Investing Activities | 9 Months Ended |
Sep. 30, 2013 |
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] | ' |
Investing Activities | ' |
Investing Activities |
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Debt and equity securities |
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The following tables present the debt and equity securities available-for-sale by sector held at September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. The unrealized loss amounts presented below include the non-credit loss component of OTTI losses. We classify these investments into various sectors in line with industry conventions. |
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Fair Value and Cost of Securities: | 30-Sep-13 | | | | |
($ in millions) | | | Gross | | Gross | | | | OTTI | | | | |
| Amortized | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair | | Recognized | | | | |
| Cost | | Gains [1] | | Losses [1] | | Value | | in AOCI [2] | | | | |
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U.S. government and agency | $ | 404 | | | $ | 45.6 | | | $ | (3.8 | ) | | $ | 445.8 | | | $ | — | | | | | |
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State and political subdivision | 364.5 | | | 21.9 | | | (8.8 | ) | | 377.6 | | | (1.2 | ) | | | | |
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Foreign government | 177.1 | | | 18 | | | (0.3 | ) | | 194.8 | | | — | | | | | |
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Corporate | 7,275.60 | | | 482 | | | (132.4 | ) | | 7,625.20 | | | (8.4 | ) | | | | |
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Commercial mortgage-backed (“CMBS”) | 719.3 | | | 39.2 | | | (3.7 | ) | | 754.8 | | | (4.2 | ) | | | | |
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Residential mortgage-backed (“RMBS”) | 1,717.60 | | | 55.2 | | | (27.9 | ) | | 1,744.90 | | | (26.4 | ) | | | | |
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CDO/CLO | 220.7 | | | 5.5 | | | (5.5 | ) | | 220.7 | | | (15.3 | ) | | | | |
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Other asset-backed | 344 | | | 16.6 | | | (11.2 | ) | | 349.4 | | | (1.8 | ) | | | | |
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Available-for-sale debt securities | $ | 11,222.80 | | | $ | 684 | | | $ | (193.6 | ) | | $ | 11,713.20 | | | $ | (57.3 | ) | | | | |
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Amounts applicable to the closed block | $ | 5,502.80 | | | $ | 420.8 | | | $ | (66.8 | ) | | $ | 5,856.80 | | | $ | (16.6 | ) | | | | |
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Available-for-sale equity securities | $ | 26.9 | | | $ | 19.4 | | | $ | (1.1 | ) | | $ | 45.2 | | | $ | — | | | | | |
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Amounts applicable to the closed block | $ | 10.6 | | | $ | 6.8 | | | $ | (0.5 | ) | | $ | 16.9 | | | $ | — | | | | | |
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[1] | Net unrealized investment gains and losses on securities classified as available-for-sale and certain other assets are included in our consolidated balance sheets as a component of AOCI. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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[2] | Represents the amount of non-credit OTTI losses recognized in AOCI excluding net unrealized gains or losses subsequent to the date of impairment. The table above presents the special category of AOCI for debt securities that are other-than-temporarily impaired when the impairment loss has been split between the credit loss component (in earnings) and the non-credit component (separate category of AOCI). | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Fair Value and Cost of Securities: | 31-Dec-12 | | | | |
($ in millions) | | | Gross | | Gross | | | | OTTI | | | | |
| Amortized | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair | | Recognized | | | | |
| Cost | | Gains [1] | | Losses [1] | | Value | | in AOCI [2] | | | | |
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U.S. government and agency | $ | 355.9 | | | $ | 58.5 | | | $ | (2.5 | ) | | $ | 411.9 | | | $ | — | | | | | |
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State and political subdivision | 321.5 | | | 37.8 | | | (2.1 | ) | | 357.2 | | | (1.1 | ) | | | | |
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Foreign government | 167.5 | | | 36.8 | | | — | | | 204.3 | | | — | | | | | |
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Corporate | 6,996.40 | | | 745.7 | | | (72.1 | ) | | 7,670.00 | | | (8.3 | ) | | | | |
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CMBS | 817.2 | | | 72.9 | | | (7.9 | ) | | 882.2 | | | (6.2 | ) | | | | |
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RMBS | 1,698.20 | | | 94.3 | | | (20.8 | ) | | 1,771.70 | | | (30.6 | ) | | | | |
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CDO/CLO | 240.5 | | | 6.4 | | | (23.2 | ) | | 223.7 | | | (18.1 | ) | | | | |
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Other asset-backed | 421.2 | | | 26.6 | | | (12.4 | ) | | 435.4 | | | (1.4 | ) | | | | |
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Available-for-sale debt securities | $ | 11,018.40 | | | $ | 1,079.00 | | | $ | (141.0 | ) | | $ | 11,956.40 | | | $ | (65.7 | ) | | | | |
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Amounts applicable to the closed block | $ | 5,614.80 | | | $ | 644.9 | | | $ | (38.2 | ) | | $ | 6,221.50 | | | $ | (19.9 | ) | | | | |
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Available-for-sale equity securities | $ | 27.5 | | | $ | 9.7 | | | $ | (2.4 | ) | | $ | 34.8 | | | $ | — | | | | | |
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Amounts applicable to the closed block | $ | 10.9 | | | $ | 1.8 | | | $ | (1.3 | ) | | $ | 11.4 | | | $ | — | | | | | |
