Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Long-term accounts receivable that were previously reported in prepaid expenses and other assets in prior year's consolidated statements of cash flows have been reclassified to accounts receivable, short and long-term to conform to the current year's presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on previously reported net cash provided by (used in) operating activities in consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements. Key estimates and assumptions made by the Company relate to revenue recognition, assessment of recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets, valuation of inventories, share-based compensation expense, convertible notes, income taxes, allowance for doubtful accounts and loss contingencies. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Foreign Currency The Company's international subsidiaries use their local currencies as their functional currencies. For those subsidiaries, assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and income and expense accounts at the average exchange rate. Resulting translation adjustments are excluded from the determination of net loss and are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a separate component of stockholders' equity. Net foreign currency exchange transaction gains or losses are included as a component of other expense, net, in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Fair Value Measurements The carrying values of the Company's financial instruments including cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable and accounts payable are approximately equal to their respective fair values due to the relatively short-term nature of these instruments. Also refer to Note 5, Financial Instruments, for further details. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers currency on hand, demand deposits, time deposits, and all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash and cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are held in various financial institutions in the United States and internationally. Investments The Company classifies all its investments as available-for-sale at the time of purchase since it is management's intent that these investments be available for current operations, and as such, includes these investments as short-term investments on its balance sheets. These investments primarily consist of commercial paper, U.S. treasury securities, and U.S. government agency and corporate debt securities. Short-term investments classified as available-for-sale are recorded at fair market value with the related unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), as a separate component of stockholders' equity. Realized gains and losses on the sale of securities are determined by specific identification of each security's cost basis. The Company regularly reviews its investment portfolio to determine if any security is other-than-temporarily impaired, which would require it to record an impairment charge in the period any such determination is made. In making this judgment, management evaluates, among other things, the duration and extent to which the fair value of a security is less than its cost, the financial condition of the issuer and any changes thereto, and management's intent to sell, or whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. Other expense, net, includes interest, dividends, amortization of purchase premiums and discounts, realized gains and losses on sales of securities and other-than-temporary declines in the fair value of securities, if any. Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties The Company's cash and cash equivalents are mainly deposited with several major financial institutions. At times, deposits in these institutions exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes that it is not exposed to any significant risk on these balances. The Company has placed its investments with high-credit quality issuers. The Company does not invest an amount exceeding 5% of its combined cash, cash equivalents and investments in the securities of any one obligor or maker, except for obligations of the United States government, obligations of United States government agencies and money market accounts. One customer represented more than 10% of total net revenue for the year ended June 30, 2016 and no customer represented 10% or more of total net revenue for the years ended June 30, 2017 and 2015. Two customers accounted for 30% of accounts receivable, net as at June 30, 2017 and one customer accounted for 18% of accounts receivable, net at June 30, 2016. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and maintains reserves for potential credit losses. Accounts receivable are deemed past due in accordance with the contractual terms of the agreement. Accounts are charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts once collection efforts are unsuccessful. Historically, such losses have been within management's expectations. Single-source suppliers presently provide the Company with several components. In most cases, if a supplier was unable to deliver these components, the Company believes that it would be able to find other sources for these components subject to any regulatory qualifications, if required. Restricted Cash Restricted cash primarily consists of cash that is temporarily held in bank accounts which are under the control of the lender to the Revolving Credit Facility, certificates of deposit held as guarantees in connection with customer contracts and corporate leases as well as funds held as guarantees for Value-Added Tax (VAT) obligations in a foreign jurisdiction. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (on a first-in, first-out basis) or market value. Excess and obsolete inventories are written down based on historical sales and forecasted demand, as judged by management. Revenue Recognition The Company's revenue is primarily derived from sales of CyberKnife and TomoTherapy Systems and services, which include post-contract customer support or PCS, installation services, training and other professional services. The Company records its revenues net of any value added or sales tax. In all sales arrangements, the Company recognizes revenues when there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, the fee is fixed or determinable, collection of the fee is reasonably assured and delivery has occurred. Payments received in advance of system shipment are recorded as customer advances and are recognized as revenue or deferred revenue upon product shipment or installation. The Company assesses the probability of collection based on a number of factors, including past transaction history with the customer and credit-worthiness of the customer. The Company generally does not request collateral from its customers. If the Company determines that collection is not reasonably assured, the Company will defer the fee and recognize revenue upon receipt of cash. The Company frequently enters into sales arrangements that contain multiple elements or deliverables. For sale arrangements that contain multiple elements, the Company allocates the arrangement consideration to each element based on the relative selling price