(791.6)	(843.2)
Net transfers from (to) separate account	434.1	406.6
Interest credited	7.5	10.6
Policyholder account balance, end of period	$ 436.6	$ 381.4
Weighted-average crediting rate	2.82%	2.79%
Cash surrender value	$ 334.5	$ 378.6
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual fixed deferred annuities
Changes in policyholder account balances
Policyholder account balance, beginning of period	7,228.3	9,646.3
Premiums and deposits	28.9	35.9
Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments	(1,431.5)	(2,655.6)
Interest credited	123.6	201.7
Policyholder account balance, end of period	$ 5,949.3	$ 7,228.3
Weighted-average crediting rate	2.78%	2.63%
Cash surrender value	$ 5,836.2	$ 7,081.4
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Universal life
Changes in policyholder account balances
Policyholder account balance, beginning of period	6,947.9	6,962.5
Premiums and deposits	942.4	1,267.2
Policy charges	(640.8)	(837.8)
Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments	(396.8)	(390)
Net transfers from (to) separate account	(140.7)	(301.5)
Interest credited	176.3	247.5
Other	(0.2)
Policyholder account balance, end of period	6,888.1	6,947.9
Reinsurance impact	(3,427.6)	(3,528.9)
Policyholder account balance at end of period after reinsurance	$ 3,460.5	$ 3,419
Weighted-average crediting rate	3.75%	3.35%
Net amount at risk	$ 86,494.3	$ 86,547.9
Cash surrender value	$ 5,904	$ 5,911.5

Contractholder Funds - Guarante

Contractholder Funds - Guaranteed Minimum Interest Rate (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Total policyholder account value	$ 25,488.8	$ 26,349.6
Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Total policyholder account value	18,957.1	19,764.4
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	10,567.6	10,058.7
Policyholder account value without GMIR	2,003.6	2,096
Total policyholder account value	12,571.2	12,154.7	$ 10,996.2
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1,461.4	1,890.3
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	8,146.4	8,126.5
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	934.2	15.3
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 3.01% - 4.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	7.6	7.8
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 4.01% and above | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	18	18.8
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | At GMIR | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	436.2	45.6
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | At GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR		3.9
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | At GMIR | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	410.6	15.1
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | At GMIR | 3.01% - 4.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	7.6	7.8
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | At GMIR | 4.01% and above | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	18	18.8
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	5,523.4	574.8
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	3.7	24.8
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	5,519.6	549.9
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	0.1	0.1
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1,278.6	7,279.1
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	105.4	1,188.9
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1,172.4	6,090.2
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	0.8
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1,074.2	1,784.9
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1,048.5	307.8
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR		1,477
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	25.7	0.1
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 2.01% or more above GMIR | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	2,255.2	374.3
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 2.01% or more above GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	303.8	364.9
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 2.01% or more above GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1,454.4	$ 9.4
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | 2.01% or more above GMIR | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	$ 497
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Minimum | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	1.01%	1.01%
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Minimum | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	2.01%	2.01%
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Minimum | 3.01% - 4.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	3.01%	3.01%
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Minimum | 4.01% and above | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	4.01%	4.01%
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Maximum | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	1%	1%
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Maximum | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	2%	2%
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Maximum | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	3%	3%
Workplace savings and retirement solutions | Maximum | 3.01% - 4.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	4%	4%
Individual variable annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	$ 324.6	$ 368.4
Policyholder account value without GMIR	112	13
Total policyholder account value	436.6	381.4	380.9
Individual variable annuities | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	25.8	33
Individual variable annuities | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	5.7	3.6
Individual variable annuities | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	293.1	331.8
Individual variable annuities | At GMIR | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	324.6	368.4
Individual variable annuities | At GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	25.8	33
Individual variable annuities | At GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	5.7	3.6
Individual variable annuities | At GMIR | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	$ 293.1	$ 331.8
Individual variable annuities | Minimum | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	1.01%	1.01%
Individual variable annuities | Minimum | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	2.01%	2.01%
Individual variable annuities | Minimum | 3.01% - 4.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	3.01%	3.01%
Individual variable annuities | Minimum | 4.01% and above | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	4.01%	4.01%
Individual variable annuities | Maximum | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	1%	1%
Individual variable annuities | Maximum | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	2%	2%
Individual variable annuities | Maximum | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	3%	3%
Individual variable annuities | Maximum | 3.01% - 4.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	4%	4%
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	$ 5,695.7	$ 6,915.5
Policyholder account value without GMIR	253.6	312.8
Total policyholder account value	5,949.3	7,228.3	9,646.3
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	2,104	2,696.5
Individual fixed deferred annuities | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	364.1	432.2
Individual fixed deferred annuities | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	3,066.7	3,617.1
Individual fixed deferred annuities | 3.01% - 4.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	160.9	169.7
Individual fixed deferred annuities | At GMIR | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	3,671.6	4,353
Individual fixed deferred annuities | At GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	336.6	426.4
Individual fixed deferred annuities | At GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	107.4	139.8
Individual fixed deferred annuities | At GMIR | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	3,066.7	3,617.1
Individual fixed deferred annuities | At GMIR | 3.01% - 4.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	160.9	169.7
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	135.4	163.1
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	134.4	161.7
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1	1.4
Individual fixed deferred annuities | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	174.2	276.1
Individual fixed deferred annuities | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	144.4	236.2
Individual fixed deferred annuities | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	29.8	39.9
Individual fixed deferred annuities | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	712.8	1,129.7
Individual fixed deferred annuities | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	488.1	879.2
Individual fixed deferred annuities | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	224.7	250.5
Individual fixed deferred annuities | 2.01% or more above GMIR | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1,001.7	993.6
Individual fixed deferred annuities | 2.01% or more above GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1,000.5	993
Individual fixed deferred annuities | 2.01% or more above GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	$ 1.2	$ 0.6
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Minimum | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	1.01%	1.01%
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Minimum | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	2.01%	2.01%
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Minimum | 3.01% - 4.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	3.01%	3.01%
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Minimum | 4.01% and above | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	4.01%	4.01%
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Maximum | Up to 1.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	1%	1%
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Maximum | 1.01% - 2.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	2%	2%
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Maximum | 2.01% - 3.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	3%	3%
Individual fixed deferred annuities | Maximum | 3.01% - 4.00% | Retirement and Income Solutions
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	4%	4%
Universal life | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	$ 6,081.8	$ 6,214.1
Policyholder account value without GMIR	806.3	733.8
Total policyholder account value	6,888.1	6,947.9	$ 6,962.5
Universal life | Up to 1.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	18.9	19.2
Universal life | 1.01% - 2.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1,591.2	1,573.2
Universal life | 2.01% - 3.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	2,635.3	2,780.9
Universal life | 3.01% - 4.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1,781.7	1,785.1
Universal life | 4.01% and above | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	54.7	55.7
Universal life | At GMIR | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	2,745.7	2,921.1
Universal life | At GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	300	315.7
Universal life | At GMIR | 2.01% - 3.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	750.7	865.9
Universal life | At GMIR | 3.01% - 4.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1,657.3	1,698.9
Universal life | At GMIR | 4.01% and above | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	37.7	40.6
Universal life | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	748.2	1,005.5
Universal life | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	0.5	8.4
Universal life | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | 2.01% - 3.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	686.9	951.2
Universal life | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | 3.01% - 4.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	48.7	35.8
Universal life | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | 4.01% and above | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	12.1	10.1
Universal life | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1,327	1,345.9
Universal life | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	16.7	10.1
Universal life | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	412.8	407
Universal life | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | 2.01% - 3.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	850.5	903.5
Universal life | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | 3.01% - 4.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	43.6	21.9
Universal life | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | 4.01% and above | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	3.4	3.4
Universal life | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	849.8	782.3
Universal life | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	472.8	695.5
Universal life | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | 2.01% - 3.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	346.6	59.9
Universal life | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | 3.01% - 4.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	28.9	25.3
Universal life | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | 4.01% and above | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1.5	1.6
Universal life | 2.01% or more above GMIR | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	411.1	159.3
Universal life | 2.01% or more above GMIR | Up to 1.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	1.7	0.7
Universal life | 2.01% or more above GMIR | 1.01% - 2.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	405.6	155
Universal life | 2.01% or more above GMIR | 2.01% - 3.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	0.6	0.4
Universal life | 2.01% or more above GMIR | 3.01% - 4.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
Policyholder account value with GMIR	$ 3.2	$ 3.2
Universal life | Minimum | 1.01% - 2.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	1.01%	1.01%
Universal life | Minimum | 2.01% - 3.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	2.01%	2.01%
Universal life | Minimum | 3.01% - 4.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	3.01%	3.01%
Universal life | Minimum | 4.01% and above | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	4.01%	4.01%
Universal life | Maximum | Up to 1.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	1%	1%
Universal life | Maximum | 1.01% - 2.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	2%	2%
Universal life | Maximum | 2.01% - 3.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	3%	3%
Universal life | Maximum | 3.01% - 4.00% | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Excess of crediting rates over GMIR
GMIR	4%	4%

Future Policy Benefits and Cl_3

Future Policy Benefits and Claims - Disaggregated Amounts Included in Future Policy Benefits and Claims (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Liability for future policy benefits	$ 32,949.4	$ 34,064.4		$ 43,489.8
Additional liability for certain benefit features	5,176.7	4,095.2
Participating contracts	3,089.8	3,207.2
Short-duration contracts	1,272.5	1,295.6
Cost of reinsurance liability	150.2	191.1
Reinsurance recoverable liability	40.6	39.4
Other	6.7	132.4
Future policy benefits and claims per consolidated statements of financial position	42,685.9	43,025.3
Retirement and Income Solutions
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Liability for future policy benefits	26,017.1	26,230.8		33,009.5
Retirement and Income Solutions | Pension risk transfer
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Liability for future policy benefits	21,355.2	21,211.4		25,863.7
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual fixed income annuities
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Liability for future policy benefits	4,661.9	5,019.4		7,145.8
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Latin America | Individual fixed income annuities
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Liability for future policy benefits	4,225.1	5,042.3		6,561.5
Benefits and Protection
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Liability for future policy benefits	2,554.2	2,607.8		3,661.2
Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits | Individual disability
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Liability for future policy benefits	1,604.5	1,698.8	$ 2,498.4	2,500.9
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Term life
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Liability for future policy benefits	949.7	909	1,117.6	1,160.3
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Universal life
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Additional liability for certain benefit features	5,176.7	4,095.2	3,814.2
Corporate | Long-term care insurance
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Liability for future policy benefits	$ 153	$ 183.5	$ 234.7	$ 257.6

Future Policy Benefits and Cl_4

Future Policy Benefits and Claims - Liability for Unpaid Claims (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Change in unpaid claims
Balance at beginning of period, unpaid claims	$ 1,395	$ 1,370.9
Balance at beginning of period, reinsurance recoverables for unpaid claims	68.6	68.7
Net balance at beginning of period, unpaid claims	1,326.4	1,302.2
Incurred:
Incurred: Current year	1,233.1	1,176.6
Incurred: Prior years	(92.1)	(11.2)
Total incurred	1,141	1,165.4
Payments:
Payments: Current year	856.6	825.8
Payments: Prior years	295.4	318.8
Total payments	1,152	1,144.6
Net balance at end of period, unpaid claims	1,315.4	1,323
Balance at end of period, reinsurance recoverables for unpaid claims	66.5	71
Balance at end of period, unpaid claims	$ 1,381.9	$ 1,394