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[1] | Net unrealized investment gains and losses on securities classified as available-for-sale and certain other assets are included in our consolidated balance sheets as a component of AOCI. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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[2] | Represents the amount of non-credit OTTI losses recognized in AOCI excluding net unrealized gains or losses subsequent to the date of impairment. The table above presents the special category of AOCI for debt securities that are other-than-temporarily impaired when the impairment loss has been split between the credit loss component (in earnings) and the non-credit component (separate category of AOCI). | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Maturities of Debt Securities: | 30-Sep-13 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
($ in millions) | Amortized | | Fair | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cost | | Value | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Due in one year or less | $ | 239.8 | | | $ | 246.4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Due after one year through five years | 796.4 | | | 866.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Due after five years through ten years | 810.5 | | | 877 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Due after ten years | 6,374.50 | | | 6,653.20 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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CMBS/RMBS/ABS/CDO/CLO [1] | 3,001.60 | | | 3,069.80 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Total | $ | 11,222.80 | | | $ | 11,713.20 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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[1] | CMBS, RMBS, ABS, CDO and CLO are not listed separately in the table as each security does not have a single fixed maturity. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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The maturities of debt securities, as of September 30, 2013, are summarized in the table above by contractual maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities as certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties, and we have the right to put or sell certain obligations back to the issuers. |
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The following table depicts the sources of available-for-sale investment proceeds and related investment gains (losses). |
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Sales of Available-for-Sale Securities: | 30-Sep-13 | | 31-Dec-12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
($ in millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Debt securities, available-for-sale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Proceeds from sales | $ | 328.1 | | | $ | 346.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Proceeds from maturities/repayments | 1,182.00 | | | 1,527.20 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Gross investment gains from sales, prepayments and maturities | 31.6 | | | 52.3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Gross investment losses from sales and maturities | (3.5 | ) | | (11.1 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Equity securities, available-for-sale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Proceeds from sales | $ | 3.7 | | | $ | 12.6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Gross investment gains from sales | 1.3 | | | 8.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Gross investment losses from sales | (1.2 | ) | | (0.4 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Aging of Temporarily Impaired Securities: | As of |
($ in millions) | 30-Sep-13 |
| Less than 12 months | | Greater than 12 months | | Total |
| Fair | | Unrealized | | Fair | | Unrealized | | Fair | | Unrealized |
| Value | | Losses | | Value | | Losses | | Value | | Losses |
Debt Securities | | | | | | | | | | | |
U.S. government and agency | $ | 35.5 | | | $ | (1.2 | ) | | $ | 21.3 | | | $ | (2.6 | ) | | $ | 56.8 | | | $ | (3.8 | ) |
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State and political subdivision | 80.7 | | | (6.5 | ) | | 11 | | | (2.3 | ) | | 91.7 | | | (8.8 | ) |
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Foreign government | 38.6 | | | (0.3 | ) | | — | | | — | | | 38.6 | | | (0.3 | ) |
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Corporate | 1,661.50 | | | (74.6 | ) | | 241.7 | | | (57.8 | ) | | 1,903.20 | | | (132.4 | ) |
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CMBS | 76.6 | | | (2.7 | ) | | 12.2 | | | (1.0 | ) | | 88.8 | | | (3.7 | ) |
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RMBS | 355.1 | | | (15.9 | ) | | 138.7 | | | (12.0 | ) | | 493.8 | | | (27.9 | ) |
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CDO/CLO | 46.6 | | | (0.5 | ) | | 96.6 | | | (5.0 | ) | | 143.2 | | | (5.5 | ) |
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Other asset-backed | 21.2 | | | (0.7 | ) | | 43.4 | | | (10.5 | ) | | 64.6 | | | (11.2 | ) |
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Debt securities | 2,315.80 | | | (102.4 | ) | | 564.9 | | | (91.2 | ) | | 2,880.70 | | | (193.6 | ) |
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Equity securities | 0.8 | | | — | | | 3.6 | | | (1.1 | ) | | 4.4 | | | (1.1 | ) |
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Total temporarily impaired securities | $ | 2,316.60 | | | $ | (102.4 | ) | | $ | 568.5 | | | $ | (92.3 | ) | | $ | 2,885.10 | | | $ | (194.7 | ) |
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Amounts inside the closed block | $ | 1,467.20 | | | $ | (40.0 | ) | | $ | 222.2 | | | $ | (27.3 | ) | | $ | 1,689.40 | | | $ | (67.3 | ) |
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Amounts outside the closed block | $ | 849.4 | | | $ | (62.4 | ) | | $ | 346.3 | | | $ | (65.0 | ) | | $ | 1,195.70 | | | $ | (127.4 | ) |
