License and Collaboration Agreements | 3 Months Ended |
Mar. 31, 2014 |
License and Collaboration Agreements | ' |
License and Collaboration Agreements | ' |
10. License and Collaboration Agreements |
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Baxter Agreement |
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In September 2012, the Company entered into a development and license agreement with Baxter granting Baxter an exclusive, royalty-bearing license for the research, development, commercialization and manufacture (in specified instances) of rigosertib in all therapeutic indications in Europe (the “Baxter Territory”). In July 2012, Baxter purchased $50,000,000 of the Company’s Series J Preferred Stock, which automatically converted to shares of Common Stock immediately prior to the consummation of the IPO. Baxter also invested $5,000,000 in the Company’s IPO. |
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Under the terms of the agreement, the Company was initially required to perform research and development to advance three initial rigosertib indications, rigosertib intravenous (“IV”) in higher risk myelodysplastic syndrome (“MDS”) patients, rigosertib IV in pancreatic cancer patients and rigosertib oral in lower risk MDS patients, through Phase 3, Phase 3 and Phase 2 clinical trials, respectively. In December 2013, a pre-planned interim futility and safety analysis of the pancreatic cancer trial was performed and the trial was discontinued. In February 2014, the Company announced top-line analysis of a Phase 3 trial of rigosertib IV in higher risk MDS patients. Although the results of this study showed numerical improvement in median overall survival in the rigosertib treated patients, the observed improvement of 2.4 months did not meet the required level of statistical significance. However, an encouraging improvement in median overall survival was evident in the subset of patients who had progressed on or failed to respond to previous treatment with hypomethylating agents (“HMAs”). The Company is performing additional analyses of the data from this trial, and is aiming to meet with regulatory authorities to discuss next steps for rigosertib IV development and/or registration in this patient population. |
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If an additional Phase 3 clinical trial for rigosertib IV in higher risk MDS patients is required to obtain marketing approval in the Baxter Territory, the Company could require Baxter to fund a percentage of the costs of such additional trial up to a specified maximum. At the completion of the current Phase 2 trial for rigosertib oral in lower risk MDS patients and the review of the resulting data and findings, the Company and Baxter will decide whether or not to pursue further development of rigosertib for this indication. If the Company and Baxter mutually agree to progress the development of rigosertib oral in lower risk MDS patients, then certain milestone payments will be payable to the Company, and the Company will be required to use its commercially reasonable efforts to progress the development of rigosertib for this indication to a drug approval application in the Baxter Territory. The Company and Baxter will work together for potential future rigosertib indications, beyond the initial indications noted above. Generally, if Baxter chooses to participate in the development of additional indications, Baxter will be responsible for a percentage of all research and development costs and expenses and the Company could earn additional milestone payments. Baxter has full responsibility for all commercialization activities for the product in the Baxter Territory, at Baxter’s sole cost and expense. |
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The Company and Baxter have agreed to negotiate a supply agreement under terms satisfactory to both parties whereby the Company will supply Baxter with Baxter’s required levels of product to support commercialization efforts in the Baxter Territory. Baxter also has the right to engage third parties for the manufacture and supply of its requirements for the licensed product. |
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Under the terms of the agreement, Baxter made an upfront payment of $50,000,000. The Company is eligible to receive pre-commercial milestone payments of up to an aggregate of $337,500,000 if specified development and regulatory milestones are achieved. The potential pre-commercial development milestone payments to the Company include the following: |
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· $50,000,000 for achievement of the primary endpoint of a Phase 3 clinical trial for rigosertib IV in higher risk MDS patients (the “MDS IV indication”) or mutual agreement of the parties to file for any marketing approval in either the European Union as a whole or in all of the Big Five EU Countries (specified in the agreement as:Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy and Spain); |
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· $25,000,000 for the joint decision to proceed with the development of rigosertib for lower risk MDS; and |
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· $25,000,000 for each drug approval application filed for indications specified in the arrangement with Baxter. |
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The Company may also receive up to $212,500,000 in milestone payments for regulatory approvals of the rigosertib MDS indications specified in the arrangement with Baxter, each of which may be up to and in excess of $100,000,000. The Company is also potentially eligible to receive an additional $20,000,000 pre-commercial milestone payment related to the timing of regulatory approval of the MDS IV indication in Europe. In addition to these pre-commercial milestones, the Company is eligible to receive up to an aggregate of $250,000,000 in milestone payments based on Baxter’s achievement of pre-specified threshold levels of annual net sales of rigosertib. The Company will also be entitled to receive royalties at percentage rates ranging from the low-teens to the low-twenties on net sales of rigosertib by Baxter in the Baxter Territory. |
