BASIS OF PRESENTATION | BASIS OF PRESENTATION Principles of Consolidation and Reporting These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements (the “financial statements”) include the accounts of Northrop Grumman Corporation and its subsidiaries and joint ventures or other investments for which we consolidate the financial results (herein referred to as “Northrop Grumman,” the “company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”). Material intercompany accounts, transactions and profits are eliminated in consolidation. Investments in equity securities and joint ventures where the company has significant influence, but not control, are accounted for using the equity method. On June 6, 2018 (the “Merger date”), the company completed its previously announced acquisition of Orbital ATK, Inc. (“Orbital ATK”) (the “Merger”) . On the Merger date, Orbital ATK became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the company and its name was changed to Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, Inc., which we established as a new, fourth business sector (“Innovation Systems”) . The operating results of Innovation Systems subsequent to the Merger date have been included in the company's consolidated results of operations. See N ote 2 to the financial statements for further information regarding the acquisition of Orbital ATK. The financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP” or “FAS”) and in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim reporting. The financial statements include adjustments of a normal recurring nature considered necessary by management for a fair presentation of the company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The results reported in these financial statements are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire year. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the information contained in the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K). The quarterly information is labeled using a calendar convention; that is, first quarter is consistently labeled as ending on March 31, second quarter as ending on June 30 and third quarter as ending on September 30. It is the company’s long-standing practice to establish actual interim closing dates using a “fiscal” calendar, in which we close our books on a Friday near these quarter-end dates in order to normalize the potentially disruptive effects of quarterly closings on business processes. Similarly, Innovation Systems uses a “fiscal” calendar by closing its books on a Sunday near these quarter-end dates and will continue this practice until its business processes are aligned with the company’s. The Friday and Sunday closing dates noted herein are both labeled as June 30, consistent with our calendar convention described above. This practice is only used at interim periods within a reporting year. As previously announced, effective January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , and Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2017-07, Compensation Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost , using the full retrospective method. The adoption of these standards are reflected in the amounts and disclosures set forth in this Form 10-Q and the effect of these standards on the company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and unaudited condensed consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2017 is reflected in Note 12 . Accounting Estimates Preparation of the financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingencies at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of sales and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates have been prepared using the most current and best available information; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Revenue Recognition The majority of our sales are derived from long-term contracts with the U.S. government for the production of goods, the provision of services, or a combination of both. The company classifies sales as product or service based on the predominant attributes of each contract. Under ASC Topic 606, the company recognizes revenue for each separately identifiable performance obligation in a contract representing a promise to transfer a distinct good or service to a customer. In most cases, goods and services provided under the company’s contracts are accounted for as single performance obligations due to the complex and integrated nature of our products and services. These contracts generally require significant integration of a group of goods and/or services to deliver a combined output. In some contracts, the company provides multiple distinct goods or services to a customer, most commonly when a contract covers multiple phases of the product lifecycle (development, production, maintenance and/or support). In those cases, the company accounts for the distinct contract deliverables as separate performance obligations and allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price, which is generally estimated using the cost plus a reasonable margin approach of ASC Topic 606. Warranties are provided on certain contracts, but do not typically provide for services beyond standard assurances and are therefore not within the scope of ASC Topic 606. Likewise, our accounting for costs to obtain or fulfill a contract was not significantly impacted by the adoption of ASC Topic 606 as these costs are not material. A contract modification exists when the parties to a contract approve a change in the scope or price of a contract. Contracts are often modified for changes in contract specifications or requirements. Most of the company’s contract modifications are for goods or services that are not distinct in the context of the contract and are therefore accounted for as part of the original performance obligation through a cumulative estimate-at-completion (EAC) adjustment. The company recognizes revenue as control is transferred to the customer, either over time or at a point in time. In general, our U.S. government contracts contain termination for convenience clauses that generally entitle the customer to goods produced and/or in-process. Similarly, our non-U.S. government contracts generally contain contractual termination clauses or entitle the company to payment for work performed to date for goods and services that do not have an alternative use. As control is effectively transferred as we perform on our contracts and we are typically entitled to cost plus a reasonable margin for work in process if the contract is terminated for convenience, we generally recognize revenue over time on a cost-to-cost basis (cost incurred relative to total cost estimated at completion) as the company believes this represents the most appropriate measurement towards satisfaction of its performance obligations. Revenue for contracts in which the control of goods produced does not transfer until delivery to the customer is recognized at a point in time (i.e. typically upon delivery). Contract Estimates Use of the cost-to-cost method requires us to make reasonably dependable estimates regarding the revenue and cost associated with the design, manufacture and delivery of our products and services. The company estimates profit on these contracts as the difference between total estimated sales and total estimated cost at completion and recognizes that profit as costs are incurred. Significant judgment is used to estimate total revenue and cost at completion. Contract sales may include estimates of variable consideration, including cost or