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Amounts outside the closed block | $ | 105.5 | | | $ | (4.1 | ) | | $ | 91.2 | | | $ | (18.0 | ) | | $ | 196.7 | | | $ | (22.1 | ) |
that are below investment grade |
Number of securities | | | 411 | | | | | 147 | | | | | 558 | |
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Unrealized losses on below-investment-grade debt securities outside the closed block with a fair value depressed by more than 20% of amortized cost totaled $11.3 million at September 30, 2013, of which $9.1 million was depressed by more than 20% of amortized cost for more than 12 months. |
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Unrealized losses on below-investment-grade debt securities held in the closed block with a fair value depressed by more than 20% of amortized cost totaled $5.0 million at September 30, 2013, of which $0.0 million was depressed by more than 20% of amortized cost for more than 12 months. |
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As of September 30, 2013, available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position for over 12 months consisted of 141 debt securities and six equity securities. The debt securities primarily relate to corporate securities and asset backed securities, which have depressed values due primarily to an increase in interest rates since the purchase of these securities. Unrealized losses were not recognized in earnings on these fixed maturity securities since the Company neither intends to sell the securities nor do we believe that it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. Additionally, based on a security-by-security analysis, we expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities. In our evaluation of each security, management considers the actual recovery periods for these securities in previous periods of broad market declines. For securities with significant declines, individual security level analysis is performed, which considers any credit enhancements, expectations of defaults on underlying collateral and other available market data, including industry analyst reports and forecasts. Similarly, for equity securities in an unrealized loss position for greater than 12 months, management performs an analysis on a security by security basis. Although there may be sustained losses for greater than 12 months on these securities, additional information is obtained related to company performance in the third quarter of 2013 which would not indicate that the additional losses are other-than-temporary. |
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Aging of Temporarily Impaired Securities: | As of |
($ in millions) | 31-Dec-12 |
| Less than 12 months | | Greater than 12 months | | Total |
| Fair | | Unrealized | | Fair | | Unrealized | | Fair | | Unrealized |
| Value | | Losses | | Value | | Losses | | Value | | Losses |
Debt Securities | | | | | | | | | | | |
U.S. government and agency | $ | 9 | | | $ | (0.1 | ) | | $ | 28.4 | | | $ | (2.4 | ) | | $ | 37.4 | | | $ | (2.5 | ) |
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State and political subdivision | 13.5 | | | (0.8 | ) | | 7.1 | | | (1.3 | ) | | 20.6 | | | (2.1 | ) |
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Foreign government | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
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Corporate | 300.9 | | | (6.2 | ) | | 318.2 | | | (65.9 | ) | | 619.1 | | | (72.1 | ) |
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CMBS | 8.4 | | | (1.0 | ) | | 30.7 | | | (6.9 | ) | | 39.1 | | | (7.9 | ) |
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RMBS | 64.7 | | | (0.4 | ) | | 212.6 | | | (20.4 | ) | | 277.3 | | | (20.8 | ) |
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CDO/CLO | 26.2 | | | (2.0 | ) | | 132.7 | | | (21.2 | ) | | 158.9 | | | (23.2 | ) |
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Other asset-backed | 10.1 | | | (0.7 | ) | | 43.3 | | | (11.7 | ) | | 53.4 | | | (12.4 | ) |
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Debt securities | 432.8 | | | (11.2 | ) | | 773 | | | (129.8 | ) | | 1,205.80 | | | (141.0 | ) |
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Equity securities | 4.4 | | | (1.6 | ) | | 2.4 | | | (0.8 | ) | | 6.8 | | | (2.4 | ) |
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Total temporarily impaired securities | $ | 437.2 | | | $ | (12.8 | ) | | $ | 775.4 | | | $ | (130.6 | ) | | $ | 1,212.60 | | | $ | (143.4 | ) |
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Amounts inside the closed block | $ | 150.7 | | | $ | (4.6 | ) | | $ | 332.4 | | | $ | (34.9 | ) | | $ | 483.1 | | | $ | (39.5 | ) |
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Amounts outside the closed block | $ | 286.5 | | | $ | (8.2 | ) | | $ | 443 | | | $ | (95.7 | ) | | $ | 729.5 | | | $ | (103.9 | ) |
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Amounts outside the closed block | $ | 29.8 | | | $ | (2.0 | ) | | $ | 177.5 | | | $ | (63.4 | ) | | $ | 207.3 | | | $ | (65.4 | ) |
that are below investment grade |
Number of securities | | | 108 | | | | | 196 | | | | | 304 | |
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Unrealized losses on below-investment-grade debt securities outside the closed block with a fair value depressed by more than 20% of amortized cost totaled $52.3 million at December 31, 2012, of which $52.1 million was depressed by more than 20% of amortized cost for more than 12 months. |
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Unrealized losses on below-investment-grade debt securities held in the closed block with a fair value depressed by more than 20% of amortized cost totaled $5.5 million at December 31, 2012, of which $5.5 million was depressed by more than 20% of amortized cost for more than 12 months. |
