| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) and include the accounts of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2017 , we had wholly-owned subsidiaries in Singapore, Canada, the Netherlands, Japan, France, the United Kingdom, China, and Germany. All subsidiaries, except for Singapore, use their local currency as their functional currency. The Singapore subsidiary uses the U.S. dollar as its functional currency. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period amounts in the consolidated statements of cash flows were reclassified to conform with the current period presentation. Payments for cash settled equity awards were reclassified from Proceeds from issuance of common stock under financing activities to Changes in other liabilities under operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Proceeds from exercise of stock options and Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards, which were previously included in the Proceeds from issuance of common stock are presented as separated line items under financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. These reclassifications were immaterial and did not affect prior period total assets, total liabilities, stockholders' equity, total revenue, total costs and expenses, loss from operations or net loss. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable, which together form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates and could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements. Foreign Currency Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries that use the local currency as their functional currency are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet date. The adjustments resulting from the foreign currency translations are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Income and expense accounts are translated at monthly average exchange rates during the year. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid financial instruments with maturities at the time of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents may consist of cash on deposit with banks, money market funds, and notes from government-sponsored agencies. Investments Short and long-term investments are comprised of notes from government-sponsored agencies. All investments are recorded at estimated fair value. Any unrealized gains and losses from investments are reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss, a separate component of stockholders’ equity. We evaluate our investments to assess whether investments with unrealized loss positions are other-than-temporarily impaired. An investment is considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired if the impairment is related to deterioration in credit risk or if it is likely that we will sell the securities before the recovery of their cost basis. No investment has been assessed as other than temporarily impaired, and realized gains and losses were immaterial during the years presented. The cost of securities sold or the amount reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings is based on the specific-identification method. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Our financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and convertible notes. Our cash equivalents, investments, accounts receivable, and accounts payable have short maturity or payment periods. Accordingly, their carrying values approximated their fair values at December 31, 2017 and 2016 . The convertible notes are presented at their carrying value, with fair value disclosures made in Note 4. As a basis for considering fair value, we follow a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows: Level I: observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level II: inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly; and Level III: unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which requires us to develop our own assumptions. This hierarchy requires us to use observable market data, when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. Our cash equivalents, which include money market funds, are classified as Level I because they are valued using quoted market prices. Our investments and convertible notes are generally classified as Level II because their value is based on valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data. Depending on the security, the income and market approaches are used in the model driven valuations. Inputs of these models include recently executed transaction prices in securities of the issuer or comparable issuers and yield curves. Accounts Receivable Trade accounts receivable are recorded at net invoice value. We review our exposure to accounts receivable and provide allowances of specific amounts if collectability is no longer reasonably assured based on historical experience and specific customer collection issues. We evaluate such allowances on a regular basis and adjust them as needed. Concentrations of Business and Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject us to credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents, investments, and accounts receivable. Our cash, cash equivalents, and investments may consist of deposits held with banks, money market funds, and other highly liquid investments that may at times exceed federally insured limits. Cash equivalents and investments are financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of risk. Under our investment policy, we invest primarily in securities issued by the U.S. government. The goals of our investment policy, in order of priority, are as follows: preserve capital, meet liquidity needs, and optimize returns. We generally do not require collateral to support credit sales. To reduce credit risk, we perform credit evaluations of our customers. No single customer represented more than 10% of total revenue for 2017 , 2016 , or 2015 , and no single customer represented more than 10% of total accounts receivable at December 31, 2017 , 2016 , or 2015 . Our products include components that are currently procured from a single source or a limited number of sources. We believe that other vendors would be able to provide similar components; however, the qualification of such vendors may require start-up time. In order to mitigate any adverse impacts from a disruption of supply, we attempt to maintain an adequate supply of critical limited-source components. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (on a first-in, first-out basis) or net realizable value. Inventory costs include direct materials, direct labor, and normal manufacturing overhead. Finished goods that are used for research and development are expensed as consumed or depreciated over their period of use. Provisions for slow-moving, excess, and obsolete inventories are recorded when required to reduce inventory values to their estimated net realizable values based on product life cycle, development plans, product expiration, and quality issues. Property and Equipment and Long-Lived Assets Property and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Accumulated depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets or the remaining term of the lease, whichever is shorter. The estimated useful lives of our property and equipment are generally as follows: computer equipment and software, three to four years; laboratory and manufacturing equipment, two to five years; and office furniture and fixtures, five years. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 was $5.9 million , $5.1 million and $3.6 million , respectively. We evaluate our long-lived assets for indicators of possible impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If any indicator of impairment exists, we assess the recoverability of the affected long-lived assets by determining whether the carrying value of the asset can be recovered through undiscounted future operating cash flows. If impairment is indicated, we estimate the asset’s fair value using future discounted cash flows associated with the use of the asset, and adjust the carrying value of the asset accordingly. We did not recognize any impairment of long-lived assets for any of the periods presented herein. Investment, at Cost In February 2013, Illumina, Inc. acquired Verinata Health, Inc. (Verinata), a privately-held company, for $350 million in cash and up to an additional $100 million in milestone payments through December 2015. In March 2013, we received cash proceeds of $3.1 million in exchange for our ownership interest in Verinata resulting in a gain of $1.8 million . During 2014, we received cash proceeds of $0.3 million from the escrow account related to the acquisition. We recorded these amounts as Gain from sale of investment in Verinata in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014. The final milestones related to the sale of Verinata to Illumina were met in December 2015 and, accordingly, we recorded our share of these milestone payment obligations in the amount of $2.3 million in Other Assets and Gain from sale of investment in Verinata in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2015. In January 2016, we received payment of $2.3 million and it was recorded in net cash provided by investing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows. Intangible Assets Our intangible assets include developed technology, patents and licenses. We evaluate our intangible assets for indicators of possible impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If any indicator of impairment exists, we assess the recoverability of the affected intangible assets by determining whether the carrying value of the asset can be recovered through undiscounted future operating cash flows. If impairment is indicated, we estimate the asset’s fair value using future discounted cash flows associated with the use of the asset, and adjust the carrying value of the asset accordingly. We did not recognize any impairment on intangible assets for any of the periods presented herein. Product Warranties We generally provide a one -year warranty on our instruments. We accrue for estimated warranty obligations at the time of product shipment. We periodically review our warranty liability and record adjustments based on the terms of warranties provided to customers, and historical and anticipated warranty claim experience. This expense is recorded as a component of cost of product revenue in the consolidated statements of operations. Revenue Recognition We generate revenue from sales of our products, services and license agreements. Our products consist of instruments and consumables, including IFCs, assays, and reagents. Our service revenue consists of post-warranty service contracts, preventive maintenance plans, instrument parts, installation, and training. We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price to the customer is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. We assess collectability based on factors such as the customer’s creditworthiness and past collection history, if applicable. If collection is not reasonably assured, revenue recognition is deferred until receipt of payment. We also assess whether a price is fixed or determinable by, among other things, reviewing contractual terms and conditions related to payment. Delivery occurs when there is a transfer of title and risk of loss passes to the customer. Revenue excludes taxes collected from our customers. Product and Service Revenue Certain of our sales contracts involve the delivery of multiple products and services within contractually binding arrangements. Multiple-deliverable sales transactions typically consist of the sale and delivery of one or more instruments and consumables together with one or more of our installation, training and/or customer support services. Significant judgment is sometimes required to determine the appropriate accounting for such arrangements, including whether the deliverables specified in a multiple element arrangement should be treated as separate units of accounting for revenue recognition purposes and, if so, how the related sales price should be allocated among the elements, when to recognize revenue for each element, and the period over which revenue should be recognized. For sales contracts that include multiple deliverables, we allocate the contract consideration at the inception of the contract to each unit of accounting based upon its relative selling price. We may use our best estimate of selling price for individual deliverables when vendor specific objective evidence or third-party evidence is unavailable. A delivered item is considered to be a separate unit of accounting when it has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis. Our products, other than service contracts, are typically delivered within a short time frame, generally within one to three months of the contract date. Service contracts are entered into for terms of one to three years, following the expiration of the warranty period. Our products are generally sold without the right of return. Amounts received before revenue recognition criteria are met are classified in the consolidated balance sheets as deferred revenue or customer deposits, depending on the terms of the arrangement. License Revenue License and royalty revenue from license agreements is recognized when received, which is generally in the quarter following the quarter in which the corresponding sales occur. Shipping and Handling Costs Shipping and handling costs incurred for product shipments are included within cost of product revenue in the consolidated statements of operations. Research and Development We recognize research and development expenses in the period incurred. Research and development expenses consist of personnel costs, independent contractor costs, prototype and materials expenses, allocated facilities and information technology expenses, and related overhead expenses. Advertising Costs We expense advertising costs as incurred. We incurred advertising costs of $1.8 million , $2.3 million and $2.9 million during 2017 , 2016 , and 2015 , respectively. Income Taxes We use the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Valuation allowances are provided when the expected realization of deferred tax assets does not meet a “more likely than not” criterion. We make estimates and judgments about our future taxable income that are based on assumptions that are consistent with our plans and estimates. Should the actual amounts differ from our estimates, the amount of our valuation allowance could be materially impacted. Changes in these estimates may result in significant increases or decreases to our tax provision in a period in which such estimates are changed, which in turn would affect net income or loss. We recognize the financial statement effects of a tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. Any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are reflected in the income tax provision. Stock-Based Compensation We account for stock options and restricted stock units granted to employees and directors and stock purchases under ESPP based on the fair value of the awards. We recognize stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods. For performance-based stock awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period when the achievement of each individual performance goal becomes probable. Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss is comprised of net loss and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) consists of unrealized gains and losses on our investments and foreign currency translation adjustments. Total comprehensive loss for all periods presented has been disclosed in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 , and 2015 are as follows (in thousands): Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investments Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Ending balance at December 31, 2015 $ (1,072 ) $ (72 ) $ (1,144 ) Change during the year 314 70 384 Ending balance at December 31, 2016 (758 ) (2 ) (760 ) Change during the year 183 3 186 Ending balance at December 31, 2017 $ (575 ) $ 1 $ (574 ) Immaterial amounts of unrealized gains and losses have been reclassified into the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 . Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Other Long-Lived Assets Goodwill, which has an indefinite useful life, represents the excess of cost over fair value of net assets acquired. Our identifiable intangible assets are typically comprised of acquired core technologies, licensed technologies, license agreements and patents. The cost of identifiable intangible assets with finite lives is generally amortized on a straight-line basis over the assets’ respective estimated useful lives. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not subject to amortization, but are tested for impairment on an annual basis during the fourth quarter or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. We first conduct an assessment of qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we then conduct a two-step test for impairment of goodwill. In the first step, we compare the fair value of our reporting unit to its carrying value. If the fair value of our reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not considered impaired and no further analysis is required. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceed its fair value, then the second step of the impairment test must be performed in order to determine the implied fair value of the goodwill. If the carrying value of the goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then an impairment loss equal to the difference would be recorded. We evaluate our finite-lived intangible assets and other long-lived assets for indicators of possible impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If any indicator of impairment exists, we assess the recoverability of the affected intangible asset by determining whether the carrying value of the asset can be recovered through undiscounted future operating cash flows. If impairment is indicated, we estimate the asset’s fair value using future discounted cash flows associated with the use of the asset, and adjust the carrying value of the asset accordingly. Net Loss per Share Our basic and diluted net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Restricted stock units and options to purchase our common stock are considered to be potentially dilutive common shares but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share as their effect is anti-dilutive for all periods presented. The following potentially dilutive common shares were excluded from the computations of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive (in thousands): December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Stock options, restricted stock units and performance awards 3,501 4,622 3,905 Convertible notes 3,598 3,598 3,598 Total 7,099 8,220 7,503 Recent Accounting Changes and Accounting Pronouncements Adoption of New Accounting Guidance In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11 Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, which changes the measurement principle for inventory from the lower of cost or market to the lower of cost or net realizable value. ASU 2015-11 defines net realizable value as estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. We adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2017. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09 Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. This ASU simplified several aspects of the accounting for share-based payments, including changing the threshold to qualify for equity classification up to the employees’ maximum statutory tax rates, allowing an entity-wide accounting policy election to either estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest or account for forfeitures as they occur, and clarifying the classification on the statement of cash flows of employee taxes paid when an employer withholds shares for tax-withholding purposes. We adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2017 by recording the cumulative impact of applying this guidance to retained earnings. We also elected to account for forfeitures as they occur, as permitted by ASU 2016-09. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 9 for the impact on deferred tax assets. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2014-09 regarding ASC (Topic 606) Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASU 2014-09 and subsequent amendments provide principles for recognizing revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU permits two methods of adoption, the full retrospective method applying the standard to each prior reporting period presented, or the modified retrospective method with a cumulative effect of initially applying the new standard recognized at the date of initial application. This ASU also allows entities to apply certain practical expedients at their discretion. The new standard will be effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. We adopted ASU 2014-09 in the first quarter of 2018 using the modified retrospective method. The adoption is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. The new standard’s broader definition of variable consideration requires us to estimate and record certain payments from customers. This ASU requires that the transaction price received from customers be allocated to each separate and distinct performance obligation. We have determined that our service plans do not contain separate and distinct performance obligations. Therefore, the fees we receive for our service plans will be recognized as revenue ratably over the term of the service plan, which is our current practice. The requirement in the new standard is to capitalize incremental costs to obtain contracts with our customers and amortize those costs over the term of the contract. This is a change from our current practice of expensing sales commissions as incurred. We are utilizing the practical expedient provision permitting expensing of costs to obtain a contract when the expected amortization period is one year or less. Under the modified retrospective method, periods prior to the adoption of ASU 2014-09 are not restated and the cumulative effect of initially applying the new standard is reflected in the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. Additional disclosures are required for significant differences between the reported results under the new standard and those that would have been reported under the legacy standard. While we continue to evaluate the effect of the new standard on our ongoing financial reporting, we currently do not expect the cumulative effect of the new standard to be material. We continue to identify the appropriate changes to our business processes, systems, and controls to support revenue recognition and disclosure under the new standard. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 Leases (Topic 842). This ASU requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with the exception of short-term leases. For lessees, leases will continue to be classified as either operating or finance leases in the income statement. Lessor accounting under this ASU is similar to the current model but updated to align with certain changes to the lessee model. Lessors will continue to classify leases as operating, direct financing or sales-type leases. ASU 2016-02 will be effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the accounting, transition, and disclosure requirements of the standard. We have not yet determined whether we will elect early adoption of the standard and cannot currently estimate the financial statement impact of adoption. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, a consensus of the FASB’s Emerging Issues Task Force, amending the presentation of restricted cash within the statement of cash flows. The new guidance requires that restricted cash be included within cash and cash equivalents on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 will be effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. We adopted this ASU in the first quarter of 2018. The adoption is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. |
