Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these financial statements and the related disclosures. Actual results may differ from those estimates. Estimates are used in determining, among other items, asset lives and residual values, cash flows for impairment analysis, heavy maintenance costs, income tax accounting, business combinations, intangible assets, warrants, Revenue Recognition ACMI and CMI Services Our performance obligations under ACMI contracts involve outsourced cargo and passenger aircraft operating services, including the provision of an aircraft, crew, maintenance and insurance. Our performance obligations under CMI contracts also involve outsourced aircraft operating services, generally including the provision of crew, line maintenance and insurance, but not the aircraft. ACMI and CMI contracts generally provide for the transfer of the benefits from these performance obligations on a combined basis through the operation of the aircraft over time. The time interval between when an aircraft departs the terminal until it arrives at the destination terminal is measured in hours and called “Block Hours.” Customers assume fuel, demand and price risk. Generally, customers are also responsible for landing, navigation and most other operational fees and costs and, in the case of CMI customers, the provision of the aircraft and heavy and non-heavy maintenance. When we act as an agent for costs reimbursed by customers, such reimbursed amounts are recorded as Operating Revenue, net of the related costs, when the costs are incurred. When we are responsible for any of these costs, such reimbursed amounts are recorded as Operating Revenue and the costs are recorded as Operating Expenses as incurred. Revenue from ACMI and CMI contracts is typically recognized over time as the services are performed based on Block Hours operated on behalf of a customer during a given month. Revenue for contracts with scheduled rate changes, excluding inflationary adjustments, is recognized over the term of the contract using an estimated average rate per Block Hour, which requires significant judgment to estimate the total number of Block Hours expected. Any revenue adjustments, including those related to minimum contracted Block Hour guarantees and on-time performance targets, are recognized over the applicable measurement period for the adjustment. ACMI and CMI customers are generally billed monthly based on Block Hours operated on behalf of a customer during a given month, as defined contractually. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract, although terms generally require partial payment for minimum contracted Block Hour guarantees in advance of the services being provided. Since advance payments are typically made shortly before the services are performed, such payments are not considered significant financing components. Charter Services Our performance obligations under Charter contracts involve the provision of cargo and passenger aircraft charter services to customers, including the U.S. Military Air Mobility Command (“AMC”), brokers, freight forwarders, direct shippers, airlines, sports teams and fans, and private charter customers. Our obligations are for one or more flights based on a specific origin and destination. We also provide limited airport-to-airport cargo services to select markets, including several cities in South America. The customer pays a fixed charter fee or a variable fee generally based on the weight of cargo flown and we typically bear all direct operating costs for both cargo and passenger charters, which include fuel, insurance, landing and navigation fees, and most other operational fees and costs. When we purchase cargo capacity from our ACMI customers for Charter flights, we are responsible for selling the capacity we purchase. We record revenue related to such purchased capacity as part of Charter revenue and record the related expenses in Navigation fees, landing fees and other rent. Revenue from Charter contracts is typically recognized over time as the services are performed based on Block Hours operated on behalf of a customer. Any revenue adjustments related to on-time performance targets with the AMC are recognized over the applicable measurement period for the adjustment. We generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period is less than one year. Payment terms and conditions vary by charter contract, although many contracts require payment in advance of the services being provided. Since advance payments are typically made shortly before the services are performed, such payments are not considered significant financing components. Dry Leasing Our performance obligations under Dry Lease contracts involve the provision of aircraft and engines to customers for compensation that is typically based on a fixed monthly amount and are all accounted for as operating leases. We record Dry Lease rental income on a straight-line basis over the term of the operating lease. Rentals received but unearned under the lease agreements are recorded in deferred revenue and included in Accrued liabilities until earned. Customer maintenance reserves are amounts received under our Dry Lease contracts that are subject to reimbursement to the lessee upon the completion of qualifying maintenance work on the specific Dry Leased aircraft and are included in Accrued liabilities. We defer revenue recognition for customer maintenance reserves until the end of the lease, when we are able to finalize the amount, if any, to be reimbursed to the lessee. Other Services Other services include administrative and management support services and flight simulator training. Revenue for these services is recognized when the services are provided. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits and other cash investments that are highly liquid in nature and have original maturities of three months or less at acquisition. Short-term Investments Short-term investments are primarily comprised of certificates of deposit, current portions of debt securities and money market funds. Restricted Cash Cash that is restricted under secured aircraft debt agreements, whereby it can only be used to make principal and interest payments on the related debt secured by those aircraft, is classified as Restricted cash. Accounts Receivable We perform a monthly evaluation of our accounts receivable and establish an allowance for doubtful accounts based on our best estimate of probable credit losses resulting from the inability or unwillingness of our customers to make required payments. Account balances are charged off against the allowance when we determine that the receivable will not be recovered. Expendable Parts Expendable parts, materials and supplies for flight equipment are carried at average acquisition costs and are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets. When used in operations, they are charged to maintenance expense. Allowances for excess and obsolescence for expendable parts expected to be on hand at the date aircraft are retired from