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As of December 31, 2012, available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position for over 12 months consisted of 192 debt securities and four equity securities. The debt securities primarily consist of asset backed securities and corporate securities, which have depressed values due primarily to an increase in interest rates since the purchase of these securities. Unrealized losses were not recognized in earnings on these debt securities since the Company neither intends to sell the securities nor do we believe that it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. Additionally, based on a security-by-security analysis, we expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities. In our evaluation of each security, management considers the actual recovery periods for these securities in previous periods of broad market declines. For securities with significant declines, individual security level analysis is performed, which considers any credit enhancements, expectations of defaults on underlying collateral and other available market data, including industry analyst reports and forecasts. Similarly, for equity securities in an unrealized loss position for greater than 12 months, management performs an analysis on a security by security basis. Although there may be sustained losses for greater than 12 months on these securities, additional information is obtained related to company performance which would not indicate that the losses are other-than-temporary. |
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Evaluating temporarily impaired available-for-sale securities |
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In management’s evaluation of temporarily impaired securities, many factors about individual issuers of securities as well as our best judgment in determining the cause of a decline in the estimated fair value are considered in the assessment of potential near-term recovery in the security’s value. Some of those considerations include, but are not limited to: (i) duration of time and extent to which the estimated fair value has been below cost or amortized cost; (ii) for debt securities, if the Company has the intent to sell or will more likely than not be required to sell a particular security before the decline in estimated fair value below amortized cost recovers; (iii) whether the issuer is experiencing significant financial difficulties and the potential for impairments of that issuer’s securities; (iv) pervasive issues across an entire industry sector/sub-sector; and (v) for structured securities, assessing any changes in the forecasted cash flows, the quality of underlying collateral, expectations of prepayment speeds, loss severity and payment priority of tranches held. |
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Other-than-temporary impairments |
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Management assessed all securities in an unrealized loss position in determining whether impairments were temporary or other-than-temporary. In reaching its conclusions, management exercised significant judgment and used a number of issuer-specific quantitative indicators and qualitative judgments to assess the probability of receiving a given security’s contractual cash flows. This included the issue’s implied yield to maturity, cumulative default rate based on rating, comparisons of issue-specific spreads to industry or sector spreads, specific trading activity in the issue and other market data such as recent debt tenders and upcoming refinancing requirements. Management also reviewed fundamentals such as issuer credit and liquidity metrics, business outlook and industry conditions. Management maintains a watch list of securities that is reviewed for impairments. Each security on the watch list was evaluated, analyzed and discussed, with the positive and negative factors weighed in the ultimate determination of whether or not the security was other-than-temporarily impaired. For securities for which no OTTI was ultimately indicated at September 30, 2013, management does not have the intention to sell, nor does it expect to be required to sell, these securities prior to their recovery. |
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OTTIs recorded in the first nine months of 2013 were primarily concentrated in structured securities. These impairments were driven primarily by increased collateral default rates. In our judgment, these credit events or other adverse conditions of the issuers have caused, or will most likely lead to, a deficiency in the contractual cash flows related to the investment. Therefore, based upon these credit events, we have determined that OTTIs exist. Total debt impairments recognized through earnings related to such credit-related circumstances were $2.1 million for the third quarter of 2013 and $7.1 million for the third quarter of 2012 and $7.2 million for the first nine months of 2013 and $17.5 million for the first nine months of 2012. There were equity security OTTIs of $0 and $0 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 and $0.0 million and $1.5 million for the three and nine months September 30, 2012. There were limited partnerships and other investment OTTIs of $0 and $0 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 and $0.3 million and $0.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012. |
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In addition to these credit-related impairments recognized through earnings, we impaired securities to fair value through other comprehensive loss for any impairments related to non-credit related factors. These types of impairments were driven primarily by market or sector credit spread widening or by a lack of liquidity in the securities. The amount of impairments recognized as an adjustment to other comprehensive loss due to these factors was $(0.4) million for the third quarter of 2013, $(0.2) million for the third quarter of 2012, $(4.6) million for the first nine months of 2013 and $11.3 million for the first nine months of 2012. |