method, whereby the relative selling price of each deliverable is determined using vendor specific objective evidence (VSOE) of fair value, if it exists. VSOE of fair value for each element is based on the Company's standard rates charged for the product or service when such product or service is sold separately or based upon the price established by the Company's pricing committee when that product or service is not yet being sold separately. When the Company is not able to establish VSOE for all deliverables in an arrangement with multiple elements, which may be due to the Company infrequently selling each element separately, not pricing products within a narrow range, or only having a limited sales history, the Company attempts to estimate the selling price of each element based on third-party evidence of selling price (TPE), as determined based on competitors' or third-party vendors' prices for similar deliverables when sold separately. When the Company is not able to establish selling price using VSOE or TPE, the Company uses its best estimate of selling price (BESP), in its allocation of arrangement consideration. The objective of BESP is to determine the price at which the Company would transact a sale if the product or service were sold on a stand-alone basis. The Company determines BESP for a product or service by considering multiple factors including, but not limited to, pricing practices, internal costs, geographies and gross margin. The determination of BESP is made through annual analysis of the Company's pricing practices and adjusted if necessary. The Company has a limited number of software offerings which are not required to deliver its systems' essential functionality and can be sold separately. The Company accounts for the separate sale of its software products in accordance with the applicable guidance for software revenue recognition. The Company's multiple-element arrangements may also include software deliverables that are subject to the software revenue recognition guidance; and in these cases, the revenue for these multiple-element arrangements is allocated to the software deliverable and the non-software deliverables based on the relative selling prices of all of the deliverables in the arrangement using VSOE, TPE or BESP. The Company regularly reviews VSOE, TPE and BESP for all of its products and services. As the Company's go-to-market strategies and other factors change, the Company may modify its pricing practices in the future, which may impact the selling prices of systems and services as well as VSOE, TPE and BESP of systems and services. As a result, the Company's future revenue recognition for multiple element arrangements could differ materially from that recorded in the current period. Product Revenue The majority of product revenue is generated from sales of CyberKnife and TomoTherapy systems. If the Company is responsible for installation, the Company recognizes revenue after installation and acceptance of the system. Otherwise, revenue is generally recognized upon delivery, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met. The Company could sell its systems with PCS contracts, installation services, training, and at times, professional services. PCS contracts provide planned and corrective maintenance services, software updates, bug fixes, as well as call-center support. The Company records revenues from sales of systems, product upgrades and accessories to distributors depending on the terms of the distribution agreement as well as terms and conditions executed for each sale, and once all revenue recognition criteria have been met. The Company's agreements with customers and distributors for system sales generally do not contain product return rights. Certain distributor agreements include parts inventory buy-back provisions upon distributorship termination. The Company accrues an inventory buy-back liability when and if such distributorship termination is expected and the liability can be estimated. Service Revenue Service revenue is generated primarily from PCS (warranty period services and post warranty services), installation services, training, and professional services. Service revenue is recognized either ratably over the contractual period or when service is performed, depending on specific terms and conditions in agreements with customers. Costs associated with service revenue are expensed when incurred, except when those costs are related to system upgrades purchased within a service contract. In those cases, the costs of such upgrades are recognized at the time the upgrade revenue is recognized. Deferred Revenue and Deferred Cost of Revenue Deferred revenue consists of deferred product revenue and deferred service revenue. Deferred product revenue arises from timing differences between the shipment of product and satisfaction of all revenue recognition criteria consistent with the Company's revenue recognition policy. Deferred service revenue results from the advance payment for services to be delivered over a period of time. Deferred cost of revenue consists of the direct costs associated with the manufacturing of units and direct service upgrade costs for which the revenue has been deferred in accordance with the Company's revenue recognition policies. Deferred revenue and associated deferred cost of revenue expected to be realized within one year are classified as current liabilities and current assets, respectively. Customer Advances Customer advances represent payments made by customers in advance of product shipment. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the asset, whichever is shorter. Machinery and equipment are depreciated over five years. Furniture and fixtures are depreciated over four years. Computer and office equipment and computer software are depreciated over three years. Repairs and maintenance costs, which are not considered improvements and do not extend the useful life of the property and equipment, are expensed as incurred. Software Capitalization Costs Costs for the development of new software products and substantial enhancements to existing software products are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established, at which time any additional costs would be capitalized. No costs associated with the development of software have been capitalized as the Company believes its current software development process is essentially completed concurrent with the establishment of technological feasibility. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews long-lived assets, including intangible assets, property and equipment, for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable using pretax undiscounted cash flows. Impairment, if any, is measured as the amount by which the carrying value of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value. Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets Goodwill is not amortized, but is evaluated for impairment on an annual basis and when impairment indicators are present. The Company has assessed that it has one operating segment and one reporting unit, and the consolidated net assets, including existing goodwill and other intangible assets, are considered to be the carrying value of the reporting unit. The Company estimates the fair value of the reporting unit based on the Company's closing stock price on the trading day closest to the annual review date multiplied by the outstanding shares on that date. If the carrying value of the reporting unit is in excess of its fair value, an impairment may exist, and the Company must perform the second step of the analysis, in which the implied fair value of the goodwill is compared to its carrying value to determine the impairment charge, if any. