See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
6
GENOSYS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
(1)
Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of GeNOsys, Inc. (the “Company”) have been prepared without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Security and Exchange Commission. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of the dates and for the periods presented herein have been made.
Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and regulations. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s November 30, 2009 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for the three months ended February 28, 2010, are not necessarily indicative of the operating results that may be expected for the year ending November 30, 2010. The Company’s significant accounting policies are set forth in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements in the November 30, 2009 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The Company’s working capital requirements for the foreseeable future will vary based upon a number of factors, including the costs to complete development work, the cost of bringing its products to commercial viability, the timing of the market launches of its products and the level of sales after introduction into the market place. As of February 28, 2010, the Company had accounts payable and accrued liabilities totaling $1,618,290. At February 28, 2010, the Company had cash and cash equivalents $36,379. Management knows that existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to meet the Company’s cash requirements during the next 12 months, and is actively engaged in efforts to raise additional funds. However, there is no assurance that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, if at all. These circumstances raise substantial doubt about the ability of the Company to continue to operate.
(2)
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of GeNOsys, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, GeNOsys, Inc., a Nevada corporation. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
(3)
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In October 2009, the FASB issued ASU No. 2009-13, Revenue Recognition – Multiple Deliverable Revenue Arrangements (“ASU 2009-13”). ASU 2009-13 updates the existing multiple-element revenue arrangements guidance currently included in FASB ASC 605-25. The revised guidance provides for two significant changes to the existing multiple-element revenue arrangements guidance. The first change relates to the determination of when the individual deliverables included in a multiple-element arrangement may be treated as separate units of accounting. This change will result in the requirement to separate more deliverables within an arrangement, ultimately leading to less revenue deferral. The second change modifies the manner in which the transaction consideration is allocated across the separately identified deliverables. Together, these changes will result in earlier recognition of revenue and related costs for multiple-element arrangements than under previous guidance. This guidance expands the disclosures required for multiple-element revenue arrangements and is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after June 15, 2010. The Company is currently evalua ting the potential future impact, if any, of this guidance on its financial statements.
In January 2010, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2010-06 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures – Improving Disclosures about Fair Value Measurements” (“ASU 2010-06”). ASU 2010-06 requires new disclosures for significant transfers in and out of Level 1 and 2 of the fair value hierarchy and the level if disaggregation of assets or liabilities and the valuation techniques and inputs used to measure fair value. The updated guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2009, with the exception of the new Level 3 activity disclosures, which are effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2010. The Company will adopt the applicable disclosure requirements beginning in
7
the second quarter of fiscal 2010.
In February 2010, the FASB issued ASU No. 2010-09 “Subsequent Events – Amendments to Certain Recognition and Disclosure Requirements” (“ASU 2010-09”). ASU 2010-09 reiterates that an SEC filer is required to evaluate subsequent events through the date that the financial statements are issued and removes the requirement for an SEC filer to disclose the date through which subsequent events have been evaluated. The updated guidance was effective upon issuance. The Company adopted ASU 2010-09 during the first quarter of 2010. The adoption did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The Company has reviewed all other recently issued, but not yet adopted, accounting standards in order to determine their effects, if any, on its consolidated results of operation, financial position or cash flows. Based on that review, the Company believes that none of these pronouncements will have a significant effect on its current or future earnings or operations.
(4)
Stock-Based Compensation
On March 23, 2007, the GeNOsys, Inc. 2007 Stock Option Plan (“Stock Plan”) was approved by the Board of Directors and became effective on that date. The Stock Plan provides that 3,000,000 shares of the Company’s authorized but unissued common stock be reserved pursuant to the terms and conditions of the plan. On June 27, 2007, the annual meeting of stockholders was held, at which time the stockholders approved the Stock Plan. The Stock Plan allows the Company, under the direction of the Compensation Committee, to make broad-based grants of stock options, any of which may or may not require the satisfaction of performance objectives, to employees, consultants and non-employee directors. In June and July 2007, the Board of Directors approved stock option grants to purchase 1,100,000 shares of common stock to certain employees, directors and consultants, resulting in a non-cash charge of $574,321. In November 2007, the Board of Directors approved an additional grant of 100,000 options to an employee resulting in a non-cash charge of $57,737. In December 2007, the Board of Directors approved an additional grant of 600,000 options to a consultant resulting in a non-cash charge of $271,598. In December 2008, the Board of Directors approved the grant of 900,000 options to a cert ain employee and a director of the Company resulting in a non-cash charge of $151,900. In February 2010 the Board of Directors approved the grant of options under an employment agreement. Pursuant to that agreement, options to purchase 78,125 shares of common stock were issued for the month ended January 31, 2010. The grant resulted in non-cash charges of $6,122 in January 2010. All of these non-cash charges are being expensed ratably over the shorter of the vesting period or the requisite service period of the stock option grants.