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The following table presents a roll-forward of pre-tax credit losses recognized in earnings related to debt securities for which a portion of the OTTI was recognized in OCI. |
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Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings on Debt Securities for | Three Months Ended | | Nine Months Ended | | | | | | | | |
which a Portion of the OTTI Loss was Recognized in OCI: | September 30, | | September 30, | | | | | | | | |
($ in millions) | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | | | | | | | |
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Balance, beginning of period | $ | (72.5 | ) | | $ | (78.8 | ) | | $ | (72.6 | ) | | $ | (79.1 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Add: Credit losses on securities not previously impaired [1] | (0.7 | ) | | (1.5 | ) | | (0.7 | ) | | (3.8 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Add: Credit losses on securities previously impaired [1] | (0.2 | ) | | (5.6 | ) | | (3.6 | ) | | (11.8 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Less: Credit losses on securities impaired due to intent to sell | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Less: Credit losses on securities sold | 2.9 | | | 5.3 | | | 6.4 | | | 14.1 | | | | | | | | | |
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Less: Increases in cash flows expected on | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
previously impaired securities | | | | | | | | |
Balance, end of period | $ | (70.5 | ) | | $ | (80.6 | ) | | $ | (70.5 | ) | | $ | (80.6 | ) | | | | | | | | |
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[1] | Additional credit losses on securities for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in AOCI are included within net OTTI losses recognized in earnings on the statements of income and comprehensive income. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Limited partnerships and other investments |
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Limited Partnerships and Other Investments: | 30-Sep-13 | | 31-Dec-12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
($ in millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Limited partnerships | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Private equity funds | $ | 239.6 | | | $ | 241.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Mezzanine funds | 188.7 | | | 202.1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Infrastructure funds | 44.6 | | | 42.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Hedge funds | 12.9 | | | 14.3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Mortgage and real estate funds | 3.7 | | | 5.4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Leverage leases | 16.9 | | | 17.9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Direct equity investments | 40.8 | | | 29.2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Life settlements | 21.3 | | | 21 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other alternative assets | 4.5 | | | 3.2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Limited partnerships and other investments | $ | 573 | | | $ | 577.3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amounts applicable to the closed block | $ | 349.3 | | | $ | 353.1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Summarized financial information for these equity method investees is reported on a three-month delay due to the timing of financial statements as of the current reporting period. |
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Net investment income |
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Net investment income is comprised primarily of interest income, including amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on structured securities, based on yields which are changed due to expectations in projected principal and interest cash flows, dividend income from common and preferred stock, gains and losses on securities measured at fair value and earnings from investments accounted for under equity method accounting. |
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| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Sources of Net Investment Income: | Three Months Ended | | Nine Months Ended | | | | | | | | |
($ in millions) | September 30, | | September 30, | | | | | | | | |
| 2013 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Debt securities [1] | $ | 144 | | | $ | 158.9 | | | $ | 430.8 | | | $ | 462.2 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Equity securities | 0.3 | | | 0.5 | | | — | | | 2.4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Limited partnerships and other investments | 14.1 | | | 14 | | | 37.9 | | | 48.5 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Policy loans | 39 | | | 35.7 | | | 119.5 | | | 120.7 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Fair value investments | 5.2 | | | (0.1 | ) | | 7.2 | | | 1.5 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Total investment income | 202.6 | | | 209 | | | 595.4 | | | 635.3 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Less: Discontinued operations | 0.3 | | | 0.4 | | | 0.9 | | | 1.6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Less: Investment expenses | 3 | | | 3.5 | | | 10.1 | | | 10.4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Net investment income | $ | 199.3 | | | $ | 205.1 | | | $ | 584.4 | | | $ | 623.3 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amounts applicable to the closed block | $ | 104 | | | $ | 115.7 | | | $ | 304.1 | | | $ | 343.5 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