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The agreement with Baxter will remain in effect until the expiration of all applicable royalty terms and satisfaction of all payment obligations in each licensed country, unless terminated earlier due to the uncured material breach or bankruptcy of a party, force majeure, or in the event of a specified commercial failure. The Company may terminate the agreement in the event that Baxter brings a challenge against it in relation to the licensed patents. Baxter may terminate the agreement without cause commencing after a specified period of time from the execution of the agreement. |
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The Company determined that the deliverables under the Baxter agreement include the exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable license to rigosertib and the research and development services to be performed by the Company. The Company concluded that the license had standalone value to Baxter and was separable from the research and development services because the license is sublicensable, there are no restrictions as to Baxter’s use of the license and Baxter has significant research capabilities in this field. |
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In determining the separate units of accounting, the Company considered applicable accounting guidance and noted that in an arrangement with multiple deliverables, the delivered item or items shall be considered a separate unit of accounting if the delivered item or items have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis. The item or items have value on a stand-alone basis if they are sold separately by any vendor or the customer could resell the delivered item(s) on a stand-alone basis. In the context of a customer’s ability to resell the delivered item(s), this criterion does not require the existence of an observable market for the deliverable(s). |
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The Baxter agreement allows Baxter to sublicense rigosertib and its ability to sublicense is not contingent on the approval or right of first refusal by the Company. The Company determined that Baxter’s ability to sublicense the intellectual property to others demonstrates that the license has stand-alone value. In addition, at the time of entering into the Baxter agreement in September 2012, the rigosertib program was in a Phase 3 clinical trial for higher risk MDS, a Phase 3 clinical trial for pancreatic cancer and a Phase 2 trial for lower risk MDS. The protocols for the clinical trials had been written and provided to Baxter and a Special Protocol Assessment had already been granted to the Company by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) for higher risk MDS. These later stage clinical trials, where protocols have been prepared and trials are in process, can be completed more easily by entities other than the Company, as compared to earlier stage clinical trials. The remaining services to be performed by the Company are not proprietary and could be performed by other qualified parties. For example, the Company relies on clinical research organizations (“CROs”) to complete the clinical trials, and Baxter could engage the same or similar CROs to complete the trials on its behalf. Although Baxter is not performing development activities related to rigosertib, Baxter possesses the internal expertise (or a vendor could be hired) to complete the efforts under the rigosertib programs without further assistance from the Company. |
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Baxter develops, manufactures and markets products that save and sustain the lives of people with hemophilia, immune disorders, infectious diseases, kidney disease, trauma, and other chronic and acute medical conditions. As a global, diversified healthcare company, Baxter applies a unique combination of expertise in medical devices, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology to create products that advance patient care worldwide. Baxter employs over 50,000 people, with significant revenues and expenditures for research and development. Baxter has expertise in completing clinical trials, assessing clinical trial results and preparing regulatory filings and has also developed and obtained regulatory and marketing approval in Europe for numerous products used to treat hematologic conditions. Baxter has expertise in rare hematologic conditions, and the Company believes that rigosertib is a natural complement to Baxter’s existing treatments for patients with these conditions. |
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Baxter has the rights and full access to past and future intellectual information in order to obtain regulatory approval of rigosertib in Europe. In connection with the Baxter agreement, the Company licensed to Baxter all information and all patents controlled by the Company necessary for the development, manufacture, use and sale of rigosertib and all present and future formulations and dosages in all present and future therapeutic indications in the licensed territory. |
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Accordingly, given Baxter’s ability to sublicense under the agreement and its ability internally or with outside help to conduct the ongoing development efforts, the Company concluded that the license has stand-alone value. In order to determine if the license can be treated as a separate unit of accounting, the Company also considered whether there is a general right of return associated with the license. The $50,000,000 upfront payment received by the Company is non-refundable; therefore, there is no right of return for the license. As a result, the Company concluded that the license is a separate unit of accounting. |
