Revenue from Contracts with Customers | 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers The Company records revenue from contracts with customers in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers Significant judgments that affect the amounts and timing of revenue recognition: The Company’s analysis of the timing of revenue recognition of each revenue stream is based on the provisions of each respective contract. Performance obligations could, however, change from time to time if and when existing contracts are modified or new contracts are entered into. These changes could potentially affect the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations, the determination of the transaction price, and the allocation of the price to performance obligations. In the case of the revenue streams discussed below, the performance obligation is satisfied either at a point in time or over time. The judgments outlined below, where the determination as to these factors is discussed in detail, are continually reviewed and monitored by the Company when new contracts or contract modifications occur. Transaction price is in all instances formulaic and not subject to significant (or any) judgment at the current time. The Company’s assessment of the recognition of these revenues is as follows: Revenue from contracts with customers includes commissions, fees earned from affiliated entities pursuant to research services agreements, underwriting fees, and sales manager fees. Commissions Brokerage commissions Hard dollar payments Commission revenues are impacted by the perceived value of the research product provided to clients, the volume of securities transactions, and the acquisition or loss of new client relationships. Fees earned from affiliated entities pursuant to research services agreements The Company receives direct payments for research services provided to related parties pursuant to contracts. The contractual fee for the period is fixed and recognized ratably over the contract period, typically a calendar year, which is considered the period over which the Company satisfies its performance obligation. Payments for contracts with affiliated parties are collected monthly. Underwriting fees Underwriting fees . The Company acts as underwriter in an agent capacity. Revenues are earned from fees arising from these offerings and the terms are set forth in contracts between the underwriters and the issuer. The Company’s underwriting revenue is considered to be conditional revenue because it is subject to reduction to zero once the offsetting syndicate expenses have been quantified by the syndicate manager (i.e., lead underwriter) and allocated to each underwriter in proportion to their participation in the offering. Revenue recognition is therefore delayed until it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of revenue recognized will not occur. That is, it is recognized only when uncertainty associated with the syndicate expenses is subsequently resolved and final settlement of syndicate accounts is affected by the syndicate manager. Payment is typically received from the syndicate manager within ninety days after settlement date. Selling concessions . The Company participates as a member of the selling group of underwritten equity offerings and receives compensation based on the difference between what its customers pay for the securities sold to its institutional clients and what the issuer receives. The terms of the selling concessions are set forth in contracts between the Company and the underwriter. Revenue is recognized on the trade date (the date on which the Company purchases the securities from the issuer) for the portion the Company is contracted to buy. The Company believes that the trade date is the appropriate point in time to recognize revenue for securities underwriting transactions as there are no significant actions the Company needs to take subsequent to this date, and the issuer obtains the control and benefit of the capital markets offering at this point. Selling concessions earned are typically collected from the clearing brokers utilized by the Company on a daily or weekly basis. Sales manager fees The Company participates as sales manager of at-the-market offerings of certain affiliated closed-end funds and receives a tiered percentage of proceeds as stipulated in agreements between the Company, the funds and the funds’ investment adviser. The Company recognizes sales manager fees upon sale of the related closed-end funds. Sales manager fees earned are fixed and typically collected from the clearing brokers utilized by the Company on a daily or weekly basis. Revenue Disaggregated Total revenues from contracts with customers by type were as follows for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021: Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021 Commissions $ 369,171 $ 441,174 $ 1,249,687 $ 1,525,320 Hard dollar payments 20,652 51,017 93,538 188,915 389,823 492,191 1,343,225 1,714,235 Underwriting fees - - - 6,311 $ 389,823 $ 492,191 $ 1,343,225 $ 1,720,546 |