A summary of the status of the Company’s option plans as of December 1, 2009, and changes during the three months ended February 28, 2010, is presented below:
8
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at February 28, 2010:
| | | | | | | | |
| Options Outstanding | Options Exercisable |
Range of Exercise Prices
| Number Outstanding as of Feb. 28, 2010 | Wtd. Avg. Remaining Contractual Life | Wtd. Avg. Exercise Price
| Number Exercisable as of Feb. 28, 2010 | Wtd. Avg. Exercise Price
|
| | | | | |
$ .66 | 1,100,000 | 8.35 years | $ .66 | 906,660 | $ .66 |
$ .71 | 100,000 | 8.73 years | $ .71 | 100,000 | $ .71 |
$ .72 | 600,000 | 8.68 years | $ .72 | 400,000 | $ .72 |
$ .20 | 900,000 | 8.33 years | $ .20 | 450,000 | $ ; .20 |
$ .08 | 78,125 | 7.32 years | $ .08 | 78,125 | $ .08 |
| 2,778,125 | | .49 | 1,934,785 | .51 |
The fair value of each option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The use of this valuation model requires the use of accounting judgment and financial estimates, including estimates of the expected term employees will retain their vested warrants before exercising them, the estimated volatility of our stock price, and the number of warrants that will be forfeited prior to the completion of their vesting requirements. Application of alternative assumptions could produce significantly different estimates of the fair value of stock-based compensation and consequently, the related amounts recognized in our statements of operations. The following weighted-average assumptions used for grants: Grants made in June, July and November, 2007: average risk-free interest rate of 5.25%; expected lives of 10 years; expected dividend yield of zero percent; expected volatility of 61.47% to 68.88%. The grant made in December, 2007: risk-free interest rate of 3.89%; expected life of 6.5 years; expected dividend yield of zero percent; expected volatility of 62.75%. The grant made in December 2008: risk-free interest rate of 1.87%; expected life of 6.25 years; expected dividend yield of zero percent; expected volatility of 112.14%. The grant made in January, 2010: risk-free interest rate of 3.08%; estimated life of 3.7 years; expected dividend yield of zero percent; expected volatility of 167.11%. For the three-month periods ended February 28, 2010 and 2009, the Company recognized stock based compensation expense of $71,082 and $61,960, respectively. As of February 28, 2010, total stock based compensation related to non-vested awards not yet recognized was $271,878 with a weighted average recognition period of 7.32 years. As of February 29, 2009, total stock based compensation related to non-vested awards not yet recognized was $533,728 with a weighted average recognition period of 8.33 years.
The weighted-weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during th e three month period ended February 28, 2010, was $0.06.
(5)
Going Concern
The Company has accumulated losses since inception and has not yet been able to generate profits from operations. Operating capital has been raised through the sale of common stock. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
Management plans include further development and production of portable, medical gas generators. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
(6)
Prepaid Expenses
Prepaid expenses consist primarily of payments made for consulting and professional fees which are expected to be utilized within the next 90 to 120 days.
(7)
Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Common Share
Both basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods ending February 28, 2010 and 2009 are based on the net operating loss for the period divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. The Company’s common stock equivalents at period end were anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the computation.
9
(8)
Related Party Transaction
The Company has issued convertible notes payable to an officer for funds provided to the Company. The notes were issued December 4, 2009 through February 23, 2010, and total $170,267. The notes bear interest at the rate of five percent per annum and, at the election of the holder, may be converted into shares of the Company’s restricted common stock at the lower of the market rate on the date notice of conversion is given or 125% of the closing price of the common stock on the date the no te was issued.