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The Company was not able to establish vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price or third-party evidence for either the license or the research and development services and instead allocated the arrangement consideration between the license and research and development services based on their relative selling prices using best estimate of selling price (“BESP”). Management developed the BESP of the license using a discounted cash flow model, taking into consideration assumptions including the development and commercialization timeline, discount rate and probability of success. Management utilized a third party valuation specialist to assist with the determination of BESP of the license. Management estimated the selling price of the research and development services using third party costs and a discounted cash flow model. The estimated selling prices utilized assumptions including internal estimates of research and development personnel needed to perform the research and development services; and estimates of expected cash outflows to third parties for services and supplies over the expected period that the services will be performed. |
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The key assumptions in these models included the following market conditions and entity-specific factors: (a) the specific rights provided under the license, (b) the stage of development of rigosertib and estimated remaining development and commercialization timelines, (c) the probability of successfully developing and commercializing rigosertib, (d) the market size including the associated sales figures which generate royalty revenue, (e) cost of goods sold, which was assumed to be a specified percentage of revenues based on estimated cost of goods sold of a typical oncology product, (f) sales and marketing costs, which were based on the costs required to field an oncology sales force and marketing group, including external costs required to promote an oncology product, (g) the expected product life of rigosertib assuming commercialization and (h) the competitive environment. The Company utilized a discount rate of 16%, representing the cost of capital derived from returns on equity for comparable companies. |
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Based on management’s analyses, it was determined that the BESP of the license was $120,000,000 and the BESP of the research and development services was $20,600,000. As noted above, the Company received an up-front payment of $50,000,000 under the Baxter agreement, which represents the allocable agreement consideration. Based on the respective BESPs, this payment was allocated $42,400,000 to the license and $7,600,000 to the research and development services. Since the delivery of the license occurred upon the execution of the Baxter agreement and there was no general right of return, $42,400,000 of the $50,000,000 upfront payment was recognized upon the execution of the Baxter agreement. The portion allocated to research and development services was recognized over the period of performance on a proportional performance basis through March 31, 2014. Management estimated the period of performance to be the period necessary for completion of the non-contingent obligations to perform research and development services required to advance the three formulations of rigosertib described above. As of March 31, 2014, all of the deferred revenue related to such research and development services has been recognized. For the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company recognized $333,000 and $978,000, respectively, of research and development revenue under the Baxter agreement. |
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The Company and Baxter have agreed to establish a joint committee to facilitate the governance and oversight of the parties’ activities under the agreements. Management considered whether participation on the joint committee may be a deliverable and determined that it was not a deliverable. Had management considered participation on the joint committee as a deliverable, it would not have had a material impact on the accounting for the arrangement based on the analysis of the estimated selling price of such participation. |
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As noted above, in July 2012, Baxter purchased Series J Preferred Stock. Because the Series J Preferred Stock was acquired within several months of the Baxter development and license agreement, management considered whether the Preferred Stock was issued at fair value and if not, whether the consideration received for the Series J Preferred Stock ($50,000,000) or for the collaboration and license agreement ($50,000,000) should be allocated in the financial statements in a manner differently than the prices stated in the agreements. Management, with the assistance of an outside valuation specialist, determined that the price paid by Baxter for the Series J Preferred Stock approximated its fair value, and therefore the consideration received under the agreements was allocated in accordance with terms of the individual agreements. |
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SymBio Agreement |
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In July 2011, the Company entered into a license agreement with SymBio, as subsequently amended, granting SymBio an exclusive, royalty-bearing license for the development and commercialization of rigosertib in Japan and Korea. Under the SymBio license agreement, SymBio is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and obtain market approval for rigosertib inside the licensed territory and the Company has similar obligations outside of the licensed territory. The Company has also entered into an agreement with SymBio providing for it to supply SymBio with development-stage product. Under the SymBio license agreement, the Company also agreed to supply commercial product to SymBio under specified terms that will be included in a commercial supply agreement to be negotiated prior to the first commercial sale of rigosertib. The supply of development-stage product and the supply of commercial product will be at the Company’s cost plus a defined profit margin. Sales of development-stage product have been de minimis. The Company has additionally granted SymBio a right of first negotiation to license or obtain the rights to develop and commercialize compounds having a chemical structure similar to rigosertib in the licensed territory. |
