LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES | 5. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES Loans are recorded at the principal amount outstanding, adjusted for charge-offs, unearned premiums and deferred loan fees and costs. Interest on loans is calculated using the effective yield method on daily balances of the principal amount outstanding and is credited to income on the accrual basis to the extent it is deemed collectable. Our general policy is to discontinue the accrual of interest when principal or interest payments are delinquent 90 days or more based on the contractual terms of the loan, or earlier if the loan is considered impaired. Any unpaid amounts previously accrued on these loans are reversed from income. Subsequent cash receipts are applied to the outstanding principal balance or to interest income if, in the judgment of management, collection of the principal balance is not in question. Loans are returned to accrual status when they become current as to both principal and interest and perform in accordance with contractual terms for a period of at least six months, reducing the concern as to the collectability of principal and interest. Loan fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred, and the net fee or cost is recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the estimated average lives of the related loans. Major classifications of loans at the periods indicated were as follows: September 30, December 31, 2019 2018 (In thousands) Commercial real estate $ 821,321 $ 768,881 Residential real estate: Residential 1-4 family 580,881 577,641 Home equity 97,720 97,238 Commercial and industrial 241,732 243,493 Consumer 5,670 5,203 Total gross loans 1,747,324 1,692,456 Unearned premiums and deferred loan fees and costs, net 4,258 4,401 Allowance for loan losses (13,272 ) (12,053 ) Net loans $ 1,738,310 $ 1,684,804 There were no purchases of loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and year ended December 31, 2018. Loans Serviced for Others. The Company has transferred a portion of its originated commercial loans to participating lenders. The amounts transferred have been accounted for as sales and are therefore not included in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets. We continue to service the loans on behalf of the participating lenders. We share with participating lenders, on a pro-rata basis, any gains or losses that may result from a borrower’s lack of compliance with contractual terms of the loan. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company was servicing commercial loans participated out to various other institutions totaling $32.2 million and $35.4 million, respectively. Residential real estate mortgages are originated by the Bank both for its portfolio and for sale into the secondary market. The Bank may sell its loans to institutional investors such as the FHLMC. The Bank generally continues to service the residential real estate mortgages under its loan sale and servicing agreements with the investor. The Bank pays the investor an agreed upon rate on the loan, which is less than the interest rate received from the borrower. The Bank retains the difference as a fee for servicing the residential real estate mortgages. The Bank capitalizes mortgage servicing rights at their fair value upon sale of the related loans, amortizes the asset over the estimated life of the serviced loan, and periodically assesses the asset for impairment. The significant assumptions used by a third party to estimate the fair value of capitalized servicing rights at September 30, 2019, include weighted average prepayment speed for the portfolio using the Public Securities Association Standard Prepayment Model (180 PSA), weighted average internal rate of return (12.05%), weighted average servicing fee (0.25%), and net cost to service loans ($83.53 per loan). The estimated fair value of capitalized servicing rights may vary significantly in subsequent periods primarily due to changing market interest rates, and their effect on prepayment speeds and discount rates. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company was servicing residential mortgage loans owned by investors totaling $50.7 million and $56.6 million, respectively. Net service fee income of $52,000 and $68,000 was recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and is included in service charges and fees on the consolidated statements of operations. A summary of the activity in the balances of mortgage servicing rights follows: Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 (In thousands) Balance at the beginning of period $ 253 $ 286 Capitalized mortgage servicing rights — — Amortization (17 ) (50 ) Balance at the end of period $ 236 $ 236 Fair value at the end of period $ 357 $ 357 Allowance for Loan Losses. The allowance for loan losses is established through provisions for loan losses charged to expense. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. The allowance for loan losses is evaluated on a regular basis by management. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. The allowance consists of general, allocated, and unallocated components, as further described below. General component The general component of the allowance for loan losses is based on historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors stratified by the following loan segments: residential real estate (includes one-to-four family and home equity), commercial real estate, commercial and industrial, and consumer. Management uses a rolling average of historical losses based on a time frame appropriate to capture relevant loss data for each loan segment. This historical loss factor is adjusted for the following qualitative factors: trends in delinquencies and nonperforming loans; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of changes in risk selection and underwriting standards and other changes in lending policies, procedures and practices; and national and local economic trends and industry conditions. There were no changes in our policies or methodology pertaining to the general component of the allowance for loan losses during the periods presented for disclosure. The qualitative factors are determined based on the various risk characteristics of each loan segment. Risk characteristics relevant to each portfolio segment are as follows: Residential real estate Commercial real estate. Commercial and industrial loans Consumer loans Allocated component The allocated component relates to loans that are classified as impaired. Impaired loans are identified by analysis of loan performance, internal credit ratings and watch list loans that management believes are subject to a higher risk of loss. Impairment is measured on a loan by loan basis for commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. An allowance is established when the discounted cash flows (or collateral value) of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Accordingly, we do not separately identify individual consumer and residential real estate loans for impairment disclosures, unless such loans are subject to a troubled debt restructuring agreement. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. We determine the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Unallocated component An unallocated component may be maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. The unallocated component of the allowance, if any, reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating allocated and general reserves in the portfolio. An analysis of changes in the allowance for loan losses by segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 is as follows: Commercial Real Estate Residential Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Consumer Unallocated Total (In thousands) Three Months Ended Balance at June 30, 2018 $ 5,458 $ 3,529 $ 2,922 $ 92 $ (15 ) $ 11,986 Provision (credit) (389 ) 481 211 45 2 350 Charge-offs — (393 ) (30 ) (40 ) — (463 ) Recoveries 334 9 8 11 — 362 Balance at September 30, 2018 $ 5,403 $ 3,626 $ 3,111 $ 108 $ (13 ) $ 12,235 Balance at June 30, 2019 $ 5,690 $ 3,619 $ 2,960 $ 153 $ 1 $ 12,423 Provision (credit) 844 312 63 81 (25 ) 1,275 Charge-offs (200 ) (180 ) (20 ) (70 ) — (470 ) Recoveries — 26 5 13 — 44 Balance at September 30, 2019 $ 6,334 $ 3,777 $ 3,008 $ 177 $ (24 ) $ 13,272 Commercial Real Estate Residential Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Consumer Unallocated Total (In thousands) Nine Months Ended Balance at December 31, 2017 $ 4,712 $ 3,311 $ 2,733 $ 71 $ 4 $ 10,831 Provision (credit) 322 762 415 118 (17 ) 1,600 Charge-offs — (473 ) (55 ) (125 ) — (653 ) Recoveries 369 26 18 44 — 457 Balance at September 30, 2018 $ 5,403 $ 3,626 $ 3,111 $ 108 $ (13 ) $ 12,235 Balance at December 31, 2018 $ 5,260 $ 3,556 $ 3,114 $ 135 $ (12 ) $ 12,053 Provision (credit) 644 498 397 148 (12 ) 1,675 Charge-offs (419 ) (305 ) (514 ) (155 ) — (1,393 ) Recoveries 849 28 11 49 — 937 Balance at September 30, 2019 $ 6,334 $ 3,777 $ 3,008 $ 177 $ (24 ) $ 13,272 The following table presents information pertaining to the allowance for loan losses by segment for the dates indicated: Commercial Real Estate Residential Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Consumer Unallocated Total (In thousands) September 30, 2019 Amount of allowance for impaired loans $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Amount of allowance for non-impaired loans 6,334 3,777 3,008 177 (24 ) 13,272 Total allowance for loan losses $ 6,334 $ 3,777 $ 3,008 $ 177 $ (24 ) $ 13,272 Impaired loans $ 4,691 $ 3,420 $ 2,190 $ 43 $ — $ 10,344 Non-impaired loans 807,031 672,323 238,713 5,627 — 1,723,694 Impaired loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality 9,599 2,858 829 — — 13,286 Total loans $ 821,321 $ 678,601 $ 241,732 $ 5,670 $ — $ 1,747,324 December 31, 2018 Amount of allowance for impaired loans $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Amount of allowance for non-impaired loans 5,260 3,556 3,114 135 (12 ) 12,053 Total allowance for loan losses $ 5,260 $ 3,556 $ 3,114 $ 135 $ (12) $ 12,053 Impaired loans $ 5,237 $ 4,754 $ 2,345 $ 60 $ — $ 12,396 Non-impaired loans 752,770 666,883 240,235 5,143 — 1,665,031 Impaired loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality 10,874 3,242 913 — — 15,029 Total loans $ 768,881 $ 674,879 $ 243,493 $ 5,203 $ — $ 1,692,456 Past Due and