(9)
Subsequent Events
The Company has evaluated subsequent events and has concluded that no recognized subsequent events have occurred since the quarter ended February 28, 2010. The Company does note the following non-recognized transactions occurred subsequent to the quarter end:
Stock Options:
On March 1, 2010, the Company issued options to purchase 125,000 shares of its common stock for $0.05 per share. The Black-Scholes valuation for this option grant is $6,739, which non-cash charge will be recorded during the 2nd quarter of 2010.
Notes Payable:
In April 2010, the Company issued 2,578,996 shares of restricted common stock for the conversion of $385,000 of notes issued to the Company’s President. The following table shows the impact of the issuance:
| | | | |
| | Prior to Conversion February 28, 2010 | | Subsequent to Conversion |
| | | | |
Notes payable – Related parties | $ | 625,837 | $ | 240,834 |
| | | | |
Common stock | | 47,867 | | 50,446 |
| | | | |
Additional paid-in capital | | 3,987,603 | | 4,370,024 |
| | | | |
Shares outstanding | | 47,866,774 | | 50,445,770 |
[REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]
10
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis or Plan of Operation
The following discussion and analysis provides information which management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our condensed consolidated results of operations and financial condition. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended November 30, 2009, and notes ther eto.
Overview
We are a medical research and development company that is specializing in pharmaceutical, bio-technical and medical gas generating systems. The primary gas our systems will generate is nitric oxide, along with other various combinations of beneficial medical gases suitable for the treatment of human diseases.
Nitric oxide gas is produced and sold commercially by major gas companies as a specialty gas mixture and calibration gas. Nitrogen dioxide is present in all nitric oxide gas currently produced; that limits the size of the dose of nitric oxide gas that can be administered to humans and animals.
We have developed a proprietary compound formulation that will be utilized to produce nitric oxide gas in our de sktop and portable generators. Management believes that with further formulation of our proprietary compound, we can make or filter nitric oxide gas with less toxic amounts of nitrogen dioxide, and that this process can produce nitric oxide gas in ample quantities for any current or prospective use, and at a substantially reduced price compared with all other currently available technologies.
Our current generator model is capable of delivering sufficient quantities of nitric oxide gas for individual laboratory desktop use. We will continue to further develop this and other generators and compound formulations for high production quantities and consistency. The product must have a known shelf life and be available in various configurations to produce known concentrations and known volumes of gas. Packaging is another developmental process that will need to be addressed. Management plans to rely on outside contractors t o achieve these objectives.
We estimate that non-clinical laboratory sales could take place prior to the receipt of United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval. Management anticipates that selling our generator into the market as laboratory equipment prior to receipt of final FDA approval will pave the way for sales of our medical generator and proprietary tablets, but expected financial contributions from non-medical generator and tablet sales will be too late to help offset the substantial costs of the FDA approval process for human medical uses. We expect that contributions will be able to support our manufacturing and set-up costs and contribute to the overall profitability of our Company in due time, but we believe that they will also require financing. We anticipate entering the non-clinical laboratory market in the next 6 to 8 months.
All human medical uses of nitric oxide gas require FDA approval, and the approval of similar international agencies. Approval can be a long and expensive process, with no assurance that any such approval will ever be granted. Management hopes to reduce time to regulatory approval by certain strategic approaches that are proprietary.
Our objectives are to establish GeNOsys (generated nitric oxide systems) as the premier nitric oxide generating pharmaceutical company, and to manufacture and sell medical grade nitric oxide generators and tablets for use in the relief of human diseases, offer value added services such as custom generators adapted for the treatment of various diseases, hire staff both currently identified and unidentified to implement our business model, and to gain FDA approval of our generating system.
Results of Operations
The following table presents our results of operations for the three months ended February 28, 2010, and February 28, 2009:
11
| | | | |
| ; | For the Three Months |
| | Ended |
| | Feb. 28, 2010 | | Feb. 28, 2009 |
| | | | |
Revenues | $ | - | $ | - |
| | | | |
Cost of sales | | - | | - |
| | | | |
Gross margin | | - | | - |
| | | | |
Operating expenses: | | | | |
Research and development | | 206,794 | | 125,062 |
General and administrative | | 146,342 | | 357,613 |
| | | | |
Total operating expenses | | 353,136 | | 482,675 |
| | | | |
Net income (loss) from operations | | (3 53,136) | | (482,675) |
| | | | |
Other income (expense): | | | | |
Interest income | | - | | - |
Interest expense | | (6,709) | | (1,836) |
| | | | |
Total other income (expense), net | | (6,709) | | (1,836) |
| | | | |
Net income (loss) | $ | (359,845) | $ | (484,511) |
| | | | |
For the Three Months Ended February 28, 2010 and 2009
During the three-month period ended February 28, 2010, we had a net loss of $359,845. This compares to a net loss of $484,511 for the comparable period ended February 28, 2009. Net loss per common share for these periods was $(.01) and $(.01), respectively.