Future Policy Benefits and Cl_5

Future Policy Benefits and Claims - Gross Premiums or Assessments and Interest Accretion (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Gross premiums or assessments	$ 1,064	$ 1,127.6	$ 3,260.1	$ 2,636.4
Interest accretion	460.7	542.3	1,455.1	1,628.6
Retirement and Income Solutions
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Gross premiums or assessments	565.5	609.7	1,773.4	1,206.8
Interest accretion	308.9	290.8	914.8	871
Retirement and Income Solutions | Pension risk transfer
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Gross premiums or assessments	553.9	603.4	1,741.8	1,186.2
Interest accretion	254.4	233.7	749.5	697.6
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual fixed income annuities
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Gross premiums or assessments	11.6	6.3	31.6	20.6
Interest accretion	54.5	57.1	165.3	173.4
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Latin America | Individual fixed income annuities
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Gross premiums or assessments	2.4	34.2	17.6	75.2
Interest accretion	56.7	172.7	276.4	523.2
Benefits and Protection
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Gross premiums or assessments	494.9	482.4	1,465.2	1,350.4
Interest accretion	92.8	76.3	256.5	227.1
Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits | Individual disability
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Gross premiums or assessments	161.9	155.5	467.2	448.4
Interest accretion	23.8	22.5	70.5	67.5
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Universal life
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Gross premiums or assessments	170.7	168.3	512.8	429
Interest accretion	56.7	42.8	150.6	127.1
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Term life
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Gross premiums or assessments	162.3	158.6	485.2	473
Interest accretion	12.3	11	35.4	32.5
Corporate | Long-term care insurance
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Gross premiums or assessments	1.2	1.3	3.9	4
Interest accretion	$ 2.3	$ 2.5	$ 7.4	$ 7.3

Future Policy Benefits and Cl_6

Future Policy Benefits and Claims - Retirement and Income Solutions (Details) - Retirement and Income Solutions - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Pension risk transfer
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	$ 21,211.4	$ 25,365.8	$ 25,863.7
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	1,799.6	(3,386.5)	(4,827.9)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	23,011	21,979.3	21,035.8
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	(53.4)	(7.9)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(9.8)	(3.2)	(2.4)
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	22,947.8	21,968.2	21,033.4
Interest accrual	749.5	935.7	916.7
Benefit payments	(1,471.6)	(1,841.7)	(1,772.5)
Issuances	1,747.7	1,948.8	1,801.7
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	23,973.4	23,011	21,979.3
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	(2,618.2)	(1,799.6)	3,386.5
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	21,355.2	21,211.4	25,365.8
Future policy benefits after reinsurance	$ 21,355.2	$ 21,211.4
Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (in years)	8 years	8 years 6 months
Liability for future policy benefit increase (decrease) due to effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	$ (818.6)	$ (5,186.1)
Individual fixed income annuities
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	5,019.4	6,535	7,145.8
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	439	(812.6)	(1,213.5)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	5,458.4	5,722.4	5,932.3
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	(1.3)	(3)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(0.7)		(1.3)
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	5,456.4	5,719.4	5,931
Interest accrual	165.3	229.7	240.5
Benefit payments	(378.5)	(520.4)	(532)
Issuances	31.2	29.7	82.9
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	5,274.4	5,458.4	5,722.4
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	(612.5)	(439)	812.6
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	4,661.9	5,019.4	$ 6,535
Reinsurance Impact	(4,344.7)	(4,714)
Future policy benefits after reinsurance	$ 317.2	$ 305.4
Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (in years)	7 years 7 months 6 days	7 years 10 months 24 days
Liability for future policy benefit increase (decrease) due to effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	$ (173.5)	$ (1,251.6)

Future Policy Benefits and Cl_7

Future Policy Benefits and Claims - Principal Asset Management - Principal International (Details) - Principal Asset Management - Principal International - Latin America - Individual fixed income annuities - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	$ 5,042.3	$ 4,336.8	$ 6,561.5
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	(754.6)	(478.5)	(2,096)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	4,287.7	3,858.3	4,465.5
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(0.1)	(4.7)	(4.9)
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	4,287.6	3,853.6	4,460.6
Interest accrual	276.4	662	444.3
Benefit payments	(271)	(325.8)	(436)
Issuances	18.8	86.4	141.3
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(201.9)	11.5	(751.9)
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	4,109.9	4,287.7	3,858.3
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	115.2	754.6	478.5
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	$ 4,225.1	$ 5,042.3	$ 4,336.8
Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (in years)	9 years 8 months 12 days	10 years 10 months 24 days
Liability for future policy benefit increase (decrease) due to effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	$ (639.4)	$ 276.1

Future Policy Benefits and Cl_8

Future Policy Benefits and Claims - Benefits and Protection (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Future policy benefits	$ 32,949.4		$ 32,949.4	$ 34,064.4		$ 43,489.8
Benefits and Protection
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Future policy benefits	2,554.2		2,554.2	2,607.8		3,661.2
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Term life
Present value of expected net premiums
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected net premiums			3,423.2	4,193.7
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period			196	(690.1)	$ (861.1)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate			3,619.2	3,503.6	2,937.9
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	143.5		143.5
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	92.7		92.7	128.6	211.4
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	3,855.4		3,855.4	3,632.2	3,149.3
Interest accrual			127.5	162.9	151.1
Net premiums collected			(266.4)	(346.6)	(315)
Issuances			158.1	170.7	518.2
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	3,874.6		3,874.6	3,619.2	3,503.6
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	(362.4)		(362.4)	(196)	690.1
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected net premiums	3,512.2		3,512.2	3,423.2	4,193.7
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments			4,332.2	5,311.3	4,959.3
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period			251.6	(913.9)	(1,179.9)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate			4,583.8	4,397.4	3,779.4
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	181.8		181.8
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	106.9		106.9	139	216
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	4,872.5		4,872.5	4,536.4	3,995.4
Interest accrual			162.9	206.8	194.3
Benefit payments			(268.2)	(340.6)	(335.7)
Issuances			170	181.2	543.4
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	4,937.2		4,937.2	4,583.8	4,397.4
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	(475.3)		(475.3)	(251.6)	913.9
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	4,461.9		4,461.9	4,332.2	5,311.3
Future policy benefits	949.7		949.7	909	1,117.6	1,160.3
Reinsurance Impact	40.7		40.7	25.6	(0.1)
Future policy benefits after reinsurance	$ 990.4		990.4	934.6	1,117.5
Liability for future policy benefit increase (decrease) due to effect of changes in discount rate assumptions			$ (57.3)	$ (279.4)
Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (in years)	9 years 6 months		9 years 6 months	9 years 7 months 6 days
Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits | Individual disability
Present value of expected net premiums
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected net premiums			$ 2,341.8	$ 3,149.9
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period			395.2	(198.9)	(340.7)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate			2,737	2,951	2,807.6
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	$ (37.6)		(37.6)	(413.1)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	204.1		204.1	235.9	122
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	2,903.5		2,903.5	2,773.8	2,929.6
Interest accrual			71.3	95.2	95.4
Net premiums collected			(204.7)	(276.5)	(280.4)
Issuances			81.1	144.5	206.4
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	2,851.2		2,851.2	2,737	2,951
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	(485.4)		(485.4)	(395.2)	198.9
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected net premiums	2,365.8		2,365.8	2,341.8	3,149.9
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments			4,040.6	5,648.3	5,649.2
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period			1,021.4	(501)	(834.1)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate			5,062	5,147.3	4,815.1
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	(51.5)		(51.5)	(476.3)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	218.7		218.7	240	118.8
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	5,229.2		5,229.2	4,911	4,933.9
Interest accrual			141.8	185.4	181
Benefit payments			(149.6)	(183.7)	(179.7)
Issuances			83.6	149.3	212.1
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	5,305		5,305	5,062	5,147.3
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	(1,334.7)		(1,334.7)	(1,021.4)	501
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	3,970.3		3,970.3	4,040.6	5,648.3
Future policy benefits	1,604.5		1,604.5	1,698.8	2,498.4	$ 2,500.9
Reinsurance Impact	(365.9)		(365.9)	(386.8)	(549.9)
Future policy benefits after reinsurance	1,238.6		1,238.6	1,312	$ 1,948.5
Liability for future policy benefit increase (decrease) due to effect of changes in discount rate assumptions			$ (223.1)	$ (928.3)
Liability for future policy benefits increase (decrease) from actuarial assumptions	(13.9)	$ (63.2)
Pre-tax operating earnings, net of reinsurance, increase (decrease) from actuarial assumptions	$ 10.2	$ 52.4
Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (in years)	18 years 3 months 18 days		18 years 3 months 18 days	18 years 6 months
Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits | Term life
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Liability for future policy benefits increase (decrease) from actuarial assumptions	$ 38.3
Pre-tax operating earnings, net of reinsurance, increase (decrease) from actuarial assumptions	$ (25.4)

Future Policy Benefits and Cl_9

Future Policy Benefits and Claims - Additional Liability for Certain Benefit Features (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Changes in the additional liability for certain benefits features
Balance at end of period	$ 5,176.7	$ 5,176.7	$ 4,095.2
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Universal life
Changes in the additional liability for certain benefits features
Balance at beginning of period		4,095.2	3,814.2	$ 3,463.9
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	725.4	725.4	(6)	(11.1)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	27.7	27.7	54.9	18.1
Interest accrual		150.6	171.2	158.3
Net assessments collected		277.1	320.3	324.7
Benefit payments		(99.3)	(91.9)	(83.1)
Other			(167.5)	(56.6)
Balance at end of period	5,176.7	5,176.7	4,095.2	$ 3,814.2
Reinsurance impact	(5,158.8)	(5,158.8)	(4,091.4)
Balance at end of period after reinsurance	$ 17.9	$ 17.9	$ 3.8
Weighted-average duration for additional liability (in years)	27 years	27 years	27 years 7 months 6 days
Additional liability for certain benefit features increase (decrease) from update of actuarial assumptions	$ 725.4
Income before taxes, net of reinsurance decrease due to updating actuarial assumptions related to the additional liability for certain benefit features	$ 13.1

Future Policy Benefits and C_10

Future Policy Benefits and Claims - Corporate (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Future policy benefits	$ 32,949.4	$ 34,064.4		$ 43,489.8
Corporate | Long-term care insurance
Present value of expected net premiums
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected net premiums	64.6	62.8
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	(3.6)	(14)	$ (17.6)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	61	48.8	49.1
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	(13.3)	10	2.8
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(5.9)	4.1	(0.8)
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	41.8	62.9	51.1
Interest accrual	2.2	3.3	2.9
Net premiums collected	(4)	(5.2)	(5.2)
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	40	61	48.8
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	0.8	3.6	14
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected net premiums	40.8	64.6	62.8
Present value of expected future policy benefit payments
Balance at beginning of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	248.1	297.5	324.3
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at beginning of period	(18.9)	(89.5)	(111.1)
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate	229.2	208	213.2
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	(40.5)	17.2	0.5
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	2	3.7	(4.6)
Adjusted beginning of period balance at original discount rate	190.7	228.9	209.1
Interest accrual	9.6	13.1	12.4
Benefit payments	(10.4)	(12.8)	(13.5)
Balance at end of period at original discount rate	189.9	229.2	208
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions at end of period	3.9	18.9	89.5
Balance at end of period, Present value of expected future policy benefit payments	193.8	248.1	297.5
Future policy benefits	153	183.5	234.7	$ 257.6
Reinsurance Impact	$ (153)	$ (183.5)	$ (234.7)
Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (in years)	10 years	11 years 9 months 18 days
Liability for future policy benefit increase (decrease) due to effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	$ (12.2)	$ (60.2)

Future Policy Benefits and C_11

Future Policy Benefits and Claims - Expected Future Gross Premiums and Benefit Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement and Income Solutions | Pension risk transfer
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Expected undiscounted future benefit payments	$ 34,656.4	$ 33,691.4
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual fixed income annuities
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Expected undiscounted future benefit payments	7,393.6	7,716.6
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Latin America | Individual fixed income annuities
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Expected undiscounted future benefit payments	6,118.5	6,449.9
Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits | Individual disability
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Expected discounted future gross premiums	5,082.4	5,140.9
Expected undiscounted future gross premiums	8,213.6	7,978.7
Expected undiscounted future benefit payments	8,899.8	8,473.9
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Term life
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Expected discounted future gross premiums	5,911.1	6,104.6
Expected undiscounted future gross premiums	10,229.4	10,146.3
Expected undiscounted future benefit payments	7,736.1	7,202.5
Corporate | Long-term care insurance
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Expected discounted future gross premiums	40.8	64.6
Expected undiscounted future gross premiums	60.9	96.5
Expected undiscounted future benefit payments	$ 373.7	$ 483.4

