Fair value measurements | Fair value measurements Financial assets and liabilities The estimated fair values of financial instruments are determined based on relevant market information. These estimates involve uncertainty and cannot be determined with precision. The Company’s financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, common stock warrants, and interest rate swaps. In addition, contingent earn-out liabilities resulting from business combinations are recorded at fair value. The following methods and assumptions are used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial assets or liabilities that is valued on a recurring basis. Cash and cash equivalents . This includes all cash and liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date acquired. The carrying amount approximates fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments. Cash equivalents consist of money market funds with original maturity dates of less than three months for which the fair value is based on quoted market prices. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are held at major commercial banks. Marketable securities . The Company’s marketable securities as of December 31, 2014, consisting of U.S. government-sponsored enterprise obligations and various state tax-exempt notes and bonds, were classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair market value based on quoted market prices. Common stock warrants . The Company holds warrants to purchase common stock in an entity that provides technology tools and support services to health care providers, including the Company’s members. The warrants are exercisable for up to 6,015,000 shares of the entity's common stock if and as certain performance criteria are met. The warrants meet the definition of a derivative and are carried at fair value in other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Gains or losses from changes in the fair value of the warrants are recognized in other (expense) income, net on the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 9, “Other non-current assets,” for additional information. The fair value of the warrants is determined using a Black-Scholes-Merton model. Key inputs into this methodology are the estimate of the underlying value of the common shares of the entity that issued the warrants and the estimate of the level of performance criteria that will be achieved. The entity that issued the warrants is privately held and the estimate of performance criteria to be met is specific to the Company. These inputs are unobservable and are considered key estimates made by the Company. Contingent earn-out liabilities . This class of financial liabilities represents the Company’s estimated fair value of the contingent earn-out liabilities related to acquisitions based on probability assessments of certain performance achievements during the earn-out periods. The performance targets are specific to the operation of the acquired company subsequent to the acquisition. These inputs are considered key estimates made by the Company that are unobservable because there are no active markets to support them. Contingent earn-out liabilities are included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Interest rate swaps . The Company uses interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk. The fair value of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future variable cash payments, or receipts, over the life of the agreements. The variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected cash payments, or receipts, are based on observable market interest rate curves. Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The valuation can be determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, such as the market approach (comparable market prices), the income approach (present value of future income or cash flow), and the cost approach (cost to replace the service capacity of an asset or replacement cost). As a basis for applying a market-based approach in fair value measurements, GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes into three broad levels the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The following is a brief description of those three levels: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Observable market-based inputs other than Level 1 inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for similar or identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. • Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, such as discounted cash flow methodologies. Assets and liabilities are classified based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. The Company reviews the fair value hierarchy classification on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels for certain securities within the fair value hierarchy. There were no significant transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 during the six months ended June 30, 2015 or 2014. The Company’s financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring basis and the necessary disclosures are as follows (in thousands): Fair Value as of June 30, Fair Value Measurement as of June 30, 2015 2015 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Financial assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 49,550 $ 49,550 $ — $ — Common stock warrants (1) 440 — — 440 Interest rate swaps 1,176 — 1,176 — Financial liabilities Contingent earn-out liabilities (2) 8,416 — — 8,416 Fair Value as of December 31, Fair Value Measurement as of December 31, 2014 using fair value hierarchy 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Financial assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 72,936 $ 72,936 $ — $ — Available-for-sale marketable securities 14,714 — 14,714 — Common stock warrants (1) 370 — — 370 Financial liabilities Contingent earn-out liabilities (2) 12,946 — — 12,946 (1) The fair value of the common stock warrants as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 was calculated to be $0.21 and $0.22 per share, respectively, using a Black-Scholes-Merton model. The significant assumptions as of June 30, 2015 were as follows: risk-free interest rate of 1.3% ; expected term of 3.97 years; expected volatility of 75.40% ; dividend yield of 0.0% ; weighted average share price of $0.52 per share; and warrants expected to become exercisable between 1,776,500 and 2,157,500 shares. The significant assumptions as of December 31, 2014 were as follows: risk-free interest rate of 1.6% ; expected term of 4.46 years; expected volatility of 76.11% ; dividend yield of 0.0% ; weighted average share price of $0.49 per share; and expected warrants to become exercisable of approximately 1,776,500 shares. (2) This fair value measurement is based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and reflect the Company’s own assumptions in measuring fair value using the income approach. In developing these estimates, the Company considered certain performance projections, historical results, and general