LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES | 5. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES Loans consisted of the following amounts: September 30, December 31, 2018 2017 (In thousands) Commercial real estate $ 764,749 $ 732,616 Residential real estate: Residential 574,637 557,752 Home equity 95,645 92,599 Commercial and industrial 247,869 238,502 Consumer 5,105 4,478 Total Loans 1,688,005 1,625,947 Unearned premiums and deferred loan fees and costs, net 4,563 4,734 Allowance for loan losses (12,235 ) (10,831 ) $ 1,680,333 $ 1,619,850 There were no purchases of loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we purchased residential real estate loans aggregating $48.2 million. We have transferred a portion of our originated commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans to participating lenders. The amounts transferred have been accounted for as sales and are therefore not included in our accompanying unaudited consolidated balance sheets. We share ratably with our participating lenders in any gains or losses that may result from a borrower’s lack of compliance with contractual terms of the loan. We continue to service the loans on behalf of the participating lenders and, as such, collect cash payments from the borrowers, remit payments (net of servicing fees) to participating lenders and disburse required escrow funds to relevant parties. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we serviced commercial loans for participants aggregating $35.7 million and $32.6 million, respectively. Residential real estate loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The unpaid balances of these loans totaled $58.1 million and $65.8 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Net service fee income of $68,000 and $49,000 was recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is included in service charges and fees on the consolidated statements of net income. Residential real estate mortgages are originated by the Bank both for its portfolio and for sale into the secondary market. The Bank may sell its loans to institutional investors such as the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. Under loan sale and servicing agreements with the investor, the Bank generally continues to service the residential real estate mortgages. The Bank pays the investor an agreed upon rate on the loan, which is less than the interest rate received from the borrower. The Bank retains the difference as a fee for servicing the residential real estate mortgages. The Bank capitalizes mortgage servicing rights at their fair value upon sale of the related loans, amortizes the asset over the estimated life of the serviced loan, and periodically assesses the asset for impairment. The significant assumptions used by a third party to estimate the fair value of capitalized servicing rights at September 30, 2018, include weighted average prepayment speed for the portfolio using the Public Securities Association Standard Prepayment Model (122 PSA), weighted average internal rate of return (12.04%), weighted average servicing fee (0.2501%), and average net cost to service loans ($83.84 per loan). The estimated fair value of capitalized servicing rights may vary significantly in subsequent periods primarily due to changing market interest rates, and their effect on prepayment speeds and discount rates. A summary of the activity in the balances of mortgage servicing rights follows: Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 (In thousands) Balance at the beginning of period: $ 319 $ 352 Capitalized mortgage servicing rights — — Amortization (17 ) (50 ) Balance at the end of period $ 302 $ 302 Fair value at the end of period $ 469 $ 469 Loans are recorded at the principal amount outstanding, adjusted for charge-offs, unearned premiums and deferred loan fees and costs. Interest on loans is calculated using the effective yield method on daily balances of the principal amount outstanding and is credited to income on the accrual basis to the extent it is deemed collectable. Our general policy is to discontinue the accrual of interest when principal or interest payments are delinquent 90 days or more based on the contractual terms of the loan, or earlier if the loan is considered impaired. Any unpaid amounts previously accrued on these loans are reversed from income. Subsequent cash receipts are applied to the outstanding principal balance or to interest income if, in the judgment of management, collection of the principal balance is not in question. Loans are returned to accrual status when they become current as to both principal and interest and perform in accordance with contractual terms for a period of at least six months, reducing the concern as to the collectability of principal and interest. Loan fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred, and the net fee or cost is recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the estimated average lives of the related loans. The allowance for loan losses is established through provisions for loan losses charged to expense. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. The allowance for loan losses is evaluated on a regular basis by management. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. The allowance consists of general, allocated, and unallocated components, as further described below. General component The general component of the allowance for loan losses is based on historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors stratified by the following loan segments: residential real estate (includes one-to-four family and home equity), commercial real estate, commercial and industrial, and consumer. Management uses a rolling average of historical losses based on a time frame appropriate to capture relevant loss data for each loan segment. This historical loss factor is adjusted for the following qualitative factors: trends in delinquencies and nonperforming loans; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of changes in risk selection and underwriting standards and other changes in lending policies, procedures and practices; and national and local economic trends and industry conditions. There were no changes in our policies or methodology pertaining to the general component of the allowance for loan losses during the periods presented for disclosure. The qualitative factors are determined based on the various risk characteristics of each loan segment. Risk characteristics relevant to each portfolio segment are as follows: Residential real estate – We require private mortgage insurance for all loans originated with a loan-to-value ratio greater than 80% and we do not grant subprime loans. All loans in this segment are collateralized by owner-occupied residential real estate and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment. Home equity loans are secured by first or second mortgages on one-to-four family owner occupied properties. Commercial real estate – Loans in this segment are primarily income-producing investment properties and owner-occupied commercial properties throughout New England. The underlying cash flows generated by the properties or operations can be adversely impacted by a downturn in the economy due to increased vacancy rates or diminished cash flows, which in turn, would have an effect on the credit quality in this segment. Management obtains financial information annually and continually monitors the cash flows of these loans. Commercial and industrial loans – Loans in this segment are made to businesses and are generally secured by assets of the business. Repayment is expected from the cash flows of the business. A weakened economy, and resultant decreased consumer spending, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment. Consumer loans – Loans in this segment are secured or unsecured and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. Allocated component The allocated component relates to loans that are classified as impaired. Impaired loans are identified by analysis of loan performance, internal credit ratings and watch list loans that management believes are subject to a higher risk of loss. Impairment is measured on a loan-by-loan basis for commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. An allowance is established when the discounted cash flows (or collateral value) of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Accordingly, we do not separately identify individual consumer and residential real estate loans for impairment disclosures, unless such loans are subject to a troubled debt restructuring agreement. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. We determine the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Unallocated component An unallocated component may be maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. The unallocated component of the allowance, if any, reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating allocated and general reserves in the portfolio. An analysis of changes in the allowance for loan losses by segment for the periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows: Commercial Real Estate Residential Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Consumer Unallocated Total (In thousands) Three Months Ended Balance at June 30, 2017 $ 4,472 $ 3,126 $ 2,754 $ 53 $ 13 $ 10,418 Provision (credit) (68 ) 146 (109 ) 83 148 200 Charge-offs — (107 ) — (104 ) — (211 ) Recoveries — 80 3 28 — 111 Balance at September 30, 2017 $ 4,404 $ 3,245 $ 2,648 $ 60 $ 161 $ 10,518 Balance at June 30, 2018 $ 5,458 $ 3,529 $ 2,922 $ 92 $ (15 ) $ 11,986 Provision (credit) (389 ) 481 211 45 2 350 Charge-offs — (393 ) (30 ) (40 ) — (463 ) Recoveries 334 9 8 11 — 362 