Research and development (“R&D”) expenses were $206,974 and $125,062, respec tively, for the three-month periods ended February 28, 2010 and 2009. The increase in research and development expenditures results from higher consulting fees and travel expenses related to finalizing the design and running tests on the nitric oxide generator. As the documentation, preparation and regulatory work for FDA approval intensifies, R&D expenses are expected to grow.
General and administrative expenses were $146,342 and $357,613, respectively, for the three-month periods ended February 28, 2010 and 2009. Excluding the $200,000 non-cash charge expensed for stock-based compensation for consulting in 2009, general and administrative expenses decreased by $11,271, due primarily to the resignation of a director during 2009, who was paid a fee of $3,000 per month for his services. We expect that for the remainder of 2010, general and administrative expenses will continue at a level exceeding that of 20 09.
Total other expense was $6,709 in the three month period ended February 28, 2010 compared to other income of $1,836 for the three-month periods ended February 28, 2009. The other expense in both periods is the accrual of interest expense on notes payable.
Financial Position
We had $36,379 in cash and cash equivalents as of February 28, 2010, representing an increase of $8,264 from November 30, 2009. Working capital as of February 28, 2010, was a deficit of $1,572,119 compared to a deficit of $1,304,303 as of November 30, 2009. This increase in the working capital deficit was primarily due to the increase in loans payable as cash resources were brought in to fund our operating loss for the period.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
To date, we have financed our operations principally through private placements of our equity securities. Net cash of $161,094 was used for operating activities during the three months ended February 28, 2010. This is an
12
increase of $110,223 as compared to the $50,871 used during the same period ended February 28, 2009. Also, during the three months ended February 28, 2010, net cash of $909 was used for the purchase of intangible assets. This compares with $8,485 used for the purchase of intangible assets for the same period ended February 28, 2009. As of February 28, 2010, our current liabilities totaled $1,624,450, and we had a working capital deficit of $1,572,119. As of February 28, 2010, we had no long-term debt obligations.
Our working capital requirements for the foreseeable future will vary based upon a number of factors, including the costs to complete development work, the cost of bringing our nitric oxide generator and nitric oxide tablets to commercial viability, the costs associated with obtaining FDA approval, the timing of the market launches of our products and the level of sales of those products when introduced into the market place. As of February 28, 2010, we had accounts payable and accrued liabilities totaling $1,624,540. At February 28, 2010, we had cash and cash equivalents of $36,379. We know that existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to execute our business plan, or to meet our cash requirements during the next 12 months, and we are currently actively working to raise additional funds. However, there can be no assurance that addit ional funding will be available on favorable terms, if at all. If we fail to obtain additional funding when needed, our business and financial condition may be adversely affected.
Critical Accounting Policies
Recent Accounting Pronouncements.
In October 2009, the FASB issued ASU No. 2009-13, Revenue Recognition – Multiple Deliverable Revenue Arrangements (“ASU 2009-13”). ASU 2009-13 updates the existing multiple-element revenue arrangements guidance currently included in FASB ASC 605-25. The revised guidance provides for two significant changes to the existing multiple-element revenue arrangements guidance. The first change relates to the determination of when the individual deliverables included in a multiple-element arrangement may be treated as separate units of accounting. This change will result in the requirement to separate more deliverables within an arrangement, ultimately leading to less revenue deferral. The second change modifies the manner in which the transaction consideration is allocated across the separately identified deliverables. Together, these changes will result in earlier recognition of revenue and related costs for multiple-element arrangements than under previous guidance. This guidance expands the disclosures required for multiple-element revenue arrangements and is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after June 15, 2010. We are currently evaluating the potential future impact, if any, of this guidance on our financial statements.