macroeconomic environment and industry trends. Common stock warrants The Company’s fair value estimate of the common stock warrants received in connection with its investment was zero as of the June 2009 investment date. Changes in the fair value of the common stock warrants subsequent to the investment date are recognized in earnings in the periods during which the estimated fair value changes. The following table represents a reconciliation of the change in the fair value of the common stock warrants for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, (in thousands): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2015 2014 2015 2014 Beginning balance $ 370 $ 550 $ 370 $ 550 Fair value change in common stock warrants (1) 70 (180 ) 70 (180 ) Ending balance $ 440 $ 370 $ 440 $ 370 (1) Amounts were recognized in other income, net on the consolidated statements of operations. Contingent earn-out liabilities The Company entered into an earn-out agreement in connection with its acquisition of Southwind Health Partners, L.L.C. and Southwind Navigator, LLC (together, “Southwind”) on December 31, 2009. The Company’s fair value estimate of the Southwind earn-out liability was $5.6 million as of the date of acquisition. The fair value of the Southwind earn-out liability was affected by changes in the Company's stock price and by changes in estimates regarding expected operating results through the end of the evaluation period, which was December 31, 2014. As of June 30, 2015 , $18.0 million had been earned and paid in cash and shares to the former owners of the Southwind business. As of June 30, 2015 , based on current facts and circumstances, the estimated aggregate fair value of the remaining contingent obligation earned over the evaluation period was $3.4 million . The fair value of the Southwind earn-out liability is affected by changes in the discount rate, which was 1.9% as of June 30, 2015 . The remaining obligation will be paid at various intervals through April 2016. The Company entered into an earn-out agreement in connection with its acquisition of 360Fresh, Inc. (“360Fresh”) on November 15, 2012. The Company’s fair value estimate of the 360Fresh earn-out liability was $2.5 million as of the date of acquisition. The earn-out liability period ended on January 9, 2015 and the final earn-out payment of $1.5 million was made in the six months ended June 30, 2015. The Company's fair value estimate of the earn-out liability related to the Company’s acquisition of Clinovations, LLC (“Clinovations”) on November 7, 2014 was $4.5 million . The fair value of the Clinovations earn-out liability is affected by changes in estimates regarding expected operating results through the evaluation periods, which will end on December 31, 2017. A portion of the earn-out liability will be paid in the form of the Company’s common stock. The maximum payout of the earn-out liability is $9.5 million , while the minimum is zero . Based on the results of Clinovations’ operating results, the contingent obligation for Clinovations as of June 30, 2015 was $3.3 million . The fair value of the Clinovations earn-out liability is affected by changes in estimates regarding expected operating results, discount rates for each evaluation period, which vary from approximately 7.7% to 9.4% and the volatility of the Company's common stock, which was 25% as of June 30, 2015. The Company's fair value estimate of the earn-out liability related to the Company’s acquisition of ThoughtWright, LLC d/b/a GradesFirst (“GradesFirst”) on December 15, 2014 was $3.6 million . The fair value of the GradesFirst earn-out liability is affected by changes in estimates regarding expected operating results through the evaluation period, which will end on December 31, 2015. The maximum payout of the earn-out liability is $4.0 million , while the minimum is zero . Based on GradesFirst’s operating results, the fair value of the contingent obligation for GradesFirst as of June 30, 2015 was estimated as $3.6 million . The fair value of the GradesFirst earn-out liability is affected by changes in estimates regarding expected operating results, probability of achieving the operating results, and a discount rate, which was 1.9% as of June 30, 2015. Changes in the fair value of the contingent earn-out liabilities subsequent to the acquisition date, including changes arising from events that occurred after the acquisition date, such as changes in the Company’s estimate of performance achievements, discount rates, and stock price, are recognized in earnings in the periods during which the estimated fair value changes. The following table represents a reconciliation of the change in the contingent earn-out liabilities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2015 2014 2015 2014 Beginning balance $ 11,790 $ 8,750 $ 12,946 $ 12,800 Fair value change in Southwind contingent earn-out liability (1) — — 209 (4,150 ) Fair value change in Clinovations contingent earn-out liability (1) (1,427 ) — (1,292 ) — Fair value change in 360Fresh contingent earn-out liability (1) — (100 ) — — Southwind earn-out payments (1,947 ) (2,800 ) (1,947 ) (2,800 ) 360Fresh earn-out payments — — (1,500 ) — Ending balance $ 8,416 $ 5,850 $ 8,416 $ 5,850 (1) Amounts were recognized in cost of services on the consolidated statements of operations. Financial instruments not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis The fair value of the Company's equity method investments is measured quarterly for disclosure purposes. The Company's equity method investments are only recorded at fair value only if an impairment charge is recognized. Equity method investments . Our equity method investments represent the Company's ownership interest in Evolent Health, Inc., or Evolent Inc, and its subsidiary, Evolent Health LLC, or Evolent LLC. The fair value of the Company's ownership interest in Evolent Inc. and its subsidiary was $226 million as of June 30, 2015 based on the quoted closing stock price. For further information, see Note 8, "Investments in unconsolidated entities." Senior secured term loan . We estimate that the fair value of our senior secured term loan was $574.5 million as of June 30, 2015. The fair value was determined based on discounting the future expected variable cash payments over the life of the loan. The variable interest rates used in the calculation are based on observable market interest rates. The senior secured term loan would be classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy if it were measured at fair value. Non-financial assets and liabilities Certain assets and liabilities are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but instead are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, so that such assets and liabilities are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (such as when there is evidence of impairment). During the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, no fair value adjustments or material fair value measurements were required for non-financial assets or liabilities. |