Future Policy Benefits and C_12

Future Policy Benefits and Claims - Interest Accretion and Current Discount Rates (Details)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement and Income Solutions | Pension risk transfer
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Interest accretion rate	4.45%	4.38%
Current discount rate	5.90%	5.31%
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual fixed income annuities
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Interest accretion rate	4.22%	4.22%
Current discount rate	5.89%	5.30%
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Latin America | Individual fixed income annuities
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Interest accretion rate	4.23%	4.24%
Current discount rate	3.82%	2.43%
Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits | Individual disability
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Interest accretion rate	3.97%	4.03%
Current discount rate	5.95%	5.36%
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Universal life
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Interest accretion rate	4.76%	4.73%
Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Term life
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Interest accretion rate	4.84%	4.89%
Current discount rate	5.86%	5.22%
Corporate | Long-term care insurance
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Interest accretion rate	6.16%	6.16%
Current discount rate	5.91%	5.34%

Market Risk Benefits - Asset an

Market Risk Benefits - Asset and Liability Position and Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Market Risk Benefits
Market risk benefit asset	$ 173.1	$ 109.2
Market risk benefit liability	112.5	207.4
Net asset (liability)	60.6	(98.2)
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities
Market Risk Benefits
Market risk benefit asset	173.1	109.2
Market risk benefit liability	90.8	181.4
Net asset (liability)	82.3	(72.2)	$ (494.7)	$ (591.3)
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia
Market Risk Benefits
Market risk benefit liability	21.7	26
Net asset (liability)	$ (21.7)	$ (26)	$ (35.1)	$ (53.3)

Market Risk Benefits - Net Asse

Market Risk Benefits - Net Asset (Liability) Balances and Changes in Valuation of the MRBs for Individual Variable Annuities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Net asset (liability) balances and the changes in the valuation of the MRBs
Balance at beginning of period, market risk benefits	$ (98.2)
Balance at end of period, market risk benefits	60.6	$ (98.2)
Net amount at risk				$ 644.6
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities
Net asset (liability) balances and the changes in the valuation of the MRBs
Balance at beginning of period, market risk benefits	(72.2)	(494.7)	$ (591.3)
Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period	(31.7)	109.5	(106.7)
Adjusted balance at beginning of period, market risk benefits	(103.9)	(385.2)	(484.6)
Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior	(57.7)	(90.1)	(120.7)
Benefit payments	0.3	1.3	0.4
Changes in interest rates	126	539.1	154.3
Changes in equity markets	76	(112.4)	106.4
Changes in equity index volatility	40.4	(50.2)	15.1
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior	(2.8)	1.5	2.3
Changes in future expected policyholder behavior		(6.1)	(96.6)
Changes in other future expected assumptions	(5.3)	(1.8)	38.2
Adjusted balance at end of period, market risk benefits	73	(103.9)	(385.2)
Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period	(9.3)	(31.7)	109.5
Balance at end of period, market risk benefits	$ 82.3	$ (72.2)	$ (494.7)
Weighted-average attained age of policyholders (years)	67 years 8 months 12 days	67 years 4 months 24 days
Net amount at risk	$ 292.7	$ 415.5		$ 591.3

Market Risk Benefits - Net As_2

Market Risk Benefits - Net Asset (Liability) Balances and Changes in Valuation of MRBs for Asia - Guaranteed Pension (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Net asset (liability) balances and the changes in the valuation of the MRBs
Balance at beginning of period, market risk benefits	$ (98.2)
Balance at end of period, market risk benefits	60.6	$ (98.2)
Net amount at risk				$ 644.6
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia
Net asset (liability) balances and the changes in the valuation of the MRBs
Balance at beginning of period, market risk benefits	(26)	(35.1)	$ (53.3)
Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period	1.2	4.3	(6.5)
Adjusted balance at beginning of period, market risk benefits	(24.8)	(30.8)	(46.8)
Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior	(7.6)	(7.1)	(5.3)
Benefit payments	10.4	9.5	5.7
Changes in interest rates	1.1	3.9	7.6
Changes in equity markets	0.2	(1)	1.4
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior	(0.1)	0.7	3.6
Foreign currency translation adjustment	0.1
Adjusted balance at end of period, market risk benefits	(20.7)	(24.8)	(30.8)
Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period	1	1.2	4.3
Balance at end of period, market risk benefits	$ (21.7)	$ (26)	$ (35.1)
Weighted-average attained age of policyholders (years)	50 years 2 months 12 days	50 years
Net amount at risk	$ 76.1	$ 91		$ 53.3

Market Risk Benefits - Unobserv

Market Risk Benefits - Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement (Details)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities | Minimum | Long-term interest rate
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0470	0.0397
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities | Minimum | Long-term equity market volatility
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.1800	0.1810
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities | Minimum | Nonperformance risk
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0090	0.0090
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities | Minimum | Lapse rate
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0110	0.0125
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities | Maximum | Long-term interest rate
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0490	0.0412
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities | Maximum | Long-term equity market volatility
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.3300	0.3415
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities | Maximum | Nonperformance risk
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0180	0.0196
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities | Maximum | Lapse rate
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.5500	0.2475
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities | Weighted average input | Long-term interest rate
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0480	0.0404
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities | Weighted average input | Long-term equity market volatility
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.2200	0.2207
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities | Weighted average input | Nonperformance risk
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0160	0.0165
Retirement and Income Solutions | Individual variable annuities | Weighted average input | Lapse rate
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0580	0.0576
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia | Minimum | Long-term interest rate
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0420	0.0380
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia | Minimum | Long-term equity market volatility
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.1677	0.1806
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia | Minimum | Nonperformance risk
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0092	0.0090
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia | Minimum | Lapse rate
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0495	0.0495
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia | Maximum | Long-term interest rate
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0437	0.0398
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia | Maximum | Long-term equity market volatility
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.2424	0.2516
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia | Maximum | Nonperformance risk
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0192	0.0198
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia | Maximum | Lapse rate
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.1935	0.1935
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia | Weighted average input | Long-term interest rate
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0428	0.0388
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia | Weighted average input | Long-term equity market volatility
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.1970	0.2069
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia | Weighted average input | Nonperformance risk
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.0164	0.0168
Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Guaranteed pension | Asia | Weighted average input | Lapse rate
Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
Market risk benefits, measurement input	0.1340	0.1340

Reinsurance (Details)

Reinsurance (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Reinsurance
Reinsurance recoverable assets	$ 13,698.9	$ 13,252.8
Reinsurance recoverable liabilities	40.6	39.4
Reinsurance deposit receivable	$ 6,520.2	$ 7,901

Reinsurance - Effects Of Reinsu

Reinsurance - Effects Of Reinsurance (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Premiums and other considerations:
Premiums and other considerations, Direct	$ 1,575.3	$ 1,591.6	$ 4,757.5	$ 4,068.8
Premiums and other considerations, Ceded	(117.4)	(105.1)	(358.3)	(328.7)
Net premiums and other considerations	1,457.9	1,486.5	4,399.2	3,740.1
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses:
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses, Direct	2,143	2,174.8	6,504.9	5,826.4
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses, Ceded	(432.4)	(373.2)	(1,186.3)	(1,090.9)
Net benefits, claims and settlement expenses	1,710.6	1,801.6	5,318.6	4,735.5
Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss:
Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss, Direct	697.4	(68)	721.7	(199.6)
Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss, Ceded	(739.7)	0.4	(768.9)	(68.4)
Net liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss	$ (42.3)	$ (67.6)	$ (47.2)	$ (268)

Reinsurance - Cost of Reinsuran

Reinsurance - Cost of Reinsurance (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Reinsurance
Cost of reinsurance asset	$ 3,286.6		$ 3,286.6		$ 3,339.1
Cost of reinsurance liability	150.2		150.2		$ 191.1
Cost of reinsurance amortization	$ (25)	$ 7.6	$ 8.2	$ 2.6

Reinsurance - Funds Withheld (D

Reinsurance - Funds Withheld (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Asset [Line Items]
Net assets	$ 18,857.7		$ 18,857.7		$ 20,703.9
Funds withheld payable	18,557.7		18,557.7		20,436.1
Embedded derivative asset	4,045.7		4,045.7		3,652.8
Change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivative	925.6	$ 1,237.7	392.9	$ 4,305
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Asset [Line Items]
Net assets	14,779.3		14,779.3		15,693.5
Fixed maturities, trading
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Asset [Line Items]
Net assets	215.3		215.3		100.8
Equity securities
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Asset [Line Items]
Net assets	0.3		0.3		11
Mortgage loans
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Asset [Line Items]
Net assets	2,527.9		2,527.9		2,810.8
Other investments
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Asset [Line Items]
Net assets	434.1		434.1		179.8
Cash and cash equivalents
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Asset [Line Items]
Net assets	746.9		746.9		1,762.9
Accrued interest income
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Asset [Line Items]
Net assets	203.7		203.7		178.7
Net other assets (liabilities)
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Asset [Line Items]
Net asset (liability)	$ (49.8)		$ (49.8)		$ (33.6)

Reinsurance - Components of Net

Reinsurance - Components of Net Realized Capital Gains (Losses) on Funds Withheld Assets (Details) - Talcott Life & Annuity Re - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Reinsurance
Net realized capital gains (losses)	$ (23.1)	$ (47.3)	$ (151.8)	$ 54.5
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
Reinsurance
Net realized capital gains (losses)	(22.7)	(53.2)	(146.3)	60.7
Fixed maturities, trading
Reinsurance
Net realized capital gains (losses)		(5.6)	(0.1)	(6.4)
Equity securities
Reinsurance
Net realized capital gains (losses)		0.4	(1.2)	(2.4)
Mortgage loans
Reinsurance
Net realized capital gains (losses)		(0.2)	(9.2)	(1.8)
Derivatives
Reinsurance
Net realized capital gains (losses)	$ (0.4)	(0.5)	$ 5	(1)
Other
Reinsurance
Net realized capital gains (losses)		$ 11.8		$ 5.4

Long-Term Debt (Details)