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the reporting unit, goodwill is not impaired and no further analysis is required. There was no impairment of goodwill identified in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Purchased intangible assets other than goodwill, including developed technology are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives unless their lives are determined to be indefinite. Purchased intangible assets are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization is computed over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets which range from approximately one to seven years. Acquisition-related expenses and restructuring costs are recognized separately from the business combination and are expensed as incurred. Shipping and Handling The Company's billings for shipping and handling for product shipments to customers are included in cost of products. Shipping and handling costs incurred for inventory purchases are capitalized in inventory and expensed in cost of products. Advertising Expenses The Company expenses the costs of advertising and promoting its products and services as incurred. Advertising expenses were approximately $0.4 million, $0.3 million and $0.5 million for the years ended June 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Research and Development Costs Costs related to research, design and development of products are charged to research and development expense as incurred. These costs include direct compensation, benefits, and other headcount related costs for research and development personnel; costs for materials used in research and development activities; costs for outside services and allocated portions of facilities and other corporate costs. The Company has entered into research and clinical study arrangements with selected hospitals, cancer treatment centers, academic institutions and research institutions worldwide. These agreements support the Company's internal research and development capabilities. Share-Based Compensation The Company issues stock-based compensation awards to employees and directors in the form of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs), performance stock units (PSUs), market stock units (MSUs) and employee stock purchase plan (ESPP) awards (collectively, awards). The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on the awards' fair value. Share-based compensation for RSUs and PSUs is measured based on the value of the Company's common stock on the grant date. The Company uses the Monte-Carlo simulation model to estimate the fair value of MSUs. Share-based compensation for employee stock options and ESPP awards are measured on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. Awards vest either on a graded schedule or in a lump sum. The Company determines the fair value of each award as a single award and recognizes the expense on a straight-line basis over the service period of the award, which is generally the vesting period. The exercise price of stock options granted is equal to the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. Stock options expire ten years from the date of grant. Share-based compensation expense for stock options, RSUs, PSUs and the ESPP is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, and the expense is recorded net of estimated forfeitures. The Company recognizes expense for MSUs net of estimated forfeitures and does not adjust the expense for subsequent changes in the expected outcome of the market-based vesting conditions. Loss Contingencies The Company is involved in various lawsuits, claims and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company records a provision for a liability when it believes that it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount. The Company reviews these provisions quarterly and adjusts these provisions to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel, and updated information. Net Loss Per Common Share Basic and diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. A reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to stockholders follows (in thousands): Years ended June 30, 2017 2016 2015 Numerator: Net loss used to compute basic and diluted loss per share $ ) $ ) $ ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Denominator: Weighted average shares used to compute basic and diluted loss per share ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ The potentially dilutive shares of the Company's common stock resulting from the assumed exercise of outstanding stock options, the vesting of Restricted Stock Units (RSU), Market Stock Units (MSU) and Performance Stock Units (PSU), and the purchase of shares under the Employee Stock Purchase Program (ESPP), as determined under the treasury stock method, are excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. Additionally, the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due August 2016 (the "3.75% Convertible Notes"), the 3.50% Convertible Senior Notes due February 1, 2018 (the "3.50% Convertible Notes"), the 3.50% Series A Convertible Notes (the "3.50% Series A Convertible Notes") due February 1, 2018 (together, the "Existing Convertible Notes") are included in the calculation of diluted net income per share only if their inclusion is dilutive. The following table sets forth all potentially dilutive securities excluded from the computation in the table above because their effect would have been anti-dilutive (in thousands): As of June 30, 2017 2016 2015 Stock options RSUs, PSUs and MSUs 3.50% Convertible Notes 3.50% Series A Convertible Notes — — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Outstanding Convertibles Notes—Diluted Share Impact The 3.75% Convertible Notes and 3.50% Series A Convertible Notes have an optional physical (share), cash or combination settlement feature and contain certain conditional conversion features. Due to the optional cash settlement feature and management's intent to settle the principal amount thereof in cash, the conversion shares underlying the outstanding principal amount of the 3.75% Convertible Notes and 3.50% Series A Convertible Notes, totaling approximately 3.9 million shares and 13.2 million shares, respectively, were not included in the potentially diluted share count table above. The Company's average stock price did not exceed the conversion price of the 3.75% Convertible Notes as of June 30, 2016 and 2015. The number of premium shares included in the Company's diluted share count will vary with fluctuations in the Company's share price. Higher actual share prices result in a greater number of premium shares. Income Taxes The Company is required to estimate its income taxes in each of the tax jurisdictions in which it operates prior to the completion and filing of tax returns for such periods. This process involves estimating actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences in the treatment of items for tax purposes versus financial accounting purposes that may create net deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires, among other things, that deferred income taxes be provided for temporary differences between the tax bases of the Company's assets and liabilities and their financial statement reported amounts. In addition, deferred tax assets are recorded for the future benefit of utilizing net operating losses, research and development credit carryforwards and other deferred tax assets. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce its deferred tax assets to the amount the Company believes is more likely than not to be realized. Because of the uncertainty of the realization of the deferred tax assets, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance against its domestic and certain foreign net deferred tax assets. The calculation of unrecognized tax benefits involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex global tax regulations. Management regularly assesses the Company's tax positions in light of legislative, bilateral tax treaty, regulatory and judicial developments in the countries in which the Company does business. The Company anticipates that except for $0.1 million in uncertain tax positions that may be reduced related to the lapse of various statutes of limitation, there will be no material changes in uncertain tax positions in the next 12 months. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The components of comprehensive loss consist of net loss, unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investments, changes in foreign currency exchange rate translation and net changes related to a defined benefit pension plan. The unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investments, changes in foreign currency exchange rate translation and net changes related to the defined benefit pension plan are excluded from earnings and reported as a component of stockholders' equity. The foreign currency translation adjustment results from those subsidiaries not using the United States dollar as their functional currency since the majority of their economic activities are primarily denominated in their applicable local currency. Accordingly, all assets and liabilities related to these operations are translated at the current exchange rates at the end of each period. The resulting cumulative translation adjustments are recorded directly to the accumulated other comprehensive loss account in stockholders' equity. Revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates in effect during the period. Recent Accounting Standards Update Not Yet Effective In May 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718)—Scope of Modification Accounting. This guidance redefines which changes to the terms and conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting for a share-based payment. This guidance will be effective for the Company in the first quarter if its fiscal year 2019 and early adoption is permitted in any interim reporting period. The Company has not yet determined whether it will elect early adoption and has determined that the adoption of this standard will not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements. In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation—Retirement Benefits (Topic 715)—Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. This guidance revises the presentation of employer-sponsored defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans for the net periodic benefit cost in the statement of operations and requires that the service cost component of net periodic benefit be presented in the same income statement line items as other employee compensation costs for services rendered during the period. The other components of the net benefit costs are required to be presented in the statement of operations separately from the service cost component and outside the subtotal of income from operations. This guidance allows only the service cost component of net periodic benefit costs to be eligible for capitalization. The guidance will be effective for the Company in the first quarter of its fiscal year 2019 and early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. The Company has not yet determined whether it will elect early adoption and is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other Topics (Topic 350)—Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This guidance eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill of a reporting unit by determining the fair value of its assets and liabilities (including unrecognized assets and liabilities) to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, an entity will record an impairment charge based on the excess of the reporting unit's carrying amount over its fair value. The ASU will be effective for the Company in the first quarter of its fiscal year 2021 on a prospective basis and earlier adoption is permitted for goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company has not yet determined whether it will elect early adoption and is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments , which clarifies the presentation and classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. This ASU will be effective for the Company in the first quarter of its fiscal year 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company has not yet determined whether it will elect early adoption and is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13 (ASU 2016-13) Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments . ASU 2016-13 requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held. This guidance will become effective for the Company beginning in the third quarter of fiscal year 2020 and must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach, with certain exceptions. Early adoption is permitted beginning in the third quarter of fiscal year 2019. The Company has not yet determined whether it will elect early adoption and is evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (Topic 718) (ASU 2016-09). The new guidance simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this standard are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. Effective July 1, 2017, the Company has elected to continue the use of its forfeiture estimation method for share-based payment awards. The Company's adoption of this guidance will not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (ASU 2016-02). Under the new guidance, a lessee will be required to recognize assets and liabilities for all leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. Consistent with current U.S. GAAP, the recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee primarily will depend on its classification as a finance or operating lease. ASU 2016-02 requires additional disclosures. The standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. ASU 2016-02 requires adoption based upon a modified retrospective transition approach. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the pending adoption of ASU 2016-02 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01 (ASU 2016-01) Recognition and |