——————— |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
[1] | Includes net investment income on short-term investments. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Net realized investment gains (losses) |
|
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Sources and Types of | Three Months Ended | | Nine Months Ended | | | | | | | | |
Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses): | September 30, | | September 30, | | | | | | | | |
($ in millions) | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total other-than-temporary debt impairments | $ | (1.7 | ) | | $ | (6.9 | ) | | $ | (2.6 | ) | | $ | (28.8 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Portion of gains (losses) recognized in OCI | (0.4 | ) | | (0.2 | ) | | (4.6 | ) | | 11.3 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Net debt impairment losses recognized in earnings | $ | (2.1 | ) | | $ | (7.1 | ) | | $ | (7.2 | ) | | $ | (17.5 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Debt security impairments: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
U.S. government and agency | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
State and political subdivision | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Foreign government | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Corporate | (0.7 | ) | | — | | | (0.7 | ) | | (0.6 | ) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
CMBS | (0.1 | ) | | (3.3 | ) | | (2.0 | ) | | (4.5 | ) | | | | | | | | |
RMBS | (1.4 | ) | | (2.6 | ) | | (4.3 | ) | | (10.4 | ) | | | | | | | | |
CDO/CLO | 0.1 | | | (0.7 | ) | | (0.2 | ) | | (0.7 | ) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Other asset-backed | — | | | (0.5 | ) | | — | | | (1.3 | ) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Net debt security impairments | (2.1 | ) | | (7.1 | ) | | (7.2 | ) | | (17.5 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Equity security impairments | — | | | — | | | — | | | (1.5 | ) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Limited partnerships and other investment impairments | — | | | (0.3 | ) | | — | | | (0.3 | ) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Impairment losses | (2.1 | ) | | (7.4 | ) | | (7.2 | ) | | (19.3 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Debt security transaction gains | 19.7 | | | 33.4 | | | 31.7 | | | 41.4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Debt security transaction losses | (0.8 | ) | | (1.3 | ) | | (3.5 | ) | | (4.9 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Equity security transaction gains | 0.3 | | | 5 | | | 1.3 | | | 5 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Equity security transaction losses | — | | | (0.2 | ) | | (1.2 | ) | | (0.3 | ) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Limited partnerships and other investment transaction gains | 0.7 | | | 5.5 | | | 0.7 | | | 6.8 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Limited partnerships and other investment transaction losses | (4.6 | ) | | (1.5 | ) | | (4.6 | ) | | (2.5 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Net transaction gains (losses) | 15.3 | | | 40.9 | | | 24.4 | | | 45.5 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Derivative instruments | (15.2 | ) | | (14.2 | ) | | (34.9 | ) | | (33.4 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Embedded derivatives [1] | 8.9 | | | 7.1 | | | 14.6 | | | 6.9 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Assets valued at fair value | 1.1 | | | 1.1 | | | 2.4 | | | 1.9 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Net realized investment gains (losses), excluding impairment losses | 10.1 | | | 34.9 | | | 6.5 | | | 20.9 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Net realized investment gains (losses), including impairment losses | $ | 8 | | | $ | 27.5 | | | $ | (0.7 | ) | | $ | 1.6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
——————— |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
[1] | Includes the change in fair value of embedded derivatives associated with fixed index annuity indexed crediting feature and variable annuity GMWB, GMAB and COMBO riders. See Note 10 to these financial statements for additional disclosures. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Unrealized investment gains (losses) |
|
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Sources of Changes in | Three Months Ended | | Nine Months Ended | | | | | | | | |
Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses): | September 30, | | September 30, | | | | | | | | |
($ in millions) | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Debt securities | $ | (36.0 | ) | | $ | 193.6 | | | $ | (447.6 | ) | | $ | 398.2 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Equity securities | 4.8 | | | (3.3 | ) | | 11 | | | (0.4 | ) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Other investments | 0.8 | | | — | | | 0.3 | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) | $ | (30.4 | ) | | $ | 190.3 | | | $ | (436.3 | ) | | $ | 397.8 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) | $ | (30.4 | ) | | $ | 190.3 | | | $ | (436.3 | ) | | $ | 397.8 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Applicable to closed block policyholder dividend obligation | (22.2 | ) | | 84.7 | | | (247.9 | ) | | 171.5 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Applicable to DAC | (5.0 | ) | | 15.1 | | | (66.0 | ) | | 66.4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Applicable to other actuarial offsets | (15.8 | ) | | 58.9 | | | (87.1 | ) | | 77.6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Applicable to deferred income tax expense (benefit) | (0.2 | ) | | 38.6 | | | (16.7 | ) | | 83.5 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Offsets to net unrealized investment gains (losses) | (43.2 | ) | | 197.3 | | | (417.7 | ) | | 399 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) included in OCI | $ | 12.8 | | | $ | (7.0 | ) | | $ | (18.6 | ) | | $ | (1.2 | ) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