Long-Term Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Mar. 08, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal	$ 3,958.7		$ 4,022.7
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs	(28.5)		(25.7)
Long-term debt carrying amount	$ 3,930.2		3,997
Senior notes
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt issued		$ 700
3.125% notes payable, due 2023
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal			300
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs			(0.1)
Long-term debt carrying amount			$ 299.9
Interest rate (as a percent)	3.125%		3.125%
3.4% notes payable, due 2025
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal	$ 400		$ 400
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs	(0.8)		(1.2)
Long-term debt carrying amount	$ 399.2		$ 398.8
Interest rate (as a percent)	3.40%		3.40%
3.1% notes payable, due 2026
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal	$ 350		$ 350
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs	(1.2)		(1.4)
Long-term debt carrying amount	$ 348.8		$ 348.6
Interest rate (as a percent)	3.10%		3.10%
3.7% notes payable, due 2029
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal	$ 500		$ 500
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs	(4)		(4.3)
Long-term debt carrying amount	$ 496		$ 495.7
Interest rate (as a percent)	3.70%		3.70%
2.125% notes payable, due 2030
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal	$ 600		$ 600
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs	(3.3)		(3.6)
Long-term debt carrying amount	$ 596.7		$ 596.4
Interest rate (as a percent)	2.125%		2.125%
5.375% notes payable, due 2033
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal	$ 400
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs	(3.9)
Long-term debt carrying amount	$ 396.1
Interest rate (as a percent)	5.375%
5.375% notes payable, due 2033 | Senior notes
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt issued		$ 400
Interest rate (as a percent)		5.375%
6.05% notes payable, due 2036
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal	$ 505.6		$ 505.6
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs	(2.2)		(2.3)
Long-term debt carrying amount	$ 503.4		$ 503.3
Interest rate (as a percent)	6.05%		6.05%
4.625% notes payable, due 2042
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal	$ 300		$ 300
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs	(2.8)		(2.9)
Long-term debt carrying amount	$ 297.2		$ 297.1
Interest rate (as a percent)	4.625%		4.625%
4.35% notes payable, due 2043
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal	$ 300		$ 300
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs	(2.9)		(3)
Long-term debt carrying amount	$ 297.1		$ 297
Interest rate (as a percent)	4.35%		4.35%
4.3% notes payable, due 2046
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal	$ 300		$ 300
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs	(3)		(3.1)
Long-term debt carrying amount	$ 297		$ 296.9
Interest rate (as a percent)	4.30%		4.30%
5.5% notes payable, due 2053
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal	$ 300
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs	(4.3)
Long-term debt carrying amount	$ 295.7
Interest rate (as a percent)	5.50%
5.5% notes payable, due 2053 | Senior notes
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt issued		$ 300
Interest rate (as a percent)		5.50%
Floating rate notes payable, due 2055
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal			$ 400
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs			(4.5)
Long-term debt carrying amount			395.5
Mortgages and notes payable | Non-recourse
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt principal	$ 3.1		67.1
Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs	(0.1)		0.7
Long-term debt carrying amount	$ 3		$ 67.8

Income Taxes - Effective Income

Income Taxes - Effective Income Tax Rate (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Reconciliation between the U.S. corporate income tax rate and the effective income tax rate from continuing operations
U.S. corporate income tax rate (as a percent)	21%	21%	21%	21%
Dividends received deduction (as a percent)	(1.00%)	(1.00%)	(3.00%)	(1.00%)
Tax credits (as a percent)	(1.00%)	(1.00%)	(3.00%)	(1.00%)
Impact of equity method presentation (as a percent)			(1.00%)
Low income housing tax credit amortization (as a percent)			2%
Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (as a percent)	2%	1%	3%	1%
Other income tax rate impacts (as a percent)	1%		(1.00%)
Effective income tax rate (as a percent)	22%	20%	18%	20%
Corporate alternative minimum tax accrual	$ 72.5		$ 72.5

Employee and Agent Benefits - C

Employee and Agent Benefits - Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Pension benefits
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Income)
Service cost	$ 13.9	$ 19.7	$ 41.7	$ 58.8
Interest cost	$ 40	$ 28.2	$ 120	$ 84.6
Interest cost, location on consolidated statements of operations	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses
Expected return on plan assets	$ (40.7)	$ (44.8)	$ (122.3)	$ (134.2)
Expected return on plan assets, location on consolidated statements of operations	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses
Amortization of prior service (benefit) cost	$ (4.2)	$ (4.2)	$ (12.6)	$ (12.6)
Amortization of prior service (benefit) cost, location on consolidated statements of operations	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses
Recognized net actuarial (gain) loss	$ 10.2	$ 13.9	$ 30.7	$ 41.8
Recognized net actuarial (gain) loss, location on consolidated statements of operations	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses
Net periodic benefit cost (income)	$ 19.2	$ 12.8	$ 57.5	$ 38.4
Contributions made by employer to fund qualified and nonqualified pension plans	12		54
Pension benefits | Maximum
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Income)
Amount of possible contributions to be made during the current fiscal year to the qualified and nonqualified pension plans combined	70		70
Other postretirement benefits
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Income)
Interest cost	$ 0.8	$ 0.6	$ 2.5	$ 1.7
Interest cost, location on consolidated statements of operations	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses
Expected return on plan assets	$ (1.2)	$ (1.3)	$ (3.5)	$ (3.7)
Expected return on plan assets, location on consolidated statements of operations	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses
Amortization of prior service (benefit) cost	$ (0.3)	$ (0.3)	$ (0.8)	$ (0.8)
Amortization of prior service (benefit) cost, location on consolidated statements of operations	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses
Recognized net actuarial (gain) loss	$ (0.1)	$ (0.2)	$ (0.5)	$ (0.8)
Recognized net actuarial (gain) loss, location on consolidated statements of operations	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses	Operating expenses
Net periodic benefit cost (income)	$ (0.8)	$ (1.2)	$ (2.3)	$ (3.6)

Contingencies, Guarantees and_2

Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnifications (Details) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Guarantees to third parties primarily related to former subsidiaries and joint ventures
Guarantees and Indemnifications
Maximum exposure under guarantees	$ 82
Guarantees related to P-Caps contingent funding agreements
Guarantees and Indemnifications
Maximum exposure under guarantees	$ 750

Stockholders' Equity - Common S

Stockholders' Equity - Common Stock Dividends and Reconciliation of Outstanding Common Shares (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended						3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Aug. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Jan. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Aug. 16, 2022
Common stock share repurchase disclosures
Amount of forward contract recorded in additional paid in capital								$ (8.9)		$ 33.9
Common stock
Common Stock Dividends
Dividends declared per common share (in dollars per share)							$ 0.65	$ 0.64	$ 1.93	$ 1.92
Reconciliation of Outstanding Common Shares
Outstanding shares at beginning of period					261,673,076		242,037,833	249,852,601	243,549,782	261,673,076
Shares issued							187,895	991,881	2,186,549	3,320,049
Treasury stock acquired							(2,567,868)	(5,984,661)	(6,078,471)	(20,133,304)
Outstanding shares at end of period	244,859,821		249,852,601				239,657,860	244,859,821	239,657,860	244,859,821
Common stock share repurchase disclosures
Share repurchase program, maximum authorized amount (in dollars)					$ 1,600	$ 1,200
Common stock | March 2022 Accelerated Share Repurchase Program
Common stock share repurchase disclosures
Share repurchase program, maximum authorized amount (in dollars)				$ 700
Number of shares repurchased			1.4	8.5
Initial cost of shares repurchased				$ 560
Amount of forward contract recorded in additional paid in capital				$ 140
Volume-weighted average price of our common stock			$ 70.53
Common stock | August 2022 Accelerated Share Repurchase Program
Common stock share repurchase disclosures
Share repurchase program, maximum authorized amount (in dollars)		$ 400
Number of shares repurchased	1.2	4.1
Initial cost of shares repurchased											$ 320
Volume-weighted average price of our common stock	$ 76.48

Stockholders' Equity - Other Co

Stockholders' Equity - Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other comprehensive income (loss), pre-tax	$ (715.7)	$ (1,598.9)	$ 70	$ (6,824.4)
Other comprehensive income (loss), tax	117.9	324.6	(32.5)	1,411.2
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(597.8)	(1,274.3)	37.5	(5,413.2)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities including NCI
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, pre-tax	(2,333.5)	(3,653.1)	(1,840.4)	(14,038.6)
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns, pre-tax	(1.8)	(1.1)	(2.5)	(3.8)
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities, pre-tax	0.6	0.3	0.7	273.1
Other comprehensive income (loss), pre-tax	(2,304.4)	(3,577.6)	(1,628.2)	(13,685.5)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, tax	501	778.2	398.8	2,975.2
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, tax	(6.2)	(15.6)	(44.7)	(21)
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns, tax	0.4	0.2	0.6	0.8
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities, tax	(0.2)	(0.1)	(0.2)	(57.5)
Other comprehensive income (loss), tax	495	762.7	354.5	2,897.5
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, after-tax	(1,832.5)	(2,874.9)	(1,441.6)	(11,063.4)
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, after-tax	24.1	60.7	169.3	62.8
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns, after-tax	(1.4)	(0.9)	(1.9)	(3)
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities, after-tax	0.4	0.2	0.5	215.6
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,809.4)	(2,814.9)	(1,273.7)	(10,788)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities including NCI | Net realized capital gains (losses)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, pre-tax	30.3	76.3	214	83.8
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments including NCI
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, pre-tax	(16.8)	104.6	(19.3)	84.2
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, pre-tax	(1.3)	(4.4)	(6.2)	(21.8)
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns, pre-tax	(0.9)		(0.9)	(0.1)
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities, pre-tax	0.2		0.2	0.4
Other comprehensive income (loss), pre-tax	(18.8)	100.2	(26.2)	62.7
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, tax	3.5	(22)	4.1	(17.7)
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, tax	0.3	1	1.3	4.6
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns, tax	0.2		0.2
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities, tax	(0.1)		(0.1)	(0.1)
Other comprehensive income (loss), tax	3.9	(21)	5.5	(13.2)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, after-tax	(13.3)	82.6	(15.2)	66.5
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, after-tax	(1)	(3.4)	(4.9)	(17.2)
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns, after-tax	(0.7)		(0.7)	(0.1)
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities, after-tax	0.1		0.1	0.3
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(14.9)	79.2	(20.7)	49.5
Liability for future policy benefits discount rate remeasurement gain (loss)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other comprehensive income (loss), pre-tax	1,773.5	1,936.7	1,746.1	6,775.1
Other comprehensive income (loss), tax	(399.9)	(425.1)	(404.2)	(1,435.1)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	1,373.6	1,511.6	1,341.9	5,340
Market risk benefit nonperformance risk gain (loss)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other comprehensive income (loss), pre-tax	(22.6)	(3.7)	(22.2)	165.7
Other comprehensive income (loss), tax	4.7	0.8	4.7	(34.7)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(17.9)	(2.9)	(17.5)	131
Foreign currency translation adjustment including NCI
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, pre-tax	(149.1)		1.6
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, pre-tax	0.1		0.4
Other comprehensive income (loss), pre-tax	(149)	(63.8)	2	(172.2)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, tax	15.6		6.6
Other comprehensive income (loss), tax	15.6	9.5	6.6	4.5
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, after-tax	(133.5)		8.2
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, after-tax	0.1		0.4
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(133.4)	(54.3)	8.6	(167.7)
Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation including NCI
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, pre-tax		0.1	(18.3)	2.2
Other comprehensive income (loss), pre-tax	5.6	9.3	(1.5)	29.8
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, tax	0.1	(0.1)	4.8	(0.6)
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, tax	(1.5)	(2.2)	(4.4)	(7.2)
Other comprehensive income (loss), tax	(1.4)	(2.3)	0.4	(7.8)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, after-tax	0.1		(13.5)	1.6
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, after-tax	4.1	7	12.4	20.4
Other comprehensive income (loss)	4.2	7	(1.1)	22
Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation including NCI | Operating expense
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, pre-tax	$ 5.6	$ 9.2	$ 16.8	$ 27.6