Balance at September 30, 2018 $ 5,403 $ 3,626 $ 3,111 $ 108 $ (13 ) $ 12,235 Nine Months Ended Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 4,083 $ 2,862 $ 3,085 $ 38 $ — $ 10,068 Provision (credit) 239 427 (180 ) 203 161 850 Charge-offs (36 ) (148 ) (285 ) (237 ) — (706 ) Recoveries 118 104 28 56 — 306 Balance at September 30, 2017 $ 4,404 $ 3,245 $ 2,648 $ 60 $ 161 $ 10,518 Balance at December 31, 2017 $ 4,712 $ 3,311 $ 2,733 $ 71 $ 4 $ 10,831 Provision (credit) 322 762 415 118 (17 ) 1,600 Charge-offs — (473 ) (55 ) (125 ) — (653 ) Recoveries 369 26 18 44 — 457 Balance at September 30, 2018 $ 5,403 $ 3,626 $ 3,111 $ 108 $ (13 ) $ 12,235 Further information pertaining to the allowance for loan losses by segment at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 follows: Commercial Real Estate Residential Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Consumer Unallocated Total (In thousands) September 30, 2018 Amount of allowance for impaired loans $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Amount of allowance for non-impaired loans 5,403 3,626 3,111 108 (13 ) 12,235 Total allowance for loan losses $ 5,403 $ 3,626 $ 3,111 $ 108 $ (13 ) $ 12,235 Impaired loans $ 2,907 $ 4,525 $ 3,547 $ 61 $ — $ 11,040 Non-impaired loans 750,636 662,534 243,380 5,044 — 1,661,594 Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality 11,206 3,223 942 — — 15,371 Total loans $ 764,749 $ 670,282 $ 247,869 $ 5,105 $ — $ 1,688,005 December 31, 2017 Amount of allowance for impaired loans $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Amount of allowance for non-impaired loans 4,712 3,311 2,733 71 4 10,831 Total allowance for loan losses 4,712 $ 3,311 $ 2,733 $ 71 $ 4 $ 10,831 Impaired loans $ 3,674 $ 3,964 $ 2,766 $ 120 $ — $ 10,524 Non-impaired loans 716,571 642,787 234,582 4,358 — 1,598,298 Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality 12,371 3,600 1,154 — — 17,125 Total loans $ 732,616 $ 650,351 $ 238,502 $ 4,478 $ — $ 1,625,947 The following is a summary of past due and non-accrual loans by class at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017: 30 – 59 Days Past Due 60 – 89 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due Total Past Due Past Due 90 Days or More and Still Accruing Non-Accrual Loans (In thousands) September 30, 2018 Commercial real estate $ 751 $ 2,805 $ 471 $ 4,027 $ — $ 2,405 Residential real estate: Residential 2,606 582 1,510 4,698 — 5,891 Home equity 321 96 60 477 — 692 Commercial and industrial 681 253 748 1,682 — 3,734 Consumer 58 — 18 76 — 60 Total $ 4,417 $ 3,736 $ 2,807 $ 10,960 $ — $ 12,782 December 31, 2017 Commercial real estate $ 1,951 $ 144 $ 290 $ 2,385 $ — $ 2,959 Residential real estate: Residential 2,992 1,480 1,911 6,383 — 5,961 Home equity 635 — 48 683 — 696 Commercial and industrial 1,731 797 162 2,690 — 3,019 Consumer 65 — 41 106 — 120 Total $ 7,374 $ 2,421 $ 2,452 $ 12,247 $ — $ 12,755 The following is a summary of impaired loans by class at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017: Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended (1) At September 30, 2018 (1) September 30, 2018 September 30, 2018 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized (In thousands) Impaired Loans (1) Commercial real estate $ 14,113 $ 16,967 $ 14,240 $ 186 $ 14,736 $ 558 Residential real estate 7,008 8,019 7,302 14 6,949 33 Home equity 740 782 613 1 652 3 Commercial and industrial 4,489 9,023 4,413 34 4,201 106 Consumer 61 70 78 — 93 — Total impaired loans $ 26,411 $ 34,861 $ 26,646 $ 235 $ 26,631 $ 700 (1) Includes loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality and performing troubled debt restructurings. Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended At December 31, 2017 September 30, 2017 September 30, 2017 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized (In thousands) Impaired Loans (1) Commercial real estate $ 16,045 $ 18,773 $ 17,731 $ 199 $ 18,788 $ 650 Residential real estate 6,816 7,298 7,016 11 6,548 34 Home equity 748 783 407 1 260 3 Commercial and industrial 3,920 9,215 4,442 54 4,538 183 Consumer 120 129 122 — 83 — Total impaired loans $ 27,649 $ 36,198 $ 29,718 $ 265 $ 30,217 $ 870 (1) Includes loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality and performing troubled debt restructurings. No interest income was recognized for impaired loans on a cash-basis method during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017. Interest income recognized on impaired loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 related to performing purchase impaired loans and troubled debt restructuring (“TDRs”). We may periodically agree to modify the contractual terms of loans. When a loan is modified and a concession is made to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, the modification is considered a TDR. These concessions could include a reduction in