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Consolidated variable interest entities |
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Effective January 1, 2010, the Company adopted guidance related to consolidation of VIEs. The revised consolidation guidance amended the definition as well as the method of determining whether an entity is the primary beneficiary of a VIE to a qualitative model. Under the new model, an entity that has both the ability to direct the significant activities of the VIE and the obligation to receive the benefits or absorb the losses that is significant to the VIE is considered the primary beneficiary. This update requires ongoing assessment and enhanced disclosures including the effect of the Company’s involvement with VIEs on its financial statements. |
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The Company regularly invests in private equity type fund structures which are VIEs. Entities which do not have sufficient equity at risk to allow the entity to finance its activities without additional financial support or in which the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristic of a controlling financial interest are referred to as VIEs. We perform ongoing assessments of our investments in VIEs to determine whether we have the power to direct the most significant activities of the entity and an economic interest in the entity. When we hold both the power to direct the most significant activities of the entity and an economic interest in the entity, we are considered to be the primary beneficiary of the entity and consolidate the VIE. The consolidated entities are all investment company-like structures which follow specialized investment company accounting and record underlying investments at fair value. The nature of the VIEs’ operations and purpose are private equity limited partnerships, single asset LLCs and a fund of fund investment structure and have investments in homogeneous types of assets presented below. |
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The following table presents the total assets and total liabilities relating to consolidated VIEs at September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012. |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Carrying Value of Assets and Liabilities for | September 30, 2013 | | 31-Dec-12 |
Consolidated Variable Interest Entities: | | | | | Maximum | | | | | | Maximum |
($ in millions) | | | | | Exposure | | | | | | Exposure |
| Assets | | Liabilities | | to Loss [1] | | Assets | | Liabilities | | to Loss [1] |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Debt securities, at fair value [2] | $ | 5.8 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 5.5 | | | $ | 3.6 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 3.4 | |
|
Equity securities, at fair value [2] | 27.2 | | | — | | | 22.5 | | | 23.4 | | | — | | | 19.2 | |
|
Cash and cash equivalents | 11.6 | | | — | | | 11.4 | | | 10.2 | | | — | | | 10.2 | |
|
Investment in partnership interests | 10.4 | | | — | | | 10.4 | | | 11 | | | — | | | 11 | |
|
Investment in single asset LLCs | 15.7 | | | — | | | 9.8 | | | 6.8 | | | — | | | 5.4 | |
|
Other assets | 0.5 | | | — | | | 0.4 | | | 5.5 | | | — | | | 5.5 | |
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Total assets of consolidated VIEs | $ | 71.2 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 60 | | | $ | 60.5 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 54.7 | |
|
Total liabilities of consolidated VIEs | $ | — | | | $ | 6.2 | | | $ | 6 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 5.1 | | | $ | 5.1 | |
|
——————— |
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[1] | Creditors or beneficial interest holders of the consolidated VIEs have no recourse to our general credit. Our obligation to the VIEs is limited to the amount of our committed investment. We have not provided material financial or other support that was not contractually required to these VIEs. The maximum exposure to loss above at September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012 excludes unfunded commitments of $0 and $4.1 million, respectively. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
[2] | Included in fair value investments on the consolidated balance sheets. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Non-consolidated variable interest entities |
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We hold limited partnership interests with various VIEs primarily as a passive investor in private equity limited partnerships and through direct investments, in which the general partners are not related parties. As the Company is not the general partner in any VIE structures, consolidation is based on evaluation of the primary beneficiary. This analysis includes a review of the VIE’s capital structure, nature of the VIE’s operations and purpose and the Company’s involvement with the entity. When determining the need to consolidate a VIE, the design of the VIE is evaluated as well as any exposed risks of the Company’s investment. As we do not have both: (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entity; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could be potentially significant, we do not consolidate these VIEs. These investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are included in limited partnerships and other investments on our consolidated balance sheets. We reassess our VIE determination with respect to an entity on an ongoing basis. The following table presents the carrying value of assets and liabilities and the maximum exposure to loss relating to significant VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary. |