Stockholders' Equity - AOCI and

Stockholders' Equity - AOCI and Noncontrolling Interest (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) rollforward
Balances			$ 9,976.7
Adjustment for reinsurance				$ 114.6
Balances	$ 10,671.6		10,671.6
Change in redeemable noncontrolling interest rollforward
Redeemable noncontrolling interest, balance at beginning of period	266.7	$ 268.5	262	332.5
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest	(2.8)	(4.6)	5.3	(38)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest of deconsolidated entities		(2.8)	(3)	(2.8)
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interest	8.3	17.2	31.6	48.2
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest	(11.6)	(22.7)	(34.4)	(84.1)
Purchase of subsidiary shares from redeemable noncontrolling interest		(1.1)	(1.6)	(1.1)
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest	(0.8)	(0.5)	(0.7)	(0.1)
Stock-based compensation attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest	0.1		0.1
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest	(0.4)	1.1	0.2	0.5
Redeemable noncontrolling interest, balance at end of period	259.5	255.1	259.5	255.1
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) rollforward
Balances	(6,245.2)	(6,106.2)	(6,879)	(2,084.1)
Other comprehensive income (loss) during the period, net of adjustments	(623)	(1,339.3)	(139.1)	(5,477.7)
Amounts reclassified to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	27.3	64.3	177.2	66
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.	(595.7)	(1,275)	38.1	(5,411.7)
Adjustment for reinsurance				114.6
Balances	(6,840.9)	(7,381.2)	(6,840.9)	(7,381.2)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) rollforward
Balances	(5,322.2)	(3,984.2)	(5,857.9)	3,880.4
Other comprehensive income (loss) during the period, net of adjustments	(1,833.5)	(2,875.5)	(1,443)	(10,850.6)
Amounts reclassified to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	24.1	60.7	169.3	62.8
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.	(1,809.4)	(2,814.8)	(1,273.7)	(10,787.8)
Adjustment for reinsurance				108.4
Balances	(7,131.6)	(6,799)	(7,131.6)	(6,799)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities with allowance for credit losses	(3.8)	0.9	(3.8)	0.9
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) rollforward
Balances	33.9	33.1	39.7	56.6
Other comprehensive income (loss) during the period, net of adjustments	(13.9)	82.6	(15.8)	66.7
Amounts reclassified to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1)	(3.4)	(4.9)	(17.2)
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.	(14.9)	79.2	(20.7)	49.5
Adjustment for reinsurance				6.2
Balances	19	112.3	19	112.3
Liability for future policy benefits discount rate remeasurement gain (loss)
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) rollforward
Balances	709.2	(209.2)	740.9	(4,037.6)
Other comprehensive income (loss) during the period, net of adjustments	1,373.6	1,511.6	1,341.9	5,340
Amounts reclassified to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	0		0
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.	1,373.6	1,511.6	1,341.9	5,340
Balances	2,082.8	1,302.4	2,082.8	1,302.4
Market risk benefit nonperformance risk gain (loss)
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) rollforward
Balances	24.4	43.8	24	(90.1)
Other comprehensive income (loss) during the period, net of adjustments	(17.9)	(2.9)	(17.5)	131
Amounts reclassified to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	0		0
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.	(17.9)	(2.9)	(17.5)	131
Balances	6.5	40.9	6.5	40.9
Foreign currency translation adjustment
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) rollforward
Balances	(1,431.1)	(1,660)	(1,571.6)	(1,548.7)
Other comprehensive income (loss) during the period, net of adjustments	(131.4)	(55.1)	8.8	(166.4)
Amounts reclassified to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	0.1		0.4
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.	(131.3)	(55.1)	9.2	(166.4)
Balances	(1,562.4)	(1,715.1)	(1,562.4)	(1,715.1)
Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligations
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) rollforward
Balances	(259.4)	(329.7)	(254.1)	(344.7)
Other comprehensive income (loss) during the period, net of adjustments	0.1		(13.5)	1.6
Amounts reclassified to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	4.1	7	12.4	20.4
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.	4.2	7	(1.1)	22
Balances	$ (255.2)	$ (322.7)	$ (255.2)	$ (322.7)

Fair Value Measurements - Asset

Fair Value Measurements - Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$ 61,582	$ 62,889.9
Fixed maturities, trading	722.2	760.7
Equity securities	1,760.2	1,708.6
Derivative instruments, assets	279.1	321.6
Separate account assets	155,478.2	155,375.1
Investment and universal life contracts	$ (78.8)	(46.4)
Fixed maturities valued using internal pricing models
Fixed maturities classified as Level 3 assets, percent valued using internal pricing models (as a percent)	4%
Amount measured at net asset value
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Unfunded commitments of investments measured using NAV	$ 7.1	7.8
U.S. government and agencies
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	1,458.8	1,739.8
Non-U.S. governments
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	478.4	567.3
States and political subdivisions
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	6,271	6,232.3
Corporate debt securities
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	33,669.9	36,183.2
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	2,683.7	2,228.7
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	4,659.6	4,864.6
Collateralized debt obligations
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	5,133.8	4,566.4
Other debt obligations
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	7,226.8	6,507.6
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	61,582	62,889.9
Fixed maturities, trading	722.2	760.7
Equity securities	1,760.2	1,708.6
Derivative instruments, assets	279.1	321.6
Other investments	757	701.1
Cash equivalents	3,194.3	3,604.1
Market risk benefit asset	173.1	109.2
Sub-total excluding separate account assets	68,467.9	70,095.2
Separate account assets	155,478.2	155,375.1
Total assets	223,946.1	225,470.3
Investment and universal life contracts	(78.8)	(46.4)
Market risk benefit liability	(112.5)	(207.4)
Funds withheld payable embedded derivative	4,045.7	3,652.8
Derivative liabilities	(675.1)	(634.2)
Other liabilities	(1.3)	(0.4)
Total liabilities	3,178	2,764.4
Net assets (liabilities)	227,124.1	228,234.7
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Amount measured at net asset value
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Other investments	77.6	81.4
Sub-total excluding separate account assets	77.6	81.4
Separate account assets	8,301	9,120.9
Total assets	8,378.6	9,202.3
Net assets (liabilities)	8,378.6	9,202.3
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Fair value hierarchy Level 1
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	1,159.9	1,387.1
Fixed maturities, trading	65.4	78.6
Equity securities	569.1	492.4
Other investments	217.6	311.7
Cash equivalents	111.9	973.5
Sub-total excluding separate account assets	2,123.9	3,243.3
Separate account assets	95,974	92,010.7
Total assets	98,097.9	95,254
Net assets (liabilities)	98,097.9	95,254
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Fair value hierarchy Level 2
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	57,207.9	59,336.2
Fixed maturities, trading	361.7	548.1
Equity securities	1,191.1	1,216.2
Derivative instruments, assets	278.4	320.9
Other investments	356.6	306.1
Cash equivalents	3,082.4	2,630.6
Sub-total excluding separate account assets	62,478.1	64,358.1
Separate account assets	50,438.7	53,208.6
Total assets	112,916.8	117,566.7
Derivative liabilities	(657.1)	(630.1)
Other liabilities	(1.3)	(0.4)
Total liabilities	(658.4)	(630.5)
Net assets (liabilities)	112,258.4	116,936.2
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Fair value hierarchy Level 3
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	3,214.2	2,166.6
Fixed maturities, trading	295.1	134
Derivative instruments, assets	0.7	0.7
Other investments	105.2	1.9
Market risk benefit asset	173.1	109.2
Sub-total excluding separate account assets	3,788.3	2,412.4
Separate account assets	764.5	1,034.9
Total assets	4,552.8	3,447.3
Investment and universal life contracts	(78.8)	(46.4)
Market risk benefit liability	(112.5)	(207.4)
Funds withheld payable embedded derivative	4,045.7	3,652.8
Derivative liabilities	(18)	(4.1)
Total liabilities	3,836.4	3,394.9
Net assets (liabilities)	8,389.2	6,842.2
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | U.S. government and agencies
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	1,458.8	1,739.8
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | U.S. government and agencies | Fair value hierarchy Level 1
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	1,132.4	1,359.1
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | U.S. government and agencies | Fair value hierarchy Level 2
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	326.4	380.7
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Non-U.S. governments
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	478.4	567.3
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Non-U.S. governments | Fair value hierarchy Level 1
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	0.3	1.4
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Non-U.S. governments | Fair value hierarchy Level 2
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	478.1	565.9
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | States and political subdivisions
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	6,271	6,232.3
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | States and political subdivisions | Fair value hierarchy Level 2
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	6,205.8	6,161.4
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | States and political subdivisions | Fair value hierarchy Level 3
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	65.2	70.9
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Corporate debt securities
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	33,669.9	36,183.2
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Corporate debt securities | Fair value hierarchy Level 1
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	27.2	26.6
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Corporate debt securities | Fair value hierarchy Level 2
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	31,610.8	34,588.3
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Corporate debt securities | Fair value hierarchy Level 3
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	2,031.9	1,568.3
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	2,683.7	2,228.7
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities | Fair value hierarchy Level 2
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	2,683.7	2,228.7
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	4,659.6	4,864.6
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Commercial mortgage-backed securities | Fair value hierarchy Level 2
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	4,656.5	4,861.2
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Commercial mortgage-backed securities | Fair value hierarchy Level 3
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	3.1	3.4
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Collateralized debt obligations
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	5,133.8	4,566.4
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Collateralized debt obligations | Fair value hierarchy Level 2
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	5,076.1	4,510.2
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Collateralized debt obligations | Fair value hierarchy Level 3
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	57.7	56.2
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Other debt obligations
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	7,226.8	6,507.6
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Other debt obligations | Fair value hierarchy Level 2
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	6,170.5	6,039.8
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | Other debt obligations | Fair value hierarchy Level 3
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$ 1,056.3	$ 467.8