performance incentives (such as award and incentive fees), contract claims and requests for equitable adjustment (REAs). Variable consideration is included in total estimated sales to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. We estimate variable consideration at the most likely amount to which we expect to be entitled. We recognize changes in estimated contract sales or costs and the resulting changes in contract profit on a cumulative basis. Cumulative EAC adjustments represent the cumulative effect of the changes on current and prior periods; sales and operating margins in future periods are recognized as if the revised estimates had been used since contract inception. If it is determined that a loss is expected to result on an individual performance obligation, the entire amount of the estimable future loss, including an allocation of general and administrative (G&A) costs, is charged against income in the period the loss is identified. Each loss provision is first offset against costs included in unbilled accounts receivable or inventoried costs; remaining amounts are reflected in other current liabilities. Significant EAC adjustments on a single contract could have a material effect on the company’s financial statements. When such adjustments occur, we generally disclose the nature, underlying conditions and financial impact of the adjustments. During the three months ended June 30, 2018 , the company recognized $69 million of favorable EAC adjustments on multiple restricted programs at Aerospace Systems. The following table presents the effect of aggregate net EAC adjustments: Three Months Ended June 30 Six Months Ended June 30 $ in millions, except per share data 2018 2017 2018 2017 Operating Income $ 143 $ 102 $ 259 $ 243 Net Earnings (1) 113 66 205 158 Diluted earnings per share (1) 0.64 0.38 1.17 0.90 (1) Based on statutory tax rates in effect for each period presented. Revenue recognized from performance obligations satisfied in previous reporting periods was $156 million and $289 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively, and $101 million and $246 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 , respectively. Backlog Backlog represents the future sales we expect to recognize on firm orders received by the company and is equivalent to the company’s remaining performance obligations at the end of each period. It comprises both funded backlog (firm orders for which funding is authorized and appropriated) and unfunded backlog. Unexercised contract options and indefinite delivery indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contracts are not included in backlog until the time the option or IDIQ task order is exercised or awarded. Company backlog as of June 30, 2018 was $52.2 billion and includes $8.7 billion of Innovation Systems backlog (approximately $500 million of legacy Orbital ATK backlog related to contracts with legacy Northrop Grumman sectors was eliminated in connection with the Merger). We expect to recognize approximately 50 percent and 75 percent of our June 30, 2018 backlog as revenue over the next 12 and 24 months, respectively, with the remainder to be recognized thereafter. Contract Assets and Liabilities For each of the company’s contracts, the timing of revenue recognition, customer billings, and cash collections results in a net contract asset or liability at the end of each reporting period. Fixed-price contracts are typically billed to the customer either using progress payments, whereby amounts are billed monthly as costs are incurred or work is completed, or performance based payments, which are based upon the achievement of specific, measurable events or accomplishments defined and valued at contract inception. Cost-type contracts are typically billed to the customer on a monthly or semi-monthly basis. Contract assets consist of unbilled receivables, primarily related to long-term contracts where revenue recognized under the cost-to-cost method exceeds amounts billed to customers. Unbilled receivables are classified as current assets and, in accordance with industry practice, include amounts that may be billed and collected beyond one year due to the long-cycle nature of many of our contracts. Accumulated contract costs in unbilled receivables include direct production costs, factory and engineering overhead, production tooling costs, and allowable G&A. Unbilled receivables also include certain estimates of variable consideration described above. These contract assets are not considered a significant financing component of the company’s contracts as the payment terms are intended to protect the customer in the event the company does not perform on its obligations under the contract. Contract liabilities include advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized. Certain customers make advance payments prior to the satisfaction of the company’s obligations on the contract. These amounts are recorded as contract liabilities until such obligations are satisfied, either over time as costs are incurred or at a point in time when deliveries are made. Contract liabilities are not a significant financing component as they are generally utilized to pay for contract costs within a one-year period or are used to ensure the customer meets contractual requirements. Net contract assets (liabilities) are as follows: $ in millions June 30, December 31, $ Change % Change Unbilled receivables, net $ 5,272 $ 3,465 $ 1,807 52 % Advance payments and amounts in excess of costs incurred (1,711 ) (1,761 ) 50 (3 )% Net contract assets (liabilities) $ 3,561 $ 1,704 $ 1,857 109 % The amount of revenue recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 that was included in the December 31, 2017 contract liability balance was $364 million and $1.1 billion , respectively. The amount of revenue recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 that was included in the December 31, 2016 contract liability balance was $272 million and $850 million , respectively. The change in the balances of the company’s contract assets and liabilities primarily results from timing differences between company performance and customer payments. The increase in net contract assets during the six months ended June 30, 2018 , is principally due to the addition of $1.1 billion of net contract assets from Innovation Systems and higher sales on restricted programs at Aerospace Systems. Disaggregation of Revenue See Note 11 for information regarding the company’s sales by customer type, contract type and geographic region for each of our segments. We believe those categories best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Other Purchased Intangible Assets Purchased intangible asset balances are included in the identifiable assets of their assigned business segment. Beginning in 2018, the company includes the amortization of purchased intangible assets in unallocated corporate expense within operating income as such amortization is no longer considered part of management’s evaluation of segment operating performance. The company’s customer-related intangible assets are amortized over their respective useful lives typically based on the pattern in which the future economic benefits of the intangible assets are expected to be consumed. Other purchased intangible assets are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss are as follows: $ in millions June 30, December 31, Unamortized benefit plan costs, net of tax benefit of $1,940 for 2018 and $3,056 for 2017 $ (5,474 ) $ (4,586 ) Cumulative translation adjustment (138 ) (136 ) Other, net (4 ) 4 Total accumulated other comprehensive loss $ (5,616 ) $ (4,718 ) Unamortized benefit plan costs as of June 30, 2018 reflect a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings of $1.1 billion of stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “2017 Tax Act”). This reclassification resulted from the company’s early adoption of ASU 2018-02 on January 1, 2018. See “Accounting Standards Updates” below for more information. Unamortized benefit plan costs consist primarily of net after-tax actuarial losses totaling $5.6 billion and $4.7 billion as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. Net actuarial gains or losses are redetermined annually or upon remeasurement events and principally arise from changes in the interest rate used to discount our benefit obligations and differences between expected and actual returns on plan assets. Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net earnings related to the amortization of benefit plan costs were $86 million and $172 million , net of taxes, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 , respectively, and were $100 million and $199 million , net of taxes, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 , respectively. The reclassifications represent the amortization of net actuarial losses and prior service credits, and are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. See Note 9 for further information. Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net earnings relating to cumulative translation adjustments and effective cash flow hedges were not material for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 . Related Party Transactions The company had no material related party transactions in any period presented. Accounting Standards Updates On February 14, 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income . ASU 2018-02 allows companies to reclassify stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 Tax Act from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. As described above, the company elected to early adopt ASU 2018-02 on January 1, 2018, which resulted in a reclassification of $1.1 billion of stranded tax effects, principally related to our unamortized benefit plan costs, from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings. This reclassification included $73 million of other income tax effects related to a reduction in the federal benefit associated with state taxes. Adoption of ASU 2018-02 did not have a material impact on the company’s results of operations and/or cash flows. On March 10, 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost . ASU 2017-07 requires employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and/or other post-retirement benefit plans to report the service cost component of net benefit cost in the same line item as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. Employers are required to present the other components of net benefit costs in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations. Additionally, only the service cost component of net periodic pension cost is eligible for asset capitalization. We adopted ASU 2017-07 on January 1, 2018 using the retrospective method. See Note 12 for information regarding the effect of adopting ASU 2017-07 on our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of earnings and comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017. Adoption of ASU 2017-07 did not have a material impact on our consolidated statements of financial position and/or cash flows. On February 25, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) . ASU 2016-02 supersedes existing lease guidance, including ASC 840 - Leases . Among other things, ASU 2016-02 requires recognition of a right-of-use asset and liability for future lease payments for contracts that meet the definition of a lease and requires disclosure of certain information about leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 will be effective January 1, 2019, although early adoption is permitted, and may be adopted using a modified retrospective transition method that applies the new lease requirements at the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements. The FASB has proposed a change that would allow a company to elect an optional transition method that applies the new lease requirements through a cumulative-effect adjustment in the period of adoption. We expect to adopt the standard on January 1, 2019 using the proposed optional transition method if finalized in its current form. As a result of the Merger, we are currently reevaluating the expected impact of ASU 2016-02 on the company’s consolidated financial position and financial statement disclosures. We do not expect ASU 2016-02 to have a material impact on our annual results of operations and/or cash flows. On January 5, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments (Topic 825): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities . ASU 2016-01 requires equity investments that are not accounted for under the equity method of accounting or that do not result in consolidation of the investee to be measured at fair value with changes recognized in net earnings. ASU 2016-01 also eliminates the available-for-sale classification for equity investments that recognized changes in fair value as a component of other comprehensive income. We adopted ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method, which resulted in a $4 million (net of tax) cumulative-effect adjustment from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings. Adoption of ASU 2016-01 did not have a material impact on our results of operations and/or cash flows. On May 28, 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) . Topic 606 supersedes previous revenue recognition guidance, including ASC 605-35, Revenue Recognition - Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts , and outlines a single set of comprehensive principles for recognizing revenue under U.S. GAAP. Among other things, it requires companies to identify contractual performance obligations and determine whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time. The primary impact of the adoption of ASC Topic 606 was that, in most cases, the accounting for those contracts where we previously recognized revenue as units were delivered changed under ASC Topic 606 such that we now recognize revenue as costs are incurred. In addition, for certain of our contracts, there is a change in the number of performance obligations under ASC Topic 606, which has altered the timing of revenue and margin recognition. We adopted ASC Topic 606 on January 1, 2018 using the full retrospective method. We applied the transition practical expedient related to remaining performance obligations for reporting periods presented before the date of initial application. No other practical expedients were applied. The cumulative effect of adopting ASC Topic 606 was a $148 million increase to retained earnings at January 1, 2016. See Note 12 for information regarding the effect of adopting ASC Topic 606 on our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of earnings and comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and unaudited condensed consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2017. Other accounting standards updates adopted and/or issued, but not effective until after June 30, 2018, are not expected to have a material effect on the company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial position, annual results of operations and/or cash flows. |