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The carrying value of our investments in non-consolidated VIEs (based upon sponsor values and financial statements of the individual entities) for which we are not the primary beneficiary was $158.3 million and $139.7 million as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. The maximum exposure to loss is equal to the carrying amounts plus any unfunded commitments of the Company. Such a maximum loss would be expected to occur only upon bankruptcy of the issuer or investee. The Company has not provided nor intends to provide financial support to these entities unless contractually required. We do not have the contractual option to redeem these limited partnership interests but receive distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. The Company must generally request general partner consent to transfer or sell its fund interests. The Company performs ongoing qualitative analysis of its involvement with VIEs to determine if consolidation is required. |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Carrying Value of Assets and Liabilities | 30-Sep-13 | | 31-Dec-12 |
and Maximum Exposure Loss Relating | | | | | Maximum | | | | | | Maximum |
to Variable Interest Entities: | | | | | Exposure | | | | | | Exposure |
($ in millions) | Assets | | Liabilities | | to Loss [1] | | Assets | | Liabilities | | to Loss [1] |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Limited partnerships | $ | 119.2 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 173.6 | | | $ | 136.5 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 202.1 | |
|
LLCs | 39.1 | | | — | | | 39.1 | | | 3.2 | | | — | | | 3.2 | |
|
Total | $ | 158.3 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 212.7 | | | $ | 139.7 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 205.3 | |
|
——————— |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
[1] | Creditors or beneficial interest holders of the VIEs have no recourse to our general credit. Our obligation to the VIEs is limited to the amount of our committed investment. We have not provided material financial or other support that was not contractually required to these VIEs. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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In addition, the Company makes passive investments in structured securities issued by VIEs, for which the Company is not the manager, which are included in CMBS, RMBS, CDO/CLO and other asset-backed securities within available-for-sale debt securities, and in fair value investments, in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company has not provided financial or other support with respect to these investments other than its original investment. For these investments, the Company determined it is not the primary beneficiary due to the size of our investment relative to the structured securities issued by the VIE, the level of credit subordination which reduces the Company’s obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits, and the Company’s lack of power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIEs. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss on these investments is limited to the amount of our investment. |
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Issuer and counterparty credit exposure |
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Credit exposure related to issuers and derivatives counterparties is inherent in investments and derivative contracts with positive fair value or asset balances. We manage credit risk through the analysis of the underlying obligors, issuers and transaction structures. We review our debt security portfolio regularly to monitor the performance of obligors and assess the stability of their credit ratings. We also manage credit risk through industry and issuer diversification and asset allocation. Maximum exposure to an issuer or derivative counterparty is defined by quality ratings, with higher quality issuers having larger exposure limits. As of September 30, 2013, we were exposed to the credit concentration risk of six issuers, Deutsche Bank AG, Citibank NA, Goldman Sachs International, JP Morgan Chase Bank NA, Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and Bank of America Corp representing exposure greater than 10.0% of stockholders’ equity other than U.S. government and government agencies backed by the faith and credit of the U.S. government. We monitor credit exposures by actively monitoring dollar limits on transactions with specific counterparties. We have an overall limit on below-investment-grade rated issuer exposure. Additionally, the creditworthiness of counterparties is reviewed periodically. We generally use ISDA Master Agreements which include Credit Support Annexes which include collateral provisions to reduce counterparty credit exposures. Included in fixed maturities are below-investment-grade assets totaling $915.9 million and $1,039.6 million at September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. To further mitigate the risk of loss on derivatives, we only enter into contracts in which the counterparty is a financial institution with a rating of A or higher from at least one Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization. |
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As of September 30, 2013, we held derivative assets, net of liabilities, with a fair value of $114.0 million. Derivative credit exposure was diversified with eleven different counterparties. We also had debt securities of these issuers with a fair value of $211.8 million as of September 30, 2013. Our maximum amount of loss due to credit risk with these issuers was $325.8 million as of September 30, 2013. See Note 11 to these financial statements for more information regarding derivatives. |