Fair Value Measurements - Chang

Fair Value Measurements - Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements (Details) - Recurring Fair Value Measurements - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Changes in Level 3 fair value measurements rollforward, assets and liabilities
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Gain (Loss) on Investments, Change In Fair Value Of Funds Withheld Embedded Derivative	Gain (Loss) on Investments, Change In Fair Value Of Funds Withheld Embedded Derivative	Gain (Loss) on Investments, Change In Fair Value Of Funds Withheld Embedded Derivative	Gain (Loss) on Investments, Change In Fair Value Of Funds Withheld Embedded Derivative
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Asset, Gain (Loss), Statement of Other Comprehensive Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Comprehensive Income Available for Sale Securities Period Increase Decrease Net of Tax, Other Comprehensive Income Derivatives Period Increase (Decrease), Net of Tax	Other Comprehensive Income Available for Sale Securities Period Increase Decrease Net of Tax, Other Comprehensive Income Derivatives Period Increase (Decrease), Net of Tax	Other Comprehensive Income Available for Sale Securities Period Increase Decrease Net of Tax, Other Comprehensive Income Derivatives Period Increase (Decrease), Net of Tax	Other Comprehensive Income Available for Sale Securities Period Increase Decrease Net of Tax, Other Comprehensive Income Derivatives Period Increase (Decrease), Net of Tax
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Gain (Loss) on Investments, Change In Fair Value Of Funds Withheld Embedded Derivative	Gain (Loss) on Investments, Change In Fair Value Of Funds Withheld Embedded Derivative	Gain (Loss) on Investments, Change In Fair Value Of Funds Withheld Embedded Derivative	Gain (Loss) on Investments, Change In Fair Value Of Funds Withheld Embedded Derivative
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Liability, Gain (Loss), Statement of Other Comprehensive Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Comprehensive Income Available for Sale Securities Period Increase Decrease Net of Tax, Other Comprehensive Income Derivatives Period Increase (Decrease), Net of Tax	Other Comprehensive Income Available for Sale Securities Period Increase Decrease Net of Tax, Other Comprehensive Income Derivatives Period Increase (Decrease), Net of Tax	Other Comprehensive Income Available for Sale Securities Period Increase Decrease Net of Tax, Other Comprehensive Income Derivatives Period Increase (Decrease), Net of Tax	Other Comprehensive Income Available for Sale Securities Period Increase Decrease Net of Tax, Other Comprehensive Income Derivatives Period Increase (Decrease), Net of Tax
Beginning balance, net derivative assets (liabilities)	$ 0.2	$ (0.2)	$ (3.4)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income, net derivative assets (liabilities)	$ (20.6)	$ (17.7)	$ (18)	$ (19.7)
Fair Value, Net Derivative Asset (Liability), Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Gain (Loss) on Investments, Change In Fair Value Of Funds Withheld Embedded Derivative	Gain (Loss) on Investments, Change In Fair Value Of Funds Withheld Embedded Derivative	Gain (Loss) on Investments, Change In Fair Value Of Funds Withheld Embedded Derivative	Gain (Loss) on Investments, Change In Fair Value Of Funds Withheld Embedded Derivative
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income, net derivative assets (liabilities)				$ (0.3)
Fair Value, Net Derivative Asset (Liability), Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Other Comprehensive Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Comprehensive Income Available for Sale Securities Period Increase Decrease Net of Tax, Other Comprehensive Income Derivatives Period Increase (Decrease), Net of Tax	Other Comprehensive Income Available for Sale Securities Period Increase Decrease Net of Tax, Other Comprehensive Income Derivatives Period Increase (Decrease), Net of Tax	Other Comprehensive Income Available for Sale Securities Period Increase Decrease Net of Tax, Other Comprehensive Income Derivatives Period Increase (Decrease), Net of Tax	Other Comprehensive Income Available for Sale Securities Period Increase Decrease Net of Tax, Other Comprehensive Income Derivatives Period Increase (Decrease), Net of Tax
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, net derivative assets (liabilities)	$ 3	$ 0.5	$ 4	$ 2.9
Transfers into Level 3, net derivative assets (liabilities)	0.1		0.1
Transfers out of Level 3, net derivative assets (liabilities)				(0.3)
Ending balance, net derivative assets (liabilities)	(17.3)	(17.4)	(17.3)	(17.4)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held, net derivative assets (liabilities)	(15.7)	(22.9)	(14.9)	(17.3)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI relating to positions still held, derivative assets				(0.2)
Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements
Purchases, net derivative assets (liabilities)	0.4		0.4
Sales, net derivative assets (liabilities)	2.6	0.5	3.6	2.9
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, net derivative assets (liabilities)	3	0.5	4	2.9
Investment and universal life contracts
Changes in Level 3 fair value measurements rollforward, assets and liabilities
Beginning balance, liabilities	(69.6)	(45.3)	(46.4)	(83.2)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income, liabilities	3.5	6.4	(14.8)	38
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, liabilities	(12.7)	(2.2)	(17.6)	4.1
Ending balance, liabilities	(78.8)	(41.1)	(78.8)	(41.1)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held, liabilities	1.5	4.6	(11.1)	29.1
Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements
Issuances, liabilities	(22.6)	(4.4)	(41.5)	(16.5)
Settlements, liabilities	9.9	2.2	23.9	20.6
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, liabilities	(12.7)	(2.2)	(17.6)	4.1
Funds withheld payable embedded derivative
Changes in Level 3 fair value measurements rollforward, assets and liabilities
Beginning balance, liabilities	3,120.1	3,067.3	3,652.8
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income, liabilities	925.6	1,237.7	392.9	4,305
Ending balance, liabilities	4,045.7	4,305	4,045.7	4,305
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held, liabilities	925.6	1,237.7	392.9	4,305
Fixed maturities | Available-for-sale
Changes in Level 3 fair value measurements rollforward, assets and liabilities
Beginning balance, assets	2,874.4	1,361.3	2,166.6	1,076.2
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income, assets	(1.6)		(4.8)	(3.4)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income, assets	(46.7)	(18.5)	(77.8)	(66.4)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	328.9	513	942.2	830.6
Transfers into Level 3, assets	103.4		411.2	188.3
Transfers out of Level 3, assets	(44.2)	(11.2)	(223.2)	(180.7)
Ending balance, assets	3,214.2	1,844.6	3,214.2	1,844.6
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held, assets	(1.6)		(5.3)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI relating to positions still held, assets	(47.7)	(18.7)	(74.7)	(65.9)
Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements
Purchases, assets	395.4	592.3	1,075	998.7
Sales, assets	(4.4)	(11.2)	(16.1)	(40.7)
Settlements, assets	(62.1)	(68.1)	(116.7)	(127.4)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	328.9	513	942.2	830.6
States and political subdivisions | Available-for-sale
Changes in Level 3 fair value measurements rollforward, assets and liabilities
Beginning balance, assets	70	86.7	70.9	94.8
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income, assets	(4.3)	(4.5)	(4.4)	(23.8)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	(0.5)	(0.4)	(1.3)	(1.2)
Transfers into Level 3, assets				12
Transfers out of Level 3, assets		(10.2)		(10.2)
Ending balance, assets	65.2	71.6	65.2	71.6
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI relating to positions still held, assets	(4.4)	(4.4)	(4.5)	(22)
Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements
Settlements, assets	(0.5)	(0.4)	(1.3)	(1.2)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	(0.5)	(0.4)	(1.3)	(1.2)
Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale
Changes in Level 3 fair value measurements rollforward, assets and liabilities
Beginning balance, assets	1,818.8	1,248.7	1,568.3	834.3
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income, assets			(3.8)	(3.4)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income, assets	(32.5)	(1.5)	(42.6)	(28.1)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	197.7	232.3	415.5	500.4
Transfers into Level 3, assets	82.2		171.7	176.3
Transfers out of Level 3, assets	(34.3)		(77.2)
Ending balance, assets	2,031.9	1,479.5	2,031.9	1,479.5
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held, assets			(3.7)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI relating to positions still held, assets	(33.5)	(1.7)	(41.1)	(29.8)
Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements
Purchases, assets	261.6	308.2	534.7	659.1
Sales, assets	(4.4)	(11.2)	(16.1)	(36.5)
Settlements, assets	(59.5)	(64.7)	(103.1)	(122.2)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	197.7	232.3	415.5	500.4
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | Available-for-sale
Changes in Level 3 fair value measurements rollforward, assets and liabilities
Beginning balance, assets	3.2	3.8	3.4	19.2
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income, assets		(0.3)		(1)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	(0.1)	(0.1)	(0.3)	(4.6)
Transfers out of Level 3, assets				(10.2)
Ending balance, assets	3.1	3.4	3.1	3.4
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI relating to positions still held, assets		(0.3)		(0.6)
Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements
Sales, assets				(4.2)
Settlements, assets	(0.1)	(0.1)	(0.3)	(0.4)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	(0.1)	(0.1)	(0.3)	(4.6)
Collateralized debt obligations | Available-for-sale
Changes in Level 3 fair value measurements rollforward, assets and liabilities
Beginning balance, assets	65.6	1.3	56.2	85.8
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income, assets	(0.5)	(0.7)	(0.3)	(1.4)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	2.5	42.1	147.8	97.6
Transfers out of Level 3, assets	(9.9)		(146)	(139.3)
Ending balance, assets	57.7	42.7	57.7	42.7
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI relating to positions still held, assets	(0.5)	(0.8)	0.7	(1.3)
Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements
Purchases, assets	2.5	42.1	149	97.6
Settlements, assets			(1.2)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	2.5	42.1	147.8	97.6
Other debt obligations | Available-for-sale
Changes in Level 3 fair value measurements rollforward, assets and liabilities
Beginning balance, assets	916.8	20.8	467.8	42.1
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income, assets	(1.6)		(1)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income, assets	(9.4)	(11.5)	(30.5)	(12.1)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	129.3	239.1	380.5	238.4
Transfers into Level 3, assets	21.2		239.5
Transfers out of Level 3, assets		(1)		(21)
Ending balance, assets	1,056.3	247.4	1,056.3	247.4
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held, assets	(1.6)		(1.6)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI relating to positions still held, assets	(9.3)	(11.5)	(29.8)	(12.2)
Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements
Purchases, assets	131.3	242	391.3	242
Settlements, assets	(2)	(2.9)	(10.8)	(3.6)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	129.3	239.1	380.5	238.4
Other investments
Changes in Level 3 fair value measurements rollforward, assets and liabilities
Beginning balance, assets	1.9	1.4	1.9	2.1
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income, assets	(0.1)		(0.1)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income, assets				(0.7)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	103.4		103.4
Ending balance, assets	105.2	1.4	105.2	1.4
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held, assets	(0.1)		(0.1)
Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements
Purchases, assets	103.4		103.4
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	103.4		103.4
Fixed maturities, trading.
Changes in Level 3 fair value measurements rollforward, assets and liabilities
Beginning balance, assets	171	85.7	134	4.9
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income, assets	(3.2)	0.1	(3.9)	(0.4)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	127.3	38.1	165	90.4
Transfers into Level 3, assets				29
Ending balance, assets	295.1	123.9	295.1	123.9
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held, assets	(3.3)	(0.4)	(4)	(0.4)
Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements
Purchases, assets	142.9	38.1	185.1	90.6
Sales, assets	(8.7)		(12.3)
Settlements, assets	(6.9)		(7.8)	(0.2)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	127.3	38.1	165	90.4
Separate account assets
Changes in Level 3 fair value measurements rollforward, assets and liabilities
Beginning balance, assets	838.1	1,058.6	1,034.9	945.3
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income, assets	(3.2)	23.1	(4.3)	138.8
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	(70.4)	(0.3)	(266.1)	(2.7)
Ending balance, assets	764.5	1,081.4	764.5	1,081.4
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held, assets	(17.8)	13.1	(76.2)	126
Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements
Sales, assets	(62.7)		(286.3)
Issuances, assets	(8.1)	(0.1)	(37.4)	(2)
Settlements, assets	0.4	(0.2)	57.6	(0.7)
Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, assets	$ (70.4)	$ (0.3)	$ (266.1)	$ (2.7)

Fair Value Measurements - Trans

Fair Value Measurements - Transfers (Details) - Recurring Fair Value Measurements - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Fair Value Hierarchy Levels Transfers
Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 3, net derivative assets (liabilities)	$ 0.1		$ 0.1
Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2, net derivative assets (liabilities)				$ 0.3
Available-for-sale | Fixed maturities
Fair Value Hierarchy Levels Transfers
Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 3	103.4		411.2	188.3
Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2	44.2	$ 11.2	223.2	180.7
Available-for-sale | States and political subdivisions
Fair Value Hierarchy Levels Transfers
Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 3				12
Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2		10.2		10.2
Available-for-sale | Corporate debt securities
Fair Value Hierarchy Levels Transfers
Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 3	82.2		171.7	176.3
Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2	34.3		77.2
Available-for-sale | Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Fair Value Hierarchy Levels Transfers
Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2				10.2
Available-for-sale | Collateralized debt obligations
Fair Value Hierarchy Levels Transfers
Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2	9.9		146	139.3
Available-for-sale | Other debt obligations
Fair Value Hierarchy Levels Transfers
Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 3	$ 21.2		$ 239.5
Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2		$ 1		21
Trading | Fixed maturities
Fair Value Hierarchy Levels Transfers
Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 3				$ 29