In January 2010, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2010-06 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclo sures – Improving Disclosures about Fair Value Measurements” (“ASU 2010-06”). ASU 2010-06 requires new disclosures for significant transfers in and out of Level 1 and 2 of the fair value hierarchy and the level if disaggregation of assets or liabilities and the valuation techniques and inputs used to measure fair value. The updated guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2009, with the exception of the new Level 3 activity disclosures, which are effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2010. We will adopt the applicable disclosure requirements beginning in the second quarter of fiscal 2010.
In February 2010, the FASB issued ASU No. 2010-09 “Subsequent Events – Amendments to Certain Recognition and Disclosure Requirements” (“ASU 2010-09”). ASU 2010-09 reiterates that an SEC filer is required to evaluate subsequent events through the date that the financial statements are issued and removes the requirement for an SEC filer to disclose the date through which subsequent events have been evaluated. The updated guidance was effective upon issuance. We adopted ASU 2010-09 during the first quarter of 2010. The adoption had no impact on our consolidated financial statements.
We have reviewed all other recently issued, but not yet adopted, accounting standards in order to determine their effects, if any, on its consolidated results of operation, financial position or cash flows. Based on that review, we believe that none of these pronouncements will have a significant effect on our current or future earnings or operations.
13
Inflation
We do not expect the impact of inflation on our operations to be significant for the next twelve months.
Forward-Looking Statements
This Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Statements made in this Quarterly Report which are not purely historical are forward-looking statements with respect to our goals, plan objectives, intentions, expectations, financial condition, results of operations, future performance and business, including, without limitation, (i) our ability to raise capital, and (ii) statements preceded by, followed by or that include the words “may”, “would 8;, “could”, “expects”, “projects”, “anticipates”, “believes”, “estimates”, “plans”, “intends”, “targets” or similar expressions.
Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties, and important factors (many of which are beyond our Company’s control) that could cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements, including the following: general economic or industry conditions, nationally and/or in the communities in which we conduct business, changes in the interest rate environment, legislation or regulatory requirements, conditions of the securities markets, our ability to raise capital, changes in accounting principles, policies or guidelines, financial or political instability, acts of war or terrorism, other economic, competitive, governmental, and regulatory and techn ical factors affecting our operations, products, services and prices.
Unless otherwise required by applicable law, we do not undertake, and specifically disclaim any obligation, to update any forward-looking statements to reflect occurrences, developments, unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statement.
Item 4(T). Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that information required to be disclosed is recorded , processed, summarized and reported within the specified periods, and is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure of material information required to be included in our periodic reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to a reasonable assurance level of achieving such objectives. However, it should be noted that the design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the period covered by this Quarterly Report.
14
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
None
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
Item 5. &n bsp;Other Information.
None.
Item 6. Exhibits.
(a)
Exhibit Index
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit No. Description of Exhibit
3.1
Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to our Registration Statement on Form 10-SB filed May 14, 2002).
3.2
By-laws (Incorporated by reference to our Registration Statement on Form 10-SB filed May 14, 2002).
3.3
Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation dated September 12, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of our Form 10-KSB, dated November 30, 2005).
3.4
Amendment to the By-Laws dated June 18th, 2004 (I ncorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of our Form 10-KSB, dated November 30, 2005).
14
Code of Ethics (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14 of our Form 10-KSB, dated November 30, 2005).
21
Subsidiaries (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21 of our Form 10-KSB, dated November 30, 2005).
Registration statement on Form 10-SB filed May 14, 2002, as amended on September 10, 2002, November 19, 2002 and December 9, 2002*
Annual Report on Form 10KSB for the year ended November 30, 2005 and filed o n March 7, 2006*
Annual Report on Form 10KSB for the year ended November 30, 2006 and filed on March 15, 2007*
Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 22, 2008 and filed February 12, 2008*
Annual Report on form 10-KSB for the year ended November 30, 2007 and filed on February 28, 2008*
Annual Report on form 10-KSB for the year ended November 30, 2008 and filed on March 16, 2009*
Annual Report on form 10-KSB for the year ended November 30, 2009 and filed on March 1, 2010*
* Referenced for additional information.
31.1
Certification of John W. R. Miller under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2
Certification of Keith L. Merrell under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32
Certification of John W.R. Miller and Keith L. Merrell pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
15
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.