service are provided over the estimated useful lives of the related airframes and engines. These allowances are based on management estimates, which are subject to change as conditions in the business evolve. The net book value of expendable parts inventory was $49.4 million as of December 31, 2018 and $34.7 million at December 31, 2017, net of allowances for obsolescence of $33.0 million at December 31, 2018 and $27.8 million at December 31, 2017. Property and Equipment We record property and equipment at cost and depreciate these assets to their estimated residual values on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives or average remaining fleet lives. We review these assumptions at least annually and adjust depreciation on a prospective basis. Expenditures for major additions, improvements and flight equipment modifications are generally capitalized and depreciated over the shorter of the estimated life of the improvement, the modified assets’ remaining life or remaining lease term. Most of our flight equipment is specifically pledged as collateral for our indebtedness. The estimated useful lives of our property and equipment are as follows: Range Flight equipment 30 to 40 years Computer software and equipment 3 to 5 years Ground handling equipment and other 3 to 5 years Depreciation expense related to property and equipment was $196.6 million in 2018, $153.1 million in 2017 and $141.5 million in 2016. The net book value of flight equipment on dry lease to customers was $1,717.5 million as of December 31, 2018 and $1,270.7 million as of December 31, 2017. The accumulated depreciation for flight equipment on dry lease to customers was $232.4 million as of December 31, 2018 and $152.7 million as of December 31, 2017. Rotable parts are recorded in Property and equipment, net, and are depreciated over their average remaining fleet lives and written off when they are determined to be beyond economic repair. The net book value of rotable parts inventory was $240.7 million as of December 31, 2018 and $184.8 million as of December 31, 2017. Capitalized Interest Interest on funds used to finance the acquisition of flight equipment up to the date the asset is ready for its intended use is capitalized and included in the cost of the asset. Included in capitalized interest is the interest paid on the purchase deposit borrowings directly associated with the acquisition of flight equipment. The remainder of capitalized interest recorded on the acquisition of flight equipment is determined by taking the weighted average cost of funds associated with our other debt and applying it against the amounts paid for flight equipment modifications and purchase deposits. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of an acquisition’s purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized, but tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if certain events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have been incurred. Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. We may elect to perform a qualitative analysis on the reporting unit that has goodwill to determine whether it is more likely than not that fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If the qualitative analysis indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, or if we elect not to perform a qualitative analysis, we perform a quantitative analysis to determine whether a goodwill impairment exists. If the goodwill’s carrying value exceeds its implied fair value calculated using the quantitative approach, an impairment charge is recorded for the difference. Fair value is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis based on key assumptions including, but not limited to, (i) a projection of revenues, expenses and other cash flows; (ii) terminal period revenue growth and cash flows; and (iii) an assumed discount rate. The total amount of goodwill was $40.4 million, which is included in Intangible assets, net and goodwill in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (see Note 7). During the fourth quarter of 2018, we performed a qualitative analysis and determined that goodwill was not impaired. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We record impairment charges on long-lived assets when events and circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired, the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the associated carrying amount and the net book value of the assets exceeds the associated estimated fair value. For flight equipment and finite-lived intangibles used in our ACMI and Charter segments, assets are grouped at the operating fleet level for impairment testing. For flight equipment and finite-lived intangibles used in our Dry Leasing segment, assets are assessed on an individual basis for impairment. For assets classified as held for sale, an impairment is recognized when the fair value less the cost to sell the asset is less than its carrying amount. In developing estimates for flight equipment and cash flows, we use external appraisals and other industry data for the various equipment types, anticipated utilization of the assets, revenue generated, associated costs and length of service. Variable Interest Entities and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We hold a 50% interest in GATS GP (BVI) Ltd. (“GATS”), a joint venture with an unrelated third party. The purpose of the joint venture is to purchase rotable parts and provide repair services for those parts, primarily for our 747-8F aircraft. The joint venture is a . Our investment in GATS was $22.3 million as of December 31, 2018 and $22.1 million as of December 31, 2017 and our maximum exposure to losses from the entity is limited to our investment, which is composed primarily of rotable inventory parts. GATS does not have any third-party debt obligations. We had Accounts payable to GATS of $ million as of December 31, 2018 and $ million as of December 31, 2017. A portion of our operating aircraft are owned or effectively owned and leased through trusts established specifically to purchase, finance and lease aircraft to us. We have not consolidated any aircraft in the related trusts because we are not the primary beneficiary. Our maximum exposure under these operating leases is the remaining lease payments, which amounts are reflected in the future lease commitments more fully described in Note 11. Income Taxes Deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of reporting items in our income tax returns at different times than the items are reflected in our financial statements. These temporary differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities that are calculated by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. If necessary, deferred income tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to an amount that is determined to be more likely than not recoverable. We must make significant estimates and assumptions about future taxable income and future tax consequences when determining the amount, if any, of the valuation