the interest rate on the loan, payment extensions, postponement or forgiveness of principal, forbearance or other actions intended to maximize collection. All TDRs are classified as impaired. When we modify loans in a TDR, we measure impairment similar to other impaired loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the contractual interest rate of the original loan agreement, or use the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs for collateral dependent loans. If we determine that the value of the modified loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (net of previous charge-offs, deferred loan fees or costs and unamortized premium or discount), impairment is recognized through an allowance estimate or a charge-off to the allowance. In periods subsequent to modification, we evaluate all TDRs, including those that have payment defaults, for possible impairment and recognize impairment through the allowance. Nonperforming TDRs are shown as nonperforming assets. There were no loans modified as TDRs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017. A default occurs when a loan is 30 days or more past due. No TDRs defaulted within twelve months of restructuring during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017. There were no charge-offs on TDRs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017. Loans Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality The following is a summary of loans acquired with evidence of credit deterioration from Chicopee as of September 30, 2018 and 2017. Contractual Required Payments Receivable Cash Expected To Be Collected Non- Accretable Discount Accretable Yield Loans Receivable (In thousands) Balance at December 31, 2017 $ 29,362 $ 23,158 $ 6,204 $ 6,033 $ 17,125 Collections (3,370 ) (2,258 ) (1,112 ) (504 ) (1,754 ) Dispositions — — — — — Balance at September 30, 2018 $ 25,992 $ 20,900 $ 5,092 $ 5,529 $ 15,371 Contractual Required Payments Receivable Cash Expected To Be Collected Non- Accretable Discount Accretable Yield Loans Receivable (In thousands) Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 37,437 $ 29,040 $ 8,397 $ 7,521 $ 21,519 Collections (3,860 ) (3,326 ) (534 ) (1,003 ) (2,323 ) Dispositions (1,833 ) (1,503 ) (330 ) 6 (1,509 ) Balance at September 30, 2017 $ 31,744 $ 24,211 $ 7,533 $ 6,524 $ 17,687 Credit Quality Information We utilize an eight-grade internal loan rating system for commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans. Performing residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans are grouped with “Pass” rated loans. Nonperforming residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans are monitored individually for impairment and risk rated as “Substandard.” Loans rated 1 – 4 are considered “Pass” or “Pass Watch” rated loans with acceptable risk. Loans rated 5 are considered “Special Mention.” These loans exhibit potential credit weaknesses or downward trends and are being closely monitored by us. Loans rated 6 are considered “Substandard.” Generally, a loan is considered “Substandard” if the borrower exhibits a well-defined weakness that may be inadequately protected by the current net worth and cash flow capacity to pay the current debt. Loans rated 7 are considered “Doubtful.” Loans classified as “Doubtful” have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, highly questionable and improbable and that a partial loss of principal is likely. Loans rated 8 are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as loans is not warranted. On an annual basis, or more often if needed, we formally review the ratings on all commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans. Construction loans are reported within commercial real estate loans and total $103.6 million and $84.4 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. We engage an independent third party to review a significant portion of loans within these segments on a semi-annual basis. We use the results of these reviews as part of our annual review process. In addition, management utilizes delinquency reports, the watch list and other loan reports to monitor credit quality in other segments. The following table presents our loans by risk rating at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017: Commercial Real Estate Residential 1-4 Family Home Equity Commercial and Industrial Consumer Total (In thousands) September 30, 2018 Loans rated 1 – 4 $ 731,634 $ 567,957 $ 94,720 $ 212,202 $ 5,045 $ 1,611,558 Loans rated 5 14,506 — — 11,373 — 25,879 Loans rated 6 18,609 6,680 925 24,294 60 50,568 $ 764,749 $ 574,637 $ 95,645 $ 247,869 $ 5,105 $ 1,688,005 December 31, 2017 Loans rated 1 – 4 $ 708,992 $ 551,469 $ 91,903 $ 205,537 $ 4,475 $ 1,562,376 Loans rated 5 15,098 — — 24,565 — 39,663 Loans rated 6 8,526 6,283 696 8,400 3 23,908 $ 732,616 $ 557,752 $ 92,599 $ 238,502 $ 4,478 $ 1,625,947 |