Non-accrual Loans. The following tables present an age analysis of past due loans as of the dates indicated: 30 – 59 Days Past Due 60 – 89 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due Total Past Due Loans Total Current Loans Total Loans Non-Accrual Loans (In thousands) September 30, 2019 Commercial real estate $ 1,017 $ 1,889 $ 2,609 $ 5,515 $ 815,806 $ 821,321 $ 4,131 Residential real estate: Residential 1,829 1,004 1,143 3,976 576,905 580,881 4,258 Home equity 94 46 150 290 97,430 97,720 378 Commercial and industrial 1,637 1,624 342 3,603 238,129 241,732 2,248 Consumer 34 2 15 51 5,619 5,670 43 Total loans $ 4,611 $ 4,565 $ 4,259 $ 13,435 $ 1,733,889 $ 1,747,324 $ 11,058 December 31, 2018 Commercial real estate $ 1,857 $ — $ 2,865 $ 4,722 $ 764,159 $ 768,881 $ 4,701 Residential real estate: Residential 1,798 572 1,879 4,249 573,392 577,641 5,856 Home equity 600 5 242 847 96,391 97,238 391 Commercial and industrial 794 1,463 305 2,562 240,931 243,493 2,476 Consumer 93 1 21 115 5,088 5,203 60 Total loans $ 5,142 $ 2,041 $ 5,312 $ 12,495 $ 1,679,961 $ 1,692,456 $ 13,484 Impaired Loans. The following is a summary of impaired loans by class: Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended At September 30, 2019 September 30, 2019 September 30, 2019 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized (In thousands) Impaired Loans (1) Commercial real estate $ 14,290 $ 17,572 $ 15,558 $ 182 $ 16,542 $ 481 Residential real estate 5,875 7,200 6,375 23 6,805 87 Home equity 403 470 406 — 408 — Commercial and industrial 3,019 8,131 3,466 37 3,743 111 Consumer 43 56 45 — 50 — Total impaired loans $ 23,630 $ 33,429 $ 25,850 $ 242 $ 27,548 $ 679 Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended At December 31, 2018 September 30, 2018 September 30, 2018 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized (In thousands) Impaired Loans (1) Commercial real estate $ 16,111 $ 19,081 $ 14,240 $ 186 $ 14,736 $ 558 Residential real estate 7,558 8,614 7,302 14 6,949 33 Home equity 438 468 613 1 652 3 Commercial and industrial 3,258 7,788 4,413 34 4,201 106 Consumer 60 70 78 — 93 — Total impaired loans $ 27,425 $ 36,021 $ 26,646 $ 235 $ 26,631 $ 700 (1) The majority of impaired loans are included within the non-accrual balances; however, not every loan on non-accrual status has been designated as impaired. Impaired loans include loans that have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). Impaired loans are individually evaluated and exclude large groups of smaller-balance homogeneous loans, such as residential mortgage loans and consumer loans, which are collectively evaluated for impairment, and loans that are measured at fair value, unless the loan is amended in a TDR. All payments received on impaired loans in non-accrual status are applied to principal. There was no interest income recognized on nonaccrual impaired loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. The Company’s obligation to fulfill the additional funding commitments on impaired loans is generally contingent on the borrower’s compliance with the terms of the credit agreement. If the borrower is not in compliance, additional funding commitments may or may not be made at the Company’s discretion. As of September 30, 2019, we have not committed to lend any additional funds for loans that are classified as impaired. Payments received on performing impaired loans are recorded in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan. Interest income recognized on impaired loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 pertained to performing TDRs and purchased impaired loans. Troubled Debt Restructurings. Loans are designated as a TDR when, as part of an agreement to modify the original contractual terms of the loan as a result of financial difficulties of the borrower, the Bank grants the borrower a concession on the terms, that would not otherwise be considered. Typically, such concessions may consist of a reduction in interest rate to a below market rate, taking into account the credit quality of the note, extension of additional credit based on receipt of adequate collateral, or a deferment or reduction of payments (principal or interest) which materially alters the Bank’s position or significantly extends the note’s maturity date, such that the present value of cash flows to be received is materially less than those contractually established at the loan’s origination. All loans that are modified are reviewed by the Company to identify if a TDR has occurred. All TDR loans are classified as impaired. When we modify loans in a TDR, we measure impairment similar to other impaired loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the contractual interest rate of the original loan agreement, or use the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs for collateral dependent loans. If we determine that the value of the modified loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (net of previous charge-offs, deferred loan fees or costs and unamortized premium or discount), impairment is recognized through a charge-off to the allowance. Non-performing TDRs are included in non-performing loans. Nonperforming TDRs are shown as nonperforming