Fair Value Measurements - Quant

Fair Value Measurements - Quantitative Information for Level 3 Measurements (Details) - Recurring Fair Value Measurements $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) item
Unobservable inputs
Assets measured at fair value | $	$ 223,946.1	$ 225,470.3
Liabilities measured at fair value | $	3,178	2,764.4
Fair value hierarchy Level 3
Unobservable inputs
Assets measured at fair value | $	4,552.8	3,447.3
Liabilities measured at fair value | $	3,836.4	3,394.9
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts
Unobservable inputs
Liabilities measured at fair value | $	$ (78.8)	$ (46.4)
Embedded derivative, Valuation technique	Discounted cash flow	Discounted cash flow
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Long duration interest rate | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input	0.029	0.024
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Long duration interest rate | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input	0.055	0.047
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Long duration interest rate | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input	0.043	0.031
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Long-term equity market volatility | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input	0.152	0.178
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Long-term equity market volatility | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input	0.426	0.369
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Long-term equity market volatility | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input	0.195	0.220
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Non-performance risk
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input		0.009
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Non-performance risk | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input	0.009
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Non-performance risk | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input	0.018
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Non-performance risk | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input	0.012	0.009
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Lapse rate
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input		0
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Lapse rate | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input	0
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Lapse rate | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input	0.550
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Investment and universal life contracts | Discounted cash flow | Lapse rate | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Embedded derivative, Input	0.052	0
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Fixed maturities | Trading
Unobservable inputs
Assets measured at fair value | $	$ 152.3	$ 119.7
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Fixed maturities | Trading | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, trading, Input	0.113	0.096
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Fixed maturities | Trading | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, trading, Input	0.199	0.152
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Fixed maturities | Trading | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, trading, Input	0.132	0.110
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale
Unobservable inputs
Assets measured at fair value | $	$ 1,756.4	$ 1,479.9
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Valuation technique	Discounted cash flow	Discounted cash flow
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.062	0.027
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.260	0.331
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.120	0.110
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization multiple
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	3.25
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization multiple | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	3.25
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Illiquidity premium | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0	0
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Illiquidity premium | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.0482	0.0467
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Illiquidity premium | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.0096	0.0050
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Comparability adjustment | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input		(0.0016)
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Comparability adjustment | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input		0
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Corporate debt securities | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Comparability adjustment | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input		(0.0011)
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Collateralized debt obligations | Available-for-sale
Unobservable inputs
Assets measured at fair value | $	$ 54.3	$ 39.5
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Valuation technique	Discounted cash flow	Discounted cash flow
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Collateralized debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.051	0.044
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Collateralized debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.051	0.044
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Collateralized debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Comparability adjustment
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.0047	0.0055
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Collateralized debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Comparability adjustment | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.0047	0.0055
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Other debt obligations | Available-for-sale
Unobservable inputs
Assets measured at fair value | $	$ 741.9	$ 467.8
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Valuation technique	Discounted cash flow	Discounted cash flow
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Other debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.063	0.056
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Other debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.118	0.082
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Other debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.090	0.076
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Other debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Illiquidity premium | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0	0
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Other debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Illiquidity premium | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.0650	0.0260
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Other debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Illiquidity premium | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.0235	0.0220
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Other debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Comparability adjustment | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0	0.0001
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Other debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Comparability adjustment | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.0158	0.0139
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Other debt obligations | Available-for-sale | Discounted cash flow | Comparability adjustment | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, Input	0.0108	0.0077
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets
Unobservable inputs
Assets measured at fair value | $	$ 764.7	$ 1,034.1
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate | Discount rate | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.050	0.055
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate | Discount rate | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.100	0.100
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate | Discount rate | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.065	0.070
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate | Terminal capitalization rate | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.058	0.045
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate | Terminal capitalization rate | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.095	0.095
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate | Terminal capitalization rate | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.069	0.058
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate | Average market rent growth rate | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.020	0.020
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate | Average market rent growth rate | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.034	0.038
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate | Average market rent growth rate | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.029	0.030
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate debt | Loan to value | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.477	0.436
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate debt | Loan to value | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.674	0.622
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate debt | Loan to value | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.528	0.506
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate debt | Market interest rate | Minimum
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.052	0.053
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate debt | Market interest rate | Maximum
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.081	0.086
Fair value hierarchy Level 3 | Separate account assets | Discounted cash flow, real estate debt | Market interest rate | Weighted average input
Unobservable inputs
Separate account assets, Input	0.066	0.066

Fair Value Measurements - Fair

Fair Value Measurements - Fair Value Option on Consolidated VIEs (Details) - Other loans of consolidated VIEs - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Fair Value Option, Quantitative Disclosures
Fair value	$ 103.3
Aggregate contractual principal	103.3
Change in fair value pre-tax loss	(0.1)	$ (0.1)
Interest income	$ 1.3	$ 1.3

Fair Value Measurements - Finan

Fair Value Measurements - Financial Instruments Not Reported at Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets (liabilities)
Mortgage loans	$ 20,229	$ 20,629.8
Policy loans	799.3	784.7
Reinsurance deposit receivable	6,520.2	7,901
Short-term debt	(23.8)	(80.7)
Long-term debt	(3,930.2)	(3,997)
Carrying amount
Assets (liabilities)
Mortgage loans	20,229	20,629.8
Policy loans	799.3	784.7
Other investments	266.2	250.6
Cash and cash equivalents not required to be reported at fair value	1,370	1,243.9
Reinsurance deposit receivable	6,520.2	7,901
Cash collateral receivable	13.8	281
Investment contracts	(34,856.9)	(35,380.1)
Short-term debt	(23.8)	(80.7)
Long-term debt	(3,930.2)	(3,997)
Separate account liabilities	(141,237.5)	(141,459.3)
Bank deposits	(389.5)	(352.4)
Cash collateral payable	(271)	(291.3)
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value
Assets (liabilities)
Mortgage loans	17,813.3	18,754.5
Policy loans	803.7	804
Other investments	263.6	238
Cash and cash equivalents not required to be reported at fair value	1,370	1,243.9
Reinsurance deposit receivable	5,676.6	6,859.9
Cash collateral receivable	13.8	281
Investment contracts	(32,147.6)	(32,367.4)
Short-term debt	(23.8)	(80.7)
Long-term debt	(3,474.1)	(3,680.6)
Separate account liabilities	(140,350.2)	(140,533.9)
Bank deposits	(370.5)	(336.3)
Cash collateral payable	(271)	(291.3)
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value | Fair value hierarchy Level 1
Assets (liabilities)
Cash and cash equivalents not required to be reported at fair value	1,330.3	1,232.5
Cash collateral receivable	13.8	281
Cash collateral payable	(271)	(291.3)
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value | Fair value hierarchy Level 2
Assets (liabilities)
Other investments	142.5	133.5
Cash and cash equivalents not required to be reported at fair value	39.7	11.4
Investment contracts	(7,621.2)	(7,279)
Short-term debt	(23.8)	(80.7)
Long-term debt	(3,473.7)	(3,620.1)
Bank deposits	(370.5)	(336.3)
Assets (liabilities) measured at fair value | Fair value hierarchy Level 3
Assets (liabilities)
Mortgage loans	17,813.3	18,754.5
Policy loans	803.7	804
Other investments	121.1	104.5
Reinsurance deposit receivable	5,676.6	6,859.9
Investment contracts	(24,526.4)	(25,088.4)
Long-term debt	(0.4)	(60.5)
Separate account liabilities	$ (140,350.2)	$ (140,533.9)

Segment Information - Reconcili

Segment Information - Reconciliation of Segment Assets to Consolidated (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Segment Information: Assets
Total assets	$ 287,948	$ 290,578.3
Retirement and Income Solutions
Segment Information: Assets
Total assets	201,802.1	202,294.2
Principal Asset Management
Segment Information: Assets
Total assets	43,789.9	45,950.7
Benefits and Protection
Segment Information: Assets
Total assets	41,707.7	40,048.3
Corporate
Segment Information: Assets
Total assets	$ 648.3	$ 2,285.1

Segment Information - Reconci_2

Segment Information - Reconciliation of Segment Operating Revenues and Earnings to Consolidated (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Total revenues	$ 4,598.7	$ 4,625.3	$ 10,975	$ 14,385.3
Pre-tax income (loss) from exited business	879.2	1,178.9	352.3	4,903.4
Income (loss) before income taxes	1,604.9	1,640.4	1,846	5,989.4
Retirement and Income Solutions
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Inter-segment revenues	101.8	89.9	293.6	275.9
Principal Asset Management
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Inter-segment revenues	79.9	69.4	220.5	231.1
Operating Segments
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Operating revenues	3,478	3,422.4	10,418.1	9,813.5
Pre-tax operating earnings (losses)	581.3	493.3	1,470.1	1,491
Operating Segments | Retirement and Income Solutions
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Operating revenues	1,651.1	1,563.8	4,940.9	4,144.6
Pre-tax operating earnings (losses)	304.7	206.3	786.8	755.1
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Operating revenues	668.8	783	2,048.2	2,441.3
Pre-tax operating earnings (losses)	222.4	206	598.4	686.4
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management | Principal International
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Operating revenues	249.6	382.7	857	1,154.7
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management | Principal Global Investors
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Operating revenues	424.6	406	1,207.4	1,304.9
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management | Eliminations
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Operating revenues	(5.4)	(5.7)	(16.2)	(18.3)
Operating Segments | Benefits and Protection
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Operating revenues	1,151.4	1,085.8	3,380.1	3,232.5
Pre-tax operating earnings (losses)	169	181.8	393.2	432.2
Operating Segments | Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Operating revenues	816.6	749	2,391	2,218.3
Operating Segments | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Operating revenues	335	336.9	989.6	1,014.6
Operating Segments | Benefits and Protection | Eliminations
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Operating revenues	(0.2)	(0.1)	(0.5)	(0.4)
Operating Segments | Corporate
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Operating revenues	6.7	(10.2)	48.9	(4.9)
Pre-tax operating earnings (losses)	(114.8)	(100.8)	(308.3)	(382.7)
Reconciling Items
Operating Revenue And Profit (Loss) From Segments To Consolidated
Net realized capital gains (losses), net of related revenue adjustments	226.2	(21.2)	141.6	(365.9)
Revenues from exited business	924.9	1,249.6	508.2	5,010.8
Adjustments related to equity method investments	(18.5)	(16.9)	(57.9)	(47.7)
Market risk benefit derivative settlements	(11.9)	(8.6)	(35)	(25.4)
Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted	155.5	(16.2)	70.1	(413.6)
Pre-tax income (loss) from exited business	879.2	1,178.9	352.3	4,903.4
Earnings adjustments related to equity method investments and noncontrolling interest	$ (11.1)	$ (15.6)	$ (46.5)	$ 8.6

Segment Information - Revenues

Segment Information - Revenues from exited business (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenues from exited business:
Change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivative		$ 925.6	$ 1,237.7	$ 392.9	$ 4,305
Net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets	[1]	1	8.5	119.8	697.5
Reconciling Items
Revenues from exited business:
Change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivative		925.6	1,237.7	392.9	4,305
Net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets		1	8.5	119.8	697.5
Amortization of reinsurance gain		1.6	3.4	4.5	8.3
Other impacts of reinsured business		(3.3)		(9)
Total revenues from exited business		$ 924.9	$ 1,249.6	$ 508.2	$ 5,010.8
[1] Includes realized and unrealized gains (losses). See Note 3, Investments, for further details.

Segment Information - Pre-tax n

Segment Information - Pre-tax net Realized Capital Gains (Losses) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Segment Information: Net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted
Net realized capital gains (losses)	[1]	$ 179.3	$ (27.4)	$ 40.5	$ (353.4)
Reconciling Items
Segment Information: Net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted
Net realized capital gains (losses)		179.3	(27.4)	40.5	(353.4)
Derivative and hedging-related revenue adjustments		26.6	(24.3)	23.7	(81.3)
Certain variable annuity fees		18.5	18.7	55.3	57.8
Market value adjustments to fee revenues		0.1		0.3	0.1
Adjustments related to equity method investments		(4.1)	6.6	4.2	(6)
Adjustments related to sponsored investment funds		5.8	5.2	17.6	16.9
Net realized capital gains (losses), net of related revenue adjustments		226.2	(21.2)	141.6	(365.9)
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and other actuarial balances		(0.3)	0.1	(0.2)
Capital (gains) losses distributed		(31.8)	25.5	(30.2)	146.1
Derivative and hedging-related expense adjustments		0.8		0.9
Market value adjustments of market risk benefits		(30.1)	(16.1)	(41)	(152.7)
Market value adjustments of embedded derivatives		(9.3)	(4.5)	(1)	(41.1)
Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted		$ 155.5	$ (16.2)	$ 70.1	$ (413.6)
[1] Includes realized and unrealized gains (losses). See Note 3, Investments, for further details.

Segment Information - Pre-tax i

Segment Information - Pre-tax income (loss) from exited business (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Pre-tax income (loss) from exited business:
Change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivative		$ 925.6	$ 1,237.7	$ 392.9	$ 4,305
Net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets	[1]	1	8.5	119.8	697.5
Total pre-tax income (loss) from exited business		879.2	1,178.9	352.3	4,903.4
Reconciling Items
Pre-tax income (loss) from exited business:
Change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivative		925.6	1,237.7	392.9	4,305
Net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets		1	8.5	119.8	697.5
Strategic review costs and impacts on pre-tax income (loss)			(27.6)		36.4
Amortization of reinsurance gain (loss)		(8.1)	(7.7)	(50.5)	(38.2)
Other impacts of reinsured business		(39.3)	(32)	(109.9)	(97.3)
Total pre-tax income (loss) from exited business		$ 879.2	$ 1,178.9	$ 352.3	$ 4,903.4
[1] Includes realized and unrealized gains (losses). See Note 3, Investments, for further details.