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Under the terms of the SymBio license agreement, the Company received an upfront payment of $7,500,000. The Company is eligible to receive milestone payments of up to an aggregate of $22,000,000 from SymBio upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones for specified indications. Of the regulatory milestones, $5,000,000 is due upon receipt of marketing approval in the United States for rigosertib IV in higher risk MDS patients, $3,000,000 is due upon receipt of marketing approval in Japan for rigosertib IV in higher risk MDS patients, $5,000,000 is due upon receipt of marketing approval in the United States for rigosertib oral in lower risk MDS patients, $5,000,000 is due upon receipt of marketing approval in Japan for rigosertib oral in lower risk MDS patients. Furthermore, upon receipt of marketing approval in the United States and Japan for an additional specified indication of rigosertib, which we are currently not pursuing, an aggregate of $4,000,000 would be due. In addition to these pre-commercial milestones, the Company is eligible to receive tiered milestone payments based upon annual net sales of rigosertib by SymBio of up to an aggregate of $30,000,000. |
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Further, under the terms of the SymBio license agreement, SymBio will make royalty payments to the Company at percentage rates ranging from the mid-teens to 20% based on net sales of rigosertib by SymBio. |
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Royalties will be payable under the SymBio agreement on a country-by-country basis in the licensed territory, until the later of the expiration of marketing exclusivity in those countries, a specified period of time after first commercial sale of rigosertib in such country, or the expiration of all valid claims of the licensed patents covering rigosertib or the manufacture or use of rigosertib in such country. If no valid claim exists covering the composition of matter of rigosertib or the use of or treatment with rigosertib in a particular country before the expiration of the royalty term, and specified competing products achieve a specified market share percentage in such country, SymBio’s obligation to pay the Company royalties will continue at a reduced royalty rate until the end of the royalty term. In addition, the applicable royalties payable to the Company may be reduced if SymBio is required to pay royalties to third-parties for licenses to intellectual property rights necessary to develop, use, manufacture or commercialize rigosertib in the licensed territory. The license agreement with SymBio will remain in effect until the expiration of the royalty term. However, the SymBio license agreement may be terminated earlier due to the uncured material breach or bankruptcy of a party, or force majeure. If SymBio terminates the license agreement in these circumstances, its licenses to rigosertib will survive, subject to SymBio’s milestone and royalty obligations, which SymBio may elect to defer and offset against any damages that may be determined to be due from the Company. In addition, the Company may terminate the license agreement in the event that SymBio brings a challenge against it in relation to the licensed patents, and SymBio may terminate the license agreement without cause by providing the Company with written notice within a specified period of time in advance of termination. |
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The Company determined that the deliverables under the SymBio agreement include the exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable license to rigosertib, the research and development services to be provided by the Company and its obligation to serve on a joint committee. The Company concluded that the license did not have standalone value to SymBio and was not separable from the research and development services, because of the uncertainty of SymBio’s ability to develop rigosertib in the SymBio territory on its own and the uncertainty of SymBio’s ability to sublicense rigosertib and recover a substantial portion of the original upfront payment of $7,500,000 paid by SymBio to the Company. |
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The supply of rigosertib for SymBio’s commercial requirements is contingent upon the receipt of regulatory approvals to commercialize rigosertib in Japan and Korea. Because the Company’s commercial supply obligation was contingent upon the receipt of future regulatory approvals, and there were no binding commitments or firm purchase orders pending for commercial supply at or near the execution of the agreement, the commercial supply obligation is deemed to be contingent and is not valued as a deliverable under the SymBio agreement. If SymBio orders the supplies from the Company, the Company expects the pricing for this supply to equal its third-party manufacturing cost plus a pre-negotiated percentage, which will not result in a significant incremental discount to market rates. |
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Due to the lack of standalone value for the license, research and development services, and joint committee obligation, the upfront payment is being recognized ratably using the straight line method through December 2027, the expected term of the agreement. For the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company recognized revenues of $113,000, and $113,000, respectively, under this agreement. In addition, the Company recognized revenues of $0 and $25,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to the supply agreement with SymBio. |
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