assets. There were no loans designated as TDRs during the three months ended September 30, 2019. Two substandard impaired loan relationships in the aggregate amount of $2.4 million were designated as TDRs during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. One loan relationship consisting of a commercial real estate loan and a commercial and industrial loan totaling $2.2 million was classified as a TDR during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 as the Bank entered into a forbearance agreement with the customer that allows for interest-only payments for a specified term. Both loans to the customer were current as of September 30, 2019 and the loan relationship is considered to be adequately secured by real estate. The Bank will continue to monitor the loan relationship for ongoing impairment on a quarterly basis. In addition, a second loan relationship consisting of a commercial real estate loan and a commercial and industrial loan totaling $166,000 was modified as a TDR during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 to allow for interest-only payments for a specified term. Both loans were in nonperforming status as of September 30, 2019, however; the second loan relationship is considered to be adequately secured by real estate. The Bank will continue to be monitor the second loan relationship for ongoing impairment on a quarterly basis. There were no significant loans modified in TDRs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 September 30, 2019 Number of Contracts Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Number of Contracts Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment (Dollars in thousands) (Dollars in thousands) Troubled Debt Restructurings Commercial Real Estate — $ — $ — 2 $ 2,032 $ 2,032 Commercial and Industrial — — — 2 383 383 Total — $ — $ — 4 $ 2,415 $ 2,415 During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, no TDRs defaulted (defined as 30 days or more past due) within 12 months of restructuring. As of September 30, 2019, we have not committed to lend any additional funds for loans that are classified as impaired. There were $715,000 in charge-offs on TDRs during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. There were no charge-offs on TDRs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Loans Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. The following is a summary of loans acquired in the Chicopee Bancorp, Inc. (“Chicopee”) acquisition with evidence of credit deterioration as of September 30, 2019 and 2018. Contractual Required Payments Receivable Cash Expected To Be Collected Non- Accretable Discount Accretable Yield Loans Receivable (In thousands) Balance at December 31, 2018 $ 24,793 $ 19,883 $ 4,910 $ 4,854 $ 15,029 Collections (2,313 ) (2,187 ) (126 ) (487 ) (1,700 ) Dispositions (242 ) (242 ) — (199 ) (43 ) Balance at September 30, 2019 $ 22,238 $ 17,454 $ 4,784 $ 4,168 $ 13,286 Contractual Required Payments Receivable Cash Expected To Be Collected Non- Accretable Discount Accretable Yield Loans Receivable (In thousands) Balance at December 31, 2017 $ 29,362 $ 23,158 $ 6,204 $ 6,033 $ 17,125 Collections (3,370 ) (2,258 ) (1,112 ) (504 ) (1,754 ) Dispositions — — — — — Balance at September 30, 2018 $ 25,992 $ 20,900 $ 5,092 $ 5,529 $ 15,371 Credit Quality Information. The Company utilizes an eight-grade internal loan rating system for commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans. Performing residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans are grouped with “Pass” rated loans. Non-performing residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans are monitored individually for impairment and risk rated as “substandard”. Loans rated 1 – 4 Loans rated 5 Loans rated 6 Loans rated 7 Loans rated 8 We formally review the ratings on all commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans annually or more frequently if needed. In addition, management utilizes delinquency reports, the criticized report and other loan reports to monitor credit quality. The Company contracts with an external loan review company to review the internal credit ratings assigned to loans in the commercial loan portfolio on a pre-determined schedule, based on the type, size, rating, and overall risk of the loan at least once per year. During the course of its review, the third party examines a sample of loans, including new loans, existing relationships over certain dollar amounts and classified assets. The following table presents our loans by risk rating for the periods indicated: Commercial Real Estate Residential 1-4 Family Home Equity Commercial and Industrial Consumer Total (In thousands) September 30, 2019 Pass (Rated 1 – 4) $ 770,820 $ 575,352 $ 97,178 $ 210,992 $ 5,627 $ 1,659,969 Special Mention (Rated 5) 21,981 — — 4,480 — 26,461 Substandard (Rated 6) 28,520 5,529 542 26,260 43 60,894 $ 821,321 $ 580,881 $ 97,720 $ 241,732 $ 5,670 $ 1,747,324 December 31, 2018 Pass (Rated 1 – 4) $ 732,729 $ 570,428 $ 96,643 $ 207,663 $ 5,143 $ 1,612,606 Special Mention (Rated 5) 17,929 — — 12,248 — 30,177 Substandard (Rated 6) 18,223 7,213 595 23,582 60 49,673 Total $ 768,881 $ 577,641 $ 97,238 $ 243,493 $ 5,203 $ 1,692,456 |