Revenues from Contracts with _3

Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation by Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total fees and other revenues per consolidated statements of operations	$ 1,045.7	$ 1,008.3	$ 3,058.6	$ 3,139
Operating Segments
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total segment revenue from contracts with customers	725	691.7	2,109.1	2,190.1
Operating Segments | Retirement and Income Solutions
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total segment revenue from contracts with customers	141.1	133.8	410.9	419.5
Adjustments for fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance	276.8	273.4	833.2	844.7
Total fees and other revenues per consolidated statements of operations	417.9	407.2	1,244.1	1,264.2
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total segment revenue from contracts with customers	516.2	492.4	1,497.4	1,580.6
Operating Segments | Benefits and Protection
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total segment revenue from contracts with customers	23.3	20.7	66.4	59.9
Operating Segments | Corporate
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total segment revenue from contracts with customers	44.4	44.8	134.4	130.1
Adjustments for fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance	(76.9)	(75.2)	(224.2)	(242.8)
Total fees and other revenues per consolidated statements of operations	(32.5)	(30.4)	(89.8)	(112.7)
Operating Segments | Principal Global Investors | Principal Asset Management
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total segment revenue from contracts with customers	406.5	395.8	1,168.3	1,277
Adjustments for fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance	9.1	6.4	16.3	20.6
Total fees and other revenues per consolidated statements of operations	415.6	402.2	1,184.6	1,297.6
Operating Segments | Principal International | Principal Asset Management
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total segment revenue from contracts with customers	115.1	102.3	345.2	321.9
Adjustments for fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance	1.4	1.1	4.3	3.4
Total fees and other revenues per consolidated statements of operations	116.5	103.4	349.5	325.3
Operating Segments | Specialty Benefits | Benefits and Protection
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total segment revenue from contracts with customers	4	3.7	12	11.4
Adjustments for fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance	4.6	4.8	13.7	14
Total fees and other revenues per consolidated statements of operations	8.6	8.5	25.7	25.4
Operating Segments | Life Insurance | Benefits and Protection
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total segment revenue from contracts with customers	19.4	17	54.5	48.6
Adjustments for fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance	85.7	84.2	246.7	243.3
Total fees and other revenues per consolidated statements of operations	105.1	101.2	301.2	291.9
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management Eliminations | Principal Asset Management
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total segment revenue from contracts with customers	(5.4)	(5.7)	(16.1)	(18.3)
Operating Segments | Benefits And Protection Eliminations | Benefits and Protection
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total segment revenue from contracts with customers	(0.1)		(0.1)	(0.1)
Reconciling Items
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Adjustments for fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance	300.5	294.5	889.4	882.7
Pre-tax other adjustments	$ 20.2	$ 22.1	$ 60.1	$ 66.2

Revenues from Contracts with _4

Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation within Segments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total fees and other revenues	$ 1,045.7	$ 1,008.3	$ 3,058.6	$ 3,139
Premiums and other considerations	1,457.9	1,486.5	4,399.2	3,740.1
Net investment income (loss)	989.2	911.7	2,964	2,857.1
Operating Segments
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	725	691.7	2,109.1	2,190.1
Total operating revenues	3,478	3,422.4	10,418.1	9,813.5
Operating Segments | Benefits and Protection
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	23.3	20.7	66.4	59.9
Total operating revenues	1,151.4	1,085.8	3,380.1	3,232.5
Operating Segments | Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	4	3.7	12	11.4
Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance	4.6	4.8	13.7	14
Total fees and other revenues	8.6	8.5	25.7	25.4
Premiums and other considerations	762.7	704	2,237.9	2,056.4
Net investment income (loss)	45.3	36.5	127.4	136.5
Total operating revenues	816.6	749	2,391	2,218.3
Operating Segments | Benefits and Protection | Specialty Benefits | Administrative service fee revenue
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	4	3.7	12	11.4
Operating Segments | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	19.4	17	54.5	48.6
Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance	85.7	84.2	246.7	243.3
Total fees and other revenues	105.1	101.2	301.2	291.9
Premiums and other considerations	136.7	142.7	394.4	415.1
Net investment income (loss)	93.2	93	294	307.6
Total operating revenues	335	336.9	989.6	1,014.6
Operating Segments | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Administrative service fee revenue
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	8.9	7	23.6	20.9
Operating Segments | Benefits and Protection | Life Insurance | Commission income
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	10.5	10	30.9	27.7
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	516.2	492.4	1,497.4	1,580.6
Total operating revenues	668.8	783	2,048.2	2,441.3
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management | Principal Global Investors
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	406.5	395.8	1,168.3	1,277
Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance	9.1	6.4	16.3	20.6
Total fees and other revenues	415.6	402.2	1,184.6	1,297.6
Net investment income (loss)	9	3.8	22.8	7.3
Total operating revenues	424.6	406	1,207.4	1,304.9
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management | Principal Global Investors | Management fee revenue
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	348.2	351.7	1,028.8	1,095.2
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management | Principal Global Investors | Other fee revenue
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	58.3	44.1	139.5	181.8
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management | Principal International
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	115.1	102.3	345.2	321.9
Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance	1.4	1.1	4.3	3.4
Total fees and other revenues	116.5	103.4	349.5	325.3
Premiums and other considerations	2.3	33.8	17.2	74.2
Net investment income (loss)	130.8	245.5	490.3	755.2
Total operating revenues	249.6	382.7	857	1,154.7
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Latin America
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	87.3	74.7	262.4	238.9
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Asia
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	28	27.7	83.4	83.5
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Geographical Eliminations
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	(0.2)	(0.1)	(0.6)	(0.5)
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Management fee revenue
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	113.3	100.1	339.2	314.6
Operating Segments | Principal Asset Management | Principal International | Other fee revenue
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	1.8	2.2	6	7.3
Operating Segments | Retirement and Income Solutions
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	141.1	133.8	410.9	419.5
Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance	276.8	273.4	833.2	844.7
Total fees and other revenues	417.9	407.2	1,244.1	1,264.2
Premiums and other considerations	561	607.3	1,763	1,197.6
Net investment income (loss)	672.2	549.3	1,933.8	1,682.8
Total operating revenues	1,651.1	1,563.8	4,940.9	4,144.6
Operating Segments | Retirement and Income Solutions | Administrative service fee revenue
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	137	129.9	398.8	408.9
Operating Segments | Retirement and Income Solutions | Deposit account fee revenue
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	2.8	2.6	8.5	7.6
Operating Segments | Retirement and Income Solutions | Other fee revenue
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	0.8	0.9	2.3	2.1
Operating Segments | Retirement and Income Solutions | Commission income
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	0.5	0.4	1.3	0.9
Operating Segments | Corporate
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	44.4	44.8	134.4	130.1
Fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance	(76.9)	(75.2)	(224.2)	(242.8)
Total fees and other revenues	(32.5)	(30.4)	(89.8)	(112.7)
Premiums and other considerations	(1.4)	(1.2)	(3.9)	(2.9)
Net investment income (loss)	40.6	21.4	142.6	110.7
Total operating revenues	6.7	(10.2)	48.9	(4.9)
Operating Segments | Corporate | Other fee revenue
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	21.3	20.4	62.5	59.1
Operating Segments | Corporate | Commission income
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	94.9	89.5	276.9	280.1
Operating Segments | Corporate | Revenue by type - Eliminations
Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenues
Total revenues from contracts with customers	$ (71.8)	$ (65.1)	$ (205)	$ (209.1)

Revenues from Contracts with _5

Revenues from Contracts with Customers - Contract Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended				9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Contract costs
Contract cost asset	$ 217.1				$ 217.1		$ 204.9
Practical expedient, incremental costs of obtaining a contract					true
Amortization expense of contract cost asset	$ 10		$ 8.4		$ 27.3	$ 26.6
Impairment loss for contract cost asset		$ 0		$ 0

Stock-Based Compensation Plan_2

Stock-Based Compensation Plans - Stock-Based Awards (Details) - USD ($) shares in Millions, $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Stock-Based Compensation Plans - Disclosures
Compensation cost	$ 77.4	$ 70.3
Related income tax benefit	12.8	15.7
Capitalized as part of an asset	$ 3.3	$ 1.1
2020 Directors Stock Plan, the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2014 Directors Stock Plan, the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2005 Directors Stock Plan, the Stock Incentive Plan or the Directors Stock Plan
Stock-Based Compensation Plans - Disclosures
Number of shares that will be granted	0
2021 Stock Incentive Plan
Stock-Based Compensation Plans - Disclosures
Maximum number of new shares of common stock available for grant (in shares)	21.8

Stock-Based Compensation Plan_3

Stock-Based Compensation Plans - Nonqualified Stock Options, Assumptions and Other Disclosures (Details) - Nonqualified Stock Options shares in Millions, $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) shares
Stock-Based Compensation Plans - Disclosures
Options granted (in shares) | shares	0
Other nonqualified stock option disclosures
Unrecognized compensation costs | $	$ 0.2
Weighted-average service period over which unrecognized compensation costs will be recognized	4 months 24 days

Stock-Based Compensation Plan_4

Stock-Based Compensation Plans - Performance Share Awards and Restricted Stock Units (Details) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Performance Share Awards
Change in nonvested units outstanding
Awards or units granted (in shares) | shares	0.3
Awards or units granted, Weighted-average grant-date fair value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 91.47
Other award and unit disclosures
Lower limit multiple of initial target awards (as a percent)	0%
Upper limit multiple of initial target awards (as a percent)	180%
Unrecognized compensation costs | $	$ 20.4
Weighted-average service period over which unrecognized compensation costs will be recognized	1 year 8 months 12 days
Restricted Stock Units
Change in nonvested units outstanding
Awards or units granted (in shares) | shares	0.9
Awards or units granted, Weighted-average grant-date fair value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 87.74
Other award and unit disclosures
Unrecognized compensation costs | $	$ 86.7
Weighted-average service period over which unrecognized compensation costs will be recognized	1 year 8 months 12 days

Stock-Based Compensation Plan_5

Stock-Based Compensation Plans - Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Details) - Employee Stock Purchase Plan shares in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 $ / shares shares
Stock-Based Compensation Plans - Disclosures
Share purchases under employee stock purchase plan (in shares)	0.4
Weighted-average fair value of discount on employee stock purchase plan (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 7.41
Shares available to be issued under employee stock purchase plan (in shares)	3

Earnings Per Common Share (Deta

Earnings Per Common Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Net income (loss)	$ 1,250.1	$ 1,311.6	$ 1,509.3	$ 4,788.7
Subtract:
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest	3.9	(4.1)	14.4	15.6
Total net income (loss), basic	1,246.2	1,315.7	1,494.9	4,773.1
Total net income (loss), diluted	$ 1,246.2	$ 1,315.7	$ 1,494.9	$ 4,773.1
Weighted-average shares outstanding:
Basic	241.1	248	242.4	253.3
Dilutive effects:
Diluted	244.3	251.9	245.7	257.3
Net income (loss) per common share:
Basic	$ 5.17	$ 5.31	$ 6.17	$ 18.84
Diluted	$ 5.10	$ 5.22	$ 6.08	$ 18.55
Nonqualified Stock Options
Dilutive effects:
Stock-based compensation awards	0.9	1.4	0.9	1.5
Restricted Stock Units
Dilutive effects:
Stock-based compensation awards	2	2.1	2	2.1
Performance Share Awards
Dilutive effects:
Stock-based compensation awards	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4

Pay vs Performance Disclosure

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ 1,246.2	$ 1,315.7	$ 1,494.9	$ 4,773.1

Insider Trading Arrangements

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false