allowance. We have recorded reserves for income taxes that may become payable in future years. Although management believes that its positions taken on income tax matters are reasonable, we have nevertheless established tax reserves in recognition that various taxing authorities may challenge certain of the positions taken by us, potentially resulting in additional liabilities for taxes. Heavy Maintenance Except for engines used on our 747-8F aircraft, we account for heavy maintenance costs for airframes and engines used in our ACMI and Charter segments using the direct expense method. Under this method, heavy maintenance costs are charged to expense upon induction, based on our best estimate of the costs. These estimates may be subsequently adjusted for changes and the final determination of actual costs incurred. We account for heavy maintenance costs for airframes and engines used in our Dry Leasing segment and engines used on our 747-8F aircraft using the deferral method. Under this method, we defer the expense recognition of scheduled heavy maintenance events, which are amortized over the estimated period until the next scheduled heavy maintenance event is required. Amortization of deferred maintenance expense is included in Depreciation and amortization. The following table provides a summary of Deferred maintenance included within Deferred costs and other assets as of December 31: 2018 2017 Beginning balance, net $ 63,868 $ 19,100 Deferred maintenance costs 53,343 50,675 Amortization of deferred maintenance (13,564 ) (5,907 ) Ending balance, net $ 103,647 $ 63,868 Prepaid Maintenance Deposits Certain of our aircraft financing agreements require security deposits to our finance providers to ensure that we perform major maintenance as required. These are substantially refundable to us and are accounted for as deposits and included in Prepaid maintenance and in Deferred costs and other assets. Such amounts were $3.2 million as of December 31, 2018 and $37.3 million at December 31, 2017. Foreign Currency While most of our revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars, our results of operations may be exposed to the effect of fluctuations in the U.S. dollar value of foreign currency-denominated operating revenues and expenses. Gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included within Non-operating (Income) Expense. Stock-Based Compensation We have various stock-based compensation plans for certain employees and outside directors, which are described more fully in Note 16. We recognize based on the fair value on grant date We estimate restricted stock unit forfeitures at the time of grant and periodically revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. As a result, we record stock-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest. Supplemental Cash Flow Information Cash interest paid to lenders is calculated on the face amount of our various debt instruments based on the contractual interest rates in effect during each payment period. The following table summarizes interest and income taxes paid: 2018 2017 2016 Interest paid $ 86,168 $ 73,872 $ 66,306 Income taxes paid, net of refunds $ 695 $ 563 $ 1,160 The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows: 2018 2017 Cash and cash equivalents $ 221,501 $ 280,809 Restricted cash 11,240 11,055 Total Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows $ 232,741 $ 291,864 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2018 In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) amended its accounting guidance for the reporting of comprehensive income. The guidance permits entities to reclassify to retained earnings the excess tax effects remaining in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) after the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% as a result of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The amended guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We early adopted the new guidance effective as of January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In May 2014, the FASB amended its accounting guidance for revenue recognition. Subsequently, the FASB issued several clarifications and updates. The fundamental principles of the new standard are that companies should recognize revenue in a manner that reflects the timing of the transfer of services to customers and consideration that a company expects to receive for the services provided. It also requires additional disclosures necessary for the financial statement users to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. We adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach, under which the guidance is applied beginning on the date of adoption. Comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting guidance in effect for those periods. The adoption did not have a material effect on our financial statements (see Note 4). As a result of adoption, revenue recognized under previous guidance based on flight departure is now recognized over time as the services are performed. In addition, revenue under certain ACMI and CMI contracts, such as revenue related to contracted minimum block hour guarantees, is now recognized in later periods, and some revenue adjustments related to meeting or exceeding on-time performance targets are now recognized in earlier periods. Revenue under our Dry Leasing contracts is explicitly excluded from the scope of the new guidance as it is covered by accounting guidance for leases. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In February 2016, the FASB amended its accounting guidance for leases. Subsequently, the FASB issued several clarifications and updates. The guidance requires a lessee to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet arising from leases with terms greater than 12 months. While lessor accounting guidance is relatively unchanged, certain amendments were made to conform with changes made to lessee accounting and the amended revenue recognition guidance. The new guidance will continue to classify leases as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the presentation and pattern of expense and income recognition, in the statement of operations. It also requires additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures about leasing arrangements. The guidance is effective as of the beginning of 2019 and upon adoption must be applied using a modified retrospective approach which allows entities to either apply the new guidance to all periods presented or only to the most current period presented. Effective January 1, 2019, we are adopting the new guidance and applying the modified retrospective approach to the most current period presented. We expect to recognize lease assets, net of existing deferred rent and operating lease intangibles, and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets of approximately $600 million and $650 million, respectively, on the adoption date and we do not expect the adoption to have an impact to our consolidated statements of operations or cash flows. |